Rooting of Lantana (Lantana camara L.) Cuttings in Response to

Transcription

Rooting of Lantana (Lantana camara L.)
Cuttings in Response to Types of
Cuttings and Rooting Media
By
Nagla Gabreala Mohamed Elhassan
B.Sc. Agriculture
Al-Zaiem Al-Azahri University
(2001)
A dissertation
Submitted to the University of Khartoum in Partial Fulfillment of
the Requirement for the Degree of Master of Science in
Horticulture
Department of Horticulture
Faculty of Agriculture
University of Khartoum
May-2006
1
Dedication
To all humanbeings who hold the hill meaning of
humanitarian in this maind.
The all whom indulge in work for returning the
glorious days of this high country.
To mam, dad, brothers, sisters all friends, A and 4M.
To all who helped me to finish this work
For all those I give you my second humble work this
research for holding master degree.
i
Acknowledgement
Thanks Allah for giving me this chance to put a singe in
this scientific field and for giving me good having man careing
of me and help me to know a like.
Thanks my lord for making me the daughter of this
especially man (dad) who never stops giving his hand to me in
scientific or religious way of knowledge.
Thank full for all who shared or helped me to finish this
trip. Dr. Mustafa M.A. El-Balla, and all people at the
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University
of Khartoum – specially the team working in nursery.
Special thanks for Professor Gaafar Mohammed El- Hassan
for his valuable suggestions and support during the course of this
study.
ii
‫اﻟﻤﻠﺨﺺ‬
‫أﺟﺮﻳ ﺖ ه ﺬﻩ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑ ﺔ ﻟﺪراﺳ ﺔ ﻣ ﺪي ﺗ ﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻟﺠ ﺰء اﻟﻤ ﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻣ ﻦ ﺳ ﺎق اﻟﻨﺒ ﺎت واﻟﻮﺳ ﻂ‬
‫اﻟﺰراﻋﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﺠﺬري ﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﻧﺒﺎت اﻟﻼﻧﺘﺎﻧﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻢ اﺧﺬ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ أﻧﻮاع ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻘﻞ وه ﻲ اﻟﻌﻘ ﻞ اﻟﻄﺮﻓﻴ ﺔ واﻟﻮﺳ ﻄﻴﺔ واﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﻳ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻔ ﺮوع ‪ ،‬وﺗ ﻢ‬
‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام أرﺑﻌﺔ أوﺳﺎط ﺗﺠﺬﻳﺮ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ وه ﻲ اﻟﺒﻴ ﺖ ﻣ ﻮس واﻟﺮﻣ ﻞ اﻟﺨ ﺸﻦ واﻟﺮﻣ ﻞ اﻟﻨ ﺎﻋﻢ واﻟﻤ ﺎء‪ .‬ﺗ ﻢ‬
‫ﺗﻘﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﻘﺪرة اﻟﺘﺠﺬﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﻘﻴﺎس ﻋـﺪد اﻟﻌﻘﻞ اﻟﻤﺠـﺬرة ‪ ،‬ﻧﺴـﺒﺔ ﺗ ﺬﻳﺮ اﻟﻌﻘ ـﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻋ ـﺪد اﻟﺠ ـﺬور واﻷواق‪،‬‬
‫ﻃﻮل اﻟﺠﺬور‪ ،‬ﻋﺪد اﻷﻳﺎم ﻟﺨﺮوج اﻟﺠﺬور ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻘﻠﺔ وﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻧﺠﺎح اﻟﻌﻘﻞ اﻟﻤﺠﺬرة‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﺪ أوﺿﺤﺖ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ وﺟﻮد إﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎت واﺿﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻘﺪرة اﻟﺘﺠﺬﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻘﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺎﻋ ﺪة‬
‫ﻟﻠﻘﻤ ﺔ وأن اﻟﻌﻘ ﻞ اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﻳ ﺔ ﻗ ﺪ أﻋﻄ ﺖ أﻓ ﻀﻞ ﻗ ﻴﻢ ﻟﻠﻤﻌ ﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﺗﻠﻴﻬ ﺎ اﻟﻮﺳ ﻄﻴﺔ ﺛ ﻢ اﻟﻌﻘ ﻞ اﻟﻄﺮﻓﻴ ﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻐﺾ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ وﺳﻂ اﻟﺘﺠﺬﻳﺮ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم‪.‬‬
‫ﺗ ﻢ ﻣﻼﺣﻈ ﺔ اﺧ ﺘﻼف أداء اﻟﻌﻘ ﻞ اﻟﻤﺰروﻋ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ أواﺳ ﻂ ﺗﺠ ﺬﻳﺮ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔ ﺔ ﺣﻴ ﺚ آﺎﻧ ﺖ‬
‫أﻋﻠﻲ ﻗﻴﻢ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﻳﺮ اﻟﻤﺮﺻﻮدة ﻋﻨﺪ إﺳ ﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺒﻴ ﺖ ﻣ ﻮس واﻟﺮﻣ ﻞ اﻟﺨ ﺸﻦ وﻳﻠﻴ ﻪ اﻟﺮﻣ ﻞ اﻟﻨ ﺎﻋﻢ‬
‫وﺛ ﻢ اﻟﻤ ﺎء‪ .‬وآ ﺎ أﻇﻬ ﺮت اﻟﻨﺘ ﺎﺋﺞ أﻳ ﻀًﺎ إن زراﻋ ﺔ اﻟﻌﻘ ﻞ اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﻳ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻴ ﺖ ﻣ ﻮس أو اﻟﺮﻣ ﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺨﺸﻦ ﻗﺪ أﻋﻄﺖ أﻋﻠﻲ ﻗﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫‪iii‬‬
ABSTRACT
An experiment was conducted to study the effect of using different
types of cutting sand rooting media on rooting of lantana plants.
Three types of cuttings, namely, terminal, median and basal cuttings
were taken from shoots. Four different rotting media were utilized (pea
moss, coarse sand, fine sand and water). The rooting forming ability of
cutting was evaluated in terms of number of rooted cuttings, rooting
percentages, number of both roots and leaves, root length and survival
percentages of the rooted cuttings.
The results revealed that there were marked differences in rooting
abilities of cuttings from the base to tip; basal cuttings tended to give best
values of the recorded parameters, followed by median and then terminal
cuttings, regardless of the rooting media used. Performance of cuttings
inserted into different rooting media was noted to vary; the highest values
of the recorded parameters were associated with peat moss or coarse sand,
followed by fine sand and then water. The results, also, demonstrated that
insertion of basal cuttings in either peat moss or coarse sand rooting media
gave the best values.
iv
List of Contents
Topic
Dedication
Acknowledgements
Abstract (in English)
Abstract (in Arabic)
List of Contents
List of Tables
List of Plates
Chapter One: 1.Introduction
Chapter Two: Literature Review
2.1 Effect of different parts of shoots from which cuttings
were taken on rooting
2.2 Effect of rooting medium on rooting abilities of cuttings
2.3 Anatomical studies of stems and rooting capacity of
different plant species
2.4 Physiological studies of rooting
Chapter Three: Materials & Methods
3.1 The Experiment
3.2 Experimental Materials
3.2.1 Preparation of cuttings
3.2.2 Rooting Media
3.3 Parameters recorded
3.4 Experimental Design
Chapter Four: Results
Chapter Five: discussion
Summary and Conclusions
References
v
Page No.
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List of Tables
Table No.
Table Name
Page
No.
Table (1)
Effect of types of cuttings and rooting media on time
21
required for rooting of lantana cuttings
Table (2)
Effect of types of cuttings and rooting media on
22
number of rooted cuttings of lantana
Table (3)
25
rooting percentages of cutting of lantana
Table (4)
Effect of types of cuttings and rooting media on root
26
length of lantana cuttings
Table (5)
27
number of roots of lantana cuttings.
Table (6)
30
number of leaves of lantana cuttings.
Table (7)
survival percentages of the rooted cuttings.
Appendix (1)
Mean square values showing the effects of types of
cuttings and rooting media and their interaction on
some recorded parameters of lantana cuttings
vi
31
List of Plates
Plate
Plate Name
Page No.
Rooting of softwood cuttings inserted into
32
No.
Plate (1)
different types of rooting media.
Plate (2)
Rooting of semi-hardwood cuttings inserted into
32
Plate (3)
Rooting of hardwood cuttings inserted into
33
Plate (4)
Rooting of different types of cuttings inserted into
33
fine sand rooting medium.
Plate (5)
34
peat moss rooting medium.
Plate (6)
Coarse sand rooting medium.
vii
34
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction
-1-
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction
Propagation of plants is of prime importance to mankind. It involves the
formation and development of new individual plants to be utilized in
establishing new planting.
Raising plant by vegetative propagation is very fascinating. It involves
duplication of a whole plant from a living cell tissue or organ of that plant.
The idea behind vegetative propagation is the ability of a single cell to
regenerate a new plant. Several methods and techniques are used to propagate
plant vegetatively. Cutting techniques is widely utilized to propagate
different plant species.
Cuttings are detached vegetative plant parts taken from stock parent
(stem, leaf or root) which when treated in various ways and placed under
conditions favorable for regeneration will develop into a complete plant with
characters identical to the parent plant.
By using cuttings as propagation technique, many new plants can be
produced in a limited place. This technique seems to be simple, rapid and
cheap. The types of cuttings used to propagate plants are classified as stem
cuttings (hardwood, semi-hardwood and softwood), herbaceous cuttings
(leaf cuttings and leaf-bud cuttings) and root cuttings.
Research on vegetative propagation of different horticultural crops
especially ornamental plants in the Sudan is meager, and therefore, no
-2-
reliable research data on the utilization of cutting as a technique to propagate
plants vegetatively, was reported. Accordingly, nurserymen depend on their
experience and observation to propagate plants vegetatively.
Therefore the main objective of this investigation was to shed some
lights on the effect of using different types of cuttings and rooting media on
rooting of Lantana camara L. cuttings.
-3-
CHAPTER TWO
Literature Review
-4-
CHAPTER TWO
Literature Review
2.1. Effects of Different Parts of Shoots from which Cuttings are taken
on Rotting
Variations in rot frming abilities of cuttings taken from different
parts of the shoot often occur among plant species. It is not possible to select
any one type of cutting material that would e best for all plants because an
ideal cutting type for one plant species would be a failure for another.
Marked differences were known to exist in the chemical composition of
shoots from base to tip (Hartmann et al 1997).
Some studies showed that the highest rooting was associated with
basal cuttings, Bachelard and Stowe (1963) reported cuttings from 12-weekold seedlings of Eucalyptus camaldulenss, divided them into tip, median and
basal parts and then treated them with rooting hormone. They noted that
only basal cuttings produced substantial number of roots in the absence of
added auxin and were far less sensitive to variations in auxin concentrations
than tip and median cuttings. Tip cuttings formed fewer roots than median or
basal cuttings. Roots tended to be formed faster on basal cuttings and slower
on tip cuttings than basal cuttings. They attributed differences in rooting
abilities of these cutting to fact that substances required for root
initiation were mostly concentrated in the basal segments, and they
speculated that natural gibberellins which inhibit rooting might be produced
in the tip segments.
-5-
Thompson (1986) noted that tip cuttings of Epacris impressa labill
taken from the apical 12cm of stem resulted in significantly lower rooting
percentages than the secondary cuttings (basal cuttings) taken from 12 –
24cm below the apex. He attributed this to the higher carbohydrate levels or
larger number of preformed root initials or to higher endogenous levels of
auxins in the secondary cuttings than other. Similar findings were reported
by Aminov (1972) who investigated some biological and technical aspects of
propagating figs from cuttings. He noted that cuttings taken from the base
rooting of the basal parts was attributed to the possibility of high
accumulation of carbohydrates and high concentration of endogenous rootpromoting substances produced in buds and leaves (Hartmann et al 1997).
The increase in root forming abilities of cuttings from terminal to
basal parts was reported by several investigators. O'Rourke (1944) used
cuttings taken from terminal, sub-terminal, hyper-basal and basal of oneyear-old shoots of three different cultivars of blueberry and noted increases
in the rooting percentages from terminal to basal parts. More ore less, similar
findings were reported by Hans (1975) working with Norway spruce to
study the effects of cyclophysis (age of mother tree) and topophysis on
rooting and behavior of cuttings. He also found that rooting abilities of most
cuttings tended to increase from top tolower parts, however, this increase in
rooting ability was not always regular and continuous. Poulsen and
Anderson (1980) reported that rooting ability of blueberry cuttings generally
tended to increase with a distance from apex.
-6-
Loreti and Hartmann (1965) obtained equal results in rooting
percentages in sub-terminal and basal cuttings of olive tree, however, both
types of cuttings were found to be superior to the terminal cuttings. On the
other hand, other investigators working with different plant species reported
better rooting in cuttings taken from terminal parts of shoots than other parts.
obtained better rooting in terminal cuttings of cherry plant compared to the
basal, hyper and sub-terminal cuttings an dwas less successful as cuttings
were taken from more basal parts of the shoot. This was attributed to the fact
that naturally-occurring substances conducive to adventitious root formation
were produced in the growing shoot tips Hartmann and Reid 1958. Similar
results were reported by Schmidt (1978) who found that apical cuttings
taken from the shoot of common Lilac (Sgringa vulgaria) gave the highest
rooting and that the basal cuttings resulted in the lowest rooting. The better
rooting of shoot tips might be explained by the possibility of the presence of
higher concentrations of endogenous root promoting substances in the
terminal buds and there was also less differentiation in the terminal cuttings
with more cells capable of becoming meristematic (Hartmann et al 1997).
However, this factor was of less importance in the easily-rooted species
where satisfactory rooting was obtained, regardless of the position of cutting
on the shoot. It might e concluded from the preceding findings obtained by
all these investigations working with different plants that
rooting capacity
and ability of stem cutting were markedly influenced by the position from
which these cuttings were taken and this influence was largely dependent on
the type of the plant species used.
-7-
It seems that the major factors controlling the rooting ability of cuttings
were the concentrations of carbohydrates, root-promoting substances, rootinhibiting substances or other factors.
2.2. Effect of Rooting Medium on Rooting Abilities of Cuttings
Studies on the effect of rooting medium on rooting abilities of cuttings
taken from different plant species are meager. The characteristics of roots
that are produced by the plant species seemed to be affected by the type of
rooting medium used. This was shown clearly by Long (1932) who studied
the influence of rooting media on the characteristics of roots produced by
cuttings taken from Hedera helix (Ligustrum avalitolium) and Forsythia
intermedia. He observed that cuttings rooted in sand produced course brittle,
and sparsely branched-roots while those rooted in peat moss produced very
slender, flexible and usually well-branched roots. He noted that the acid and
nutrient contents of medium did not alter root characteristics and that both
aeration and moisture of the medium had an influence on the root
characteristics. He, also, reported that cuttings of many plant species rooted
easily in a variety of rooting media, however, difficult-to-root plants might
be influenced by the type of rooting medium used not only in the percentage
of cuttings that formed roots, but also in the quality of the root system
produced.
Best rooting of cuttings seemed to be associated with sand, Hartmann
and Reid (1958) used course vermiculite, fine vermiculite and sand as
rooting media to propagate stock from morello cherry under mist system.
They noted that rooting medium seemed to be important and that sand gave
-8-
the best results because of its better drainage. Similar results were obtained
by Singh and Sinch (1961) working with hardwood cuttings Karna hata.
They reported that sand proved to be the best medium for inducing root
callusing and increasing the number as well as length of roots. On the other
hands, sand was found to be poor rooting medium with respect to the survival
of rooted cuttings. This was attributed to the lack of nutrients in sand;
however, the addition of leaf mould to sand, which was a better medium,
improved the survival of the rooted cuttings, establishment and development
of secondary roots. Grewel and Sinch (1975) demonstrated that sand tended
to induce more roots is hardwood and softwood cuttings of sweet lime
compared to clay, loom, sand leaf mould and moss grass rooting media.
They noted that softwood cuttings performed better than hardwood in clay
and loam if treated with IBA or not. Several research workers (Bailey 1920;
Adriance and Brison, 1955; Gartener et al. 1973) suggested that only sand
should be used for rooting of cuttings, however, sand in spite of being one of
the best rooting media has certain drawbacks such as lack of nutrients and
low retention of moisture. Other investigators suggested the addition of peat
moss to sand so as to improve rooting of cuttings to a greater extent. (Grewal
1975; Okoro and Grace 1978). On the other hand, some investigators noted
the superiority of other rooting media over sand in inducing root formation.
Geczi (1974) demonstrated that when grape cuttings were treated with humic
acid and rooted in perlite, hot bed soil and sand, the weight of the roots
produced in perlite was eight times heavier than that produced in hot bed
soils. He noted that rooting in sand was better th an in hot bed soil but much
poorer in perlite. Wally et al. (1981) found higher rooting percentages when
they buried pecan cuttings for two months in peat moss after they were
treated with different levels of IBA solution than planting cuttings in
-9-
sterilized sand. Poulsen and Anderson (1980) noted that when Hedera helix
cuttings were inserted in media containing one, two, or three parts of peat
moss mixed with one part of sand, gave better rooting than peat moss alone
or a mixture containing higher proportion of sand. More or less, similar
findings were reported by Thompson (1980) who used sand, peat moss and
perlite and vermiculite as rooting media to propagate cuttings of Epaoaris
imperssa Labill. He reported that sand and peat combination gave the best
rooting percentages and that sand alone resulted in higher rooting
percentages compared to the other rooting media.
The use of water as rooting media was suggested by some
investigators. Hartmann et al (1997) reported that water could be utilized to
root cuttings of the easily-propagated plant species. However, the greatest
disadvantage of water rooting medium is the lack of aeration. Smith (1994)
reported that quaqute stem cuttings usually failed to give satisfactory rooting
in sand, soil or peat sand mixture, however, artificially-aerated water gave
greater rooting percentages, greater root number and took fewer days to
initiate and develop roots than sand. He also observed that roots in sand
tended to arise very near the base and to break off during transplanting
whereas as in water roots tended to arise 1 to 3 inches back from the lower
end depending on the length of the cutting and consequent depth in the
water, Chauhan and Singh (1971) noted that when pogemgranate stem
cuttings were planted in media containing moisture level of 6, 12, 16 or
21%, the corresponding rooting percentages obtained were 39, 67, 56 and
90%, respectively. Zimmermann (1930) noted that available oxygen in the
rotting medium seemed to be essential for root production although the
requirements tended to vary with different plant species. Cuttings obtained
- 10 -
from willow plant formed root readily in water containing oxygen as low as
1ppm and English Ivy cuttings required 10 ppm oxygen for adequate rot
growth.
Bani (1988) evaluated the effect of using different rooting media,
namely, sand, fine sand, coarse sand, sawdust, peat and a mixture 2:1:1 of
sand: peat: sawdust (by volume) on rooting capabilities of different plant
species. He showed that the rooting media of sand, fine sand or coarse sand
induced greater callusing and rooting percentages, longer roots and shoots,
higher rate of root emergence and greater survival of the rooted cuttings
compared to the other media. Working with Pilea microphylla, Buthina
(1990) obtained best results when water was used as a rooting medium for
cuttings and satisfactory results when sand, water or sawdust was used.
Huretmann et al (1997) stated that the best rooting medium should
carry the following characteristics:
1.
It must be sufficiently firm and dense to hold cutting during rooting
with constant volume when either wet or dry.
2.
It the must be sufficiently porous to allow for drainage of excess
water.
3.
It most be free from disease organism.
4.
Has no excessive salinity level.
- 11 -
2.3. Anatomical Studies of Stems and Rooting Capacities of Different
Plant Species
A relationship seems to exist between the anatomical structure of
stems and rooting capacity in a wide range of plant species. Several
investigators reported a close relationship between the presence of
asclerenchmatous sheath of fiber and sclreids outside the phloem and ends of
medullary rays and rooting behavior of cuttings. Hartmann et al (1997)
stated that the presence of a continuous sclerenchyma ring between the
phloem and cortex, which was often associated with maturation, might
constitute an anatomical barrier to rooting. In a study with olive Gampi –
Gellini (1958) found sclerenchyma ring to be associated with difficult-to-root
types of cuttings while easily rooted types were characterized by
discontinuity of such ring. On the other hand, it has not always been possible
to forecast rooting potential by the presence or absence of a fiber sheath.
Irouard (1967) noted that difficult-to-root cuttings obtained from mature
stage of English Ivy (Hedera helix) resulted in intense groups of
discontinuous sclerenchma fibers in the cortex; however, adventitious roots
were noted to emerge through them. He concluded that in this case some
other factors might be responsible for the low rooting percentages of
cuttings. Stangler (1949) found a band of sclerenchyma in the stem of the
easily-rooted carnation cuttings which did not prevent the emergence of the
root primordial from cuttings. These observations suggested that rooting
might be related to the actual formation of root initials rather than the
presence of impenetrable ring of sclernchyma barring root emergence.
- 12 -
2.4. Physiological Studies of Rooting
Root forming abilities of cuttings obtained from different plant species
were found to be influenced by auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, co-factors
and rooting inhibitors. In 1935, naturally-occurring Indole Acetic Acid
(IAA) was identified and found to play an important role in stimulating the
production of adventitious roots. It has been confirmed several times that
auxin (natural or synthetic) is a requirement for initiation of adventitious
roots on stems. Cytokinins also might affect rooting. This was reported by
Okoro and Grace (1978) who found that cuttings of species with high native
cytokinins levels rooted with difficulty than those with low level of
cytokinins.
Hartmann
et
al
(1997)
reported
that
relatively
high
concentrations of gibberellins consistently inhibited adventitious root
formation in cuttings.
Hess (1962b) isolated various rooting co-factors from cuttings of
different easy- and difficult-to-root plants and reported that these isolated cofactor and naturally-occurring substances appeared to act synergistically
with (IAA) in promoting rooting. He found that the easily-rooted forms of
plants had ample amount of such co-factors than the difficult ones. Cuttings
of certain difficult-to-root plants might fail to root due to the naturallyoccurring rooting inhibitors. Crow et al (1971) and Paton et al (1970)
found that the difficult-to-root adult tissues of Eucalyptus grand contained
compounds that blocked adventitious root formation and these endogenous
rooting inhibitors were not present in the easily-rooted juvenile tissues. More
or less, similar studies were carried-out by several investigators working
with cuttings taken from dahlia cultures (Biran 1973; Biran and Halevy,
- 13 -
1975). They noted that in the difficult-to-root cultivars of dahlia inhibitors
formed in roots, moved upwards, accumulated in the shoots and
subsequently interfered with root formation, and in the easily-to-root
cultivars, inhibitor levels were found to be low.
Hartmann et al (1997) divided plants into the following three classes
according to their relation to materials involved in adventitious root
initiation:
1. Plants containing all the various endogenous substances including
auxin required for root initiation and rapid root formation.
2. Plants containing the naturally-occurring co-factors in ample amounts
but auxin is limiting. Rooting is greatly increased after application of
auxin.
3. Plants lacking the activity of one or more of the internal co-factors
although the natural auxin may or may not be present in ample
amount. Eternal application of auxin gives little or no response
owing to the lack of the other naturally-occurring materials needed for
root formation.
- 14 -
CHAPTER THREE
Materials & Methods
- 15 -
CHAPTER THREE
Materials & Methods
3.1 The Experiment
This experiment was designed to study the influence of using different
types of cuttings and rooting media on rooting ability of Lantana camara L
cuttings.
3.2 Experimental Materials
3.2.1 Preparation of cutting materials
Cutting materials were taken form Lantana camara L plants grown in
the nursery belonging to the Department of Horticulture, Faculty of
Agriculture, University of Khartoum. The selected plants were almost
uniform in their growth and appearance.
Branches of the same diameter of the previous season's growth of the
plant were selected as cutting materials. Branches were divided into three
portions, namely, terminal, median and basal portions. The terminal cuttings
were denoted as softwood cuttings, median as semi-hardwood and basal
cuttings as hardwood cuttings.
◙ Basal cuttings (Haerdwood cuttings):
Cuttings of almost the same diameters were selected from mature wood
of the previous season's growth of the plant. The cuttings (20cm
long) were prepared in such way that all leaves were removed entirely
from them. An upper cut was made few centimeters above a terminal
bud or a node of each cutting and another horizontal lower cut was
made just below a basal bud. The prepared cuttings were then placed
- 16 -
in the rooting medium with one or two basal nodes inserted into the
medium.
◙ Median Cuttings (Semi-hardwood cuttings):
These cuttings (20cm long) were taken from the middle portions of
the selected branches. The procedures used for making both upper and
lower cuts were similar to those done for preparation of basal cuttings
(hardwood cuttings).
◙ Terminal Cuttings (Softwood cutting):
These cuttings (20cm long) were taken from the terminal portions of
the branches. Each cutting was terminating with a growing tip and
probably two or three nodes with two leaves at each node.
3.2.2 Rooting Media
Four different rooting media were utilized in this study, namely, fine
sand (1mm diameter), course sand (more than 1mm diameter), peat moss
and water. Black polyethylene bags (20 x 20cm) were used as containers.
Each bag contained 2 kg of the solid rooting media (sand or peat moss). The
cuttings were placed five to six cm. deep in the medium with more than two
nodes below the medium surface. The solid medium was firmed around the
base of the cuttings to hold the cuttings firm and eliminate any air pockets.
Immediately after inserting the prepared cuttings into the rooting medium,
water was added to firm the medium around cuttings. Regarding water
medium, plastic container filled of water was used. The cuttings were
allowed to root under nursery conditions. Water was added to the solid
- 17 -
media every two days during course of the experiment. Water medium was
changed regularly at two-day intervals.
3.3 Parameters Recorded
Weekly, the cuttings were uprooted carefully to record number of
days required for root emergence. At the termination of the experiment, the
cuttings were removed from the rooting medium for determination of
number of rooted cuttings, rooting percentages, root length and number of
both roots and leaves and survival percentages of the rooted cuttings.
Root length was obtained by measuring the length of 3 individual
roots (the longest, the shortest and intermediate roots).
The rooted cuttings were transferred singly without disturbing the root
system into black polyethylene bags (20 x 20cm) containing river silt and
kept under lath house conditions for one month for determination of the
survival percentages of the rooted cuttings.
3.4 Experimental Design
Factorial experiment in a completely randomized design was used.
Each treatment was replicated three times. Each polyethylene bags
represented an experimental unite with 16 cuttings. Mean separation was
preformed using Duncan's Multiple Range Test at 5% level of significance.
- 18 -
CHAPTER FOUR
Results
- 19 -
CHAPTER FOUR
Results
4.1 Time Required for Rooting:
Influence of different types of cuttings and rooting media on time
required for root formation is shown on Table (1). Softwood cuttings took
significantly fewer dads to form roots compared to both semi-hardwood and
hardwood cuttings, which in turn showed no significant differences between
them in number of days required for root formation. Cuttings inserted into
peat moss, coarse sand and fine sand as rooting media took significantly more
days to form roots than water rooting medium. Generally, hardwood
cuttings inserted into coarse sand took more days for root formation and
fewer days for softwood cuttings inserted into water than other treatments.
4.2 Number of Rooted Cuttings, Rooting Percentages, Root Length and
Number of Roots:
4.2.1 Number of Rooted Cuttings:
Table (2) shows the effect of different types of cutting materials and
rooting media on number of rooted cuttings. The results revealed that
marked differences were noted to exist in number of rooted cuttings among
cuttings from base to tips. Hardwood cuttings gave significantly greater
number of rooted cuttings than did softwood or semi-hardwood cuttings.
Significantly greater number of rooted cuttings were noted with
cuttings inserted into peat moss, followed by fine sand, coarse sand and then
water.
- 20 -
Table (1) Effect of types of cuttings and rooting media on time required for
rooting of lantana cuttings.
Time Required for Rooting (Days)
Types of Rooting Media
Types of
Cuttings
Peat moss
Water
Course
sand
Cutting
Fine sand
Type
Mean
Softwood
20.6bc*
17.5e
19.6cd
18.6de
19.1b
Semi-hardwood
21.3ab
19.6cd
21.3ab
20.3b
20.6a
Hardwood
19.6cd
20.3b
22.3a
21.0ab
20.8a
Media Type Mean
20.5a
19.1b
21.1a
20.0a
* Means followed by same letters are not significantly different at 0.05 level of probability
according to Duncan's Multiple Range Test.
S.E for cutting type (C)
± 0.25
S.E for media type (M)
± 0.24
S.E for CXM (interaction)
± 0.51
- 21 -
Table (2) Effect of types of cuttings and rooting media on number of rooted
cuttings of lantana.
Number of Rooting cuttings
Types of
Cuttings
Softwood
Peat moss
Water
Course
sand
Cutting
Fine sand
Type
Mean
46.8 bc*
24.1f
33.2e
48.9bc
38.3c
Semi-hardwood
63.9a
22.8f
41.2cd
50.8b
44.7b
Hardwood
66.7a
37.2de
48.9bc
63.9a
54.2a
Media Type Mean
59.2a
28.0d
44.1c
545b
± 1.35
± 1.55
± 2.69
- 22 -
Generally, significantly greater number of rooted cuttings was
associated with hardwood and semi-hardwood cuttings inserted into peat
moss and hardwood cuttings inserted into fine sand compared with other
treatments. The least number of rooted cuttings were noted to occur when
water was used as a rooting medium, regardless of the type of cuttings used.
4.2.2 Rooting Percentages
Rooting percentage as affected by types of cuttings and rooting media,
and their interaction is presented in Table (3). Basal cuttings resulted in
significantly higher rooting percentage than other types of cuttings the
regardless of rooting media used. The result, also, demonstrated significantly
higher rooting percentage associated with median cuttings compared with
terminal cuttings.
Significantly higher rooting percentage were noted in cutting inserted
into peat moss followed by the fine sand media, and coarse sand media and
then water, regardless of cutting type used.
Basal and median cutting resulted in a significantly higher rooting
percentage when inserted in peat moss media in comparison to all other
interaction.
Mean while fore the same character inserted of both terminal and
median cuttings in water media resulted in significantly lower rooting
percentage.
- 23 -
4.2.3 Root Length:
Root length as affected by types of cuttings and rooting media is
presented in Table (4). Hardwood cuttings resulted in significantly greater
values of root length than other types of cuttings, regardless of rooting media
used. The results, also, demonstrated significantly larger roots to be
associated with semi-hardwood cuttings compared with softwood cuttings.
Significantly largest roots were noted in cuttings inserted into peat
moss, followed by coarse sand, fine sand and then water, regardless of
cutting type used.
Hardwood cuttings inserted into peat moss resulted in significantly
greater values of root length than the other treatments. Using water as a
rooting medium gave significantly lower values of root length compared to
the other rooting media.
4.2.4 Number of Roots:
Number of roots formed on cuttings as influenced by types of cuttings
and rooting media is displayed I n Table (5). The results revealed that
significantly greater number of roots was associated with hardwood cuttings
compared to the other types of cuttings, regardless of the rooting media
used. Number of roots recorded in semi-hardwood cuttings was significantly
greater than those formed in softwood cuttings, regardless of rooting media
used.
- 24 -
Table (3): Effect of types of cuttings and rooting media on rooting percentage
of cuttings of lantana.
Rooting %
Types of
Cuttings
Peat moss
Water
Course
sand
Cutting
Fine sand
Type
Mean
Softwood
53.3c
16.8g
30.0f
56.6b
39.2c
Semi-hardwood
80.0a
10.0g
43.3d
60.06b
48.3b
Hardwood
83.3a
36.6e
56.6b
80.0a
46.1a
Media Type Mean
72.2a
21.1d
43.3c
65.5b
- 25 -
Table (4) Effect of types of cuttings and rooting media on root length of
lantana cuttings.
Root Length (cm)
Types of
Cuttings
Softwood
Peat moss
Water
Course
sand
Cutting
Fine sand
Type
Mean
4.1cd*
1.0g
3.0f
3.7de
3.0c
Semi-hardwood
4.8b
0.9g
4.3bc
3.4ef
3.4b
Hardwood
6.1a
1.0g
4.9b
4.0cde
4.0a
Media Type Mean
5.0a
1.0d
4.1b
3.7c
± 0.11
± 0.13
± 0.23
- 26 -
Table (5) Effect of types of cuttings and rooting media on number of roots of
lantana cuttings.
Number of Roots/Cutting
Types of
Cuttings
Peat moss
Water
Course
sand
Cutting
Fine sand
Type
Mean
Softwood
8.8cd*
3.0f
6.6d
7.8c
6.1c
Semi-hardwood
8.0bc
5.2e
7.6cd
6.4de
6.8b
Hardwood
9.2b
5.2e
11.3a
6.9cd
8.2a
Media Type Mean
8.0a
4.5c
8.5a
7.0b
± 0.23
± 0.27
± 0.46
- 27 -
The differences in number of roots formed in cuttings inserted into
peat moss and coarse sand were not significant; however, both treatments
resulted in significantly greater values than fine sand or water. Significantly
lower values of number of roots were associated with cuttings in water
compared to the other treatments.
Hardwood cuttings inserted into coarse sand gave significantly greater
number of roots compared to the other treatments.
4.3 Number of Leaves
Number of leaves as influenced by types of cuttings and rooting media
is displayed in Table (6). The results showed that significantly greater
number of leaves was found in hardwood cuttings than the other types of
cuttings, regardless of rooting media used. Number of leaves recorded in
the semi-hardwood cuttings was significantly greater than those of softwood
cuttings, regardless of rooting media used.
No significant differences were noted in the number of leaves when
peat moss, coarse sand and fine sand were used as rooting media; however,
these rooting media resulted in significantly greater number of leaves than
water, regardless of the cutting type used.
Hardwood cuttings inserted into either peat moss or coarse sand gave
significantly greater number of roots compared to the other treatments.
4.4 Survival Percentages of the Rooted Cuttings:
The recorded survival percentages of the rooted cuttings are shown in
Table (7). Significantly greater values of survival percentages of the rooted
cuttings were associated with hardwood cuttings than the other two types of
- 28 -
cuttings, regardless of the rooting media used. No significant differences
were noted in the values of survival percentages between softwood and semihard-wood cuttings.
The differences in the values of survival percentages were not
significant between peat moss and fine sand; however, using these two
rooting media resulted in significantly greater values than coarse sand or
water, regardless of cutting type used. The lowest values were associated
with water.
Hardwood cuttings inserted into either peat moss or fine sand gave
significantly greater values of survival percentages compared to the other
treatments.
- 29 -
Table (6) Effect of types of cuttings and rooting media on number of leaves
of lantana cuttings.
Number of Leaves/Cutting
Types of
Cuttings
Peat moss
Water
Course
sand
Cutting
Fine sand
Type
Mean
Softwood
12.7e*
6.4f
14.0de
16.9cd
12.5c
Semi-hardwood
17.1bcd
7.4f
21.2bc
18.6bc
16.1b
Hardwood
27.0a
12.6e
26.2a
20.6bc
21.6a
Media Type Mean
18.9a
8.8b
20.5a
18.7a
± 0.72
± 0.83
± 1.43
- 30 -
Table (7) Effect of types of cuttings and rooting media on survival
percentages of the rooted cuttings of lantana.
Survival %
Types of
Cuttings
Peat moss
Water
Course
sand
Cutting
Fine sand
Type
Mean
Softwood
56b*
16f
30e
53c
38.7c
Semi-hardwood
50c
10f
43d
60b
40.76b
Hardwood
83a
36e
36e
80a
63.70a
63.0a
30.6c
43.0b
64.3a
Media Type Mean
- 31 -
- 32 -
- 33 -
- 34 -
CHAPTER FIVE
Discussion
- 35 -
CHAPTER FIVE
Discussion
In woody plants, types of materials to use for propagation range from
softwood terminal shoots of current growth to dormant hardwood cuttings.
Results obtained from this investigation clearly demonstrated the variations
in the rooting abilities of cutting materials taken from terminal (softwood),
median (semi-softwood) and basal (hardwood) portions of shoots of Lantana
plant. Cuttings taken from the basal portions of shoots 9hardwood cuttings)
resulted in greater rooting percentages compared to the other cuttings taken
from either median or terminal portions. In agreement wit these findings are
those reported by other investigators working with different plant species
(Bachelard and Stow, 1964; Aminov, 1972; Hans, 1975; Thompson, 1980).
These investigators attributed the differences in rooting abilities among
cutting materials to the higher accumulation of carbohydrates, higher
concentrations of endogenous substances required for promotion of root
initiation and a larger number of preformed root initials in the basal cutting
materials compared to the other materials. On the other hand, Schmidt
(1978) reported that the cutting materials taken from the terminal portions of
common Lilac plant produced more roots than the other portions. This
showed the variations among plant species and demonstrated that no one
type of cutting material is best for all plants.
Not only the initiation and formation of roots were affected by the
type of cutting materials, but also the number of roots produced by the
cuttings. Basal portions of shoots produced substantial number of roots
compared to the other portions of shoots. Terminal cuttings formed fewer
- 36 -
roots than median portions. In agreement with these results are those
reported by Bachlard and Stow (1963) working with Eucalyptus tree. Similar
trend of root number was noted on the measurements of root length. This
indicated that number and length of roots might be affected by the same
factors responsible for inducing rooting. Marked differences might exist in
the chemical composition of shoots from base to tips, and this might play a
role in the differences observed among cutting materials.
The number of leaves produced in the rooted cuttings was distinctly
decreased from basal to the terminal portions of shoots. This might be
attributed to the presence and accumulation of more carbohydrates in the
basal portions of shoots than the other portions which induced the
production of more leaves on the basal cuttings.
The results revealed that the type of rooting media seemed to have
effects on rooting abilities and characteristics of cuttings of Lantana plant. In
agreement with these results are those reported by other investigators
working with different plant species (Bailey 1920; Long 1932; Adriance and
Brison 1955; Hartmann and Brooks 1958; Singh and Sinch 1961; Gartener et
al, 1973; Grewel and Sinch 1975). The performance of Lantana cuttings was
reflected in their rooting percentages, and the umber of day required for
rooting, number of both roots and leaves, and survival percentages of
the rooted cuttings. Different types of cuttings (basal, median or terminal)
performed well when they were inserted into peat moss or coarse sand,
followed by fine sand rooting media. Working with pecan cuttings, Wally et
al. (1981) found higher rooting percentages when the cuttings were buried
for two months in peat moss after they were treated with different levels of
- 37 -
IBA solution than planting cuttings in sterilized sand. Other investigators
demonstrated the superiority of sand over the other rooting media and
attributed this to its better drainage (Hartmann and Brooks, 1958; Singh and
Sinch 1961; Grewel and Sinch 1975; Bani 1988); however, sand has
certain drawbacks such as lack of nutrients and low retention of moisture. On
the other hand, other investigators suggested the addition of peat moss to
sand so as to improve, to greater extent, rooting of cuttings of different plant
species (Grewal, 1955; Okoro and Grace, 1978; Poulsen and Thompson
1980).
The results clearly demonstrated that the use of water as rooting
medium resulted in the lowest values of all recorded parameters. Other
investigators reported that artificially-aerated water could be utilized to root
cuttings of different plant species (Smith 1944; Chauhan and Singh 1971;
Hartmann and Kester 1983; Mahjoop 1990). Zimmermann (1930) noted that
available oxygen in the rooting medium seemed to be essential for root
production although the requirements tended to vary with different plant
species. Thee findings demonstrated the variations in rooting abilities of
cuttings obtained from different plant species. However, the greatest
disadvantage of water rooting medium is the lack of aeration.
The overall results of this study showed that Lantana plants could be
propagated vegetatively by cuttings. Cuttings taken from different portions
of shoots (basal, median and terminal) and the type of rooting media seemed
to have tremendous effects on the rooting abilities of cuttings.
- 38 -
Summary & Conclusions
- 39 -
Summary & Conclusions
This investigation was initiated to shed some lights on the effect of
using different types of cutting materials (hardwood, semi-hardwood and
softwood) and rooting media (peat moss, fine sand, coarse sand and water)
on rooting ability of lantana cuttings. The following conclusions could be
drawn from the present investigation:
(1) Marked differences were noted to exist in rooting ability of cuttings
from base to tip inserted into different rooting media.
(2) Using of hardwood cuttings seemed to give the greatest values of the
recorded parameters, followed with semi-hardwood and then softwood
cuttings, regardless of the type of rooting media used.
(3) Different types of cuttings performed well then they were inserted into
peat moss or coarse sand rooting media, followed by fine sand.
(4) Generally, insertion of hardwood cuttings into peat moss or coarse
sand gave the best results.
(5) The lowest values of all recorded parameters were associated with
water indicating that water was not the suitable medium to be used for
rooting of lantana cuttings under the conditions of this experiment.
- 40 -
REFERENCES
1.
Aminov; K. H. L. (1972). Some biological and technical aspects of
propagation figs from cuttings Subropical Keskie kultury, 6: 101 –
107.
2.
Adriance, G. W. and F. R. Brison. (1955). Propagation of
Horticultural Plants. Mc Graw Hill book Company, Inc. New York.
pp. 119 – 20.
3.
Bachelard, E. D. and B. B. Stowe (1963). Rooting of cutting of Acer.
Ruberuml and Eucalyptus camaldulensis. Dehn. Aust. J. boil. Sci.
16: 751 – 67.
4.
Bailey, L. H. (1920). The Nursery Manual. McMillinan Co. Nes York,
PP. 456.
5.
Bani, A. Y. (1988). Vegetative propagation of some horticulture plants.
M.Sc. Thesis, Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture,
University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan.
6.
Biran, I. and A. H. Halevy. (1975). Endogenous levels of growth
regulators and the relationship to the rooting of dahlia cuttings. Phys.
Plant. 28: 436 – 42.
7.
Biran, I. (1973). The relationship between rooting and dahlia cutting
and the percent and type of bud. Phys. Plant. 28: 244-47.
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8.
Chauhan K.S. and G. Sing. (1971). Effect of moisture stress and indol
butric acid on rooting of stem cuttings of pomegranate. India J. of
Agr. Sci. 41(4): 293 – 96.
9.
Ciampi, C. and R. Gellini. (1958). Anatomical study on the
relationship between structure and rooting capacity in olive cuttings.
Nuovo Gian. Bot. Ita., 65: 417 – 24.
10.
Crow, W. D., W. Nichlls, and M. Sterns. (1971). Root inhibitors in
Eucalyptus grandis: Naturally-occurring derivatives of the 2–3
dioxabiycdo (4,4,0) decane system. Tetrahedron letters, 18, London
Pergamon Press, PP 1353 – 66.
11.
Gartner, J. B., S. M. Still and J. E. Klett. (1973). The use of hardwood
bark as growth medium. Proc. inter Plant Prop. Soc. 23: 222–231. In
Acta. Hor. 82: 79 – 86.
12.
Geczi L. (1974). Perlite is a suitable rooting medium for grape vine
Kerteszetes Szoleszet 23 (9).
13.
Grewal, S. S. and C. Singh. (1975). Effect of rooting media and
serdix-B on the performance of rooting cuttings of sweet lime (Citrus
lime fliodest. Haryana, J. Hort. Sci. 4, (54): 136 – 41.
14.
Gampi, C. and R. Gellini. (1958). Anatomical study on the
relationship between structure and rooting capacity in olive cuttings.
Nuovo Giorn Bot. Ital. 65: 417 – 24.
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15.
Hartman, H.T. and R. M. Brooks. (1958). Propagation of Stocktton
Morello Cherry rootstock by softwood cuttings under mist. Proc.
Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 71: 127 – 134.
16.
Hartmann, H., D., E. Kester, F.T. Davies, Jr. and R. L. Geneve
(1997). Plant Propagation: Principle and Practice, 6th edition by
Prentice-Hall Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, pp 770.
17.
Hans R. (1975). The effect of the cyclophysis and the topophysis on
rooting and behavior of Norway spruce cuttings. Acta. Hort. 54: 39-50.
18.
Hess C.E. (1962a). A physiological analysis of root initiation in easyand difficult- to-root cutting. Proc. 16th Inter. Hort. Cong. PP. 37-5-81.
19.
Hess C.E. (1962b). Characterization of the rooting co-factors extracted
from Hedera helix. L. and Hibiscus rosa sinesnsis. L. Peoc. 10th Inter.
HOrt. Cong. PP. 382 – 88.
20.
Irouard, R. M. (1967). Physiological and biochemical studies of
adventitious root formation: Extractible rooting co-factors from
Hedera Helix. Can. Jour. Bot. 47 (5): 687 – 99.
21.
Long. J. C. (1932). The influence of rooting media on the character of
roots produced by cuttings. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 29: 352-55.
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22.
Loreti, F. and H. T. Hartmann. (1967). Propagation of olive tress by
rooting leafy cuttings under mist. Amer. Soc. For Hort. Sci.
23.
Mahjoop, B. A. (1990). Vegetative propagation of some ornamental
plants by cutting technique, M.Sc. Thesis, Department of Horticulture,
Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan.
24.
O'Rouke F. L. (1944). Wood type and original position on shoot with
reference to rooting in hardwood cuttings of blue berry. Proc. Amer.
Sco. Hort. Sci. 45: 195 – 197.
25.
Okoro, O. O. and J. Grace. (1978). The physiological of rooting
populus cuttings. Phys. Plant 44: 167 – 70.
26.
Paton D. M. R.R. Willing, W. Nichols and L. d. Pryor. (1970). Rooting
of Stem Cuttings of Eucalyptus: A rooting inhibitor in adult tissue.
Austral. Jour. Bot. 18: 175 – 83.
27.
Poulsen A. and A. S. Anderson. (1980). Propagation of Hedera helix:
Influence of irradiance on stock plants, length of internodes and
opophysis of cuttings. Physiol. Plant. 49: 359 – 365.
28.
Schmidt, G. (1978). Studies on some factors concerning the rooting of
green cuttings of common lilac (Syn – vulgaris). Acta. Hort. 79: 70-83.
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29.
Singh, R. P. and S. H. Sinch. (1961). Studies into the effect of source,
plant regulators treatment and planting environment on citrus cuttings:
The influence of the age of mother plant an rooting medium on the
performance of Karna chalfa (citrus kana "RAF") hardwood cuttings.
Ind. J. Hort. 18 (3): 211.
30.
Smith, P. E. (1944). Rooting of guayule stem cuttings in aerated water.
Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 44: 527-28.
31.
Stangler B. B.
(1949). An anatomical study of the origin and
development of adventitious roots in stem cuttings of Chrysanthemum
morifolium Baitey Dianthus Cryophyllus L. Rosa. Dilecta Redh. Ph.
Dissertation, Cornell Univ. Ithaca New York, USA.
32.
Thompson, W. K. (198). Effect of origin, time of collection, auxin
and planting media on rooting of Epacris Irnressa Labill. Scienta
Hort. 30 (1+2+): 127 – 134.
33.
Wally, Y. A. M., M. El Hamady, S. T. Boulos and A. A. Salama.
(1981). Physiological and anatomical studies of pecan hardwood
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34.
Zimmerman, P. N. (1930). Oxygen requirement for root growth in
water. Amer. Jour. Bot. 17: 842 – 6.
- 45 -
Appendix (1): Mean square values showing the effects of types of cuttings
and rooting media and their interaction on some recorded parameters of
lantana cuttings.
Source of variation
d.f
Time
required for
rooting (days
Rooting
%
Number
Root
Number
of
length
of
roots
(cm)
leaves
Replications (R)
2
1.20N.S
5.66N.S
1.86N.S
049N.S
12.13N.S
Cutting type (C)
2
8.11**
785.94**
13.08**
3.41**
251.94**
Media type (M)
3
4.63**
1781.05**
28.4**
27.05**
257.51**
Interaction (CXM)
6
2.30*
50.84*
4.97**
0.88**
22.12*
Error (E)
22
0.77
21.71
0.64
0.15
6.14
4.33
10.19
11.41
11.20
14.8
C.V. (%)
(N.S, *, **) Not significant and significant at 0.05 and 0.01 levels of probability
respectively.
- 46 -

Rooting of Lantana (Lantana camara L.) Cuttings in Response to

Transcription

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