What DNA Research Tells Us About The Jewish Diaspora

What DNA Research Tells Us About The Jewish Diaspora

What DNA Research Tells Us
About The Jewish Diaspora
Theodore G. Schurr, Ph.D.
University of Pennsylvania
Department of Anthropology
Consulting Curator
American & Physical Anthropology Sections
Penn Museum
Maternal
Genetic
Perspective
(mtDNA)
The Matrilineal Ancestry of
Ashkenazi Jewry: Portrait of a
Recent Founder Event
Behar et al. 2006
Four major founding maternal
lineages in Ashkenazi Jews
All from haplogroups K and N1b
– Within K, three different sublineages:
K1a1b1a, K1a9, and K2a2a
Ages of Major Ashkenazi mtDNA
Lineages
K1a1b1a:
– Entire branch = 1,835 ybp
– Ashkenazi = 742 ybp
K1a9:
– Entire branch = 1,713 ybp
– Ashkenazi – 2,569 ybp
K2a2a:
– Entire Branch = 1,614 ybp
N1b1:
– Ashkenazi = 721 ybp
Non-Ashkenazi Jews
Behar et al. 2008
Paternal
Genetic
Perspective
(Ychromosome)
Hammer et al. 2000
Behar et al. (2003)
Y-chromosome
Variation in
Jewish
Populations
Ancestral Hgs:
E-M35*, J-12f2*, GM201*, and Q-P36
Admixed Hgs:
R-P25, R-M17, and IP19
Relationship between average variance in STR allele size
and SNP haplogroup diversity (h) for seven European non-Jewish
populations (circles) and ten Ashkenazi Jewish populations
(triangle)
MDS plot of ten Ashkenazi Jewish and seven non-Jewish
European populations based on Nei’s standard genetic distances
for Y-chromosome SNP haplogroups
Phylogeny
and frequency
distributions
of Ychromosome
Hg E and its
main
subclades
Semino et al. 2004
Am. J. Hum. Genet.
74:1023–1034
Phylogeny
and frequency
distributions
of Ychromosome
Hg J and its
main
subclades
Semino et al. 2004
Am. J. Hum. Genet.
74:1023–1034
J2
J1
Samaritan Study – Shen et al. (2004)
Y-chromosome Data
E3b1
J2
J1
Nebel et al. (2001)
Cohen Model Haplotype
Y-chromosome Haplogroup J1c3
(J-P58)
J1c3 very common in Levant, Arabian
Peninsula, North Africa
Subcluster = YCAII=22-22 &
DYS388≥
≥15
– Cohen Modal haplotype
– Galilee Model haplotype
• Also in NW Africans, Yemenis
– Palestinian/Israeli Arab Model Haplotype
Origin and Spread of Semitic
Languages
The Genetic Legacy
of Religious
Diversity and
Intolerance:
Paternal Lineages of
Christians, Jews,
and Muslims
in the Iberian
Peninsula
Adams et al. 2008
AJHG 83:725–736
Y-Haplogroup Distributions in Iberian, North African, and Sephardic Jewish Populations
Iberian, North African, and Sephardic Jewish Admixture Proportions among Iberian Peninsula Samples
Admixture analysis based on binary and Y-STR haplotypes
indicates a high mean proportion of ancestry from North
African (10.6%) and Sephardic Jewish (19.8%) sources.
Despite alternative possible sources for lineages ascribed a
Sephardic Jewish origin, these proportions attest to a high
level of religious conversion (whether voluntary or enforced),
driven by historical episodes of social and religious
intolerance, that ultimately led to the integration of
descendants. In agreement with the historical record, analysis
of haplotype sharing and diversity within specific haplogroups
suggests that the Sephardic Jewish component is the more
ancient.
The geographical distribution of North African ancestry in the
peninsula does not reflect the initial colonization and
subsequent withdrawal and is likely to result from later
enforced population movement—more marked in some
regions than in others—plus the effects of genetic drift.
Biparental
Genetic
Perspective
(Autosomes)
Seldin MF, Shigeta R, Villoslada P,
Selmi C, Tuomilehto J, et al. (2006)
European population
substructure: Clustering of
northern and southern
populations.
PLoS Genet 2(9): e143. DOI:
10.1371/journal.pgen.0020143
Population Genetic Structure Analysis of the New
York City Self-Identified European Americans and a
Selected Group of Participants of Jewish and
Eastern European Descent
Factor Correspondence Analysis Comparing
Different Individuals from European
Ancestry Groups
A genome-wide genetic signature of
Jewish ancestry perfectly separates
individuals with and without full
Jewish ancestry in a large
random sample of European
Americans
Anna C Need, Dalia Kasperavič
čiū
ūtė
ė, Elizabeth
T Cirulli and David B Goldstein
Genome Biology 2009, 10:R7
(doi:10.1186/gb-2009-10-1-r7)
All subjects were whole-genome genotyped using either the Illumina
Infinium HumanHap550 version 1, the Illumina Infinium HumanHap550
version 3 or the Infinium Human- Hap 610-quad chips.
Steven M. Bray, Jennifer G. Mulle,
Anne F. Dodd, Ann E. Pulver, Stephen
Wooding, and Stephen T. Warren
(2010)
Signatures of founder effects,
admixture, and selection in the
Ashkenazi Jewish population.
Proc Natl Acad Sci
www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.10
04381107
Admixture and Its
Relationship with LD in
World Populations
Abraham’s Children in the Genome
Era: Major Jewish Diaspora
Populations Comprise Distinct Genetic
Clusters with Shared Middle Eastern
Ancestry.
Gil Atzmon, Li Hao, Itsik Pe’er,
Christopher Velez, Alexander
Pearlman, Pier Francesco Palamara,
Bernice Morrow, Eitan Friedman,
Carole Oddoux, Edward Burns, and
Harry Ostrer (2010)
Am J Hum Genet 86: 850–859.