Valentine`s Day - Amazing Holland

Valentine's Day
This article is about the liturgical celebration and roman- 1 Saint Valentine
tic holiday. For Brazil's Dia de São Valentim, see Dia
dos Namorados. For uses of Valentine, see Valentine. Main article: Saint Valentine
For other uses, see Valentine's Day (disambiguation).
Valentine's Day, also known as Saint Valentine's Day
or the Feast of Saint Valentine,* [1] is a celebration ob- 1.1
served on February 14 each year. It is celebrated in many
countries around the world, although it is not a public holiday in most of them.
Historical facts
St. Valentine's Day began as a liturgical celebration of
one or more early Christian saints named Valentinus.
Several martyrdom stories were invented for the various Valentines that belonged to February 14, and added
to later martyrologies.* [2] A popular hagiographical account of Saint Valentine of Rome states that he was imprisoned for performing weddings for soldiers who were
forbidden to marry and for ministering to Christians, who
were persecuted under the Roman Empire. According to
legend, during his imprisonment, he healed the daughter of his jailer, Asterius. An embellishment to this story
states that before his execution he wrote her a letter signed
“Your Valentine”as a farewell.* [3] Saint Valentine's Day
is an official feast day in the Anglican Communion,* [4]
as well as in the Lutheran Church.* [5] The Eastern Orthodox Church also celebrates Saint Valentine's Day, albeit on July 6 and July 30, the former date in honor of
the Roman presbyter Saint Valentine, and the latter date
in honor of Hieromartyr Valentine, the Bishop of Interamna (modern Terni).
The day was first associated with romantic love in the circle of Geoffrey Chaucer in the High Middle Ages, when
the tradition of courtly love flourished. In 18th-century
England, it evolved into an occasion in which lovers expressed their love for each other by presenting flowers, offering confectionery, and sending greeting cards (known
as "valentines"). In Europe, Saint Valentine's Keys are
given to lovers “as a romantic symbol and an invitation
to unlock the giver’s heart”, as well as to children, in
order to ward off epilepsy (called Saint Valentine's Malady).* [6] Valentine's Day symbols that are used today include the heart-shaped outline, doves, and the figure of
the winged Cupid. Since the 19th century, handwritten valentines have given way to mass-produced greeting
cards.* [7]
Shrine of St. Valentine in Whitefriar Street Carmelite Church in
Dublin, Ireland
Numerous early Christian martyrs were named
Valentine.* [8] The Valentines honored on February
14 are Valentine of Rome (Valentinus presb. m. Romae)
and Valentine of Terni (Valentinus ep. Interamnensis m.
Romae).* [9] Valentine of Rome was a priest in Rome
who was martyred about AD 496 and was buried on
the Via Flaminia. The relics of Saint Valentine were
kept in the Church and Catacombs of San Valentino
in Rome, which “remained an important pilgrim site
throughout the Middle Ages until the relics of St. Valentine were transferred to the church of Santa Prassede
1
2
1 SAINT VALENTINE
during the pontificate of Nicholas IV".* [10]* [11] The
flower-crowned skull of Saint Valentine is exhibited in
the Basilica of Santa Maria in Cosmedin, Rome. Other
relics are found at Whitefriar Street Carmelite Church in
Dublin, Ireland.* [12]
Valentine of Terni became bishop of Interamna (modern
Terni) about AD 197 and is said to have been martyred
during the persecution under Emperor Aurelian. He is
also buried on the Via Flaminia, but in a different location than Valentine of Rome. His relics are at the Basilica of Saint Valentine in Terni (Basilica di San Valentino).
Jack B. Oruch states that“abstracts of the acts of the two
saints were in nearly every church and monastery of Europe.”* [13] The Catholic Encyclopedia also speaks of a
third saint named Valentine who was mentioned in early
martyrologies under date of February 14. He was martyred in Africa with a number of companions, but nothing more is known about him.* [14] Saint Valentine's head
was preserved in the abbey of New Minster, Winchester,
and venerated.* [15]
February 14 is celebrated as St. Valentine's Day in various Christian denominations; it has, for example, the
rank of 'commemoration' in the calendar of saints in the
Anglican Communion.* [4] In addition, the feast day of
Saint Valentine is also given in the calendar of saints of
the Lutheran Church.* [5] However, in the 1969 revision
of the Roman Catholic Calendar of Saints, the feast day
of Saint Valentine on February 14 was removed from the
General Roman Calendar and relegated to particular (local or even national) calendars for the following reason:
“Though the memorial of Saint Valentine is ancient, it is
left to particular calendars, since, apart from his name,
nothing is known of Saint Valentine except that he was
buried on the Via Flaminia on February 14.”* [16]
St Valentine baptizing St Lucilla, Jacopo Bassano
found in Bede's Martyrology, which was compiled in the
8th century.* [21]* [22] It states that Saint Valentine was
persecuted as a Christian and interrogated by Roman Emperor Claudius II in person. Claudius was impressed by
Valentine and had a discussion with him, attempting to
get him to convert to Roman paganism in order to save
his life. Valentine refused and tried to convert Claudius
to Christianity instead. Because of this, he was executed.
Before his execution, he is reported to have performed a
The feast day is still celebrated in Balzan (Malta) where miracle by healing Julia, the blind daughter of his jailer
relics of the saint are claimed to be found, and also Asterius. The jailer's daughter and his forty-four member
throughout the world by Traditionalist Catholics who fol- household (family members and servants) came to believe
low the older, pre-Second Vatican Council calendar. In in Jesus and were baptized.* [21]
the Eastern Orthodox Church, St. Valentine's Day is celA later Passio repeated the legend, adding that Pope Julius
ebrated on July 6, in which Saint Valentine, the Roman
I built a church over his sepulchre (it is a confusion with
presbyter, is honoured; furthermore, the Eastern Orthoa 4th-century tribune called Valentino who donated land
dox Church observes the feast of Hieromartyr Valentine,
to build a church at a time when Julius was a Pope).* [22]
*
*
*
Bishop of Interamna, on July 30. [17] [18] [19]
The legend was picked up as fact by later martyrologies,
starting by Bede's martyrology in the 8th century.* [22] It
was repeated in the 13th century, in Legenda Aurea.* [23]
1.2
Legends
There is an additional embellishment to The Golden Legend, which according to Henry Ansgar Kelly, was added
centuries later, and widely repeated.* [3] On the evening
before Valentine was to be executed, he would have written the first “valentine”card himself, addressed to the
daughter of his jailer Asterius, who was no longer blind,
signing as“Your Valentine.”* [3] The expression“From
your Valentine”was later adopted by modern Valentine letters.* [24] This legend has been published by both
American Greetings and The History Channel.* [25]
J.C. Cooper, in The Dictionary of Christianity, writes that
Saint Valentine was “a priest of Rome who was imprisoned for succouring persecuted Christians.”* [20] Contemporary records of Saint Valentine were most probably destroyed during this Diocletianic Persecution in the
early 4th century.* [21] In the 5th or 6th century, a work
called Passio Marii et Marthae published a story of martyrdom for Saint Valentine of Rome, perhaps by borrowing tortures that happened to other saints, as was usual
in the literature of that period. The same events are also John Foxe, an English historian, as well as the Order of
3
sociations connecting the saint with the advent of spring.
While the custom of sending cards, flowers, chocolates
and other gifts originated in the UK, Valentine's Day
still remains connected with various regional customs in
England. In Norfolk, a character called 'Jack' Valentine knocks on the rear door of houses leaving sweets
and presents for children. Although he was leaving
treats, many children were scared of this mystical person.* [34]* [35]
Saint Valentine of Terni and his disciples
Carmelites, state that Saint Valentine was buried in the
Church of Praxedes in Rome, located near the cemetery
of Saint Hippolytus. This order says that according to
legend, “Julia herself planted a pink-blossomed almond
tree near his grave. Today, the almond tree remains a
symbol of abiding love and friendship.”* [26]* [27]
In Slovenia, Saint Valentine or Zdravko was one of the
saints of spring, the saint of good health and the patron of
beekeepers and pilgrims.* [36] A proverb says that“Saint
Valentine brings the keys of roots”. Plants and flowers
start to grow on this day. It has been celebrated as the day
when the first work in the vineyards and in the fields commences. It is also said that birds propose to each other or
marry on that day. Another proverb says“Valentin – prvi
spomladin”(“Valentine —the first spring saint”), as in
some places (especially White Carniola), Saint Valentine
marks the beginning of spring.* [37] Valentine's Day has
only recently been celebrated as the day of love. The day
of love was traditionally March 12, the Saint Gregory's
day, or February 22, Saint Vincent's Day. The patron of
love was Saint Anthony, whose day has been celebrated
on June 13.* [36]
Another embellishment is that Saint Valentine would
have performed clandestine Christian weddings for soldiers who were forbidden to marry.* [28] The Roman Em3 Connection with
peror Claudius II supposedly forbade this in order to grow
his army, believing that married men did not make for
good soldiers.* [28]* [29] However, this supposed mar- 3.1 Lupercalia
riage ban was never issued, and in fact Claudius II told
his soldiers to take two or three women for themselves Main article: Lupercalia
after his victory over the Goths.* [30]
romantic love
According to legend, in order “to remind these men of
their vows and God’s love, Saint Valentine is said to
have cut hearts from parchment”, giving them to these
soldiers and persecuted Christians, a possible origin of
the widespread use of hearts on St. Valentine's Day.* [31]
There is no evidence of any link between St. Valentine's
Day and the rites of the ancient Roman festival, despite
many claims by many authors.* [15]* [38]* [notes 1] The
celebration of Saint Valentine did not have any romantic
connotations until Chaucer's poetry about “Valentines”
*
Saint Valentine supposedly wore a purple amethyst ring, in the 14th century. [21]
customarily worn on the hands of Christian bishops with Popular modern sources claim links to unspecified
an image of Cupid engraved in it, a recognizable symbol Greco-Roman February holidays alleged to be devoted
associated with love that was legal under the Roman Em- to fertility and love to St. Valentine's Day, but prior to
pire;* [29]* [32] Roman soldiers would recognize the ring Chaucer in the 14th century, there were no links between
and ask him to perform marriage for them.* [29] Proba- the Saints named Valentinus and romantic love.* [21] Earbly due to the association with Saint Valentine, amethyst lier links as described above were focused on sacrifice
has become the birthstone of February, which is thought rather than romantic love. In the ancient Athenian calto attract love.* [33]
endar the period between mid-January and mid-February
was the month of Gamelion, dedicated to the sacred marriage of Zeus and Hera.
2
Folk traditions
In Ancient Rome, Lupercalia, observed February 13–15,
was an archaic rite connected to fertility. Lupercalia was
While the European folk traditions connected with Saint a festival local to the city of Rome. The more general FesValentine and St. Valentine's Day have become marginal- tival of Juno Februa, meaning“Juno the purifier“or“the
ized by the modern Anglo-American customs connecting chaste Juno”, was celebrated on February 13–14. Pope
the day with romantic love, there are some remaining as- Gelasius I (492–496) abolished Lupercalia. Some re-
4
3
searchers have theorized that Gelasius I replaced Lupercalia with the celebration of the Purification of Mary in
February 14 and claim a connection to the 14th century's
connotations of romantic love, but there is no historical indication that he ever intended such a thing.* [notes
2]* [39] Also, the dates don't fit because at the time of
Gelasius I the feast was only celebrated in Jerusalem, and
it was on February 14 only because Jerusalem placed the
Nativity on January 6.* [notes 3] Although it was called
“Purification of Mary”, it dealt mainly with the presentation of Jesus at the temple.* [40] The Jerusalem's Purification of Mary on February 14 became the Presentation
of Jesus at the Temple on February 2 as it was introduced
to Rome and other places in the sixth century, after Gelasius I's time.* [40]
CONNECTION WITH ROMANTIC LOVE
This poem was written to honor the first anniversary of
the engagement of King Richard II of England to Anne
of Bohemia.* [41] A treaty providing for a marriage was
signed on May 2, 1381.* [42]
Readers have uncritically assumed that Chaucer was referring to February 14 as Valentine's Day; however, midFebruary is an unlikely time for birds to be mating in
England. Henry Ansgar Kelly has observed that Chaucer
might have had in mind the feast day of St. Valentine
of Genoa, an early bishop of Genoa who died around AD
307; it was probably celebrated on 3 May.* [41]* [43]* [44]
Jack B. Oruch notes that the date on which spring begins has changed since Chaucer's time because of the
precession of the equinoxes and the introduction of the
more accurate Gregorian calendar only in 1582. On the
Alban Butler in his Lifes of the Principal Saints (1756– Julian calendar in use in Chaucer's time, 14 February
1759) claimed without proof that men and women in Lu- would have fallen on the date now called 23 February,
percalia drew names from a jar to make couples, and that a time when some birds have started mating and nesting
modern Valentine's letters originated from this custom. in England.* [21]
In reality, this practice originated in the Middle Ages, Chaucer's Parliament of Foules refers to a supposedly eswith no link to Lupercalia, with men drawing the names tablished tradition, but there is no record of such a tradiof girls at random to couple with them. This custom was tion before Chaucer. The speculative derivation of sencombated by priests, for example by Frances de Sales timental customs from the distant past began with 18tharound 1600, apparently by replacing it with a religious century antiquaries, notably Alban Butler, the author of
custom of girls drawing the names of apostles from the Butler's Lives of Saints, and have been perpetuated even
altar. However, this religious custom is recorded as soon by respectable modern scholars. Most notably,“the idea
as the 13th century in the life of Saint Elizabeth of Hun- that Valentine's Day customs perpetuated those of the
gary, so it could have a different origin.* [15]
Roman Lupercalia has been accepted uncritically and repeated, in various forms, up to the present”.* [15]* [45]
Three other authors who made poems about birds mating
on St. Valentine's Day around the same years: Otton de
Grandson from Savoy, John Gower from England, and a
knight called Pardo from Valencia. Chaucer most probably predated all of them but, due to the difficulty of dating
medieval works, it is not possible to ascertain which of the
four first had the idea and influenced the others.* [46]
Geoffrey Chaucer by Thomas Hoccleve (1412)
3.3 Court of love
3.2
Chaucer's love birds
Jack B. Oruch writes that the first recorded association
of Valentine's Day with romantic love is in Parlement of
Foules (1382) by Geoffrey Chaucer.* [21] Chaucer wrote:
For this was on seynt Volantynys day
Whan euery bryd comyth there to chese his
make.
["For this was on St. Valentine's Day, when every bird
cometh there to choose his mate."]
The earliest description of February 14 as an annual celebration of love appears in the Charter of the Court of
Love. The charter, allegedly issued by Charles VI of
France at Mantes-la-Jolie in 1400, describes lavish festivities to be attended by several members of the royal
court, including a feast, amorous song and poetry competitions, jousting and dancing.* [47] Amid these festivities,
the attending ladies would hear and rule on disputes from
lovers.* [48] No other record of the court exists, and none
of those named in the charter were present at Mantes except Charles's queen, Isabeau of Bavaria, who may well
have imagined it all while waiting out a plague.* [47]
3.5
3.4
Modern times
Valentine poetry
The earliest surviving valentine is a 15th-century rondeau
written by Charles, Duke of Orléans to his wife, which
commences.
Je suis desja d'amour tanné
Ma tres doulce Valentinée...
—Charles d'Orléans, Rondeau VI, lines
1–2* [49]
At the time, the duke was being held in the Tower of
London following his capture at the Battle of Agincourt,
1415.* [50]
5
This day more cheerfully than ever shine
This day which might inflame thy selfe old
Valentine.
—John Donne, Epithalamion Vpon Frederick Count Palatine and the Lady Elizabeth
marryed on St. Valentines day
The verse Roses are red echoes conventions traceable as
far back as Edmund Spenser's epic The Faerie Queene
(1590):
She bath'd with roses red, and violets blew,
And all the sweetest flowres, that in the forrest
grew.* [52]
The earliest surviving valentines in English appear to be
those in the Paston Letters, written in 1477 by Margery The modern cliché Valentine's Day poem can be found in
Brewes to her future husband John Paston“my right well- the collection of English nursery rhymes Gammer Gurton's Garland (1784):
beloved Valentine”.* [51]
Valentine's Day is mentioned ruefully by Ophelia in
Hamlet (1600–1601):
To-morrow is Saint Valentine's day,
All in the morning betime,
And I a maid at your window,
To be your Valentine.
Then up he rose, and donn'd his clothes,
And dupp'd the chamber-door;
Let in the maid, that out a maid
Never departed more.
—William Shakespeare, Hamlet, Act IV,
Scene 5
The rose is red, the violet's blue,
The honey's sweet, and so are you.
Thou art my love and I am thine;
I drew thee to my Valentine:
The lot was cast and then I drew,
And Fortune
you.* [53]* [54]
said
it
shou'd
be
3.5 Modern times
In 1797, a British publisher issued The Young Man's
Valentine Writer, which contained scores of suggested
John Donne used the legend of the marriage of the birds sentimental verses for the young lover unable to compose
as the starting point for his epithalamion celebrating the his own. Printers had already begun producing a limited
marriage of Elizabeth, daughter of James I of England, number of cards with verses and sketches, called “mechanical valentines,”and a reduction in postal rates in the
and Frederick V, Elector Palatine, on Valentine's Day:
next century ushered in the less personal but easier practice of mailing Valentines. That, in turn, made it possible
Hayle Bishop Valentine whose day this is
for the first time to exchange cards anonymously, which
is taken as the reason for the sudden appearance of racy
All the Ayre is thy Diocese
verse in an era otherwise prudishly Victorian.* [55]
And all the chirping Queristers
And other birds ar thy parishioners
Thou marryest every yeare
The Lyrick Lark, and the graue whispering
Doue,
The Sparrow that neglects his life for loue,
The houshold bird with the redd stomacher
Thou makst the Blackbird speede as soone,
As doth the Goldfinch, or the Halcyon
The Husband Cock lookes out and soone is
spedd
And meets his wife, which brings her featherbed.
Paper Valentines became so popular in England in the
early 19th century that they were assembled in factories. Fancy Valentines were made with real lace and ribbons, with paper lace introduced in the mid-19th century.* [56] In 1835, 60,000 Valentine cards were sent by
post in Britain, despite postage being expensive.* [57] The
Laura Seddon Greeting Card Collection at Manchester
Metropolitan University gathers 450 Valentine's Day
cards dating from the early nineteenth century, printed
by the major publishers of the day.* [58] The collection
is cataloged in Laura Seddon's book Victorian Valentines
(1996).* [59]
6
3
CONNECTION WITH ROMANTIC LOVE
Valentines candy
Valentine's Day red roses
Valentine's Day postcard, circa 1910
Box of Valentine chocolates
Since the 19th century, handwritten notes have given way
to mass-produced greeting cards.* [7] In the UK, just under half of the population spend money on their Valentines and around £1.3 billion is spent yearly on cards,
flowers, chocolates and other gifts, with an estimated
25 million cards being sent.* [67] The mid-19th century
Valentine's Day trade was a harbinger of further commercialized holidays in the United States to follow.* [68]
In the United States, the first mass-produced valentines of
embossed paper lace were produced and sold shortly after 1847 by Esther Howland (1828–1904) of Worcester,
Massachusetts.* [60]* [61] Her father operated a large
book and stationery store, but Howland took her inspiration from an English Valentine she had received from a
business associate of her father.* [62]* [63] Intrigued with
the idea of making similar Valentines, Howland began her
business by importing paper lace and floral decorations
from England.* [63]* [64] A writer in Graham's American
Monthly observed in 1849, “Saint Valentine's Day ... is
becoming, nay it has become, a national holyday.”* [65]
The English practice of sending Valentine's cards was established enough to feature as a plot device in Elizabeth
Gaskell's Mr. Harrison's Confessions (1851): “I burst
in with my explanations: 'The valentine I know nothing
about.' 'It is in your handwriting', said he coldly.”* [66]
Since 2001, the Greeting Card Association has been giving an annual “Esther Howland Award for a Greeting
Card Visionary”.* [61]
In the second half of the 20th century, the practice of exchanging cards was extended to all manner of gifts. Such
gifts typically include roses, and chocolates packed in a
red satin, heart-shaped box. In the 1980s, the diamond
industry began to promote Valentine's Day as an occasion for giving jewelry.
The U.S. Greeting Card Association estimates that approximately 190 million valentines are sent each year
in the US. Half of those valentines are given to family
members other than husband or wife, usually to children.
When the valentine-exchange cards made in school activities are included the figure goes up to 1 billion, and teachers become the people receiving the most valentines.* [60]
The average valentine’s spending has increased every
year in the U.S, from $108 a person in 2010 to $131 in
2013.* [69]
The rise of Internet popularity at the turn of the millennium is creating new traditions. Millions of people
use, every year, digital means of creating and sending
4.2
Asia
Valentine's Day greeting messages such as e-cards, love
coupons or printable greeting cards. An estimated 15 million e-valentines were sent in 2010.* [60] Valentine's Day
is considered by some to be a Hallmark holiday due to its
commercialization.* [70]
7
exception is Colombia, where it is celebrated on the third
Saturday in September). The latter consists of randomly
assigning to each participant a recipient who is to be given
an anonymous gift (similar to the Christmas tradition of
Secret Santa).
In the modern era, liturgically, the Anglican Church has
a service for St. Valentine's Day (the Feast of St. Valentine), which includes the optional rite of the renewal of 4.1.2 United States
marriage vows.* [71]
4
Celebration and status worldwide
Valentine's Day customs developed in early modern England and spread throughout the Anglosphere in the 19th
century. In the later 20th and early 21st centuries, these
customs spread to other countries, but their effect has
been more limited than those of Hallowe'en, or than aspects of Christmas, (such as Santa Claus).
Due to a concentrated marketing effort, Valentine's Day is
celebrated in some East Asian countries with Chinese and
Tree in San Diego decorated with hearts on Valentine's Day
South Koreans spending the most money on Valentine's
*
gifts. [72]
In the United States, about 190 million Valentine's Day
cards are sent each year, not including the hundreds of
4.1 Americas
millions of cards school children exchange.* [81] Additionally, in recent decades Valentine's Day has become
4.1.1 Latin America
increasingly commercialized and a popular gift-giving
event, with Valentine’s Day themed advertisements enIn some Latin American countries Saint Valentine's couraging spending on loved ones. In fact, in the United
Day is known as “el día de los enamorados”(day of States alone, the average valentine’s spending has inlovers)* [73] or as “Día del Amor y la Amistad”(Day creased every year, from $108 a person in 2010 to $131
of Love and Friendship). For example, Colombia,* [74] in 2013.* [69]
Costa Rica,* [75] Mexico,* [76] and Puerto Rico, as well
as others. It is also common to see people perform“acts
of appreciation”for their friends. In Guatemala it is
known as the “Día del Cariño”(Affection Day).* [77] 4.2 Asia
In Brazil, the Dia dos Namorados (lit. “Lovers' Day”
, or “Boyfriends'/Girlfriends' Day”) is celebrated on
June 12, probably because that is the day before Saint
Anthony's day, known there as the marriage saint,* [78]
when traditionally many single women perform popular
rituals, called simpatias, in order to find a good husband or
boyfriend. Couples exchange gifts, chocolates, cards and
flower bouquets. The February 14 Valentine's Day is not
celebrated at all because it usually falls too little before or
too little after the Brazilian Carnival* [79] —that can fall
anywhere from early February to early March and lasts almost a week. Because of the absence of Valentine's Day
and due to the celebrations of the Carnivals, Brazil is a
popular tourist spot during February for Western singles
who want to get away from the holiday.* [80]
4.2.1 China
In Chinese, Valentine's Day is called lovers' festival
(simplified Chinese: 情人节; traditional Chinese: 情人
節; pinyin: qíng rén jié). The“Chinese Valentine's Day”
is the Qixi Festival, celebrated on the seventh day of the
seventh month of the lunar calendar. It commemorates
a day on which a legendary cowherder and weaving maid
are allowed to be together. In Chinese culture, there is
an older observance related to lovers, called "The Night
of Sevens" (Chinese: 七夕; pinyin: Qi Xi). According to
the legend, the Cowherd star and the Weaver Maid star
are normally separated by the Milky Way (silvery river)
but are allowed to meet by crossing it on the 7th day of
the 7th month of the Chinese calendar.
In most of Latin America the Día del amor y la amistad
and the Amigo secreto “
( Secret friend”) are quite popular In recent years, celebrating White Day has also become
and are usually celebrated together on February 14 (one fashionable among some young people.
8
4.2.2
4
India
CELEBRATION AND STATUS WORLDWIDE
4.2.3 Iran
In the first part of the 21st century, the celebration of
Valentine's Day in Iran has been harshly criticized by Islamic teachers who see the celebrations as opposed to
Islamic culture. In 2011, the Iranian printing works owners' union issued a directive banning the printing and distribution of any goods promoting the holiday, including
cards, gifts and teddy bears. “Printing and producing
any goods related to this day including posters, boxes and
cards emblazoned with hearts or half-hearts, red roses
In the state of West Bengal, Saraswati Puja, a festival ob- and any activities promoting this day are banned ... Outserved in early spring where Saraswati, the goddess of lets that violate this will be legally dealt with”, the union
learning is worshipped; has often been seen as a Bengali warned.* [92]* [93]
version of Valentine's Day; especially among the urban
In Iran, the Sepandarmazgan, or Esfandegan, is a festimiddle-class youth.
val where people express love towards their mothers and
Valentine's Day celebrations did not catch on in India un- wives, and it is also a celebration of earth in ancient Pertil around 1992. It was spread due to the programs in sian culture. It has been progressively forgotten in favor
commercial TV channels, such as MTV, dedicated radio of the Western celebration of Valentine's Day. The Asprograms and love letter competitions, in addition to an sociation of Iran's Cultural and Natural Phenomena has
economical liberalization that allowed the explosion of been trying since 2006 to make Sepandarmazgan a nathe valentine card industry.* [82]* [83] Economic liberal- tional holiday on February 17, in order to replace the
ization also helped the Valentine card industry.* [83] The Western holiday.* [94]
celebration has caused a sharp change on how people have
been displaying their affection in public since the Middle
4.2.4 Israel
Ages.* [82]
In India, in antiquity, there was a tradition of adoring
Kamadeva, the lord of love; exemplificated by the erotic
carvings in the Khajuraho Group of Monuments and by
the writing of the Kamasutra treaty of lovemaking.* [82]
This tradition was lost around the Middle Ages, when Kamadeva was no longer celebrated, and public displays of
sexual affection became frowned upon.* [82] This repression of public affections persisted until the 1990s.
In modern times, Hindu and Islamic* [84] traditionalists have considered the holiday to be cultural contamination from the West, a result of the globalization in
India.* [82]* [83] Shiv Sena and the Sangh Parivar have
asked their followers to shun the holiday and the“public
admission of love”because of them being“alien to Indian
culture”.* [85] Although these protests are organized by
political elites, the protesters themselves are middle-class
Hindu men who fear that the globalization will destroy
the traditions in their society: arranged marriages, Hindu
joint families, full-time mothers, etc.* [83]* [84]
In Israel, the Jewish tradition of Tu B'Av has been revived
and transformed into the Jewish equivalent of Valentine's
Day. It is celebrated on the 15th day of the month of Av
(usually in late August). In ancient times girls would wear
white dresses and dance in the vineyards, where the boys
would be waiting for them (Mishna Taanith end of Chapter 4). Today, Tu B'Av is celebrated as a second holiday
of love by secular people (beside Valentine's Day), and it
shares many of the customs associated with Saint Valentine's Day in western societies. In modern Israeli culture
Tu B'Av is a popular day to pronounce love, propose marDespite these obstacles, Valentine's Day is becoming in- riage and give gifts like cards or flowers.* [95]
creasingly popular in India.* [86]
Valentine's Day has been strongly criticized from a
postcolonial perspective by intellectuals from the Indian
left. The holiday is regarded as a front for“Western imperialism”, "neocolonialism", and “the exploitation of
working classes through commercialism by multinational
corporations".* [87] It is claimed that as a result of Valentine's Day, the working classes and rural poor become
more disconnected socially, politically, and geographically from the hegemonic capitalist power structure. They
also criticize mainstream media attacks on Indians opposed to Valentine's Day as a form of demonization
that is designed and derived to further the Valentine's
Day agenda.* [88]* [89] Right wing Hindu nationalists are
also hostile. In February 2012, Subash Chouhan of the
Bajrang Dal warned couples that “They cannot kiss or
hug in public places. Our activists will beat them up”
.* [90] He said “We are not against love, but we criticize
vulgar exhibition of love at public places”.* [91]
4.2.5 Japan
In Japan, Morozoff Ltd. introduced the holiday for the
first time in 1936, when it ran an advertisement aimed
at foreigners. Later in 1953 it began promoting the giving of heart-shaped chocolates; other Japanese confectionery companies followed suit thereafter. In 1958 the
Isetan department store ran a “Valentine sale”. Further campaigns during the 1960s popularized the custom.* [96]* [97]
The custom that only women give chocolates to men may
have originated from the translation error of a chocolatecompany executive during the initial campaigns.* [98]
In particular, office ladies give chocolate to their coworkers. Unlike western countries, gifts such as greeting cards,* [98] candies, flowers, or dinner dates* [99] are
uncommon, and most of the activity about the gifts is
4.2
Asia
9
about giving the right amount of chocolate to each person.* [98] Japanese chocolate companies make half their
annual sales during this time of the year.* [98]
Many women feel obliged to give chocolates to all male
co-workers, except when the day falls on a Sunday, a holiday. This is known as giri-choko (義理チョコ), from giri
(“obligation”) and choko, (“chocolate”), with unpopular co-workers receiving only“ultra-obligatory”chō-giri
choko cheap chocolate. This contrasts with honmei-choko
(本命チョコ, lit. “true feeling chocolate”), chocolate
given to a loved one. Friends, especially girls, may exchange chocolate referred to as tomo-choko (友チョコ);
from tomo meaning “friend”.* [100]
In the 1980s the Japanese National Confectionery Industry Association launched a successful campaign to
make March 14 a“reply day”, where men are expected
to return the favour to those who gave them chocolates
on Valentine's Day, calling it White Day for the color
of the chocolates being offered. A previous failed attempt to popularize this celebration had been done by
a marshmallow manufacturer who wanted men to return
marshmallows to women.* [96]* [97]
Men are expected to return gifts that are at least two or
three times more valuable than the gifts received in Valentine's Day. Not returning the gift is perceived as the man
placing himself in a position of superiority, even if excuses are given. Returning a present of equal value is
considered as a way to say that the relationship is being
cut. Originally only chocolate was given, but now the gifts
of jewelry, accessories, clothing and lingerie are usual.
According to the official website of White Day, the color
white was chosen because it's the color of purity, evoking
“pure, sweet teen love”, and because it's also the color of
sugar. The initial name was “Ai ni Kotaeru White Day”
(Answer Love on White Day).* [96]* [97]
In Japan, the romantic“date night”associated to Valentine's Day is celebrated on Christmas Eve.* [101]
In a 2006 survey of people between 10 and 49 years of age
in Japan, Oricon Style found the 1986 Sayuri Kokushō
single "Valentine Kiss" to be the most popular Valentine's
Day song, even though it sold only 317,000 copies.* [102]
The singles it beat in the ranking were number one selling
“Love Love Love”from Dreams Come True (2,488,630
copies) and “Valentine's Radio”from Yumi Matsutoya
(1,606,780 copies). The final song in the top five was "My
Funny Valentine" by Miles Davis.* [102]
In Japan, a slightly different version of a holiday based on
a lovers' story called Tanabata (七夕) has been celebrated
for centuries, on July 7 (Gregorian calendar).* [103] It has
been considered by Westerners as similar to St. Valentine's Day,* [104] but it's not related to it, and its origins
are completely different.
Bouquet of homemade cupcakes made by Chantal Hanna on
Valentine's Day
4.2.6 Lebanon
Saint Valentine is the patron saint for a large part of the
Lebanese population. Couples take the opportunity of
Valentine's feast day to exchange sweet words and gifts
as proof of love. Such gifts typically include chocolates
boxes, Valentine's Cupcakes as well as red roses which
are the emblem of sacrifice and passion.
4.2.7 Malaysia
Islamic officials in Malaysia warned Muslims against
celebrating Valentine's Day, linking it with vice activities. Deputy Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin said
the celebration of romantic love was “not suitable”for
Muslims. Wan Mohamad Sheikh Abdul Aziz, head of
the Malaysian Islamic Development Department (Jakim),
which oversees the country's Islamic policies said that a
fatwa (ruling) issued by the country's top clerics in 2005
noted that the day 'is associated with elements of Christianity,' and 'we just cannot get involved with other religions' worshipping rituals.' Jakim officials planned to
carry out a nationwide campaign called “Awas Jerat
Valentine's Day”(“Mind the Valentine's Day Trap”),
aimed at preventing Muslims from celebrating the day on
February 14, 2011. Activities include conducting raids in
hotels to stop young couples from having unlawful sex and
distributing leaflets to Muslim university students warning them against the day.* [105]* [106]
10
4
On Valentine's Day 2011, Malaysian religious authorities
arrested more than 100 Muslim couples concerning the
celebration ban. Some of them would be charged in the
Shariah Court for defying the department's ban against
the celebration of Valentine's Day.* [107]
4.2.8
Pakistan
The concept of Valentine's Day was introduced into Pakistan during the late 1990s with special TV and radio programs. The Jamaat-e-Islami political party has called for
the banning of Valentine's Day celebration.* [86] Despite
this, the celebration is becoming popular among urban
youth and the florists expect to sell a great amount of flowers, especially red roses. The case is the same with card
publishers.* [108]
4.2.9
CELEBRATION AND STATUS WORLDWIDE
4.2.12 South Korea
In South Korea, women give chocolate to men on February 14, and men give non-chocolate candy to women on
March 14 (White Day). On April 14 (Black Day), those
who did not receive anything on February 14 or March go
to a Chinese-Korean restaurant to eat black noodles (
jajangmyeon) and lament their 'single life'.* [99] Koreans
also celebrate Pepero Day on November 11, when young
couples give each other Pepero cookies. The date '11/11'
is intended to resemble the long shape of the cookie. The
14th of every month marks a love-related day in Korea,
although most of them are obscure. From January to December: Candle Day, Valentine's Day, White Day, Black
Day, Rose Day, Kiss Day, Silver Day, Green Day, Music Day, Wine Day, Movie Day, and Hug Day.* [117] Korean women give a much higher amount of chocolate than
Japanese women.* [99]
Saudi Arabia
In Saudi Arabia, in 2002 and 2008, religious police
banned the sale of all Valentine's Day items, telling shop 4.2.13 Taiwan
workers to remove any red items, because the day is
considered a Christian holiday.* [109]* [110] This ban
has created a black market for roses and wrapping paper.* [110]* [111] In 2012 the religious police arrested
more than 140 Muslims for celebrating the holiday, and
confiscated all red roses from flower shops.* [112] Muslims are not allowed to celebrate the holiday, and nonMuslims can celebrate only behind closed doors.* [113]
In 2014, religious police in Saudi Arabia arrested five men
for celebrating St. Valentine's Day “in the company”
of six women. The Buraidah criminal court pronounced
sentences totaling 32 years of imprisonment and 4,500
lashes to the men.* [114]
“Saudi cleric Sheikh Muhammad Al-'Arifi said on Valentine's Day Eve that celebrating this holiday constitutes
bid'a – a forbidden innovation and deviation from re- Taipei 101 in Valentine's Day 2006
ligious law and custom – and mimicry of the West.”
*
[115]* [116]
In Taiwan, traditional Qixi Festival, Valentine's Day and
White Day are all celebrated. However, the situation
4.2.10 Philippines
is the reverse of Japan's. Women give gifts to men
on Valentine's Day, and men return them on White
In the Philippines, Valentine's Day is called Araw ng mga Day.* [99]
Pusò (“Day of Hearts”), and is celebrated in much the
same manner as in the West. It is usually marked by
a steep increase in the price of flowers, particularly red
roses.
4.3 Europe
4.2.11
Singapore
According to findings, Singaporeans are among the
biggest spenders on Valentine's Day, with 60% of Singaporeans indicating that they would spend between $100
and $500 during the season leading up to the holiday.* [72]
4.3.1 Finland and Estonia
In Finland Valentine's Day is called ystävänpäivä which
translates into “Friend's Day”. As the name indicates, this day is more about remembering friends, not
significant others. In Estonia Valentine's Day is called
sõbrapäev, which has the same meaning.* [118]
11
4.3.2
France
In France, a traditionally Catholic country, Valentine's
Day is known simply as "Saint Valentin", and is celebrated in much the same way as other western countries.
4.3.3
Greece
St. Valentine's Day, or Ημέρα του Αγίου Βαλεντίνου in
Greek tradition was not associated with romantic love; In
the Eastern Orthodox church there is another Saint who
protects people who are in love, Hyacinth of Caesarea
(feast day July 3), but in contemporary Greece, this tradition has mostly been superseded by the “globalized” Lars Jacob and Emil Eikner host a Valentine's Day celebration
form of Valentine's Day.
dinner in Stockholm in 2015
4.3.4
Portugal
4.3.7 Spain
In Portugal it is more commonly referred to as “Dia dos In Spain, Valentine's Day is known as "San Valentín" and
is celebrated the same way as in the UK, it is however not
Namorados”(Lover's Day / Day of the Enamoured).
celebrated in Catalonia.
4.3.5
Romania
In recent years, Romania has also started celebrating
Valentine's Day. This has drawn backlash from several
groups, institutions* [119] and nationalist organizations
like Noua Dreaptǎ, who condemn Valentine's Day for
being superficial, commercialist and imported Western
kitsch. In order to counter the perceived denaturation of
national culture, Dragobete, a spring festival celebrated
in parts of Southern Romania, has been rekindled as the
traditional Romanian holiday for lovers. Its date used to
vary depending on the geographical area, however nowadays it is commonly observed on February 24. The holiday is named after a character from Romanian folklore
who was supposed to be the son of Baba Dochia. His
name has been associated, possibly through folk etymology, to the word drag (“dear”), which can also be found
in the word dragoste (“love”).
4.3.6
Scandinavia
In Denmark and Norway, although February 14 is known
as Valentinsdag, it is not celebrated to a large extent, but is
largely imported from American culture, and some people take time to eat a romantic dinner with their partner,
to send a card to a secret love or give a red rose to their
loved one. The cut-flower industry in particular is still
working on promoting the holiday. In Sweden it is called
Alla hjärtans dag“All
(
Hearts' Day”) and was launched in
the 1960s by the flower industry's commercial interests,
and due to the influence of American culture. It is not
an official holiday, but its celebration is recognized and
sales of cosmetics and flowers for this holiday are only
exceeded by those for Mother's Day.
4.3.8 Wales
In Wales, some people celebrate Dydd Santes Dwynwen
(St Dwynwen's Day) on January 25 instead of (or as well
as) Valentine's Day. The day commemorates St Dwynwen, the patron saint of Welsh lovers.
5 See also
• Sailor's valentine
• Saint Valentine's Day Massacre
• Singles Awareness Day
• Valentine's Day (2010 film)
• V-Day, the global movement to end violence against
women and girls.
• Women's Memorial March, held on Valentine's Day
in Vancouver, British Columbia.
6 Notes
[1] For example, one source claims incorrectly that “Pope
Gelasius I muddled things in the 5th century by combining
St. Valentine's Day with Lupercalia to expel the pagan
rituals.”Seipel, Arnie, The Dark Origins Of Valentine's
Day, Nation Public Radio, February 13, 2011
[2] Ansgar, 1976, pp. 60–61. The replacement of Lupercalia with Saint Valentine's celebration was suggested by
researchers Kellog and Cox. Ansgar says “It is hardly
12
7
REFERENCES
credible, then, that Pope Gelasius could have introduced
the feast of the Purification to counteract the Lupercalia,
and in fact the historical records of his pontificate give no
hint of such an action.”
bishop of Genoa, the only Saint Valentine honoured with
a feast in springtime, the season indicated by Chaucer.
Valentine of Genoa was treated by Jacobus of Verazze in
his Chronicle of Genoa (Kelly p. 85).
[3] Ansgar, 1976, pp. 60–61. This feast is celebrated 40 days
after the Nativity. In Jerusalem the Nativity was celebrated on January 6, and this feast in February 14. But, in
the West and even in Eastern places such as Antioch and
Alexandria, Nativity was celebrated on December 25, and
this Purification was not celebrated. When this feast was
introduced to Rome, it was directly placed in February 2.
Around that time, Jerusalem adopted the Nativity date of
December 25 and moved the Purification to February 2.
[9] Oxford Dictionary of Saints, s.v.“Valentine":“The Acts
of both are unreliable, and the Bollandists assert that these
two Valentines were in fact one and the same.”
[10] Matilda Webb, The Churches and Catacombs of Early
Christian Rome, 2001, Sussex Academic Press.
[11] “Saint Valentine's Day: Legend of the Saint”. novareinna.com.
[12] Meera, Lester (2011). Sacred Travels. Adams Media.
ISBN 1440525463.
7
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46-58
[3] Ansgar, 1986, p. 59. It originated in the 1797 edition of
Kemmish's Annual, according to Frank Staff, The Valentine and Its Origins (London, 1969), p. 122. Ansgar was
unable to corroborate this.
[4] “Holy Days”. Church of England (Anglican Communion). 2012. Retrieved October 27, 2012. February 14
Valentine, Martyr at Rome, c.269
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– also known as ‘Saint Valentine’s illness’or ‘Saint
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Italy. To this day, a special ceremony where children are
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[7] Leigh Eric Schmidt, “The Fashioning of a Modern Holiday: St. Valentine's Day, 1840–1870”Winterthur Portfolio 28.4 (Winter 1993), pp. 209–245.
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death with clubs and to have his head cut off. The sentence
was carried out on February 14, on or about the year 270.
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farewell note for the jailer’s daughter, who had become
his friend, and signed it “From Your Valentine.”
[26] John Foxe. Voices of the Martyrs. Bridge Logos Foundation. pg. 62.
13
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156, 163. ISBN 0-520-21044-1.
[84] George Monger (2004). Marriage customs of the world: [101] Ron Huza (he was an ESL in Japan for 11 years) (February
from henna to honeymoons (illustrated ed.). ABC-CLIO.
14, 2007). “Lost in translation: The cultural divide over
ISBN 978-1-57607-987-4.
Valentine's Day”. The Gazette.
15
[102] ⼤公開！『バレンタインソング』といえばこの曲！
[The Great Exhibition! When speaking of a “Valentine
song”, this is the song!] (in Japanese). Oricon Style.
February 3, 2006. Archived from the original on March
17, 2010. Retrieved March 17, 2010.
[103] Caprice Reflections AuthorHouse, 2007
[104] E.I.S. (February 15, 1925). “Japan has a Valentine Day
based on a tender legend”. New York Times.
[105] “Malaysian Muslims warned against Valentine's Day”.
The Straits Times. February 13, 2011. Archived from the
original on April 29, 2011.
[106] “Malaysia Warns Muslims of Valentine's Day Trap”.
BBC News. February 13, 2011.
[107] “Malaysia Arrests 100 Muslim Couples for Celebrating
Lovers' Day”. The Jakarta Globe. Retrieved August 6,
2011.
[108] “Flower sellers await Valentine's Day”. The Nation.
February 8, 2010. Archived from the original on April
27, 2011.
[109] “Cooling the ardour of Valentine's Day”. BBC News.
February 3, 2002.
[110] “Saudis clamp down on valentines”. BBC News. February 11, 2008.
[111] Lutz, Meris (February 13, 2010). “Saudi officials put the
squeeze on Valentine's Day”. LA Times.
[112] BBC (February 15, 2012). “Religious police swoop on
Valentine's Day lovers”. ABC News
[113] Fatima Muhammad and Mariam Nihal (February 14,
2013).“Police, Hai'a deny special Valentine's Day crackdowns”. Saudi Gazette
[114] 'Okaz (Saudi Arabia), May 9, 2014.
[115] Raialyoum.com, February 13, 2014.
[116] “Saudis Sentenced To Prison, Flogging For Celebrating
Valentine's Day.” MEMRI.org. May 20, 2014.
[117] Korea rivals U.S. in romantic holidays at the Wayback
Machine (archived February 17, 2009), Centre Daily
Times, February 14, 2009.
[118] “BERTA - Eesti rahvakalendri tähtpäevade andmebaas”
. folklore.ee.
[119] Valentine`s Day versus Dragobete at the Wayback Machine (archived June 27, 2010), cultura.ro (Romanian)
• Ansgar Kelly, Henry (1986), “The Valentines of
February”, Chaucer and the cult of Saint Valentine,
Davis medieval texts and studies 5, BRILL, ISBN
978-90-04-07849-9
8 External links
• Saint Valentine's Day – BBC
• Who was St. Valentine? —St Peter Orthodox Christian Church
• “The History of Valentine's Day”. History.com.
• The History of Valentine's Day at the Wayback Machine (archived February 7, 2010) – History.com,
A&E Television Networks. Retrieved February 2,
2010.
• History of Valentine's Day Christianity Today International. Retrieved February 2, 2010;“Then Again
Maybe Don't Be My Valentine”, Ted Olsen, 200001-02
• “Basilica of Saint Valentine in Terni”. virtualmuseum.ca. Archived from the original on February
16, 2007.
• Fedorova, Tatiana (February 14, 2012).“St. Valentine”. Pravmir. Retrieved December 4, 2012.
• The Tale of St. Valentine —St. Valentine And His
Flowers
16
9 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES
9
Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses
9.1
Text
• Valentine's Day Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentine'{}s_Day?oldid=689787342 Contributors: General Wesc, Rmhermen,
William Avery, Jtoomim, Hephaestos, Olivier, Infrogmation, Michael Hardy, Zocky, Fred Bauder, Lexor, Menchi, Zanimum, Delirium,
Tregoweth, Ellywa, Ahoerstemeier, Stevenj, Docu, MarcS~enwiki, TUF-KAT, Александър, LittleDan, Julesd, Ugen64, Kimiko, Kaihsu,
Palfrey, Rl, Mxn, Technopilgrim, Dwo, Charles Matthews, Guaka, Vanished user 5zariu3jisj0j4irj, Dysprosia, Ebruchez, Fuzheado, Tpbradbury, Furrykef, LMB, Bevo, Gaidheal, Shizhao, Toreau, Earthsound, AnonMoos, Italo Svevo, Wetman, Francs2000, Lumos3, RadicalBender, Edededed, PuzzletChung, Gromlakh, Robbot, Fredrik, Tomchiukc, RedWolf, Vidyadhara, ZimZalaBim, Naddy, Wjhonson,
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Exploding Boy, DocWatson42, Fennec, Elf, Taion, Sjh~enwiki, Obli, Average Earthman, Everyking, Zora, Jenright, Gareth Wyn, Scott
Wilson, Guanaco, Avsa, Yekrats, Ddama, Iota, Siroxo, Gugilymugily, Bobblewik, Sesel, Gyrofrog, Vanished user wdjklasdjskla, Neilc,
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Canterbury Tail, Lacrimosus, Esperant, Mike Rosoft, D6, Ta bu shi da yu, O'Dea, Monkeyman, Mattman723, Jkl, Discospinster, Rich
Farmbrough, Rhobite, Emahyar, Andros 1337, Dbachmann, Bender235, Unugy~enwiki, ESkog, JJJJust, JoeSmack, Xanthvamp, *drew,
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9.2
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17
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Ohff, Eyedeasc, FonsScientiae, Ronan333, Frosty, Looker30, SassyLilNugget, C5st4wr6ch, Senarathane, Epicgenius, TestMaster, CsDix,
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Thesidsol, Don Tsheza, GBmike1, Monkeyman06, Kittu812731, Tjfhgjdh and Anonymous: 1418
9.2
Images
• File:BigPinkHeart.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/BigPinkHeart.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: scanned from period card from ca. 1910 with no notice of copyright. Original artist: This media file is in the public domain in
the United States. This applies to U.S. works where the copyright has expired, often because its first publication occurred prior to January 1,
1923. See this page for further explanation.
• File:Box_of_Valentine_Chocolates.JPG
Source:
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18
9 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES
• File:Flag_of_Mexico.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: This vector image was created with Inkscape. Original artist: Alex Covarrubias, 9 April 2006
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