The contribution of GeoSIS_Lx database and geoscientific

Transcription

Journal of Coastal Research
SI 64
1702 - 1706
ICS2011 (Proceedings)
Poland
ISSN 0749-0208
SI 64
pg - pg
Poland
ISSN 0749-0208
The contribution of GeoSIS_Lx database and geoscientific information
system to the reconstruction of Lisbon's coastline
system
to the
of and
Lisbon's
coastline
R. Matildes†,
I. M. reconstruction
Almeida†, R. Taborda†‡
F. Marques†
†Dept. of Geology and Centre of Geology
Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon,
R.
Matildes†,
M. Almeida†, R. Taborda†‡
1749-016
Lisbon, I.
Portugal
†Dept.
of Geology
and Centre
of Geology
{rmmatildes,
imalmeida,
rtaborda,
fsmarques}@fc.ul.pt
1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
{rmmatildes, imalmeida, rtaborda, fsmarques}@fc.ul.pt
ABSTRACT
and F.
‡ Instituto D. Luiz
Marques†
Matildes, R., Almeida, I. M., Taborda, R. and Marques, F., 2011 The contribution of GeoSIS_Lx database and
ABSTRACTinformation system to the reconstruction of Lisbon's coastline. Journal of Coastal Research, SI 64
geoscientific
(Proceedings of the 11th International Coastal Symposium), – . Szczecin, Poland, ISSN 0749-0208
geoscientific
information
system
to the reconstruction
of Lisbon's
Journal
of Coastal
Research,
SI 64
Lisbon’s
coastal
fringe has
experienced
extensive changes
duecoastline.
to natural
(sea level
variations,
shoreline
(Proceedings
of
the
11th
International
Coastal
Symposium),
pg
–
pg.
Szczecin,
Poland,
ISSN
0749-0208
sedimentation) and artificial causes (harbors, docks, landfills and other constructions dating at least since Roman
times). Urban development generated a large amount of site investigation works to support engineering projects.
Lisbon’s
coastal database
fringe has
experienced
extensive
changes duedata
to natural
level variations,
A
comprehensive
of relevant
geological
and geotechnical
is under (sea
construction
within theshoreline
scope of
sedimentation)
artificial
(harbors,from
docks,
landfills
and other
dating at least
Roman
the
GeoSIS_Lxand
project.
Thecauses
information
borehole
reports
and constructions
in situ and laboratory
testssince
enables
an
times). Urban
development
large amount
siteespecially
investigation
works
support engineering
projects.
improved
knowledge
of the generated
subsurfacea geology
of theof
city,
through
thetodevelopment
of 3D geological
A comprehensive
databasedatabase
of relevant
geological
and geotechnical
data
under
construction
the scope
of
models.
The GeoSIS_Lx
provides
fundamental
information
ofisthe
subsurface
which,within
together
with old
the
GeoSIS_Lx
project.
The
information
from
borehole
reports
and
in
situ
and
laboratory
tests
enables
an
mapping, archaeological excavations and historical documentation studies, enables the reconstruction of ancient
improved knowledge
the subsurface
geology of
especially
development
of 3D
scenarios
for the city,ofincluding
the evolution
of the
thecity,
coastal
fringe through
located the
at the
right margin
of geological
the Tagus
models. The GeoSIS_Lx database provides fundamental information of the subsurface which, together with old
estuary.
scenarios for the city, including the evolution of the coastal fringe located at the right margin of the Tagus
ADDITIONAL
INDEX WORDS: 3d modeling, coastal evolution, human occupation, surface materials
estuary.
ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS: 3d modeling, coastal evolution, human occupation, surface materials
Together with old cartography, which was also analyzed, and
archaeological
data, it is possible to set some possible scenarios
A program for gathering and management of geological and
for the evolution of the city.
geotechnical data was implemented in 1999, in a cooperation
INTRODUCTION
between Faculty of Sciences
of University of Lisbon and Lisbon
archaeological
A program This
for gathering
and management
of geological
and
SETTING
Municipality.
program started
with the creation
of the first
for
the
evolution
of the city.
geotechnical
was implemented
in 1999,
in a cooperation
The geology of Lisbon has been well studied in the past,
version
of a data
geotechnical
database that
has, since
2008, been
between
Sciences
of University
Lisbon and of
Lisbon
especially due to the several engineering projects that were
upgradedFaculty
to a of
second
version,
with theof integration
the
Municipality.
startedinformation
with the creation
the first
conducted throughout theSETTING
late nineteenth and early twentieth
information inThis
a program
geoscientific
systemof (GSGIS)
The geology
Lisbonhigh
hasquality
been well
studied
the past,
version
database that has, since 2008, been
centuries,
where of
different
outcrops
wereinanalyzed
in
(Almeidaofet aal,geotechnical
2010).
especially
due
to
the
several
engineering
projects
that
were
upgraded
to
a
second
version,
with
the
integration
of
the
detail (e.g. Cotter, 1956).
The project aims to use the geological and geotechnical
conducted
throughout
the of
late
earlyreduced
twentieth
information
in a geoscientific
(GSGIS)
The following
expansion
thenineteenth
urban tissueand
greatly
the
information available
for Lisboninformation
to achievesystem
two main
and
centuries,
where
different
high
quality
outcrops
were
analyzed
in
(Almeida
et
al,
2010).
outcrop area and surface features available to explore and register
complementary goals that are the implementation of the final and
detail
(e.g. Cotter,
Theefficient
projectversion
aims of
to the
usedatabase
the geological
and geotechnical
the geology
of the 1956).
city. Conversely, at the same time, in relation to
fully
and the establishment
of the
The following
expansion
of thesuffered
urban tissue
greatly
reduced the
information
available
for Lisbon
to achievemodels,
two main
and
geotechnical
studies,
these areas
intense
site investigation
geological and
geotechnical
three dimensional
exploited
outcrop
area
and
surface
features
available
to
explore
and
register
complementary
goals
that
are
the
implementation
of
the
final
and
through
borehole
execution.
This
produced
an
immense
volume
of
in a standard Geographic Information System platform.
the
geology ofdata,
the city.
Conversely,
the same time,
relation to
fully
version
of themodels
databasewithin
and the
the
geotechnical
mainly
borehole atinformation
withinlithological
Theefficient
integration
of these
theestablishment
GSGIS will of
allow
geotechnical
studies,
these areas as
suffered
site investigation
geological
and geotechnical
three dimensional
models,
and stratigraphic
descriptions
well intense
as physical
parameters
constant updates
and cross validation
with the data
in the exploited
database.
through
borehole execution. This produced an immense volume of
in In
a standard
System
determination.
a near Geographic
future, it isInformation
expected that
the platform.
need of traditional
geotechnical
data,Lisbon
mainlypresents
boreholea information
The integration of these
models
within
the GSGIS
allow
The city of
wide rangewith
of lithological
subsurface
geologic-geotechnical
studies
can be
reduced
and thewill
planning
and
stratigraphic
descriptions
as well
as physical
parameters
constant
updates
cross
validation
with the
dataefficient
in the database.
geological
formations,
being highly
marked
by the sedimentary
phases will
evolveand
into
a time
and financial
more
process.
determination.
In
a near
it is such
expected
that thedata
needcompilation
of traditional
formations of the Cretaceous, Paleogene and Miocene, consisting
Besides
thisfuture,
advantage,
an extended
can
city ofsandstones,
Lisbon presents
wide range rocks.
of subsurface
studies
can
be
reduced
and
the
planning
of The
limestones,
clays anda conglomerate
The late
support other complementary studies, such as the one presented in
geological
being highly
marked
by presents
the sedimentary
phases
will evolve into a time and financial more efficient process.
Cretaceous formations,
Lisbon Volcanic
Complex
(CVL)
a high
this paper.
formations
of the
Cretaceous,
and Miocene,
consisting
Besides
thisamount
advantage,
such an information
extended data
can
variation of
thickness
(PaisPaleogene
et al., 2006).
The subsurface
The large
of borehole
in compilation
the GeoSIS_Lx
of
limestones,
conglomerate
The late
support
complementary
studies, such
the one modeling
presented of
in
formations
are sandstones,
covered by clays
strata and
of the
Pleistocene rocks.
and Holocene.
databaseother
allowed
using that information
foraslocalized
Cretaceous
Lisbon
Volcanic
(CVL)
presents
high
this
paper.
There are also
relevant
depositsComplex
of artificial
fills and
slope adebris,
surface
deposits, the definition of paleo morphologies and
variation
of
thickness
(Pais
et
al.,
2006).
The
subsurface
The
large
amount
of
borehole
information
in
the
GeoSIS_Lx
highly heterogeneous in what concerns nature, extension and
subsequently the definition of evolution scenarios for the city. As
formations
are covered
by strata of
thehigh
Pleistocene
andinHolocene.
database
allowed
thatstudy
information
localized modeling of
thickness. The
alluvial deposits,
with
expression
the city,
an example,
three using
selected
sites arefor
presented.
There
are
also
relevant
deposits
of
artificial
fills
and
slope debris,
surface deposits, the definition of paleo morphologies and
reflect the important fluvial network present (Figure 1).
thickness. The alluvial deposits, with high expression in the city,
an example, three selected study sites are presented.
INTRODUCTION
Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue 64, 2011
1702
The contribution of GeoSIS_Lx database and geoscientific information system to the reconstruction of Lisbon's coastline
SI 64
pg - pg
Poland
ISSN 0749-0208
Roman harbor and fishery industries are testimonies of the
excellent facilities of the Tagus estuary referred by Greek
historian Strabo.
The reconstitution of the various phases of occupation requires
different sources of information (ancient, historical, cartographic,
iconographic and archaeological) (Blot, 2003).The initial Roman
nucleus, limited by the Tagus, expanded radially, maintaining a
strong connection to the river banks and profiting from port
activity. The Roman and Islamic periods, although not well
R. Matildes†, I. M. Almeida†, R. Taborda†‡ and F. Marques†
depicted
documentation, were very important in what
‡ InstitutoinD.old
Luiz
concerns
urban
interventions,
mainly
in the actual downtown area.
Faculty of
Sciences,
University
of Lisbon,
In
this
case
only
the
archaeological
remains, although scattered,
can be used to reconstruct this phase since the structures
remainings are almost completely buried. This task was performed
using the archaeological database Endovelico (IPA, 2002) to
select the buried sites associated with the harbour and fishery
Figure 1. Geographic ABSTRACT
and geological settings of Lisbon and the
industries. In Figure 2 it is presented the selected sites and the
location of the study areas presented in this work: I – Alcântara,
various phases of the successive city walls (the 1st Roman-Islamic
II – Baixa and III - Parque das Nações.
Matildes, R., Almeida, I. M., Taborda, R. and wall
Marques,
F., 2011
contribution
of GeoSIS_Lx
and
is located
in theThe
centre,
surrounding
the Castelo database
hill).
geoscientific information system to the reconstruction
of Lisbon's
Journal(until
of Coastal
SI 64
century) can
be
The medieval
andcoastline.
modern periods
the 17thResearch,
Throughout the city there
is smooth
in several
(Proceedings
of folding,
the 11thresulting
International
Coastal Symposium),
– pg. Szczecin,
ISSN 0749-0208
reconstituted pg
through
historical Poland,
and iconographic
documentation,
monoclines and synclines. At the southwest sector, the Mesozoic
and the remaining structures. The walls that record the expansion
th
formations present a complex
faultinghas
which,
together extensive
century
riverfront.shoreline
of the city
until the
Lisbon’ssystem
coastalof fringe
experienced
changes
due14to
natural circumvent
(sea level the
variations,
with erosion, create irregular
geological
patterns causes
at the (harbors,
surface docks, landfills and other constructions dating at least since Roman
sedimentation)
and artificial
(Matildes et al., 2010). times). Urban development generated a large amount of site investigation works to support engineering projects.
The privileged proximity
of Lisbon to the
river and
the Atlantic
A comprehensive
database
of relevant
geological and geotechnical data is under construction within the scope of
as “the
where the from borehole reports and in situ and laboratory tests enables an
ocean, already described
the 8th century
theinGeoSIS_Lx
project.
Thecity
information
kindnesses of land and improved
sea were joined”
(Magalhães
et al., 1997),
knowledge
of the subsurface
geology of the city, especially through the development of 3D geological
has enabled an evolution
both along
the north bank
of the
Tagus fundamental information of the subsurface which, together with old
models.
The GeoSIS_Lx
database
provides
river and also to the interior,
given
the protection
offered by
mapping,
archaeological
excavations
andthehistorical documentation studies, enables the reconstruction of ancient
several hills that characterize
the steep
morphology
of thethe
city.evolution of the coastal fringe located at the right margin of the Tagus
scenarios
for the
city, including
The coastal fringe along
the river bank is nowadays a rather thin
estuary.
but extensive plane strip, mostly due to the human interventions
throughout history that gained new limits where once the river
ADDITIONAL
3d modeling, coastal evolution, human occupation, surface materials
existed. This plane strip
is, as referred,INDEX
rapidly WORDS:
replaced towards
inland by steep sloped hills, crossed by important valleys, with
thalwegs sometimes highly incised.
INTRODUCTION
archaeological
METHODOLOGY
for
the
evolution
of the city.
This
work
gathers
different
thematic
approaches
to
the
evolution
of the of
coastal
zoneofofUniversity
Lisbon, where
the information
between Faculty
Sciences
of Lisbon
and Lisbon
produced
results
of program
a multi-source
method
SETTING
Municipality.
This
starteddata
withintegration
the creation
of thebased
first
on the method
described bydatabase
Wu et al.
(2005):
topographic
Figure
2. Location
archaeological
The geology
of of
Lisbon
has beenremains.
well studied in the past,
version
of a geotechnical
that
has, since
2008, data,
been
borehole
information,
aerial the
photograph,
actual
upgraded (geological)
to a second
version, with
integration
of and
the
historic
mapping,
archeologicalinformation
data.
conducted
throughout
the late
and early 1531
twentieth
information
in aandgeoscientific
system (GSGIS)
Successive
earthquakes
withnineteenth
severe damages,
and
The data
gathered
centuries,
where
different
high
quality
outcrops
were
analyzed
in
(Almeida
et al,
2010). in the geological database was retrieved
particularly 1755, had great impact on evolution contributing to
through
differentaims
queries,
enabling
the structuration
of a table
detail
(e.g. Cotter,
1956).
The project
to use
the geological
and geotechnical
great volumes
of wreckage.
The reconstitution of the post 1755
containing
of each two
formation,
The following
expansion of the
urban tissue
greatly in
reduced
the
informationinformation
available on
forlithology,
Lisbon depth
to achieve
main total
and
damages
and reconstruction
is already
supported
the first
depth
of borehole
and that
its precise
in the national
outcrop
area and
surface features
to explore
and can
register
complementary
goals
are thelocation
implementation
of the reference
final and
cartographic
representation.
Theavailable
more recent
phases
be
system
Hayford
Gaussof
Datum
73.
the
geology ofby
thecartographic
city. Conversely,
at the sameand
time,after
in relation
to
fully efficient
version
the database
and the establishment of the
reconstituted
representations
1947 by
geotechnical
studies,registry.
these areas suffered intense site investigation
geological and geotechnical three dimensional models, exploited
aerial photographic
through borehole execution. This produced an immense volume of
in a standard Geographic
Information
System platform.
Historical
information
analysis
geotechnical data, mainly borehole information with lithological
The integration
of these models
the estuarine
GSGIS will
direct relationship
betweenwithin
fluvial,
andallow
sea
Cartography
and stratigraphic descriptions as well as physical parameters
constant
updates
and cross
validation
with the
in theoccupation
database.
environments
provides
ideal
conditions
for data
human
The first conventional map of the city was produced by Tinoco
determination.
In prehistoric
a near future,
it is expected that the need of traditional
since
times.
th
century
(1650).presents
It is regarded
as a faithful
portrait
of the
in The
the 17city
of Lisbon
a wide
range of
subsurface
can be reducedremains
and the shows
planninga
The distribution ofstudies
the archaeological
urban
tissue
of Lisbonbeing
at the
timemarked
(Magalhães
etsedimentary
al, 1997)
geological
formations,
highly
by
the
phases
willand
evolve
into a time
andoccupation
financial more
efficient
process.
Prehistory
Pre-Roman
early
in small
settlements
in
although
itsofaccuracy
in what concerns
land-river
is
formations
the Cretaceous,
Paleogenethe
and
Miocene,boundary
consisting
this tributaries
advantage, banks
such an
datalocated
compilation
theBesides
Tagus and
or extended
strategically
in the can
top
weak,
as
well
as
the
document
produced
by
Poppe
in
1761
of limestones, sandstones, clays and conglomerate rocks. The late
support
other
complementary
studies, such as the one presented in
of the hills
(Angelucci
et al, 2007).
considered
be fairly
exact as Complex
a registry (CVL)
of old geographic
Cretaceous toLisbon
Volcanic
presents anames
high
this
paper.
The
privileged geographic situation of the actual downtown area
of
streets,
peers,
defense
walls
and
buildings.
variation of thickness (Pais et al., 2006). The subsurface
The large to
amount
of borehole
the early
GeoSIS_Lx
contributed
the location
of information
the heart ofin an
urban
A map considered
to be
goodoftopographic
quality
executed
formations
are covered
by of
strata
the Pleistocene
andisHolocene.
database allowed
thatoccupation
information
of
-6thlocalized
century)modeling
of this area
development.
Theusing
Roman
(1stfor
after
the
1755
earthquake,
with
the
necessity
of
rebuilding
There are also relevant deposits of artificial fills and slope debris,a
surface deposits,
the definition
paleo morphologies
and
represents
the evolution
to an of
organized
urban occupation
destroyed
city with newinideas
urban planning,
it was only
highly heterogeneous
whatforconcerns
nature, but
extension
and
subsequently
thethe
definition
of to
evolution
scenarios
city. As
benefiting
from
proximity
the Tagus
estuary.for
Thetheimportant
thickness.
The
alluvial
deposits,
with
high
expression
in the city,
1703
Matildes et al.
SI 64
pg - pg
Poland
ISSN 0749-0208
th
in the 19 century that the first topographic plant, resulting of an
reached the bedrock were discarded as they provide limited
accurate survey, was produced (Folque, 1856-1858). The city is
information on the depth of alluvial formations.
very well represented in a mosaic of 65 sheets 1: 1000 scale.
The determination of landfill thickness surfaces allows deriving
This document was used to outline a detailed coastal boundary
relevant information for the coastline evolution, such as a preof the city in the 19th century which was used to compare with the
occupation coastline, defined as the existing coastline before the
present day boundary.
beginning of human occupation and interventions. Subtracting the
Important interventions took place along the coastal fringe, such
landfill thickness surface from the present day DTM, the referred
as the Boavista landfill and the artificial fills eastwards to the
pre-occupation morphology, with alluvial formations, is
Praça
do ComércioI.area.
determined and a Z = 0m (coastline) contour is obtained, which
R. Matildes†,
M. Almeida†, R. Taborda†‡ and F. Marques†
can
be regarded
‡ Instituto
D. Luizas a reference line in the analysis of coastal
evolution.
Faculty of and
Sciences,
University inventory
of Lisbon,
Landfill
excavations
The paleo
morphologies
1749-016
Lisbon,ofPortugal
1749-016
Lisbon,
Portugal were achieved by subtracting the
The inventory
landfill and excavations (Vasconcelos and
present
digital
terrain
model of Lisbon (5 m resolution) with the
{rmmatildes,
imalmeida,
rtaborda,
fsmarques}@fc.ul.pt
Marques, 2010a,b) was executed through systematic interpretation
thickness of surface deposits estimated by interpolation of the
of aerial photographs, from 1947 to 2004, and was complemented
database information.
with information from the GeoSIS_Lx database. According to
The algorithm used to perform the data interpolation was
Vasconcelos and Marques
(2010b)
the
registered
landfill
areas
6 ABSTRACT
2
kriging,
as it takes into account the spatial behavior of the data
cover about 25.6x10 m , which is slightly over 30% of the city’s
providing
at the same time a measure of the uncertainty at the
total area. It is important to refer that especially in what regards
Matildes, R., Almeida, I. M., Taborda, R. and unsampled
Marques, F.,
2011(Li
The
contribution
points
et al.
2008). of GeoSIS_Lx database and
the Alcântara and Baixa areas, already occupied in early stages of
geoscientific information system to the reconstruction of Lisbon's coastline. Journal of Coastal Research, SI 64
urban development, the inventory may be underestimated as it was
(Proceedings of the 11th International Coastal Symposium), pg – pg. Szczecin, Poland, ISSN 0749-0208
RESULTS
impossible to define even in the oldest aerial photographs fill areas
due to its old human occupation.
Lisbon’s coastal fringe has experienced extensive changes due to natural (sea level variations, shoreline
Alcântara
sedimentation) and artificial causes (harbors, docks,
landfills and other constructions dating at least since Roman
Geological modeling
The of
Alcântara
valley is aworks
narrow
incised in Cretaceous
times). Urban development generated a large amount
site investigation
to channel
support engineering
projects.
The geological modeling
was carried out
based of
onrelevant
the retrieval
limestones
and Lisbon
Complex. Itwithin
is surrounded
by
A comprehensive
database
geological
and geotechnical
data Volcanic
is under construction
the scope of
of database information
three areas
of interest: fromhigh
steep slopes
limestone
limestone
theconcerning
GeoSIS_Lxtheproject.
The information
borehole
reportsofand
in situand
andmarly
laboratory
tests(Zbyszewski,
enables an
Alcântara, Baixa and Parque
das Nações
(Figure
1).subsurface geology1947).
slopes, due
to its geology
and structure,
prone to
improved
knowledge
of the
of the These
city, especially
through
the development
of 3Dare
geological
These three areas aremodels.
very different
with regard
to geological
mass movements,
relevantwhich,
slopetogether
debriswith
in old
the
The GeoSIS_Lx
database
provides fundamental
informationoriginating
of the subsurface
and geomorphological frameworks
and
the
consolidation
of
urban
thalwegs.
Although
being
significant,
the
borehole
descriptions
occupation.
treat
these
materials
as landfill,
making
no distinction
the
scenarios for the city, including the evolution
of the
coastal
fringe
located at
the right
margin ofbetween
the Tagus
The evolution of the estuary.
area of Belém-Alcântara began in the 15th
two features.
century in relation with port activities and construction of a
A total of 145 borehole registries were available for the terminal
monastery related with the Portuguese discoveries. The Alcântara
branch of this valley, from which 141 were used for the
INDEX
3d modeling,
coastal evolution,
human
occupation,
materials
area corresponds to aADDITIONAL
narrow channel
that WORDS:
suffered intense
landfill/debris
deposits
modeling
andsurface
101 for
the alluvium
interventions throughout the times, which changed considerably
deposits. The constraints applied on the interpolated surface of
the morphology of the estuarine margin. Being also highly
alluvium were based on the analysis of the cartographic extents of
developed in the last decades with significant industrialized port
such
feature with
in theold
1: cartography,
10000 geological
1986) and
Together
whichmap
was(Almeida,
also analyzed,
and
INTRODUCTION
facilities, it has been
place of several geotechnical studies,
the
slopes, allowing
theisdefinition
of set
an upper
limit of 8º
for the
archaeological
data,
it
possible
to
some
possible
scenarios
A program
gathering
of geological
and
resulting
in a for
high
numberand
of management
geological information
reports
existence
of alluvium
for the evolution
of thedeposits
city. (Figure 4).
available.
between
Faculty
of Sciences
of as
University
Lisbon
and Lisbon
The Baixa
region,
including
referred of
a long
succession
of
SETTING
Municipality.
This
program
started
with
the
creation
the first
phases of occupation and severe damages, alsoof suffered
version of a ingeotechnical
database
that has,
since subway
2008, been
interventions
the last decades,
especially
for urban,
and
upgraded
to a second The
version,
with theofintegration
the
road
improvements.
availability
geologicalof and
conducted throughout the late nineteenth and early twentieth
information information,
in a geoscientific
system
(GSGIS)
geotechnical
together information
with the historical
significance
centuries, where different high quality outcrops were analyzed in
(Almeida
et
al,
2010).
of this location, make it a traditional case study for the knowledge
detail (e.g. Cotter, 1956).
The
project
aims
to
use
the
geological
and
geotechnical
of the geology of Lisbon.
The following expansion of the urban tissue greatly reduced the
information
for Lisbon
to achieve
two in
main
Parque dasavailable
Nações urban
development
only began
the and
late
th
outcrop
area and surface features available to explore and register
complementary
goals
that
are
the
implementation
of
the
final
and
20 century. It suffered profuse improvement works in order to
the geology of the city. Conversely, at the same time, in relation to
fully efficient
version
of World
the database
and the
establishment
of the
receive
the 1998
Lisbon
Exposition
(Expo
98) with heavily
geotechnical studies, these areas suffered intense site investigation
geological
threethe
dimensional
models,
exploited
land
filled and
in geotechnical
order to attain
geotechnical
characteristics
through borehole execution. This produced an immense volume of
in
a
standard
Geographic
Information
System
platform.
necessary to support housing and business structures representing
geotechnical data, mainly borehole information with lithological
The integration
the GSGIS
will allow
a major
occupationofofthese
tidalmodels
flat to within
floodplain
area, pushing
the
and stratigraphic descriptions as well as physical parameters
constant
updates
and
cross
validation
with
the
data
in
the
database.
city/river limit further towards east.
determination.
In a geologic
near future,
it is expected
that materials
the need was
of traditional
The
modeling
of surface
achieved
The city of Lisbon presents a wide range of subsurface
studies
can
be
reduced
and
the
planning
through two stages: the definition of thickness for fill materials
Figure 4. Results
at Alcântara:
thickness
of surface
geological
formations,
being highly
marked
by thedeposits.
sedimentary
phases
will evolve
into by
a time
and financial
more
efficient
and
alluvium
followed
the sum
of these two
surfaces
in process.
order to
formations
of
the
Cretaceous,
Paleogene
and
Miocene,
consisting
Besides
this
advantage,
such
an
extended
data
compilation
can
obtain the total surface materials thickness.
of
limestones,
sandstones,
clays
and
conglomerate
rocks.
The late
support
other
complementary
studies,
such
as
the
one
presented
in
The compilation of artificial fills and excavations inventory
Cretaceous Lisbon Volcanic Complex (CVL) presents a high
this paper.
based
on aerial photointerpretation limited the geographic extents
Baixa
variation
thicknessarea,
(Pais
et consists
al., 2006).
subsurface
amount
of borehole
in more
the GeoSIS_Lx
of The
theselarge
manmade
features,
makinginformation
the modeling
accurate in
Lisbon’sofdowntown
Baixa,
on theThe
terminal
branch
formations
are
covered
by
strata
of
the
Pleistocene
and
Holocene.
database
using that The
information
for localized
modeling
of
terms
of allowed
its spatialization.
data regarding
artificial
landfills
of a wider basin that bifurcates up north to the Arroios and
Pereiro
There
also relevant
depositsIt of
fillsMiocene
and slopebedrock,
debris,
surface
the definition
of paleo
morphologies
was
useddeposits,
as is to calculate
the thickness
of such
deposits. For and
the
creeks are
(Almeida
et al., 2009).
hasartificial
eroded the
highly
heterogeneous
in
what
concerns
nature,
extension
and
subsequently
the
definition
of
evolution
scenarios
for
the
city.
As
alluvium deposits modeling all borehole registries that did not
1704
The contribution of GeoSIS_Lx database and geoscientific information system to the reconstruction of Lisbon's coastline
SI 64
pg - pg
Poland
ISSN 0749-0208
building a channel that is limited east and west by steeped slope
excavations, making it a deeply studied region for urban
hills that constraint the structure of the valley.
development by aerial photo interpretation. Within the limits of
A detailed study was carried out by Almeida et al. (2009) when
the model area, the landfill and excavations inventory displayed
a deep core was analyzed for texture, foraminifera, ostracods,
about 180 areas that were used to constraint the surface
diatoms and 14C dating. The analysis of borehole data for this area
representing the surface artificial materials in the modeling phases
and the referred study show that the Baixa valley is filled with
(Figure 6).
important alluvium deposits with layers of varying thickness and
texture from mud to gravel, presenting weak horizontal or vertical
tendency
When comparing
with the remaining
borehole data
used
R. Matildes†,
I. M. Almeida†,
R. Taborda†‡
and
F. Marques†
in†Dept.
this study.
of Geology and Centre of Geology
Historical
information
and borehole
Faculty
of Sciences,
University
of Lisbon, data show significant
landfill
of Lisbon,
artificial
origin, registering the continuous urban
1749-016
Portugal
occupation
from rtaborda,
pre-Roman
times and the major
{rmmatildes,dated
imalmeida,
fsmarques}@fc.ul.pt
reconstruction after the 1755 earthquake, as also shown by the
analysis of old mapping.
For the modeling of the artificial landfills a total of 666
ABSTRACT
borehole registries were
used to interpolate the correspondent
surface. The alluvium deposit surface was created by interpolation
Matildes,
Almeida,
M.,morphological
Taborda, R. and Marques, F., 2011 The contribution of GeoSIS_Lx database and
of 442 borehole entries
as well,R.,but
due to I.the
geoscientific
information
system
to thetheir
reconstruction of Lisbon's coastline. Journal of Coastal Research, SI 64
constraints of their deposition
it was
necessary
to limit
the 11th
International
Coastal Symposium),
– pg. at
Szczecin,
ISSN thickness
0749-0208of surface
geographical extension(Proceedings
(Figure 5).of The
slope
and curvature
Figure 6. pg
Results
Parque Poland,
das Nações:
analyses, together with the interpretation of geological and
deposits.
morphological features,Lisbon’s
allowed coastal
reachingfringe
a slope
4.75º and a extensive changes due to natural (sea level variations, shoreline
hasofexperienced
height of 30 m to constraint
the presence
alluvial deposits.
sedimentation)
andofartificial
causes (harbors, docks, landfills and other constructions dating at least since Roman
times). Urban development generated a large amount of site investigation works to support engineering projects.
Paleo
and pre-occupation
morphologies
A comprehensive database of relevant geological
and geotechnical
data is under construction
within the scope of
referred,
the paleo
of the bedrock
each study
the GeoSIS_Lx project. The information from As
borehole
reports
and morphology
in situ and laboratory
testsofenables
an
was
achieved
(Figure
7a)theand,
with the of
determination
improved knowledge of the subsurface geologysite
of the
city,
especially
through
development
3D geologicalof
landfill thickness
deposits,
also a pre-occupation
surface
was
models. The GeoSIS_Lx database provides fundamental
information
of the subsurface
which, together
with old
derived.
The subsequent
determination
a pre-human of
occupation
mapping, archaeological excavations and historical
documentation
studies,
enables theofreconstruction
ancient
was defined
and compared
with margin
differentof information
scenarios for the city, including the evolutioncoastline
of the coastal
fringe located
at the right
the Tagus
sources (Figure 7b). The direct comparison with the present
estuary.
coastline, places the estuarine margin 100 to 350 m further North
in Alcântara and Baixa areas and up to 400 m West in the Parque
ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS: 3d modeling, coastal evolution, human occupation, surface materials
das Nações.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
Together
withmaterials
old cartography,
wasdatabase
also analyzed,
and
The
alluvial
describedwhich
in the
have high
archaeological
data,
it
is
possible
to
set
some
possible
scenarios
resemblance in the three studied locations: they vary vertically
for thegravel,
evolution
the city.
from
to of
sand
and mud natures, with weak horizontal
correspondence between neighboring boreholes. Widening the
between Faculty of Sciences of University of Lisbon and Lisbon
Figure
5. Results
at program
Baixa: thickness
of surface
deposits.of the first
geographic extents of an SETTING
investigation such as Almeida et al.
Municipality.
This
started with
the creation
(2009)
would allow
a more
analysis
of in
thethe
alluvial
The geology
of Lisbon
hasdetailed
been well
studied
past,
version of a geotechnical database that has, since 2008, been
deposition
evolution.
These engineering
formationsprojects
represent
the
especially due
to the several
that were
upgraded to a second version, with the integration of the
sedimentation
evolutionthefrom
Pleistocene
et al.,
conducted throughout
latethe
nineteenth
and (Almeida
early twentieth
information in a geoscientific information system (GSGIS)
Parque
das Nações
2009)
to the
beginning
of high
the human
at theanalyzed
margin of
centuries,
where
different
qualitysettlement
outcrops were
in
(Almeida et al, 2010).
The recent extensive engineering works that took place to
the
estuary.
Although
the “archaeology” derived coastline should
detail
(e.g. Cotter,
1956).
The project aims to use the geological and geotechnical
remodel this region for the World Exhibit event led to a
beThe
taken
as indicative,
a clear
change
the estuarine
marginthe
is
following
expansion
of the
urbanintissue
greatly reduced
information available for Lisbon to achieve two main and
compilation of a great number of site investigations for
visible,
in Alcântara
andavailable
Baixa areas
and to and
Westregister
in the
outcrop up
areaNorth
and surface
features
to explore
complementary goals that are the implementation of the final and
geotechnical purposes mainly. The majority of the geotechnical
Parque
das of
Nações.
These
results at
agree
with time,
behavior
deduced
the geology
the city.
Conversely,
the same
in relation
to
fully efficient version of the database and the establishment of the
studies are concentrated along the river bank, where the most
from
the geological
geotechnical
studies,modeling.
these areas suffered intense site investigation
geological and geotechnical three dimensional models, exploited
changes occurred. A significant number of borehole registries do
The artificial
mark
theproduced
beginning
the occupation
through
boreholelandfills
execution.
This
anof
immense
volume of
in a standard Geographic Information System platform.
not reach the base of the pre-existent and actual fill materials nor
the
estuarine margin
by human
settlements.
Throughout
the times,
geotechnical
data, mainly
borehole
information
with lithological
The integration of these models within the GSGIS will allow
the base of the alluvial formations, which make them useful for a
these
interventionsdescriptions
induced a southward
at
and stratigraphic
as well ascoastline
physicalmigration
parameters
constant updates and cross validation with the data in the database.
lithological interpretation but not for a surface modeling purpose.
Alcântara
and Baixa, and eastward at Parque das Nações. This
determination.
In a near future, it is expected that the need of traditional
For this area, a plane area slightly pending inwards, to the West,
inference
by the historical
cartography,
clearly
The cityis ofsupported
Lisbon presents
a wide range
of subsurface
geologic-geotechnical studies can be reduced and the planning
the database comprised a total of 1849 borehole registries but the
defining
changes between
then marked
and thebypresent
situation,
geologicalthe
formations,
being highly
the sedimentary
phases will evolve into a time and financial more efficient process.
information used for the modeling of the alluvial materials was
forming
a third
of evolution.
The and
results
presented
clearly
formations
of thephase
Cretaceous,
Paleogene
Miocene,
consisting
Besides this advantage, such an extended data compilation can
based on 217 borehole entries, as the remaining did not reach the
show
the potential
of the database
implemented
asThe
welllate
as
of limestones,
sandstones,
clays andbeing
conglomerate
rocks.
support other complementary studies, such as the one presented in
base of such formations. The modeling of the fill materials was
the
geological
and geotechnical
models, (CVL)
which atpresents
the same
time
Cretaceous
Lisbon
Volcanic Complex
a high
this paper.
based on 738 borehole registries.
suffer
constant
improvement
increases,
variation
of thickness
(Pais asettheal.,data
2006).
The allowing
subsurfacea
The large amount of borehole information in the GeoSIS_Lx
As referred, this is a recently occupied area of the city, which
much
more are
efficient
useby
of strata
the available
subsurface information.
formations
covered
of the Pleistocene
and Holocene.
database allowed using that information for localized modeling of
enabled a very rich systematic definition of artificial fills and
There are also relevant deposits of artificial fills and slope debris,
surface deposits, the definition of paleo morphologies and
The 64,
alluvial
Journal of Coastal Research,thickness.
Special Issue
2011deposits, with high expression in the city,
INTRODUCTION
1705
Matildes et al.
SI 64
pg - pg
Poland
ISSN 0749-0208
R. Matildes†, I. M. Almeida†, R. Taborda†‡ and F. Marques†
ABSTRACT
geoscientific information system to the reconstruction of Lisbon's coastline. Journal of Coastal Research, SI 64
(Proceedings of the 11th International Coastal Symposium), pg – pg. Szczecin, Poland, ISSN 0749-0208
Lisbon’s coastal fringe has experienced extensive changes due to natural (sea level variations, shoreline
sedimentation) and artificial causes (harbors, docks, landfills and other constructions dating at least since Roman
Figure 7: a) Paleomorphologies
for studied
sites I,generated
II and IIIa(Alcântara,
Baixa
andinvestigation
Parque das Nações)
b) Lisbon’s projects.
coastline
times). Urban
development
large amount
of site
works to (above);
support engineering
th
century
and the
evolution from a pre-occupation
coastal boundary,
an archeology
based
the coastline
as mapped
in the 19
A comprehensive
database oftorelevant
geological
andcoastline,
geotechnical
data is under
construction
within
the scope
of
2010 coastline as defined
in
the
official
administrative
map
(below).
the GeoSIS_Lx project. The information from borehole reports and in situ and laboratory tests enables an
improved knowledge of the subsurface geology of the city, especially through the development of 3D geological
models. The GeoSIS_Lx database provides fundamental
information
of the
subsurface
together with
old
Cartografia
de Lisboa
Séculos
XVII awhich,
XX. Comissão
Nacional
mapping, archaeological
documentation
studies, enables
the reconstructionportugueses.
of ancient
as comemorações
dos descobrimentos
LITERATURE
CITEDexcavations and historicalpara
scenarios
for the city,
includingLisboa,
the evolution
of Museu
the coastal
fringe 1997.
located at the right margin of the Tagus
da Cidade.
Almeida, F.M. 1986. Carta
Geológica
do Concelho
1:
estuary.
Matildes,
R.,
Taborda,
R.,
Almeida, I. M., Pinto, C., and Jeremias,
10000. Serviços Geológicos de Portugal. 1: 10000. 4 sheets.
F.
T.
2010.
3D
geological
model of Lisbon. Proceedings of the
Almeida, I.M., Andrade, C., Freitas, M.C., Moreno, J., Cabral,
11th
IAEG
Congress.
Auckland,surface
Newmaterials
Zealand, 5-10
ADDITIONAL
INDEX
WORDS:
3d
modeling,
coastal
evolution,
human
occupation,
M.C., Craveiro, S.C. and Marques, F.M.S.F. 2009. Holocene
September 2010.
Paleoenvironmental Evolution of the Lisbon Downtown Area
Pais, J., Moniz, C., Cabral, J., Cardoso, J., Legoinha, P., Machado,
as Recorded in the Esteiro da Baixa Sediments – First Results.
S., Morais, M., Lourenço, C., Ribeiro, M., Henriques, P. and
Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 56, pp.
INTRODUCTION
Falé, P. 2006.
explicativa
Folha
34-Dscenarios
Lisboa.
574- 578.
archaeological
data, Notícia
it is possible
to set da
some
possible
Instituto
Nacional
de
Engenharia,
Tecnologia
e
Inovação.
Almeida, I.M, Matildes, R., Taborda, R., Carreira, D., Pinto, C.
for the evolution of the city.
Vasconcelos, M.A.D.F. and Marques, F.M. 2010a. Cartografia
and Jeremias, F.T. (2010) GeoSIS_Lx a Geoscientific
between Faculty of Sciences of University of Lisbon and Lisbon
tridimensional de aterros e escavações no concelho de Lisboa.
Information
for Lisbon
SETTING
Municipality.
This System
program started
with the Geotechnical
creation of the Data
first
E-Terra – Geosciences On-Line Journal Volume 22 – n. 15.
Management.
11th IAEGdatabase
Congress,
New
Zealand,
version
of a geotechnical
thatAuckland,
has, since
2008,
been
2010. ISSN 1645-0388
5-10 September
2010, version,
8p.
upgraded
to a second
with the integration of the
Vasconcelos,
M.A.D.F.the
andlate
Marques,
F.M.and
2010b.
Angelucci,
D.E.,
Soares,
A.M.M.,
Almeida,
L.F.,
Brito,
R.
and
conducted
throughout
nineteenth
earlyCartografia
twentieth
information in a geoscientific information system (GSGIS)
tridimensional
de
Aterros
e
Escavações
para
a Produção
Leitão,etV.,
centuries, where different high quality outcrops were
analyzed de
in
(Almeida
al, 2007.
2010).Neolithic occupation and mid-Holocene soil
Cartografia
de 1956).
Susceptibilidade a Movimentos de Vertente no
formation
Encosta
de the
Sant’Ana
(Lisbon,
detail
(e.g. Cotter,
The
project ataims
to use
geological
and Portugal):
geotechnicala
Concelho
Lisboa.
Congresso
Nacional
de
The
following de
expansion
of theVurban
tissue greatly
reduced the
information
available approach.
for Lisbon
to achieve
two34,main
and
geoarchaeological
J. Arch.
Science,
pp.1641Geomorfologia,
8 - 10features
Dezembro,
Porto,toPortugal.,
CD-ROM,
outcrop
area and surface
available
explore and
register
complementary
goals that are the implementation of the final and
1648.
6 pp. of the city. Conversely, at the same time, in relation to
the geology
fully efficient
version
ofOs
theportos
database
and the dos
establishment
of the
Blot,
M.L.B.H.P.
2003,
na origem
centros urbanos.
Wu,
Q., Xu, studies,
H. and these
Zou, areas
X. 2005.
An effective
method
for 3D
geotechnical
suffered
intense site
investigation
geological
and
geotechnical
three
dimensional
models,
exploited
Contributo para a arqueologia das cidades marítimas e flúviothrough
boreholemodelling
execution. with
This produced
an immense
volume of
geological
multi-source
data integration.
in a marítimas
standard Geographic
Information
platform. 28, 338 pp.
em Portugal.
TrabalhosSystem
de Arqueologia,
geotechnical
data,
mainly borehole
information with lithological
The integration
of these
withinMarinho
the GSGISdewillLisboa.
allow
Computers
& Geosciences,
31, 35-43.
Cotter,
J.B. 1956.
O models
Miocénico
and
stratigraphic
descriptions
as
well
as physical
parameters
constant
updates
and
cross
validation
with
the
data
in
the
database.
Zbyszewski,
G.
1947.
Panorama
sur
la Géologie
de la
Ville de
Comunicações dos Serviços Geológicos de Portugal. XXXVI
determination.
In a near future, it is expected that the need of traditional
Lisbonne
In:
Sociedade
de
Geografia
de
Lisboa
(ed.),
Boletim
suplemento. Direcção Geral de Minas e Serviços Geológicos
The
city of Lisbon
presentsde aLisboa,
wide Série
range 65:
of - subsurface
geologic-geotechnical studies can be reduced and the planning
da Sociedade
de Geografia
N. 9 e 10
de Portugal. 170 pp.
geological
formations,
phases will evolve into a time and financial more efficient process.
Setembro
e Outubrobeing
-1947.highly marked by the sedimentary
IPA Divisão de Inventário. 2002. Endovélico – Sistema de Gestão
formations of the Cretaceous, Paleogene and Miocene, consisting
Besides this advantage, such an extended data compilation can
e Informação
Arqueológica.
Revista
of limestones, sandstones, clays and conglomerate rocks. The late
support
other complementary
studies, such
as the Portuguesa
one presented de
in
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Vol. 5 (1): 277-283.
Cretaceous Lisbon
Volcanic Complex (CVL) presents a high
this Arqueologia,
paper.
Li,The
J., large
Heap amount
and A.D.
2008.
A
Review
of
Spatial
Interpolation
This
study
was
supported
by the
research
project
variation of thickness
(Pais
et al.,
2006).
The GeoSIS_Lx
subsurface
of borehole information in the GeoSIS_Lx
Methods
for
Environmental
Scientists.
Geoscience
Australia,
formations
are
covered
by
strata
of
the
Pleistocene
and to
Holocene.
(PTDC/ECM/64167/
2006).
Acknowledgments
are
due
Manuel
database allowed using that information for localized modeling of
Record
2008/23,the
137definition
pp.
There are alsotorelevant
artificial (IP),
fills and
slope debris,
surface
deposits,
of paleo morphologies and
Vasconcelos,
Filipa deposits
Neto of of
IGESPAR
Manuela
Leitão
Magalhães,
Garcia, of
J. evolution
C., Flores,
J. M. (coord.).
1997.
highly
concerns
nature,
extension and
subsequentlyJ.theR.,definition
scenarios
for the city.
As
and
Cityheterogeneous
Museum staff, in
forwhat
providing
historical
information.
1706

The contribution of GeoSIS_Lx database and geoscientific

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