German VSTOL Rotorcraft

AHS Forum 57
STOVL Technology Session
www.vtol.org
IVHS
www.vstol.org
German V/STOL Rotorcraft and Propellercraft
Designs of the Twentieth Century
Mike Hirschberg
CENTRA Technology, Inc.
11 May 2001
www.vstol.org
IVHS
Background
www.vstol.org
www.vtol.org
• Second in a series of papers that will form the basis for the
V/STOL Encyclopedia series
• Vol 1: German V/STOL Concepts
– German V/STOL Fighters - AIAA/AHS/SAE IPLC, Nov 2000
(65 concepts)
→ German V/STOL Rotorcraft and Propellercraft - AHS Forum 57,
May 2001 (75 concepts)
– German V/STOL Transports - SAE WAC, Sep 2001 (?? concepts)
• Vol 1 to be published in 2002
• Future volumes in the planning stages
2
Overview
IVHS
www.vstol.org
www.vtol.org
•
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Background
Dawn of Vertical Flight
World War II Designs
Post-War Designs
–
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Messerschmitt
MBB
Bölkow
VFW
Eurocopter
• Summary
3
V/STOL Wheel of Mis-Fortune
www.vtol.org
www.vstol.org
IVHS
www.vstol.org
4
IVHS
V/STOL History: 1950 - 2000
www.vstol.org
www.vtol.org
1950
1955
Transce ndental 1G V
DEC 54 TH
Same Propulsion
System for
Hover and F or war d
Flight
1960
6 J UL 54
20 J UL 55
TH
1965
18 DE C 58
Bell XV-3
25 OC T 56
VAUG 55
V MAR 60
Curtiss-Wright X-100
TH APR 60
VTH 25 FEB 58
Doak 16 VZ-4
V 2 0NOV 63
25 JUN 64H
25 AUG 65
V
1 3APR 57
V
H
H 24 NOV 59
V 19 NOV 54 Hille r X- 18
Bell 65 ATV
8 J AN 1957
V T et her ed Fl gi ht Robertson VTO L
H 1955
29 SEP 64
TH
V TH
V3 M AY 77
TH 24 JUL 77
Bell X-22A
1995
V 19 M AR 89
Bell Boeing V-22
TH 14 SEP 89
2000
Bell BA609
Nord 500 Cadet
V 23 J UL 68
LTV-H il le r- Ryan XC-142
Bell Boeing V-22
Canadair CL-84
DE C 65
29 M AY 81
BAe / Boeing Harrier
Boeing X-32
VT20 SE P 63
10 APR 63
Combined Power
Plant for Hover
McDonnell XV-1
1990
JUN 67
H 21 JAN 59
FE B 60
Ryan VZ- 3
V1 959 T et her ed Fl gi h st
Fairchild 224 VZ-5
17 FEB 57 V
24
MAY
58
T
Bell X-14
19 NOV 60V
VTH AUG 66
H 1957
T21 SEP 61
Hawker P.1127 K est rel
7 J UL 61
TH 16 SE P 63
H
VT AUG 54
Yakovle v Yak-36
V 9 J AN 63
Lockheed XFV- 1
MAR 54
H TH 2 NOV 54
5 MAY 59V
Convair XF Y- 1
SNECMA C450 Coléoptère
V 1 AUG 54 V 28 MAY 56
Ryan X- 13
10 DEC 55 11 APR 57
H
T
Separate Power
V 25 OC T 58
2 OC T 63
Short SC.1 2 APR 57
Plant for Hover
12 FEB 65V H 24 JUL 65
T6 APR 60
H
2 8NOV 66 Dassault Mirage III-V
18 OCT 62V T18 M AR 63
TM AR 66
27 JAN 64
Dassaul t Mirage Balzac V
8 SE P 65
H 1 MAR 63
VTH
1985
All f lights t ethered
DE C 64
V 29 1966
HT11 J AN 65
M AY 65
1980
MAR 66
T15 J UL 58
7 JAN 58
Bell XV-15
Curtiss-Wright X-19
8 AUG 66
Vertol 76 VZ-2
1975
1970
EWR VJ 101 C
14 SEP 64
10 FE B 67
H T16 DEC 67
V
Lockheed XV-4B
H 31 AUG 63
22 NOV 67
1 1F EB 54
VH
6 NOV 57
T10 APR 58
Fairey Rotodyne
Dornie r Do 31
TH 26 OC T 72
VFW VAK 191 B
10 SEP 71
15 JAN 71H V
14 M AR 69
Yakovlev Yak-38
V T20 M AR 72
26 SEP 71
Augmented Power
V 2 4M AY 63
1 0J UN 64
Loc kheed XV-4A
5 DEC 59
Plant for Hover
7 J UL 62H
T8 NOV 63
T ethered Flight V
Vanguard 2C Omniplane 17 MAY 61
25
MAY
64
NOV
64
H
HT
OC T 66 G E- Ryan XV-5A
APR 65
JUN 64V
VTH 1 960
Kamov Ka- 22 Vintokryl
1964
21 SEP 67
V TH
Piasecki 16H-1
Helicopter
B 62
12 MAR 69
V TH FE
Mode
Helicopter Mode
H 9 M AR 87
V TetheredT rials
5 OC T 91
29 DEC 89
V T 13 JUN 90
Yakovle v Yak-141
1978
Rockwell XF V-12A
Lockheed X-35
Lockheed AH -56
5
“The V/STOL Pyramid”
www.vstol.org
www.vtol.org
Operational V/STOL Systems:
IVHS
• Harrier
• Forger
Flight Test:
Large-Scale Testing:
Design Concepts /
Small-Scale Testing
6
Pre-Historical V/STOL Concepts
www.vtol.org
IVHS
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• 1909 Boris Loutsky, Berlin
– biplane helicopter (flown?)
• 1909 M. Sagert, Magdeburg
– biplane helicopter (flown?)
• 1910 Gustave Mees, Charlottenburg
– twin tilted rotors (design)
• 1925 Jacob Nöggerath, Berlin
– first tilt-wing? (design)
• 1925 Rudolph Chillingsworth
– compound quad stopped rotor (built?)
1910 Mees
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World War II Designs
www.vtol.org
IVHS
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• Weserflug P 1003/1 Tilt-Wing (design)
• Focke-Achgelis Fa 269 Convertible Helicopter
(mock-up/component tests)
• Flettner Fl 185 Powered Autogyro (flown)
• Flettner Fl 201 Dual Rotor Powered Autogyro (design)
• WNF Wn 342 V3 Tip Jet Autogyro (flown)
• WNF Wn 342 V4 Tip Jet Autogyro (flown)
• Focke Rochen (design, later component tests)
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Weserflug P 1003/1 Tilt-Wing
www.vtol.org
IVHS
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• Weser founded
in 1933
• P 1003 begun in
1938
• 900 hp Daimler
Benz DB 600
• 4 m propellers
• 650 kt
• 2000 kg
• Model testing
9
www.vtol.org
Focke-Achgelis Fa 269
Verwandlungshubschrauber
IVHS
www.vstol.org
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Focke study began in 1938. Received contract in 1940.
Vertical take-off and landing fighter
Design speed: 0 - 325 kt
4 m propellers, tilting to 85°
Initially used two DB 601 or 605 engines in the wings; later
changed to a single air-cooled BMW 132 K in the fuselage
• Expected to have a 13° AOA nose bias during level flight
• Mock-up and designs destroyed during Allied raids in July 1942
10
Flettner Fl 185 Powered Autogyro
www.vtol.org
IVHS
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• Prior to building successful Fl 282
Kolibri with intermeshing rotors,
Fletter built autogyros
• Fl 185 was a powered autogyro
with a pusher and tractor propeller
• Gross weight 900 kg (1,985 lb)
• In 1938, encouraging flights were
conducted at low altitude
• In forward flight, both propellers provided thrust.
• In some flight conditions, however, the machine had problems with vibrations.
• Fw 61 had much better performance, so design was abandoned
• Larger, proposed Fl 201 “heligiro” used twin rotors augmented by twin turboprops
• 30-40 troops, 80-90 ft diameter rotors, 140 mph
11
WNF Wn 342 Tip Jet Autogyros
www.vstol.org
www.vtol.org
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IVHS
V3
Wiener Neustadter Flugzeugwerke (WNF)
Design led by Dr. Friedrich von Doblhoff
Used tip jets for rotor power
Intended for deployment from U-boats
First prototype (V1) tested in Oct 1942
V3 & V4 used tip jets only for take-off/hover
Clutch transmitted power to propeller for forward flight
Vienna was overrun before flight testing the V4; later tested in the U.S.
V4
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Doblhoff Tip Jet Rotor Head
www.vtol.org
IVHS
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• Fuel consumption was 9 times higher than conventional helicopter!
• 109 dB noise 3 m from the rotor tips!
13
Focke Rochen
www.vtol.org
IVHS
www.vstol.org
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1944 design
Two counter-rotating propellers
Vectored downwash via louvers
Louvers could be closed for
gliding if engine was lost
• Engine exhaust ducted for yaw
and roll control
14
Focke Rochen
www.vtol.org
IVHS
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• After the War, Focke filed a patent in September 1957
• Model tests conducted in Bremen in mid-1950s
15
DSH J-62
www.vtol.org
IVHS
www.vstol.org
• Deutsche Studiengemeinschaft
Hubschrauber (DSH = German
Society for the Study of the
Helicopter)
• Led by Dr. Walter Just
• 1953 design
• 1,800 kg touring helicopter
with 4 to 5 seats
• Powered by twin turboprop engines
• The 12 m tip jets rotor
• Cruising speed
108 kt
• Maximum speed
130 kt
• Range
378 nm
16
Focke-Wulf Buried Propeller Designs
IVHS
www.vstol.org
www.vtol.org
December 1962
17
Messerschmitt Me 408 Rotor-Jet
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IVHS
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• Between 1962 and ~1972,
Messerschmitt studied a
number of designs adding
folding rotors to otherwise
conventional transport aircraft
• Cruise thrust via shaft and gaspowered fans
• Extensive rotor tests conducted
18
Me 508 Demonstrator
www.vtol.org
IVHS
www.vstol.org
19
IVHS
Rotor-Jet Folding Rotors
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www.vstol.org
• 1968 test stand trials with 2 m diameter
• 1968/69 full-scale wind tunnel tests at transition
speeds (135 kt)
20
Rotor-Jet Propulsion System
www.vtol.org
IVHS
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21
Refined Me 408 Concept
www.vstol.org
www.vtol.org
• 6-8 pax; 2 crew
• Cruise speed at 29,500 ft was 405 kt
• Range:
– 920 nm with 1,590 lb payload
– 1,650 nm with no payload
IVHS
Wing span
Length
Rotor diameter
Cargo volume
Empty weight
Gross weight
34.5 ft
35.5 ft
19.7 ft
277 ft3
6,762 lb
11,023 lb
22
IVHS
Me 2020-4 Transport
www.vstol.org
www.vtol.org
Wing span
Length
Rotor diameter
VTOL payload
Empty weight
VTOL weight
STOL weight
76.4 ft
70.4 ft
44.3 ft
19,975 lb
37,345 lb
57,320 lb
66,140 lb
Passengers
Payload
Range
Cruise speed
Max speed
55
13,225 lb
650 km
390 kt
470 kt
23
Bölkow/Heidelberg Hubstrahler
www.vtol.org
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IVHS
www.vstol.org
Research began in 1956 under Götz Heidelberg
Significant testing on low pressure reaction ‘rotors’ (Hubstrahler)
Captive hovering testbed, called a Flying Jeep was tested in 1961
Supplied air by a ground based compressor
Basis for a turboshaft powered military version
24
Bölkow/Stöckel Stopped Rotor
www.vtol.org
IVHS
www.vstol.org
P 109: 1954-58
Rotor diameter from 5.6 ft to 9.8 ft
25
Bölkow/Derschmidt Compounds
IVHS
www.vstol.org
www.vtol.org
• July 1955, Hans Derschmidt filed a patent for a swiveling rotor:
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lead-lag hinge at about the 40% span of each rotor
outer span of the rotor could pivot 40º backwards
reducing the tip speed of the advancing blade
very high rotational speeds by the retreating blade
• Initially called P 87, received the designation Bo 46
26
Bo 46 (P 87) Design Studies
www.vtol.org
IVHS
www.vstol.org
27
Dual Derschmidt Rotors
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IVHS
www.vstol.org
28
IVHS
MBB BBH 1 & 2
www.vstol.org
www.vtol.org
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speed
200 kt
climb rate
65.6 ft/s
load factor
3-4 g
endurance
2.5 h
OGE hover
8,200 ft
2 seat, armored
all-weather capable
MBB = Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm
BBH = Bewaffneter Begleithubschrauber (armed escort helicopter)
1968 RFP
BBH 1 = 12,600 lb, 6 bladed rotor, small wing
BBH 2 = 13,000 lb, 4 bladed hingless rotor, large wing, prop
1979 Franco-German MOA led to Eurocopter Tiger today!
29
MBB Bo 120 X1 and X2
www.vtol.org
IVHS
www.vstol.org
• High Speed Helicopter Program
• Intended to use Bo 46 as demonstrator
– hingeless Bo 105 rotor system
– wings + lift engine!
• Demonstrator was to provide data for future
high speed helicopter programs
• 245 kt planned
• In early 1975, Bo 105 + wings reached 220 kt
• Tilt-rotor and other designs also studied
30
Dornier Designs
www.vtol.org
P 407
• Four seats
• twin engine compound
IVHS
www.vstol.org
P 410
• Tail rotor could swivel 35º
• Max speed = 230 kt
• Cruise speed = 200 kt
• twin engine (T53) compound
31
Merckel Designs
www.vstol.org
www.vtol.org
E 130
M-133
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Used automatic blade angle
reduction at positive flapping angle
Max speed = 315 kt
Each engine also drove an aft fan
IVHS
Demonstrator to prove E 130 concept
To use Bo 46 fuselage
Max speed = 295 kt
32
Weser Tiltpropellers
www.vtol.org
WPG P 16
• 1963 research design
• Anti-helicopter fighter
• Tail fans for control thrust
• Gross weight = 4,075 lb
• Max speed = 362 kt
IVHS
www.vstol.org
WPG P 23
• 1963 design
• civil/transport roles
• Tail fans for control thrust
• Gross weight = 9,700 lb
• Max speed = 351 kt
33
IVHS
VFW Compound Helicopters
www.vstol.org
www.vtol.org
• VFW = Vereinigte Flugtechnische Werke (United Aeronautical Factory)
• Combined Weser and Focke-Wulf (plus Heinkel, Rhein, and Henschel)
• Studied a number of compound helicopters (H2, H3, H5, H7, H8, H9)
H2
H2
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Used cold compressed air to power rotor
Used blade tip burners for hover & take-off
Ground testing began in March 1964 (110 hr)
First flight April 1965
36 flight hours by Sept 1966
140 dBA measured at 11.5 ft
Rotor diameter
Empty weight
Flying weight
Maximum speed
Cruising speed
20.3 ft
335 lb
595 lb
70.1 kt
56.7 kt
34
VFW H3 “Sprinter”
www.vtol.org
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Design begun in 1966 as prototype
Rotor powered by compressed air
Yaw control by engine exhaust vanes
Three prototypes
First flight (E1) May 1970
Second aircraft (E2) January 1971
75 hours of flight testing
IVHS
www.vstol.org
Rotor diameter
28.5 ft
Empty weight
1,091 lb
Flying weight
2,134 lb
Maximum speed 162 kt
Cruising speed
135 kt
Range
270 nm
35
VFW H3 “Sprinter”
www.vtol.org
IVHS
www.vstol.org
• Final design with shrouded
propellers was never tested
• Intended to divert air from
rotors to propellers for high
speed cruise
36
VFW Follow-On Designs
www.vstol.org
www.vtol.org
H5 Mock-Up
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IVHS
H9 Concepts
H5 intended for 5 seats and higher speed
H7 intended for 7-8 seats
H8 refined combat H7
H9 armed escort helicopter
37
Eurocopter Eurotilt Design
www.vtol.org
IVHS
www.vstol.org
• MBB + VFW + many others = Eurocopter
• Early 1990s, Eurofar - 30 pax, 14 ton commuter tiltrotor
• Currently, Eurotilt - 12-19 seat executive transport, SAR, offshore
– 10 tons, 330+ kt, 750 nm range
38
“The V/STOL Pyramid”
www.vstol.org
www.vtol.org
Operational V/STOL Systems:
IVHS
• Harrier
• Forger
Flight Test:
Large-Scale Testing:
Designs Concepts /
Small-scale Testing
39
Summary
www.vtol.org
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IVHS
www.vstol.org
About 75 different German V/STOL Rotorcraft and Propellercraft documented
Most were design studies only
Some achieved significant component testing
4 conducted limited V/STOL flight testing
None were tested extensively or reached production (less than 100 hours total!)
40