MJ/kg

8th meeting of the Northern European Network for Wood Science and Engineering (WSE)
INSTITUTE OF FORESTRY
LITHUANIAN RESEARCH CENTRE FOR AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY
EVALUATION OF QUALITATIVE PARAMETERS OF
FOREST UNDERBRUSH USED FOR WOOD FUEL
PRODUCTION
PhD Marius Aleinikovas. PhD Mindaugas Škėma
2012 09 13
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8th meeting of the Northern European Network for Wood Science and Engineering (WSE)
Observing international requirements to reduce
the emission of greenhouse effect causing gases (Kyoto
Protocol). Lithuania‘s National Energy Strategy (2002)
foresees to increase the portion of renewable resources
in the primary energy balance up to 20 per cent by the
year 2025.
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8th meeting of the Northern European Network for Wood Science and Engineering (WSE)
The use of plant biomass for energy
purposes. including forest residues and
underbrush. has many advantages in comparison
to fossil fuel.
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8th meeting of the Northern European Network for Wood Science and Engineering (WSE)
The biomass from
forest in Lithuania
comprising 81.6 %
From agricultural land
- 9.7 %
From peatlands - 7.9 %
In water -0.3-0.4 %
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8th meeting of the Northern European Network for Wood Science and Engineering (WSE)
More biomass
are in areas
where the
larger forest
areas are.
Distribution of biomass in Lithuania (Bumlauskis ir kt.. 1999).
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8th meeting of the Northern European Network for Wood Science and Engineering (WSE)
An important parameters of the energy of wood fuel are its calorific capacity
and moisture content.
The fuel lower calorific value mainly depends on:
-biofuel origin.
-the moisture content in the fuel mass
Moisture
content
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
Pine
15.13
14.03
12.93
11.83
10.73
9.64
8.54
7.44
6.34
Spruce
14.94
13.86
12.77
11.68
10.6
9.51
8.42
7.34
6.25
Lower calorific value MJ/kg
Black Grey
Birch Aspen Alder Alder
14.95 14.43 14.96 14.86
13.86 13.38 13.87 13.77
12.78 12.32 12.78 12.69
11.69 11.27 11.7 11.61
10.6 10.21 10.61 10.53
9.52 9.16 9.52 9.54
8.43
8.1
8.43 8.37
7.34 7.05 7.35 7.29
6.25 5.99 6.26 6.21
Maple
14.95
13.86
12.78
11.69
10.6
9.52
8.43
7.34
6.25
Tillie
14.95
13.86
12.78
11.69
10.6
9.52
8.43
7.34
6.25
The dependence of calorific in some tree species from the moisture
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content
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8th meeting of the Northern European Network for Wood Science and Engineering (WSE)
The aim of the study –
To determine the moisture content. calorific capacity
and ash production parameters of underbrush
(Corylus avellana L.. Sorbus aucuparia L. and
Frangula alnus Mill.) in separate fractions (stem.
branches and leaves).
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8th meeting of the Northern European Network for Wood Science and Engineering (WSE)
The underbrush consisting of bushes and
non-perspective trees is unable to form a new
stand.
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8th meeting of the Northern European Network for Wood Science and Engineering (WSE)
MATERIAL AND METHODS (1)
• Studies were conducted in Dubrava
Experimental Training Forest Enterprise.
• Study objects were selected in stands with
prevailing underbrush species of hazel (Corylus
avellana L.). rowan (Sorbus aucuparia L.) or
buckthorn (Frangula alnus L.)
• Underbrush parameters were ascertained in the
observation plots.
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8th meeting of the Northern European Network for Wood Science and Engineering (WSE)
MATERIAL AND METHODS (2)
• The 218 hazel. rowan and buckthorn sample trees were selected
and studied.
• Moisture content calculations of all model trees and their
fractions were performed.
• Upper calorific and ashiness values of
the fractions (stems.
branches. leaves) of underbrush trees were ascertained by
laboratory methods. while lower – by calculations based on the
upper calorific value
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8th meeting of the Northern European Network for Wood Science and Engineering (WSE)
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Comparison results of mean values of moisture content in fractions
Fractions
Mean moisture content. percent
Hazel
Rowan
Buckthorn
44.8 ± 1.8
48.4 ±0.7
45.4 ± 1.05
Branches 53.3 ± 1.85 51.5 ±1.05
50.6 ± 1.15
Stem
Leaves
62.9 ± 1.45
64.1 ±0.9
74.4 ± 1.2
It was found that
mean moisture
content of the stems
of all three species of
trees is the lowest in
comparison to mean
moisture content of
branches and leaves.
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Moisture content of hazel stems,
perc.
Dependence of hazel stem moisture content (percent) on stem
diameter at 1.3 m height
60
50
40
30
y = -0,9314x + 49,547
R2 = 0,1593
20
10
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Stem diameter at 1.3 m height, cm
Analyzing the relationships of moisture content in different hazel fractions with
stem diameter at 1.3 m height. it was found that with increasing diameter.
moisture content of stems and branches has a tendency to decrease. however. a
reliable statistical correlation was not ascertained.
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8th meeting of the Northern European Network for Wood Science and Engineering (WSE)
Dependence of moisture content in hazel branches on stem
diameter at 1.3 m height
Moisture content of hazel branches, perc.
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
y = -1,8166x + 62,517
R2 = 0,2306
30
20
10
0
0
20
40
60
80
Stem diameter at 1,3 m height, mm
100
120
Correlations of moisture content in different rowan and buckthorn fractions
(stems. branches and leaves) with stem diameter at 1.3 m height were also
analyzed. Statistically reliable correlations. as in the case with hazel. were not
ascertained - the values of determination coefficient were very low.
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8th meeting of the Northern European Network for Wood Science and Engineering (WSE)
Analysis of hazel calorific values
Fuel marking on the
package
Stem of hazel
Branches of hazel
Leaves of hazel
0.43
1.22
5.01
Ashiness of absolutely dry
mass of fuel
Units
MJ/kg
kcal/kg
MJ/kg
kcal/kg
MJ/kg
kcal/kg
Upper calorific value of
dry mass of fuel
19.39
4630
19.57
4674
19.32
4614
Lower calorific value of
dry mass of fuel
18.07
4315
18.25
4359
18.00
4299
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8th meeting of the Northern European Network for Wood Science and Engineering (WSE)
Analysis of buckthorn calorific values
Fuel marking on the
package
Stem of buckthorn
Branches of
buckthorn
Leaves of
buckthorn
0.51
1.4
5.27
Ashiness of absolutely
dry mass of fuel
Units
MJ/kg
kcal/kg
MJ/kg
kcal/kg
MJ/kg
kcal/kg
Upper calorific value of
dry mass of fuel
19.04
4548
19.28
4605
19.18
4580
Lower calorific value of
dry mass of fuel
17.72
4232
17.96
4290
17.86
4265
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LRCAF INSTITUTE OF FORESTRY
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8th meeting of the Northern European Network for Wood Science and Engineering (WSE)
Analysis of rowan calorific values
Fuel marking on the
package
Ashiness of absolutely
dry mass of fuel
Stem of rowan
Branches of rowan
Leaves of rowan
0.32
1.8
3.77
Units
MJ/kg
kcal/kg
MJ/kg
kcal/kg
MJ/kg
kcal/kg
Upper calorific value of
dry mass of fuel
19.20
4586
19.52
4661
19.53
4664
Lower calorific value of
dry mass of fuel
17.88
4271
18.20
4346
18.21
4349
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8th meeting of the Northern European Network for Wood Science and Engineering (WSE)
CONCLUSIONS (1)
Moisture content of underbrush trees is independent
of the values of morphometric indices.
The ascertained moisture content of leaves (from 62.9
to 74.4 percent) of underbrush hazels. rowans and
buckthorns is considerably higher than that of stems (from
44.8 to 48.4 percent) or branches (50.6 to 53.3 percent).
however. using underbrush as biofuel. major portion of
leaves remains unused.
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CONCLUSIONS (2)
The determined calorific capacity (about 18 MJ/kg)
and ashiness (about 1.1 percent) values of hazel. rowan and
buckthorn differ insignificantly from presented in literature
analogous study values of trees and bushes.
Evaluating underbrush as a source of biofuel. small
differences in calorific capacity and ashiness among these
species are considered insignificant.
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THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION
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