C O N T R O L SY ST E M S V alve s in co n tro l syste m s

Wrocław 2007
(based on www.wikipedia.com and other sources)
CONTROL SYSTEMS
Valves in control systems
©Dr inŜ. JANUSZ LICHOTA
Faculty of Mechanical and Power Engineering
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Types of valves
Types of actuators
Valve sizing
Examples
CONTENTS
Some valves are driven by pressure only, they are
mainly used for safety purposes in steam engines
and domestic heating or cooking appliances.
Others are used in a controlled way, like in Otto
cycle engines driven by a camshaft, where they
play a major role in engine cycle control
Valves are used in a variety of applications
including industrial, military, commercial,
residential, transportation. Plumbing valves are the
most obvious in everyday life, but many more are
used.
A valve is a device that regulates the flow of
substances (either gases, fluidized solids, slurries,
or liquids) by opening, closing, or partially
obstructing various passageways. Valves are
technically pipe fittings, but usually are discussed
separately.
VALVE
Many fluid systems such as water and natural gas lines in houses and other buildings
have valves. Fluid systems in chemical and power plants and other facilities have
numerous valves to control fluid flow.
Often not realized by some, small valves are even inside some common household
items including liquid or gel mini-pump dispenser spigots, spray devices, some
rubber bulbs for pumping air, etc., manual air pumps and some other pumps, and
laundry washers. Valves are almost as ubiquitous as electrical switches. Often a valve
is part of some object, the valve body and the object made in one piece; for example,
a separatory funnel. Faucets, taps, and spigots are all variations of valves.
A large variety of valves are available and have many applications with sizes ranging
from tiny to huge. The cost of valves ranges from very cheap simple disposable
valves, in some items to very expensive valves for specialized applications.
APPLICATION
Major Components of Typical Sliding-Stem Control Valve Assemblies
PARTS
The majority of the valve consists of
the valve body, including most of the
exterior. The valve body is the vessel
or casing that holds the fluid going
through inside the valve. Valve bodies
are most commonly made of various
metals or plastics, although valve
bodies fused with glass laboratory
items in one piece are also made of
glass.
Body
PARTS
Combined with a valve, ports have the ability to act as faucets, taps, or spigots, all while one or more
of its remaining ports are left unconnected. Most valves are built with some means of connection at
the ports. This includes threads, compression fittings, glue or cement application (especially for
plastic), flanges, or welding (for metals).
Valves with two or three ports are the most common, while valves consisting of four or more ports
are not as frequently used. Extra ports that are not needed can be closed off by the valve.
Manufacturing of valves often occurs with the intent that they will be connected with another
specific object. These objects can vary, but generally these include some type of piping, tubing, or
pump head. In some cases, a valve port is immediately connected to a spray nozzle or container. To
make a connection, valves are commonly measured by the outer diameter the ports they connect to.
For example, a 1-inch valve is sized to connect to 1-inch outer diameter tubing.
The body consists of two or more openings, called ports from which movement occurs from one
opening to the next. These ports are controlled by a valve.
Ports
PARTS
Inside the valve body, flow through the valve may be partly or fully blocked by an
object called a disc. Although valve discs of some kinds of valves are traditionally discshaped, discs can come in various shapes. Although the valve body remains stationary
within the fluid system, the disc in the valve is movable so it can control flow. A round
type of disc with fluid pathway(s) inside which can be rotated to direct flow between
certain ports can be called a rotor. Ball valves are valves which use spherical rotors,
except for the interior fluid passageways. Plug valves use cylindrically-shaped or
conically-tapered rotors called plugs. Other round shapes for rotors are possible too in
rotor valves, as long as the rotor can be turned inside the valve body. However not all
round or spherical dics are rotors; for example, a ball check valve uses the ball to block
reverse flow, but is not a rotor because operating the valve does not involve rotation of
the ball.
Discs and rotors
PARTS
The valve seat is the interior surface in the body which
contacts or could contact the disc to form a seal which
should be leak-tight, particularly when the valve is shut
(closed). If the disc moves linearly as the valve is
controlled, the disc comes into contact with the seat
when the valve is shut. When the valve has a rotor, the
seat is always in contact with the rotor, but the surface
area of contact on the rotor changes as the rotor is
turned. If the disc swings on a hinge, as in a swing
check valve, it contacts the seat to shut the valve and
stop flow. In all the above cases, the seat remains
stationary while the disc or rotor moves. The body and
the seat could both come in one piece of solid material,
or the seat could be a separate piece attached or fixed to
the inside of the valve body, depending on the valve
design.
Seat
PARTS
The stem is a rod or similar piece spanning the
inside and the outside of the valve, transmitting
motion to control the internal disc or rotor from
outside the valve. Inside the valve, the rod is joined
to or contacts the disc/rotor. Outside the valve the
stem is attached to a handle or another controlling
device. Between inside and outside, the stem
typically goes through a valve bonnet if there is one.
In some cases, the stem and the disc can be
combined in one piece, or the stem and the handle
are combined in one piece.
Stem
PARTS
The motion transmitted by the stem can be a linear
push or pull motion, a rotating motion, or some
combination of these. A valve with a rotor would be
controlled by turning the stem. The valve and stem
can be threaded such that the stem can be screwed
into or out of the valve by turning it in one direction
or the other, thus moving the disc back or forth inside
the body. Packing is often used between the stem and
the bonnet to seal fluid inside the valve in spite of
turning of the stem. Some valves have no external
control and do not need a stem; for example, most
check valves. Check valves are valves which allow
flow in one direction, but block flow in the opposite
direction. Some refer to them as one-way valves.
Stem
PARTS
Valves in which the disc is between the
seat and the stem and where the stem
moves in a direction into the valve to shut
it are normally-seated (also called 'front
seated'). Valves in which the seat is
between the disc and the stem and where
the stem moves in a direction out of the
valve to shut it are reverse-seated (also
called 'back seated'). These terms do not
apply to valves with no stem nor to
valves using rotors.
Stem
PARTS
A bonnet basically acts as a cover on the
valve body. It is commonly semipermanently screwed into the valve body.
During manufacture of the valve, the
internal parts were put into the body and
then the bonnet was attached to hold
everything together inside. To access
internal parts of a valve, a user would take
off the bonnet, usually for maintenance.
Many valves do not have bonnets; for
example, plug valves usually do not have
bonnets.
Bonnet
PARTS
Many valves have a spring for springloading, to normally shift the disc into
some position by default but allow
control to reposition the disc. Relief
valves commonly use a spring to keep
the valve shut, but allow excessive
pressure to force the valve open against
the spring-loading,
Spring
PARTS
A valve ball is also used for severe
duty, high pressure, high tolerance
applications. They are typically made of
stainless steel, titanium, Stellite,
Hastelloy, brass, and nickel. They can
also be made of different types of
plastic, such as ABS, PVC, PP or
PVDF.
Valve balls
PARTS
2-port valves are commonly called 2-way valves.
Operating positions for such valves can be either
shut (closed) so that no flow at all goes through,
fully open for maximum flow, or sometimes
partially open to any degree in between. Many
valves are not designed to precisely control
intermediate degree of flow; such valves are
considered to be either open or shut, with maybe
qualitative descriptions in between.
2-way valves
OPERATING CONDITIONS
Some valves are specially designed to
regulate varying amounts of flow. Such
valves have been called by various names
like regulating, throttling, metering, or
needle valves. For example, needle valves
have elongated conically-tapered discs and
matching seats for fine flow control. For
some valves, there may be a mechanism to
indicate how much the valve is open, but in
many cases other indications of flow rate are
used, such as separate flow meters.
2-way valves
OPERATING CONDITIONS
In some plants with fluid systems, some 2-way valves can be designated as
normally shut or normally open during regular operation. Examples of
normally shut valves are sampling valves, which are only opened while a
sample is taken. Examples of normally open valves are isolation valves,
which are usually only shut when there is a problem with a unit or a section
of a fluid system such as a leak. Then, isolation valve(s) are shut in order to
isolate the problem from the rest of the system.
2-way valves
OPERATING CONDITIONS
Although many 2-way valves are made in which the flow can go in
either direction between the two ports, when a valve is placed into a
certain application, flow is often expected to go from one certain port on
the upstream side of the valve, to the other port on the downstream side.
Pressure regulators are variations of valves in which flow is controlled to
produce a certain downstream pressure, if possible. They are often used
to control flow of gas from a gas cylinder. A back-pressure regulator is a
variation of a valve in which flow is controlled to maintain a certain
upstream pressure, if possible.
2-way valves
OPERATING CONDITIONS
3-way valves have three ports. 3-way valves are commonly made such
that flow coming in at one port can be directed to either the second port
in one position or the third port in another position or in an intermediate
position so all flow is stopped. Often such 3-way valves are ball or rotor
valves. Many faucets are made so that incoming cold and hot water can
be regulated in varying degrees to give outcoming water at a desired
temperature. Other kinds of 3-port valves can be designed for other
possible flow-directing schemes and positions; for example, see Ball
valve.
In valves having more than 3 ports, even more flow-directing schemes
are possible. Such valves are often rotor valves or ball valves. Slider
valves have been used also.
3-way valves
OPERATING CONDITIONS
Many valves are controlled manually with a handle
attached to the valve stem. If the handle is turned a
quarter of a full turn (90°) between operating
positions, the valve is called a quarter-turn valve.
Butterfly valves, ball valves, and plug valves are
often quarter-turn valves. Valves can also be
controlled by devices called actuators attached to the
stem. They can be electromechanical actuators such
as an electric motor or solenoid, pneumatic actuators
which are controlled by air pressure, or hydraulic
actuators which are controlled by the pressure of a
liquid such as oil or water. Actuators can be used for
the purposes of automatic control such as in washing
machine cycles, remote control such as the use of a
centralized control room, or because manual control
is too difficult; for example, the valve is huge.
CONTROL
In some valve designs, the pressure of the flow fluid itself or pressure
difference of the flow fluid between the ports automatically controls flow
through the valve. In an open valve, fluid flows in a direction from higher
pressure to lower pressure.
The fill valve in a commode water tank is a liquid level-actuated valve.
When a high water level is reached, a mechanism shuts the valve which
fills the tank.
Pneumatic actuators and hydraulic actuators need pressurized air or liquid
lines to supply the actuator: an inlet line and an outlet line. Pilot valves are
valves which are used to control other valves. Pilot valves in the actuator
lines control the supply of air or liquid going to the actuators.
CONTROL
Valves are typically rated for maximum temperature and pressure by the
manufacturer. The wetted materials in a valve are usually identified also.
Some valves rated at very high pressures are available. When a designer,
engineer, or user decides to use a valve for an application, he/she should
ensure the rated maximum temperature and pressure are never exceeded
and that the wetted materials are compatible with the fluid the valve
interior is exposed to.
Some fluid system designs, especially in chemical or power plants, are
schematically represented in piping and instrumentation diagrams. In such
diagrams, different types of valves are represented by certain symbols.
Valves in good condition should be leak-free. However, valves may
eventually wear out from use and develop a leak, either between the inside
and outside of the valve or, when the valve is shut to stop flow, between
the disc and the seat. A particle trapped between the seat and disc could
also cause such leakage.
OTHER CONSIDERATIONS
HOW TO MAKE A VALVE?
(A film)
Ball valve
Butterfly valve
Check valve
Cock (tap)
Flow control valve
Gate valve
Globe valve
Pressure reducing valve
Pressure regulator
Thermostatic valve
CHOSEN TYPES OF VALVES
A ball valve (like the butterfly valve, one of a family of valves called
quarter turn valves) is a valve that opens by turning a handle attached to a
ball inside the valve. The ball has a hole, or port, through the middle so
that when the port is in line with both ends of the valve, flow will occur.
When the valve is closed, the hole is perpendicular to the ends of the
valve, and flow is blocked. The handle position lets you "see" the valve's
position.
TYPES OF VALVES
Ball valve
Ball valves are durable and usually work to achieve perfect shutoff even after
years of disuse. They are therefore an excellent choice for shutoff
applications (and are often preferred to globe valves and gate valves for this
purpose). They do not offer the fine control that may be necessary in
throttling applications but are sometimes used for this purpose.
TYPES OF VALVES
Ball valve
There are four general types of ball valves: full port, standard port, reduced
port, and v port.
•A full port ball valve has an oversized ball so that the hole in the ball is
the same size as the pipeline resulting in lower friction loss. Flow is
unrestricted, but the valve is larger.
•A standard port ball valve is usually less expensive, but has a smaller ball
and a correspondingly smaller port. Flow through this valve is one pipe
size smaller than the valve's pipe size resulting in slightly restricted flow.
There are four general body styles of ball valves: single body, split body, top
entry, and welded.
The body of ball valves may be made of metal, ceramic, or plastic. The ball
may be chrome plated to make it more durable.
TYPES OF VALVES
Ball valve
•A trunnion ball valve has a mechanical means of anchoring the
ball at the top and the bottom, this design is usually applied on
larger and higher pressure valves(say 4 inch and above 600 psi
and above)
•A v port ball valve has either a 'v' shaped ball or a 'v' shaped
seat. This allows the orifice to be opened and closed in a more
controlled manner with a closer to linear flow characteristic.
When the valve is in the closed position and opening is
commenced the small end of the 'v' is opened first allowing
stable flow control during this stage. This type of design requires
a generally more robust construction due to higher velocities of
the fluids, which would quickly damage a standard valve.
•In reduced port ball valves, flow through the valve is one pipe
sizes smaller than the valve's pipe size resulting in restricted
flow.
TYPES OF VALVES
Ball valve
Manually operated ball valves can be closed quickly and thus there is a
danger of water hammer. Some ball valves are equipped with an actuator that
may be pneumatically or motor (electric) operated. These valves can be used
either for on/off or flow control. A pneumatic flow control valve is also
equipped with a positioner which transforms the control signal into actuator
position and valve opening accordingly.
TYPES OF VALVES
Ball valve
Three-way ball valves have a L- or Tshaped hole through the middle. The
different combination of flow are
shown in the picture. Multi port ball
valves with 4 or more ways are also
commercially available, the inlet way
often being orthogonal to the plane of
the outlets.
Straight Through, Two
Way OR Three Way Ball
Valves
TYPES OF VALVES
Ball valve
schematic 3 way ball valve - L-shaped
ball right, T-shaped left
For special applications, such as
driving air powered motors from
forward to reverse by rotating a single
lever operated 4 way ball valve. This
valve has two L-shaped ports in the
ball that do not interconnect,
sometimes referred to as an "x" port.
TYPES OF VALVES
Ball valve
Ball Valves in sizes up to 2 inch generally come in single
piece, two or three piece designs. One piece ball valves
are almost always reduced bore, are relatively
inexpensive and generally are throw-away. Two piece
ball valves are generally slightly reduced (or standard)
bore, they can be either throw-away or repairable. The 3
piece design allows for the center part of the valve
containing the ball, stem & seats to be easily removed
from the pipeline. This facilitates efficient cleaning of
deposited sediments, replacement of seats and gland
packings, polishing out of small scratches on the ball, all
this without removing the pipes from the valve body.
The design concept of a three piece valve is for it to be
repairable.
TYPES OF VALVES
Ball valve
A butterfly valve is a type of flow control device,
typically used to regulate a fluid flowing through a
section of pipe. The valve is similar in operation to a
ball valve. A flat circular plate is positioned in the
center of the pipe. The plate has a rod through it
connected to a handle on the outside of the valve.
Rotating the handle turns the plate either parallel or
perpendicular to the flow. Unlike a ball valve, the plate
is always present within the flow, therefore a pressure
drop is always induced in the flow regardless of valve
position.
TYPES OF VALVES
Butterfly valve
3.Tricentric butterfly valve which is
usually with metal seated design.
Working pressure up to 10.0 MPa/1450
PSI
2.High performance butterfly valve
which is usually double eccentric in
design . Working pressure up to 5.0
MPa/725 PSI
There are three types of butterfly valve:
1.Resilient butterfly valve which has a
flexible rubber seat. Working pressure up
to 1.6 megapascals (MPa)/232 pounds
per square inch (PSI)
TYPES OF VALVES
Butterfly valve
Butterfly valves are widely used in water distribution and waste water processing
(not recommended, as the debris may block the operation of the disc). Butterfly
valves can come in two body types, affecting installation and maintenance:
lugged or wafer. Wafer style valves are more common. They are typically
installed between two flanges using bolts or studs and nuts. Lug style valves are
also installed between two flanges but with a separate set of bolts for each flange.
The lug style setup makes it possible to remove one side of the piping while the
other remains intact.
An additional application is found within the exhaust system of automobiles. By
incorporating a butterfly valve in the exhaust system, it is possible to control the
backpressure and noise output from the muffler and catalytic converter. When in
a closed position, the valve increases the amount of back pressure produced and
suppresses noise. The angle of valve can be controlled in a variety of ways,
including manual control, vacuum control, as well as being tired directly to the
throttle.
TYPES OF VALVES
Butterfly valve
A check valve is a mechanical device, a valve, that
normally allows fluid (liquid or gas) to flow through
it in only one direction. Check valves are two-port
valves, meaning they have two openings in the
body, one for fluid to enter and the other for fluid to
leave. There are various types of check valves used
in a wide variety of applications. Check valves are
often part of common household items. Although
they are available in a wide range of sizes and costs,
many check valves are very small, simple, and/or
cheap. Check valves work automatically and most
are not controlled by a person or any external
control; accordingly, most do not have any valve
handle or stem. The bodies (external shells) of most
check valves are made of plastic or metal.
TYPES OF VALVES
Check valve
An open ball check valve
A closed ball check valve
Heart valves are essentially inlet and outlet
check valves for the heart ventricles, since the
ventricles act as a pump.
An important concept in check valves is the
cracking pressure which is the minimum
upstream pressure at which the valve will
operate. Typically the check valve is designed
for and can therefore be specified for a specific
cracking pressure.
TYPES OF VALVES
Check valve
An artificial heart valve may be
used to surgically replace a
patient's damaged valve.
A Ball check valve is a check valve in which
the disc, the movable part to block the flow, is
a spherical ball. In many ball check valves, the
ball is spring-loaded to stay shut, but also many
do not have a spring inside. The interior
surface of the seats of ball check valves are
more or less conically-tapered to guide the ball
into the seat and/or form a positive seal when
stopping reverse flow.
TYPES OF VALVES
Check valve
A closed ball check valve.
Ball check valves are often very small, simple, and
cheap (although some are expensive). They are
commonly used in liquid or gel mini-pump
dispenser spigots, spray devices, some rubber bulbs
for pumping air, etc., manual air pumps and some
other pumps, and refillable dispensing syringes.
Although the balls are most often made of metal,
they can be made of other materials, or in some
specialized cases out of artificial ruby. High pressure
HPLC pumps and similar applications commonly
use small inlet and outlet ball check valves with
balls made of artificial ruby and seats made of
artificial sapphire, both for hardness and chemical
resistance.
TYPES OF VALVES
Check valve
After prolonged use, such check valves can eventually wear out or the seat
can develop a crack, requiring replacement. Therefore, such valves are
made to be replaceable, sometimes placed in a small plastic body tightlyfitted inside a metal fitting which can withstand high pressure and which is
screwed into the pump head.
TYPES OF VALVES
Check valve
There are check valves where the pressure on
the upstream side must be greater than the
pressure on the downstream side by a certain
amount, the pressure differential, for the check
valve to open allowing flow.
There are similar check valves where the disc is
not a ball, but some other shape. Ball check
valves should not be confused with ball valves,
which is a different type of valve in which a ball
acts as a controllable rotor to stop or direct
flow.
TYPES OF VALVES
Check valve
Tap is a valve for controlling the release of a
liquid or gas. In the British Isles and normally in
the Commonwealth the word is used for any
everyday type of valve, particularly the fittings
that control water supply to bathtubs and sinks. In
the U.S. the usage is sometimes more specialised,
with the term "tap" restricted to uses such as beer
taps and the word faucet being used for water
outlets; however some Americans use "tap" in the
broader sense as well.
Cock, colloquial term for a small valve
or a stopcock.
TYPES OF VALVES
Tap (cock)
Indoor Tap - commonly found in
the bathroom/laundry and/or
kitchen. This German faucet is a
single-handle, double-spout tap
(one spout for hot, one spout for
cold); most modern North
American faucets have a single
spout shared by hot and cold
water supplies allowing warm
flows.
Most water and gas taps have adjustable flow.
Turning the knob or working the lever sets the flow
rate by adjusting the size of an opening in the valve
assembly, giving rise to choked flow through the
narrow opening in the valve. The choked flow rate is
independent of the viscosity or temperature of the
fluid or gas in the pipe, and depends only weakly on
the supply pressure, so that flow rate is stable at a
given setting. At intermediate flow settings the
pressure at the valve restriction drops nearly to zero
from the venturi effect; in water taps, this causes the
water to boil momentarily at room temperature as it
passes through the restriction.
TYPES OF VALVES
Tap (cock)
One reason that most beer taps are not
designed for adjustable flow is that the
beer itself is damaged by the pressure drop
in a choked-flow valve: holding a beer tap
partially open causes the beer to foam
vigorously, ruining the pour.
Bubbles of cool water vapor form and
collapse at the restriction, causing the
familiar hissing sound. At very low flow
settings, the viscosity of the water
becomes important and the pressure drop
(and hissing noise) vanish; at full flow
settings, parasitic drag in the pipes
becomes important and the water again
becomes quiet.
TYPES OF VALVES
Tap (cock)
Most older taps use a soft rubber or neoprene washer
which is screwed down onto a valve seat in order to stop
the flow. This is called a "globe valve" in engineering
and, while it gives a leak-proof seal and good fine
adjustment of flow, both the rubber washer and the valve
seat are subject to wear (and for the seat, corrosion) over
time, leading to leakage (see photo). The washer can be
replaced and the valve seat resurfaced (at least a few
times), but globe valves are never maintenance-free.
TYPES OF VALVES
Tap (cock)
Gate valves use a metal disc the same diameter as the
pipe which is screwed into place perpendicularly to the
flow, cutting it off. There is no resistance to flow when
the tap is fully open, but this type of tap rarely gives a
perfect seal when closed. In the UK this type of tap
normally has a wheel-shaped handle rather than a crutch
or capstan handle.
Also, the tortuous S-shaped path the water is forced to
follow offers a significant obstruction to the flow. For
high pressure domestic water systems this does not
matter, but for low pressure systems where flowrate is
important, such as a shower fed by a storage tank, a
"stop tap" or, in engineering terms, a "gate valve" is
preferred.
TYPES OF VALVES
Tap (cock)
A flow control valve regulates the flow or pressure of a fluid.
Control valves normally respond to signals generated by
independent devices such as flow meters or temperature gauges.
Control valves are normally fitted with actuators and
positioners. Pneumatically-actuated globe valves are widely
used for control purposes in many industries, although quarterturn types such as (modified) ball and butterfly valves are also
used.
TYPES OF VALVES
Flow control valve
Control valves can also work with hydraulic actuators (also known as
hydraulic pilots). These types of valves are also known as Automatic
Control Valves. The hydraulic actuators will respond to changes of
pressure or flow and will open/close the valve. Automatic Control
Valves do not require an external power source, meaning that the fluid
pressure is enough to open and close the valve. Automatic control
valves include: pressure reducing valves, flow control valves, backpressure sustaining valves, altitude valves, and relief valves. An
altitude valve controls the level of a tank. The altitude valve will
remain open while the tank is not full and it will close when the tanks
reaches its maximum level. The opening and closing of the valve
requires no external power source (electric, pneumatic, or man power),
it is done automatically, hence its name.
TYPES OF VALVES
Flow control valve
A Gate Valve, or Sluice Valve, as it is
sometimes known, is a valve that opens by
lifting a round or rectangular gate/wedge out
of the path of the fluid. The distinct feature of
a gate valve is the sealing surfaces between
the gate and seats are planar. The gate faces
can form a wedge shape or they can be
parallel. Gate valves are sometimes used for
regulating flow, but many are not suited for
that purpose, having been designed to be fully
opened or closed. When fully open, the
typical gate valve has no obstruction in the
flow path, resulting in very low friction loss.
TYPES OF VALVES
Gate valve
Gate Valves are prone to
corrosion. Here the shaft has
broken.
22 mm Gate Valve on
domestic hot water pipe.
Globe Valves are named for their spherical body shape with the
two halves of the body being separated by an internal baffle. This
has an opening that forms a seat onto which a movable plug can be
screwed in to close (or shut) the valve. In globe valves, the plug is
connected to a stem which is operated by screw action in manual
valves. Typically, automated valves use sliding stems. Globe
valves have a smooth stem rather than threaded and are opened
and closed by an actuator assembly. When a globe valve is
manually operated, the stem is turned by a handwheel.
A Globe valve is a device for regulating flow in a pipeline,
consisting of a movable disk-type element and a stationary ring
seat in a generally spherical body.
TYPES OF VALVES
Globe valve
Although globe valves in the past had the spherical bodies
which gave them their name, many modern globe valves do
not have much of a spherical shape. However, the term
globe valve is still often used for valves that have such an
internal mechanism. In plumbing, valves with such a
mechanism are also often called stop valves since they don't
have the global appearance, but the term stop valve may
refer to valves which are used to stop flow even when they
have other mechanisms or designs.
TYPES OF VALVES
Globe valve
Globe valves are typically two-port valves, although three
port valves are also produced. Ports are openings in the
body for fluid flowing in or out. The two ports may be
oriented straight across from each other on the body, or
oriented at an angle such as a 90° angle. Globe valves with
ports at such an angle are called angle globe valves.
Globe valves are used for applications requiring throttling
and frequent operation. For example, globe valves or
valves with a similar mechanism may be used as sampling
valves, which are normally shut except when liquid
samples are being taken. Since the baffle restricts flow,
they're not recommended where full, unobstructed flow is
required.
TYPES OF VALVES
Globe valve
A safety valve is a valve mechanism for the
automatic release of a gas from a boiler,
pressure vessel, or other system when the
pressure or temperature exceeds preset limits.
They are often called by more specific names
such as pressure relief valves, T&P valves, or
temperature and pressure relief valves.
Safety valves were first used on steam boilers
during the industrial revolution. Early boilers
without them were prone to accidental
explosion when the operator allowed the
pressure to become too high, either
deliberately or through incompetence
TYPES OF VALVES
Pressure reducing valve
Oxygen Safety Valve
(pressure regulator)
The earliest and simplest safety valve used
a weight to hold the pressure of the steam,
but these were easily tampered with or
accidentally released. On the Stockton and
Darlington Railway, the safety valve
tended to go off when the engine hit a
bump in the track. A better valve used a
spring to contain the steam pressure, but
these (based on Salter spring balances)
could still be screwed down to increase the
pressure beyond design limits. In 1856
John Ramsbottom invented a tamper-proof
spring safety valve which became
universal on railways.
Function and design
TYPES OF VALVES
Pressure reducing valve
Proportional-Safety Valve
(pressure regulator)
(pressure regulator)
Thermal relief valves are generally characterized by the relatively small size
of the safety valve necessary to provide protection from thermal expansion
pressure increases in liquid-packed vessels. As most liquids are considered
fairly incompressible, it takes a relatively small amount of fluid discharged
through the relief valve to provide an adequate level of protection.
Flow protection is characterized by safety valves that are considerably larger
than those mounted in thermal protection. They are generally sized for use in
situations where significant quantities of gas or high volumes of liquid must
be quickly discharged in order to protect the integrity of the vessel or
pipeline.
Safety valves also evolved to protect equipment such as pressure vessels and
heat exchangers. The two general types of protection encountered in
industry are thermal protection and flow protection.
Function and design
TYPES OF VALVES
Pressure reducing valve
They are required on water heaters,
where they prevent disaster in certain
configurations in the event a thermostat
should fail. There are still occasional,
spectacular failures of older water
heaters that lack this equipment. Houses
can be levelled by the force of the blast.
Water heaters
(pressure regulator)
Pressure and temperature
safety valve on a water heater
TYPES OF VALVES
Pressure reducing valve
Pressure regulators are often used at the main entrance of water to a building.
They are also used at the water inlet of recreational vehicles. They allow sources
of water to be used which come at a higher pressure than can be tolerated.
Pressure regulators don't simply stop flow when the source pressure is too high.
Rather, they react to the pressure on their output side, and close when the
pressure in the plumbing reaches the designated level. Should the pressure come
down (for example, if someone were to open a faucet), the valve then opens and
allows flow until the plumbing pressure goes back up (such as when the faucet is
closed).
A pressure regulator is a valve that automatically cuts off the flow of a liquid or
gas at a certain pressure, usually for the purpose of preventing damage to
plumbing.
TYPES OF VALVES
Pressure regulator
A Thermostatic Mixing Valve (TMV) is a valve that blends hot water (stored at
temperatures high enough to kill bacteria) with cold water to ensure constant, safe
outlet temperatures preventing scalding.
The storage of water at high temperature removes one possible breeding ground
for Legionella; the use of a thermostat rather than a static mixing valve provides
increased safety against scalding, and increased user comfort because the hotwater temperature remains constant.
TYPES OF VALVES
Thermostatic
It is increasingly common practice around the world to regulate the storage
water temperature to above 60°C, and to circulate or distribute water at a
temperature less than 50°C. Water above these temperatures can cause life
threatening scald injuries. Many countries, states, or municipalities now
require that the temperature of all bath water in new build and extensively
refurbished domestic properties be controlled to a maximum of 48°C.
Installing Thermostatic Mixing Valves (TMVs) can ensure that water is
delivered at the required temperature thereby reducing the risk of scalding
accidents; it also makes the hot water supply last longer than one that is
maintained at a lower temperature.
Many TMVs use a wax thermostat for regulation. They also shut-off rapidly
in the event of a hot or cold supply failure to prevent scalding or thermal
shock.
TYPES OF VALVES
Thermostatic
Typical Rotary-Shaft Control Valve Constructions
TYPES OF VALVES
TYPES OF VALVES
TYPES OF VALVES
TYPES OF VALVES
Typical Rotary-Shaft Control
Valve Constructions
TYPES OF ACTUATORS
Diaphragm Actuator
Typical Reverse-Acting
TYPES OF ACTUATORS
TYPES OF ACTUATORS
TYPES OF ACTUATORS
TYPES OF ACTUATORS
TYPES OF ACTUATORS
TYPES OF ACTUATORS
TYPES OF ACTUATORS
TYPES OF ACTUATORS
TYPES OF ACTUATORS
TYPES OF ACTUATORS
TYPES OF ACTUATORS
TYPES OF ACTUATORS
TYPES OF ACTUATORS
Valve selection
How to size a valve?
VALVE SIZING
VALVE SIZING
Criterions
VALVE SIZING
Selection process
VALVE SIZING
Flow coefficient kv, cv
Pressure drop
Resistance coefficient
Density of fluid
velocity
VALVE SIZING
Flow coefficient kv, cv
Pressure drop
Volume flow
VALVE SIZING
Flow coefficient kv, cv
V = kv
.
Orifice equation
∆pv ρo
ρ ∆pvo
metric valve flow coefficient
Seat area
VALVE SIZING
Flow coefficient kv, cv
metric valve flow coefficient for water
VALVE SIZING
Flow coefficient kv, cv
saturated
steam
steam
gas
liquid
Uwaga. W skrypcie jest błąd w tym miejscu
VALVE SIZING
Flow coefficient kv, cv
VALVE SIZING
Valve characteristics
Linear- and
equal percentage valve
characteristics
VALVE SIZING
Valve characteristics
VALVE SIZING
Valve characteristics
VALVE SIZING
Valve characteristics
Relative flow
VALVE SIZING
Valve characteristics
VALVE SIZING
Valve characteristics
VALVE SIZING
Valve characteristics
VALVE SIZING
Valve characteristics
EXAMPLES
Thank you for
your attention