Irish - Municipalities Newfoundland and Labrador

Transcription

Rural-Urban Interaction in Newfoundland
and Labrador: Understanding and Managing
Functional Regions
Pilot Region Profile: Irish Loop
April 2009
Prepared by the Irish Loop Development Board
Rural-Urban Interaction in Newfoundland: Understanding and Managing Functional Regions
Background of the Irish Loop 3
1.A. Location and Local Government .................................................................................... 3
Community ..................................................................................................................................... 3
Population ....................................................................................................................................... 3
Community Type ............................................................................................................................ 3
1.B. Individual Communities Overview ...................................................................................... 5
Bay Bulls ................................................................................................................................. 5
Witless Bay ............................................................................................................................. 5
Mobile ..................................................................................................................................... 6
Tors Cove ................................................................................................................................ 6
Burnt Cove/St. Michael‘s/Bauline East .................................................................................. 7
Brigus South............................................................................................................................ 7
Cape Broyle ............................................................................................................................ 8
Calvert ..................................................................................................................................... 8
Ferryland ................................................................................................................................. 9
Aquaforte ................................................................................................................................ 9
Fermeuse ............................................................................................................................... 10
Renews/Cappahayden ........................................................................................................... 10
Portugal Cove South ............................................................................................................. 11
Biscay Bay ............................................................................................................................ 11
Trepassey .............................................................................................................................. 12
St. Shott‘s .............................................................................................................................. 12
Peter‘s River/St.Stephen‘s/St. Vincent‘s .............................................................................. 13
Gaskiers/Point La Haye ........................................................................................................ 13
Riverhead .............................................................................................................................. 14
1.C
Interesting Historical Facts/Sites ................................................................................. 15
Bay Bulls ............................................................................................................................... 15
Witless Bay ............................................................................................................................... 15
Mobile ....................................................................................................................................... 15
Tors Cove .................................................................................................................................. 15
Brigus South.............................................................................................................................. 16
Cape Broyle .............................................................................................................................. 16
Calvert ....................................................................................................................................... 16
Ferryland ................................................................................................................................... 17
Aquaforte .................................................................................................................................. 17
Fermeuse ................................................................................................................................... 17
Renews/Cappahayden ............................................................................................................... 18
Portugal Cove South ................................................................................................................. 18
Trepassey .................................................................................................................................. 18
Peter‘s River/St. Stephen‘s/St. Vincent‘s ................................................................................. 19
St. Mary‘s .................................................................................................................................. 19
1. D Comparison of Towns in the Irish Loop ....................................................................... 20
2.
Regional Well-Being ................................................................................................... 21
Social, cultural and human health indicators ............................................................................ 21
2. A Health ........................................................................................................................ 21
2. B Demographics ........................................................................................................... 23
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2. C Community Safety and Social Vitality ..................................................................... 24
2. D Society, Culture and History ..................................................................................... 24
2. E Education, Literacy, Skills and Training .................................................................. 25
Economic Indicators ................................................................................................................. 29
2. F Income, Consumption and Leisure ........................................................................... 29
Environmental Indicators .......................................................................................................... 30
2. G Air and Water Pollution ............................................................................................ 30
2. H Waste Management ................................................................................................... 30
2. I
Biodiversity/Species Health ...................................................................................... 30
Infrastructure Indicators ............................................................................................................ 31
2. J
Roads......................................................................................................................... 31
2. L Energy and Heat ........................................................................................................ 31
2. M Docks and Wharves .................................................................................................. 32
2. N Information and Communications ............................................................................ 33
Population concensus on Regional Well-Being ........................................................................ 33
Future Directions for the Irish Loop.................................................................................... 33
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1.
Background of the Irish Loop
1.A.
Location and Local Government
The Irish Loop area is a part of the Irish Loop Development Board (Zone 20). The Irish Loop refers
to an area that encircles the shores of Newfoundland's Avalon Peninsula. The area is named after
the Irish immigrants that first inhabited this part of Newfoundland, and for the geography, which
resembles their homeland. The Irish Loop encompasses the following towns and local service
districts:

Bay Bulls, Witless Bay, Mobile, Tors Cove, Burnt Cove/St. Michael‘s/Bauline East, Brigus
South, Cape Broyle, Calvert, Ferryland, Aquaforte, Fermeuse, Port Kirwin,
Renews/Cappahayden, Portugal Cove South, Biscay Bay, Trepassey, St. Shott‘s, Peter‘s
River/St. Stephen‘s/St. Vincent‘s, Gaskier‘s/Point La Haye, St. Mary‘s, Riverhead, Mall Bay.
Community
Bay Bulls
Witless Bay
Mobile
Tors Cove
Burnt Cove/St.Michael‘s/Bauline East
Brigus South
Cape Broyle
Calvert
Ferryland
Aquaforte
Fermeuse
Port Kirwin
Renews/Cappahayden
Portugal Cove South
Biscay Bay
Trepassey
St. Shott‘s
Peter‘s River/St. Stephen‘s/St. Vincent‘s
Gaskiers/Point La Haye
St. Mary‘s
Riverhead/Mall Bay
TOTAL population 2006
Population (‘06)
1,110
1,090
240
765
765
860
860
335
545
103
430
430
421
220
65
763
109
380
302
482
220
8410
Community Type
Town
Town
Local Service District
Town
Town
Town
Town
Town
Town
Town
Town
Town
Town
Town
Town
Town
Irish Loop zone
Figure 1.a
* The figures for Tors Cove include the surrounding communities of Bauline East, Burnt Cove and St.
Michaels.
* The figures for Cape Broyle include the surrounding communities of Admiral's Cove and Brigus South.
* This is approximately the municipality of Ferryland. Figures for Ferryland include a small part of Aquaforte.
* The figures for Fermeuse include Port Kirwan.
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1.B. Individual Communities Overview
Bay Bulls
Bay Bulls, Newfoundland, area 30.74 km2, is located on the East coast of the Avalon Peninsula,
South of St. John's. One of the oldest settlements in North America, it has the earliest-known
English place-name in Newfoundland. The name may have come from the once locally common
dovekie - bull or ice bird (see AUK) - or alternately a corruption of the French "Baie de Bois" or
"Wooded Bay." Regardless, the place name was in common usage by 1592.
Witless Bay
Folklore states that one of the original European inhabitants of the area was a Captain Whittle
and his family from Dorsetshire, England. The area was originally named after them, Whittle's
Bay. Upon the death of Captain Whittle, his widow and her children decided to return to
England. Hence, the remaining settlers referred to Whittle's Bay as Whittle less Bay and
eventually, Witless Bay.
First settlers were migratory West Country fishermen from England. In the latter part of the
1700s, large numbers of Irish began settling in the area.
Interpretation Centre Lookout – Witless Bay
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Mobile
Early seventeenth century maps referred to the area as Momables, Mummable, and
Mumemobles. It is not known for certain what the terms refer to but it is believed that it may
refer to the old English word for turbulent sea or it may refer to the migratory (mobile) nature of
the early fishery.
Early English fishermen settled in the area, but were later joined by larger numbers of Irish
settlers.
Southern Shore Arena - Mobile
Tors Cove
Prior to 1910, the community usually appeared on maps as either Toad Cove or Toad's Cove,
possibly derived from the old English word tode meaning fox.
Migratory English fishermen and planters were some of the first people to settle in Tors Cove
year round. They began arriving in the late 1600s. Later Irish settlers arrived and worked in the
inshore cod fishery.
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Burnt Cove/St. Michael’s/Bauline East
The community of Burnt Cove, St. Michael's, Bauline East is located south of Tors Cove. The
name Bauline come from the French word "Bauline" meaning whales; the name was given by
fishermen. It is a traditional fishing community with an emerging tourism industry. It was
incorporated as a local service district in November 2003. The community is home to the world
renown St. Michael's Print Shop and the local church features a unique curved cast iron staircase
which leads to the balcony.
Brigus South
An ancient fishing settlement situated between Witless Bay and Cape Broyle in a small cove.
The earliest record (1636) on a map naming it Abra de Brigas , which translates as the harbour or
harbour of turmoil and tides. The name stems from the French word brega of South west France
because both Brigus and Brigus South are located in areas of French interest which contain other
French names. In the 1960s the name was changed to Hillsdale to distinguish it from Brigus,
Conception Bay. Locals refused to acknowledge the new name and it was officially changed
back 6 or 7 years later. As the names and dates of various early maps suggest, Brigus South was
known by French and Portuguese mariners in the 1500s and 1600s. The first census of Brigus,
then called Bercekus was taken in 1677, listing Richard Koane, John Kent and Nicholas Koane
as residents. These families lodged in 3 separate dwellings, had 6 servants lodging with them as
well as 43 fishing servants who were employed in the settlement.
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Cape Broyle
Originally, many believed that the name is derived from the Portuguese word albrolho, meaning
a pointed rock in the sea. More recently it is believed that it is a derivative of brolle, meaning to
roar, referring to a ledge of sunken rock jutting out from the cape and causing white water to
form at the bay's entrance. An English colony was attempted in 1618, but did not succeed. Later
in the 1780s Irish settlers began arriving and the community began to grow.
Town of Cape Broyle
Calvert
Prior to January 30, 1922, Calvert was known as Caplin Bay, sometimes spelled Capelin Bay,
said to be named for the large number of capelin that were fished by early settlers there. As
several other Newfoundland communities had similar names (Capelin Cove, etc.), and in light of
the necessities of the postal service, the Newfoundland Nomenclature Board, in the early 20th
century, made efforts to reduce duplication of place names. It responded favourably to a petition
collected by the parish priest of Ferryland, Father Alfred Maher, in 1922, to change the name of
the settlement in honour of Sir George Calvert, First Baron Baltimore, and founder, in the early
seventeenth century, of the Colony of Avalon at what is now nearby Ferryland.
Church in Calvert
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Ferryland
While there is some disagreement over the origin of the name, early French fishermen referred to
the area as Forillon which meant "standing out of separated from the mainland", this evolved to
become Ferryland. Colony of Avalon: Name was chosen in honour of old Avalon in
Somersetshire, England where Christianity is believed to have taken root in the UK.
English settlers predominated in the early 17th century, later to be followed by Irish Catholics in
the 18th and 19th century
Historic Ferryland Museum – Ferryland
Aquaforte
Aquaforte is on the south shore of Newfoundland's Avalon Peninsula in the province of
Newfoundland and Labrador.
The town's economy has always rested primarily on fishing. In 1864 there was a population of
two families. It is located 4 miles from Ferryland and 40 miles from St. John's by water. It has
one of the safest harbors in the island and cod was its main industry. The first Waymaster was
Peter Winsor. It was incorporated as a community in 1972
Government Wharf in Aquaforte
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Fermeuse
Maps dated from the early 1500s refer to the area as R.fermoso and Rio Fremoze. There is no
agreement on the meaning of the word, some believe that it is a derivative of Fermosa which
means beauty.
Settlement Fermeuse harbour was not settled until the 1700s, when formerly migratory
fishermen from England decide to settle. By the late 1700s and into the 1800s Irish settlement
increased.
Renews/Cappahayden
Renews was first settled by migratory fisherman and then by colonists. The colony was first
proposed in 1610 by the London and Bristol Company which had previously started a colony at
Cuper's Cove but settlement was delayed by the presence of pirate Peter Easton.
Cappahayden, once called Broad Cove, can date inhabitants located there in the late 1700's. Its
location was reported by William Vaughan as early as 1626 when it was noted on a map as
Vaughan's Cove. The name Cappahayden was given by Father John Walsh after his birthplace,
Cappahayden, Kilkenny.
Renews Salmon River - Renews
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Portugal Cove South
Portugal Cove South is believed to have taken its name from having been a Portuguese station in
1500's. 'South' was added in order to distinguish itself from Portugal Cove. Conception Bay. It
was originally visited by Basque, English, French and Portuguese migratory fishermen and
permanently settled in the late 1700's by William Henry of Waterford Country, Ireland. Until
1992, many residents participated in the insure cod fishery. More recently the economy has
diversified and some being self-employed and others pursuing work in nearby communities.
Cape Race Heritage/Portugal Cove South Visitor Centre – Portugal Cove South
Biscay Bay
This name appears as early as 1675 in The English Pilot, a guide to navigation. At the time,
Basques were called ―Biscayans", and the bay was used by the early Basque fishermen. Most of
the land area of Biscay Bay was owned by William D. Jackson, an English merchant.
The census of 1857 shows Biscay Bay with 4.5 acres (18,000 m2) of improved land producing
20 barrels of potatoes and three tons of hay.
When Jackson died, his daughter Caroline decided to go back to live in England so she sold the
land to Thomas Ryan and Richard Hartery for 150 pounds. Residents farmed root crops and hay,
raised sheep, cattle and pigs and also fished for cod inshore. It was not until the early 1930s that
the road made much difference to the community and most transportation was by water.
Biscay Bay River
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Trepassey
Trepassey originates from the French word trepasses, meaning the 'dead or departed'. It is
believed that it acquired this name due to the many shipwrecks that have occurred off its coast.
Also on the Brittany coast of France there is a Baie des Trepasses. Trepassey is the name of the
harbour, the bay and the community.
Spanish, Portuguese and French fishermen visited the area in the early 1500s. Early English
settlement attempts failed, and it was not until the latter part of the 1600s that the French settled
the area. Later fishermen from the West Country of England arrived, to be followed by large
numbers of Irish and by the 1770s the Irish formed the majority of the population.
Lighthouse at Powell‘s Head, Trepassey
St. Shott’s
The Cape Pine and St. Shotts coastal barren is located on the southern tip of the Avalon
Peninsula, which is the most southerly tip of Newfoundland and Labrador. To the west is St.
Mary's Bay and to the east is Trespassy Bay. The weather is characterized by very cool summers
and mild winters with the vegetation being primarily moss heath.
Wharf – St. Shott‘s
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Peter’s River/St.Stephen’s/St. Vincent’s
St. Vincent's first appeared on a Portuguese map in 1519, as Porta da Cruz. Until 1910, it was
often called Holyrood South or Holyrood Pond to distinguish it from Holyrood, Conception Bay.
St. Stephen's, previously known as Middle Gut was renamed in honour of Father Stephen
O'Driscoll of St. Mary's. Peter's River was named by French Fisherman.
Located at the eastern entrance of St. Mary's the communities of St. Vincent's-St. Stephen'sPeter's River were undoubtedly visited by French and Portuguese migratory Fishermen in the
1500s, 1600s and 1700s. Permanent settlement began shortly thereafter with the arrival of
English and Irish settlers who established a local salmon fishery.
St. Vincent‘s Beach
Gaskiers/Point La Haye
Gaskiers was a small village with about 15 families around 1864. It is located southwest of St.
Mary's. It became a local government community in 1970. The population in 1966 was 270.
Believed to be a derivative of the French family name Gasquie. In early Newfoundland census
reports (1884-1901), the community is referred to as Gascoigne (another common French family
name).
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Early Portuguese named the community, the bay and the cape all in honour of Portugal's patron
saint; St. Mary.
French fishermen used the area as a base in the 1500s for fishing and continued this use until
1713. Afterwards English merchants arrived with Irish fishing servants and permanent settlement
soon followed.
Bait Depot – St. Mary‘s
Riverhead
The town of Riverhead was incorporated in 1967. Before it was incorporated there were two
communities, Riverhead and Cootes Pond. Many of the people work in the fishery and others
commute back and forth to work elsewhere. The volunteer community is strong, as well.
There are beautiful beaches, scenery and rivers. Riverhead is a great spot to come and enjoy
yourself. They can put off one of the best concerts in the bay and server the best buffet at the
Legion that money can buy.
War Memorial - Riverhead
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1.C
Interesting Historical Facts/Sites
Bay Bulls
 1635, one of the first settlers is an English fisherman, Thomas Cruise.
 1696, Mombeton de St. Ovide de Brouillan, the Governor of Placentia attacks
Bay Bulls from the sea.
 1696, H.M.S Sapphire is burnt at her moorings to prevent her from falling into the
hands of the French.
 1774, John Dingle comes to Bay Bulls as a physicians apprentice.
 1796, after unsuccessfully trying to attack St. Johns, French soldiers led by
Admiral Richery, turn south and attack, burn and take prisoners in Bay Bulls.
 1844, first Roman Catholic school opens in Bay Bulls.
 1921, Sisters of Mercy open a convent.
 1945, following WW II, a captured German submarine (U-boat) is towed into Bay
Bulls harbour.
 1975, H.M.S Sapphire is declared a Provincial Historic Site.
Witless Bay
 1675, the population of Whittlless Bay is 34.
 1700s, Irish fishing servants begin arriving in the area and quickly start to
outnumber the English
 1755, as Roman Catholicism is still outlawed in Newfoundland, priests disguised
as fishermen, minister to the spiritual needs of the community.
 1836, the first official census of Newfoundland puts the population at 542, of
which 540 were Roman Catholic.
 1845, Roman Catholic Church opens.
 1860, the Presentation Sisters open a convent and a school for girls.
 1871, population reaches 928.
 1960s, people are re-settled from Gallows Cove at the southern headland of
Witless Bay to the community of Witless Bay.
 1986, Witless Bay is incorporated.
Mobile
 1705, Mobile is listed as having a population of six families.
 1836, the first official census of Newfoundland lists the population at 153
 1845, a Roman Catholic church is recorded in the census for the area, but it is
believed to have been built in the late 1700s.
 1859, St. Aidan‘s Roman Catholic School enrolls 32 students.
 1874, population reaches 231
 1930 – 1952, St. Theresa‘s School replaces St. Aidan‘s.
 1950, Hydroelectric station is built.
Tors Cove
 1675, population is recorded as 22.
 1836, first official census of Newfoundland lists Tors Cove with a population of
42
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



1844, first school is opened in the area.
1869, Roman Catholic church opens.
1884, with a thriving cod fishery, the population peaks at 389.
1950s, families are re-settled from the communities of LaManche, Merasheen,
and Great Paradise.
Brigus South
 1677, first census of the area lists a Richard Koane, John Kent, Nicholas Koane
and their servants as being the sole inhabitants.
 1705, population grows to five families.
 1800s, Irish immigrants begin to arrive and settle in the community.
 1871, new school opens with 32 students.
 1891, population rises to 140.
 1930s, during the Great Depression, many individuals leave to seek work in larger
centres such a St. Johns.
 1970s and 1980s, the community is the site of many television and film
productions.
Cape Broyle
 1618, Sir William Vaughan arrives to establish a colony for England.
 1623, Vaughan sells the northern portion of his grant to Lord Baltimore and
leaves Cape Broyle.1623 1630s, Cape Broyle is referred to as Baltimores
Harbour.
 1696, census records show 13 residents in the area.
 Mid 1800s, population rises to over 500 as many families move from nearby
Brigus South to the more sheltered harbour at Cape Broyle.
 1840, first road connecting Cape Broyle to other communities opens.
 1864, Michael Patrick Cashin is born in Cape Broyle. He begins his political
career in 1893, culminating with Cashin becoming Prime Minister of
Newfoundland from May to November 1919.
 1870, first school opens in Cape Broyle.
 1857 1955, cod oil is manufactured at a local plant.
 1903, whaling factory opens.
 1950s, two hydro plants open.
 1979, fish plant opens processing squid and capelin.
Calvert
 1620s to 1650s, settlers from the Colony of Avalon at Ferryland arrive and
frequent the local fishing grounds.
 1675, the first census of the area is taken, indicating a total of 20 inhabitants.
 1697, the French attack and take over the harbour for a short period.
 Late 1700s to early 1800s, prime fishing grounds are claimed by English
merchant families.
 1800s, Irish settlers begin arriving in considerable numbers, they soon outnumber
the English.
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 1850 to1900, local saw milling operations employ many fishermen during the
winter months.
 1901, population increases to 294.
 1974, small feeder fish plant opens.
Ferryland
 1500s, Spanish, Portuguese, French and English fishermen begin visiting the area
on an annual basis.
 1621, twelve colonists under the direction of Captain Edward Wynne begin
construction at the Colony of Avalon.
 1628, Lord Baltimore (George Calvert) arrives to oversee the colony and brings
with him 2 priests to establish the first English speaking Catholic mission in the
British Territories of North America.
 1629, Lord Baltimore leaves to found Maryland at Chesapeake Bay.
 1637, Charles I awards the Grant of Newfoundland to Sir David Kirke, who soon
becomes the first fish merchant of Newfoundland.
 1865, Holy Trinity Roman Catholic Church is built. It is one of the last old stone
churches to be built in Newfoundland
 1871, Ferryland Head lighthouse is built.
 The Colony Cafe, believe it or not, used to be an old fish plant. During
renovations, so many inquiries were made about a place to eat that it became a
cafe instead.
Aquaforte
 1675 to 1715, Aquaforte supports a small seasonal fishery with ships from the
English ports of Bideford and Barnstable visiting regularly.
 1776, local Justice of the Peace, Robert Carver, applies to England for a small
tract of land and becomes the first farmer in the community.
 1833, the first police constable in the area is appointed.
 1836, population grows to more than 125 residents.
 1842, there are three schools operating in the area.
 1902, Anders Ellefsen (A Norwegian) makes an application to build a factory to
process whales.
 1920s to 1930s, local businessmen build ice houses (insulated warehouses) to
store ice for sale to passing schooners.
 1972, Aquaforte is incorporated as a community.
Fermeuse
 1675 to 1715, Aquaforte supports a small seasonal fishery with ships from the
English ports of Bideford and Barnstable visiting regularly.
 1776, local Justice of the Peace, Robert Carver, applies to England for a small
tract of land and becomes the first farmer in the community.
 1833, the first police constable in the area is appointed.
 1836, population grows to more than 125 residents.
 1842, there are three schools operating in the area.
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 1902, Anders Ellefsen (A Norwegian) makes an application to build a factory to
process whales.
 1920s to 1930s, local businessmen build ice houses (insulated warehouses) to
store ice for sale to passing schooners.
 1972, Aquaforte is incorporated as a community.
Renews/Cappahayden
 The village was first settled by migratory fisherman and then by colonists. The
colony was first proposed in 1610 by the London and Bristol Company which
had previously started a colony at Cupper‘s Cove but settlement was delayed by
the presence of pirate Peter Easton.
 In 1615, the territory was sold to William Vaughan who initially sent settlers to
Aquaforte.
 Around 1617 Governor Richard Whitbourne moved six remaining colonists to
Renews but they left by 1619. Vaughan soon sold land that crossed the Avalon
Peninsula, including Renews harbour to Henry Cary, 1st Viscount Falkland who
named the territory South Falkland.
 According to a popular local legend (and shown to be completely unsubstantiated
by all the eye-witness source materials of the 17th century), the Mayflower
landed at Renews in 1620, where it picked up water and supplies before sailing
on to Plymouth Rock.
Portugal Cove South
 1800-1850s, more settlers arrive including the Molloys from Trepassey and the
O'Leary's from Renews.
 1845, Community population is recorded as 24.
 1850-1890, More settlers arrive including the Coombs, Powers and Ward
families.
 1857-65, Cape Race's cable station receives news dispatches from ships traveling
to and from Europe which are then relayed to stations throughout North America.
 1863, April 27, nearby Clam Cove is the site of the worst marine disaster on
Newfoundland shores, the wreck of the Anglo-Saxon, in which 237 lives are lost.
 1856, First light house is built at nearby Cape Race.
 1900-1950, More people arrive from the small coastal communities of Long
Beach and the Drook.
Trepassey
 1600s, Trepassey marks the area where the French and English areas of influence
in Newfoundland meet.
 1675, the French occupy one part of the Trepassey harbour and the English the
other side.
 1713, the Treaty of Utrecht gives control of Trepassey to England. Shortly
thereafter, Trepassey becomes a major centre of the English migratory and bank
fisheries.
 1821, the first lighthouse is built at Cape Pine, the southernmost point in
Newfoundland.
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 1836, the population is listed as 247.
 1884, population reaches 668.
 1914, the Newfoundland Railway Branch Line is completed, linking Trepassey
with St. Johns.
 1919, United States Navy Curtis Flying Board (the NC-4) leaves Trepassey
harbour on May 16 and flies to Portugal via the Azores, thus completing the first
successful (although not non-stop) transatlantic flight.
 1928, (June 28), after staying in Trepassey for three weeks, Amelia Earhart as a
passenger aboard The Friendship, becomes the first woman to fly across the
Atlantic Ocean.
 1969, the community elects its first town council.
 1991, the local fish plant closes putting over 600 people out of work.
Peter’s River/St. Stephen’s/St. Vincent’s
 1832, Peter's River and Holyrood (St. Vincent's) appear along with St. Shott's in
the first official census of Newfoundland with a combined population of 42.
 1860, a school is built in St. Vincent's.
 1884, the first Roman Catholic Church is built and used by the three communities.
 1911, Middle Gut (St. Stephen's) population is first recorded at 24.
 1941, the sawmill begins operation in St. Vincent's.
 1941, the three communities are incorporated into one community.
St. Mary’s
 1782, local inhabitants organize a defense against American Privateer and
successfully defend their community.
 1819, population is 454.
 1834, Father James Duffy is appointed the first resident priest.
 1851, a commercial school opens offering instruction in needlework, geography,
grammar and navigation.
 1859, the Presentation Sisters open a school.
 1870, the first courthouse and jail opens.
 1966, the community is incorporated.
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1. D
Comparison of Towns in the Irish Loop
1,000
800
600
400
200
1996
2001
2006
Towns
Figure 1.d
Most of the communities in the Irish Loop have seen a significant decline in population, with the
communities on the southern tip of the Avalon Peninsula being hit the hardest with the closing of
Fishery Products fish plant in Trepassey. The fish plant employed over 600 workers from Cape
Broyle to Riverhead. Rural Newfoundland and Labrador was built on the fishery and the Irish
Loop was no exception. Since the cod moratorium, out-migration dots the rural Newfoundland
and Labrador landscape as communities search for a future without fish. Many homes have been
closed up as families move to Mainland Canada in search for work. More often than not, though,
the women and children are left at home while the men work rotation out in Alberta. This has
really changed the face of what rural families look like.
The statistics do not show the anxious struggle for survival that is going on in rural
Newfoundland and Labrador as communities try to look ahead without thousands of fishermen
and plant workers who once supported everything from science fairs to minor hockey programs.
For the families who have decided to stay at home and try to make a living have once again
turned to the sea to provide an income. Crab/shrimp fishermen are the main boat operators these
days. Currently there are some crab processing plants in the Irish Loop – one in Witless Bay, one
in Cape Broyle, one in Aquaforte, one in Fermeuse, and one in St. Mary‘s. Each of these plants
employs residents from all over the Irish Loop.
20
St. Mary's
Peter's River/St.
Stephen's/St.
Vincent's
St. Shott's
Trepassey
Portugal Cove
South
Renews/Cappahayd
en
Fermeuse
Aquaforte
Ferryland
Calvert
Cape Broyle
Witless Bay
0
Bay Bulls
Population
Population of Towns in the Irish Loop - 1996-2006
1,200
The communities who are faring well and have actually seen an increase in population over the
past couple of years are the ones closer to St. John‘s. Residents of Bay Bulls, Witless Bay,
Mobile, Tors Cove, Burnt Cove/St. Michael‘s/Bauline East and even Cape Broyle can do the
daily commute to St. John‘s for work.
One industry that has kept many of the communities alive is tourism. The Irish Loop is so rich
with history, the scenery is breathtaking, and the people are so welcoming which brings many
tourists to this area. From the whale watching in Bay Bulls and Witless Bay, the kayaking in
Cape Broyle, the dinner theatres and festivals to the historic sights of the Colony of Avalon,
Mistaken Point and Cape Race the Irish Loop comes alive each summer with visits from people
from all corners of the world. Small business owners, such as bed and breakfasts,
restaurants/take-outs, craft suppliers, boat tour operators and corner storeowners are able to
survive due to the increasing needs of their goods and services during tourist season. Many of the
communities in Irish Loop have, with the aid of government funding, developed interpretation
sites and some have built interpretation centers (Portugal Cove South and St. Vincent‘s).
Residents gained employment when the need arose to built these sites and centers and the centers
continue to employ people. Also, during the summer, because tourism is so strong, businesses
and organizations can hire students through government programs.
2.
Regional Well-Being
Social, cultural and human health indicators
2. A
Health
Due to out-migration, each community in the Irish Loop is faced with an aging population and
with that comes many health concerns. The most common of these, in the Irish Loop, is
circulatory disease, which is essentially, heart disease.
Selected Diagnosis 1994-1999
Selected Diagnosis 2000-2004
Circulatory
Digestive
Respiratory
Genitourinary
Injury & Poisoning
Neoplasms(Cancer)
Infectious & Parasitic
Endocrine, Nutritional
Figure 2. a
21
The biggest obstacle, for some of the communities within the Irish Loop, is the distance to a
hospital. For example, the distance from Trepassey to the nearest hospital is 147 km – this could
be detrimental to someone who is having a heart attack. Fortunately, within the Irish Loop there
are several Health Centres who provide basic medical care. Bay Bulls has a medical clinic, as
well as, Ferryland, Trepassey and St. Mary‘s. They serve not only the people from their
respective communities but all the surrounding communities, as well. Several communities
provide pharmacy and ambulance services which is both a convenience and a necessity.
The clinic in Bay Bulls, Bay Bulls Family Practice is a newly constructed facility with 3 doctors
available to the public.
Ferryland‘s facility houses a doctor‘s office (2 doctors available to the public), a dental office,
community health nurse and a pharmacy. As well, Clowe‘s offers Ambulance support.
Shamrock Medical Building – Ferryland
Trepassey‘s facility, houses a doctor‘s office (1 doctor available to the public), a public health
nurse, lab & X-ray technician and a pharmacy. As well, Ryan‘s offers Ambulance support.
Trepassey Health Centre – Eastern Health
22
And finally, St. Mary‘s facility, St. Mary‘s Health Centre – Eastern Health houses a doctor,
public health nurse and a pharmacy. As well, Gibbon‘s offers Ambulance support.
St.Mary‘s Health Centre – Eastern Health
2. B
Demographics
The Irish Loop is divided when it comes to demographics. One end of the Irish Loop is
seeing a drastic decline in population while the other end is seeing a slow steady increase. In
fact, many people are moving from one end to the other to be closer to the city. And by moving
to communities such as Bay Bulls or Witless Bay, they get the luxury of being able to commute
to work in St. John‘s while still living a rural lifestyle.
Statistics show that the southern communities south of Cape Broyle, along with St.
Mary‘s Bay are the ones who are mostly affected by the population decline. These little
communities are slowly becoming ―retirement towns‖ because of the aging population and the
fact that young families are moving out. The people who have been lucky enough to sell their
houses have sold them mostly to retired people from different parts of the country who are
looking for a nice, quiet summer home. See Figure 1. D on page 21.
The decline in population or the fact that towns are facing an aging population has put a
lot of stress on the people who are living in these communities. Small businesses face the
knowledge that it is difficult to find employees and vital organizations such as volunteer fire
departments have trouble recruiting young people. This stress, in turn, leads to more health
problems.
The Economics & Statistics Branch of the Department of Finance of Newfoundland and
Labrador have distributed a Population Projection for the Irish Loop based on the years 1986
through to 2022. It is attached as Appendix A.
23
2. C
Community Safety and Social Vitality
This area is very key to regional well-being. An aging population needs to feel safe in
their communities and homes. The Irish Loop houses three ambulance operators and two RCMP
detachments, one in Ferryland and one in Trepassey. Citizens have taken it upon themselves, as
well, to promote community safety by organizing committees such as, Bay Bulls-Bauline East
Crime Prevention, Bay Bulls Neighbourhood Watch, Citizens Against Crime-Brigus South to
Cappahayden. The Southern Shore section of the Irish Loop has their own Search & Rescue
organization. And most of the communities have their own volunteer fire departments. The
problem these communities face is the upkeep of their fire trucks and the facilities that house
these trucks. These volunteer fire departments rely on community fundraising and with a
depleting population less and less money is being raised.
The communities are committed to addressing social concerns. Throughout the Irish
Loop, there are still many organizations in place to help build social interaction such as 50+ clubs
for older people and recreation organizations for younger people. There are several 4-H clubs for
youth and clubs such as the Lions Club, Kinsmen and Knights of Columbus have survived after
many, many years.
CYN (Community Youth Network) is a youth service agency that helps young people,
generally between the ages of 12 to 18 years old, successfully engage is the life of their
community while participating in programs and services which support their social, educational
and recreational development. In June 2007, the provincial government announced they would be
contributing $650,000 to expand the number of chapters and improve programs and services. Of
this, the Provincial Government is providing $300,000 to enable the establishment of six
additional CYN chapters in underserved areas. The remaining $350,000 is allocated to extend
outreach services at existing CYN chapters. As a result of this initiative, one of the sponsoring
agencies for the new chapters is the CYN Steering Committee Partnership in Cape Broyle.
The province‘s 2007 recreation and sport strategy, Active, Healthy Newfoundland and Labrador,
identified the need to have more community-based recreation and sports leaders in underserviced regions of the province. Community recreational initiatives are receiving serious
support and more people are recognizing the benefits that recreational activities bring to the
overall health and well-being of communities. The Bay Bulls –Bauline Athletic Association –
serving the communities of Witless Bay, Bay Bulls, Tors Cove, Bauline, Burnt Cove and St.
Michael‘s was identified as one of the regions that would benefit from this initiative.
Mobile‘s arena has helped social life by providing hockey and skating to all ages. Unfortunately,
the Trepassey arena closed in 2008 due to low enrollment in hockey. The Irish Loop also offers
museums, art galleries and craft circles.
2. D
Society, Culture and History
The Irish Loop is comprised of many unique and culturally rich communities. As you
travel the Irish Loop, you will notice a significant change in dialect, culture, and the way of life.
24
People still make their living from the land or the sea and others are utilizing our unique tourism
attractions as a means of survival. Being in an age of technology has taken away some of our
pure cultural ways but the advantage to having an aging population is that these people can still
teach the younger people about our history and heritage. This can be seen when you see school
aged children learning traditional Newfoundland songs and feeling the pride in playing them.
Many communities host St. Patrick‘s Day concerns where people get to showcase their talents
and relive a little of our history through skits or storytelling. The Irish Loop hosts two very
popular festivals each year, as well – the Southern Shore Folk Festival, held in Ferryland each
year and the Annual Cape Race Heritage Days held in Portugal Cove South each year. These are
attended not only by local people but by tourists from all over the world.
2. E
Education, Literacy, Skills and Training
School enrollment has been steadily declining in the Irish Loop due to out-migration and no
young families. A grade 12 class about to graduate might have 15-20 students but there may be
only 1-3 kindergartens beginning school. Therefore, each school year sees a decrease in the
number of students. Currently, there are five schools in the Irish Loop, 3 of which enroll
students from kindergarten to grade 12
School Enrollment 2001 - 2008
200
Number of Students
180
2002
2004
2006
2008
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
n
Ki
10
11
12
en
e1
e2
e3
e4
e5
e6
e7
e8
e9
art
de
de
de
ad
ad
ad
ad
ad
ad
ad
ad
ad
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
g
a
a
a
r
r
r
r
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
de
Grades
Figure 2. e
25
St. Bernard’s Elementary School is part of the Eastern District located in beautiful Witless Bay
on the Southern Shore of the Avalon Peninsula in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. We are
a K-6 school, with an enrollment of two hundred and twenty-four (224) students. St. Bernard‘s
Elementary mission statement is to ensure that, with the support and participation of family,
school and community, the educational needs of our children are met, so they may reach their
potential
and
become
meaningful
and
responsible
members
of
society.
St. Bernard‘s School – Witless Bay
26
Mobile Central High School is located in Mobile and has 285 students from grades 7 to 12.
Construction on this school was completed in 2008.
Mobile High School – Mobile
Baltimore School was originally built in 1969, however due to an accidental fire in 1979 the
school was totally destroyed and was rebuilt in 1980. Expansions, which occurred in 1998,
resulted in the schools present appearance. Baltimore School was originally built as a Senior
High School, however today it encompasses all grades, Kindergarten to Level III with an
enrollment for the current year being 322.
Baltimore School - Ferryland
27
Stella Maris Academy, located adjacent to Holy Redeemer Church in the town of Trepassey, is
a K-12 school serving the southern Avalon communities of Portugal Cove South, Biscay Bay,
Trepassey, and St. Shott‘s. The Primary section consists of two classes, the Kindergarten/grade
1/grade2 class, and the grade 3 class . Kindergarten is run for a full day. The Elementary section
also has two classes, the grade 3/4/5 group and the single grade 6 group. There are currently 148
students enrolled.
Stella Maris Academy – Trepassey
Dunne Memorial Academy is located on the Southern Avalon and is part of the Eastern School
District, which has 122 schools under its jurisdiction. The school currently has an enrolment of
167 students and offers programming for grades K – 12. Students come from the rural
communities of Peter‘s River through Mall Bay inclusive totaling eight (8) communities. The
students are multi- aged in Primary, Elementary and Junior High (grade 7&8). The average class
size is 15 students. There is provision during the instructional day where grade levels have
individual instruction.
Dunne Memorial – St. Mary‘s
All of these schools are governed under the Eastern School District.
28
Education is a necessity in today‘s world when competing for jobs but it wasn‘t always that way
especially in rural Newfoundland. When the fishery was booming, there was no need for
university degrees and in fact in most cases with the big families that were produced there was
more need for the older children to go to work and help out at home. Also, most people lived off
the land by growing their own vegetables or raising their own livestock so they needed the older
children home to help out physically. The middle-aged people who were employed by the
fishery had an extremely difficult time when the fishery closed due to the fact that they had no
secondary education to fall back on to look for new work and they knew they must retrain
themselves in hopes of finding new employment.
The Irish Loop has no university or college, so people have to move out of the region if they
want to further their education.
Economic Indicators
2. F
Income, Consumption and Leisure
For the most part, the Irish Loop‘s income from 2000 – 2005 has been on par with the rest of the
province. And each community in the Irish Loop saw income increase no matter what type of
family people were classified as. For example, half of the couple families in the Irish Loop had
income of more than $54,400 in 2005. Half of the couple families in the province had income of
more than $53,600.
As for self-reliance ratio, which measures a community‘s dependency on government transfers
such as Canada Pension, Old Age Security, Employment Insurance and Income Support
Assistance, the Irish Loop measured 70.9% in 2005 and the provincial self-reliance ratio was
78.4%
The average value for dwellings, in 2001, in the Irish Loop was $52,380 – the provincial average
was $76,285. According to the 2006 Census, 92.7% of homes in the Irish Loop were owned
compared to 78.8% for the province.
Median Income
Town/Community
Bay Bulls
Witless Bay
Cape Broyle
Calvert
Ferryland
Fermeuse
Renews
Trepassey
St. Shott’s
Peter’s
River/St.
Stephen’s/St. Vincent’s
St. Mary’s
2000
Couples
Family
$49,300
$47,600
$38,200
$46,600
$43,700
$42,100
$37,000
$38,900
$38,100
$34,900
$38,200
LoneParent
Family
$24,200
$24,800
$21,400
$27,700
$24,000
$17,600
NonFamily
2005
Couples
Family
$20,000
$14,900
$14,000
$12,800
$14,000
$13,000
$13,900
$14,000
$13,200
$15,800
$12,700
$64,200
$61,900
$51,400
$58,700
$54,500
$50,400
$60,400
$52,300
$71,700
$44,100
$19,100
$12,200
$47,400
Average Couple
Family Income
2000
2005
LoneParent
Family
$26,800
$28,700
$23,400
NonFamily
$23,500
$14,900
$57,500
$52,900
$47,400
$53,500
$51,600
$15,700
$46,700
$45,200
$49,900
$41,500
$27,800
$15,000
$45,300
$25,400
$51,900
$16,100
$25,400
$18,200
$16,900
$15,300
$15,200
$17,500
$36,300
$15,700
$74,500
$68,100
$60,300
$71,500
$65,200
$58,700
$69,100
$62,300
$67,200
$47,000
$56,000
Figure 2. f
29
Environmental Indicators
2. G
Air and Water Pollution
The air quality index for St. John‘s and Mt. Pearl is 16, which falls in the 0-25 category and
listed as ‗good‘.
Water pollution is a concern for the Irish Loop region because of the significant amount of
sewage that is dumped untreated into inland waterways and harbours. Communities in the Irish
Loop region utilize a combination of sewage systems for individual households along with some
municipal sewage systems.
2. H
Waste Management
Community councils in the Irish Loop are responsible for their own garbage collection, whether
it be on a weekly basis or a bi-weekly basis. As well, most communities have their own
municipal dumps to handle garbage disposal. This will continue until December 2010, when a
new strategy will take over sending all garbage to Robin Hood Bay, which has been confirmed
as the full-service regional waste disposal site for the Greater Avalon Region. In accordance with
the Provincial Solid Waste Management Strategy, the site will be retrofitted and fully operational
by 2010.
The Irish Loop has 2 Green Depot centers, one in Bay Bulls (Southern Shore Green Depot) and
one in Riverhead (Riverhead Green Depot). The schools in the area also collect recyclables.
2. I
Biodiversity/Species Health
This area has the world's largest puffin colony, the world's southern most caribou herd, the oldest
continuous permanent settlement in Canada, and some of the world's oldest and rarest marine
fossils.
The Irish Loop contains one of the oldest protected areas in the province, Avalon Wilderness
Area, this reserve was established as the in 1964 under the Wildlife Act, and designated a
Wilderness Reserve in 1986 under the Wilderness and Ecological Reserves Act. The Avalon
Wilderness Reserve is 1,070 km2 of barrens and forests. It protects the Avalon woodland caribou
herd, the most southerly caribou herd in Canada.
The Avalon Wilderness Reserve contains prime habitat for waterfowl, pitcher plants (the
Province's floral emblem) and—in the woods—lichen known as "old man's beard." In addition to
the caribou herd, the wildlife you might encounter there include moose, willow ptarmigan
(known locally as "partridge"), and in the rivers, brook and brown trout, smelt, and landlocked
salmon. Six scheduled salmon rivers have part or all of their drainage systems in the reserve- the
Renews, Biscay Bay, Peter's, North Arm and Salmonier Rivers, and Northwest Brook.
30
The climate is "marine"—winters are mild, summers are cool. Strong winds, high humidity and
rainfall are typical, and there is often heavy fog.
The Witless Bay Ecological Reserve contains four islands—Gull, Green, Great, and Pee Pee—
that teem with bird life during the seabird breeding season.
The reserve contains North America's largest Atlantic puffin colony. More than 260,000 pairs of
the province's official bird nest here during the late spring and summer. The Islands were
originally designated a wildlife reserve in 1964. They became the Witless Bay Ecological
Reserve in 1983, three years after the Wilderness and Ecological Reserves Act was passed.
Mistaken Point Ecological Reserve contains fossils of the oldest animals—in fact, the oldest
complex life forms—found anywhere on Earth. Known to scientists as the Ediacara biota, they
are creatures that lived 575 to 542 million years ago, when all life was in the sea.
It was established as a provisional reserve in 1984 and received permanent designation in 1987.
An extension to the west was added as an emergency Ecological Reserve in 2003 and again in
2007 to encompass newly discovered fossils. In 2009 Mistaken Point Ecological Reserve was
expanded to permanently protect the new fossil sites.
Infrastructure Indicators
2. J
Roads
The Irish Loop drive, which is completely paved, is a very scenic route around or through each
community along the coastline. In March 1999 all local governments and development partners
endorsed the Irish Loop Transportation, Communications and Development Accords. Following
from these agreements was a collective approach in lobbying for transportation and
communications infrastructure in particular in relation to first digital and then high speed Internet
coverage, mobility services, transportation upgrades on Routes 10 and 90 and the completion of
the Goulds By-Pass Road.
2. K
Water & Sewer
Most towns support their own community water supply, treating them regularly, making them
safe to drink. However, the residents of many of the communities in the Irish Loop have their
own artesian wells.
Some of the communities of the Irish Loop have their own septic systems, however connecting
to the sewer systems is optional, so there are many residents who use their own septic tanks.
2. L
Energy and Heat
The Irish Loop experiences a relatively mild winter in relation to cold temperatures. The amount
of snow we receive varies from year to year. Winter in the Irish Loop is very unpredictable and
it seems the one thing we can count on receiving is wind. Therefore, people rely on several
31
options for heat. Many people in the Irish Loop heat their homes with wood, which is especially
beneficial now with the price of oil fluxuating. There are some who have oil furnaces and some
use electric heat.
Due to the amount of wind received in the Irish Loop, it is an ideal area for windmills.
Skypower, a leading independent renewable energy developer in Canada, has installed 9 wind
turbines of 3.0 MW, access roads and electrical collecting system in Fermeuse and is expected to
be in full operation by spring 2009. The Fermeuse Wind Power Project will supply enough
electricity for approximately 7500 households.
2. M
Docks and Wharves
Fishing is still one of the main industries in the Irish Loop with the crab fishery in place, so the
upkeep of docks and wharves is essential. Each community in the Irish Loop has its own
privately owned wharf/wharves or government owned. There are two larger marinas in the area,
as well, one in Bay Bulls and one in Fermeuse.
Bay Bulls Marine Terminal is a choice location for servicing Newfoundland and Labrador's
offshore oil projects including Hibernia, Terra Nova and White Rose as it is the closest ice-free,
deepwater port to the Grand Banks oil fields,
Fermeuse Harbour is well sheltered and one of the deepest in Newfoundland with depths of 10
to 22 fathoms. It measures 5 kilometers long by an average with of 800 metres and is situated in
a southeast direction.
Harbour Authorities, which are local, typically non-profit organizations who operate and manage
harbours according to local needs, help in the maintenance of these harbour facilities. There are
currently 207 harbour authorities in Newfoundland and Labrador, with fifteen of them in the
Irish Loop.
1. Portugal Cove South Harbour Authority
2. Trepasssey Harbour Authority
3. Bay Bulls Harbour Authority
4. Witless Bay Harbour Authority
5. Cape Broyle Harbour Authority
6. Calvert Harbour Authority
7. Ferryland Harbour Authority
8. Fermeuse Harbour Authority
9. Port Kirwin Harbour Authority
10. Aquaforte Harbour Authority
11. O‘Donnell‘s Harbour Authority
12. Admiral‘s Beach Harbour Authority
13. Riverhead Harbour Authority
14. St. Mary‘s Harbour Authority
15. Renews Harbour Authority
32
2. N
Information and Communications
The Irish Loop is very well covered when it comes to some areas of information and
communications. Currently, 90% of all communities utilizes high-speed internet access. Most
communities from Bay Bulls to Trepassey have cell phone coverage. The area from Peter‘s
River to Mall Bay, still face the frustrating dilemma of having no cell coverage. Cable TV is
available to most communities, with the exception of some of the local service districts, such as
Biscay Bay. At any rate, most residents subscribe to satellite television.
There are several CAP sites in the Irish Loop which provide wireless internet for local residents
and tourists to use free of charge. These sites are located in Bay Bulls, Witless Bay, Ferryland,
Trepassey, and Riverhead.
Population Consensus on Regional Well-Being
To get a perspective on how people feel about the condition and future of their communities or
region, as survey was distributed to each business owner and non-governmental agency in the
Irish Loop. The response was divided, depending on which sub-region of the irish loop they are
situated in.
Business owners and NGO‘s from the sub-region of Bay Bulls-Burnt Cove/St. Michael‘s/Bauline
East are very optimistic about the future and have seen growth in their area. Their businesses
have a larger clientele and more advantages for running a business being closer to the city .
The sub-regions from Brigus South-Cappahayden and especially those from Portugal Cove
South-St. Shott‘s and Peter‘s River/St.Stephen‘s/St. Vincent‘s – Mall Bay fear that if an industry
doesn‘t come into their regions, the communities won‘t survive. Birthrate is nil, out-migration is
high and they have an aging population.
The businesses and NGO‘s from the entire Irish Loop did agree on a couple of things:
- Each business is relevant mostly on customers/clients in their own sub-regions
- Many businesses rely on tourists to boost their businesses.
Future Directions for the Irish Loop
See Appendix B - Investing in People – Building Communities – Strengthening Partnerships:
A Strategic Economic Plan for the Irish Loop
33
Bibliography
The Irish Loop
www.irish-loop.com
Community Accounts, Irish Loop Community Accounts
http://www.communityaccounts.ca/communityaccounts/onlinedata/accountselectionpage.asp?co
mval=zone20
Explore Newfoundland and Labrador, Historical/Informative Facts
www.explorenewfoundlandlabrador.com
Statistics Canada
http://www.statcan.gc.ca/start-debut-eng.html
Fermeuse Wind Energy, Fermeuse Wind Energy Project
http://fermeusewindproject.com/
Environment Canada, Air Quality
http://www.atl.ec.gc.ca/airquality/largemap_e.html
Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, News Releases Waste Management
www.releases.gov.nl.ca/releases/2007/mpa/1129n03.htm
Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, Environment and Conservation – Cape St. Mary’s
Ecological Reserve
http://www.env.gov.nl.ca/parks/wer/r_csme/
Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, Environment and Conservation – Witless Bay
Ecological Reserve
http://www.env.gov.nl.ca/parks/wer/r_wbe/
Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, Environment and Conservation – Mistaken Point
Ecological Reserve
http://www.env.gov.nl.ca/parks/wer/r_mpe/
Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, Environment and Conservation – Avalon
Wilderness Ecological Reserve
http://www.env.gov.nl.ca/parks/wer/r_aw/
St. Bernard‘s Primary School
http://www.esdnl.ca/schools/schooldirectory/st_bernards_primary/
Mobile Central High
http://www.esdnl.ca/schools/schooldirectory/mobile_central_high/
34
Baltimore School Complex
http://www.esdnl.ca/schools/schooldirectory/baltimore_school_complex/
Stella Maris Academy
http://www.esdnl.ca/schools/schooldirectory/stella_maris_academy/
Dunne Memorial Academy
http://www.esdnl.ca/schools/schooldirectory/dunne_memorial_academy/
Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Harbours-National List
http://www.dfe-mpo.gc.ca/sch/nat-harb_e.asp
35

Irish - Municipalities Newfoundland and Labrador

Transcription

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