cÖ_g msL¨v mßg el© ˆR¨ô-Avlvp 1417, Ryb 2010

cÖ_g msL¨v mßg el© ˆR¨ô-Avlvp 1417, Ryb 2010

ISSN 1991-6655
mßg el©
cÖ_g msL¨v
ˆR¨ô-Avlvp 1417, Ryb 2010
Dc‡`óv m¤úv`K
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cÖ_g msL¨v
ˆR¨ô-Avlvp 1417, Ryb 2010
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx
BD‡b‡¯‹vi mn‡hvwMZvq ev‡dW I weBD-AvBBwW-Gi †hŠ_ cÖKvkbv
m¤úv`Kxq cwil`
Dc‡`óv m¤úv`K
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: gbRyi Avng`
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: kwdDj Avjg
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Aveyj gbmyi
Bangladesh Shiskha Samoiki (Bangla Periodical), year-7, number-1, June, 2010 edited by Abu Hamid Latif and
Shafiul Alam. Published by Nazmul Haq, Executive Secretary, BAFED, on behalf of Bangladesh Forum for
Educational Development (BAFED) and BRAC University Institute of Educational Development (BU-IED)
278/3 Elephant Road (3rd Floor), Kataban, Dhaka 1205. Phone: 9668593, E-mail: [email protected],
Website: www.bafed.net
Printed by Arka, 1/3, Block-E, Lalmatia, Dhaka. Phone: 9126171.
Price Tk. 100.00
US$ 5.00
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el© cwiµgvi wn‡me Abyhvqx evsjv‡`k wkÿv mvgwqKx mßg e‡l© c`vc©Y Ki‡jv| GUv wbtm‡›`‡n
Avb›` I køvNvi welq| bvbv PovB DZivB cvi n‡q Avgv‡`i mvg‡bi w`‡K G¸‡Z n‡q‡Q| ev‡dW
G‡ÿ‡Î BD‡b‡¯‹v I weBD-AvBBwWi †h mn‡hvwMZv †c‡q‡Q Zv D‡jøL Kivi g‡Zv|
Avgv‡`i †`‡k wkÿv wel‡q †h bvbvgyLx wPšÍvfvebv I M‡elYv Pj‡Q Zvi wKQzUv cÖwZdjb evsjv‡`k
wkÿv mvgwqKx‡Z cÖKvwkZ n‡q Avm‡Q|
Avgv‡`i we`¨vjq ch©v‡q we‡klZ cÖv_wg‡Ki ci wbgœ-gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii wkÿv¯Í‡ii wkÿv wb‡q Avgiv
Lye GKUv fvweZ nB bv| msMZ Kvi‡Y Avgv‡`i †ewk g‡bv‡hvM †K‡o‡Q cÖv_wgK wkÿv| cÖv_wgK
wkÿv¯Í‡i B‡Zvg‡a¨ S‡i covi nvi A‡bKUv K‡g‡Q, we`¨vjq Mg‡bvc‡hvMx wkï-wkÿv_x©i msL¨v
Avkvbyiƒc e„w× †c‡q‡Q, hw`I G ¯Í‡ii wkÿvi ¸YMZ gvb wb‡q Avgv‡`i D‡ØM Kv‡U wb| Ab¨w`‡K
wbgœ-gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii wkÿvi bvbv w`K wb‡qI wkÿv M‡elKiv D‡`¨vMx I Drmvnx n‡q DV‡Qb| G ¯Í‡i
†kªYxK‡ÿ wkÿv_©x‡`i mvgvwRK weÁvb wkÿv †ÿ‡Î wKQz AbymwÜrmy M‡elYvi d‡j bZyb Z_¨ †ewi‡q
G‡m‡Q G msL¨vq cÖKvwkZ Ôevsjv‡`‡k wbgœ-gva¨wgK ¯Í‡i mvgvwRK weÁvb: †kªYxK‡ÿ mvgvwRK
MVbev‡`i PP©vÕ kxl©K cÖeÜwU‡Z| Avgv‡`i wbgœ-gva¨wgK ¯Í‡i ÔmvgwRK weÁvbÕ bvgK †h-welqwU
cov‡bv n‡”Q Zv g~jZ mgvR weÁvb, BwZnvm, †cŠibxwZ, A_©bxwZ, f~‡Mvj I RbmsL¨v wel‡qi
mgwš^Z GKwU iƒc| e¯‘Z mvgvwRK weÁvb wkÿv`v‡bi †h gyL¨ D‡Ïk¨ Ôwkÿv_©x‡`i‡K mgv‡Ri Rb¨
Kj¨vYKi I Kvh©Ki mybvMwi‡K cwiYZ KivÕ Zv wKš‘ eZ©gv‡b cÖPwjZ wkÿK-†Kw›`ªK gyL¯’we`¨vwbf©i wkLb-†kLv‡bv c×wZ‡Z n‡”Q bv| d‡j mvgvwRK weÁvb wkÿv `v‡bi g~j D‡Ïk¨wUB e¨_©
n‡”Q|
G ¯Í‡ii wkÿv_©x‡`i we`¨vjq K…wZ‡Z¡i mv‡_ AvPiwYK m¤úK© wbY©‡qi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q eZ©gvb
msL¨vi Av‡iKwU cÖeÜ ÔMÖvgxY wbgœ-gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii wkÿv_x©‡`i AvPiwYK mgm¨v Ges we`¨vjq
K…wZ‡Z¡i mv‡_ Gi m¤úK©Õ kxl©K †jLvq| †Zgwb wkÿvc×wZ wb‡qI Pj‡Q bvbv cixÿv- wbixÿv I
M‡elYv| Rxebe¨vcx wkÿvi GKwU AskMÖnYg~jK cš’v n‡jv Ôwi‡d¬± c×wZÕ| G wel‡q M‡elYv
n‡q‡Q, M‡elYvq BwZevPK djvdjI cvIqv †M‡Q| e¯‘Z eq¯‹ mvÿiZv Kg©m~wP cÖ‡qv‡M GwU GKwU
weÁvbm¤§Z c×wZ| wi‡d¬± c×wZ‡Z cvI‡jv †d«Bwii wkÿvZË¡ Ges AskMÖnYg~jK MÖvgxY mgxÿv
c×wZ‡K GKxf~Z Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Avgv‡`i †`‡k wkÿv wb‡q bvbv cÖKí n‡”Q Ñ †Kv‡bvwU ¯^í †gqvw`, †Kv‡bvwU `xN© †gqvw`, †Kv‡bv
cÖK‡íi cybt cybt bevqbI n‡”Q| Gme †Póv wbtm‡›`‡n wkÿvi Dbœqb I weKv‡ki ¯^v‡_©B| Avgiv
Avkv Ki‡ev Ñ Gme cÖKí †hb wKQzUv n‡jI mdj nq| Avgv‡`i mvg‡b GLb me‡Pq eo P¨v‡jÄ
n‡”Q Ñ RvZxq wkÿvbxwZi ev¯Íevqb| miKvi wkÿvbxwZ ev¯Íevq‡b †h `„p cÖZ¨q I c`‡ÿc MÖnY
K‡i‡Q Zv‡Z Avgiv Avkvev`x n‡Z cvwi ¯^vaxbZvi AvUwÎk eQi ci Avgv‡`i wkÿve¨e¯’vq GKwU
eûcÖZ¨vwkZ BwZevPK cwieZ©b NU‡Z hv‡”Q|
m~wP
evsjv‡`‡k wbgœ-gva¨wgK ¯Í‡i mvgvwRK weÁvb:
†kªYxK‡ÿ mvgvwRK MVbev‡`i PP©v
wRbœvZ Aviv LvZzb
7-25
MÖvgxY wbgœ-gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii wkÿv_x©‡`i AvPiwYK mgm¨v
Ges we`¨vjq K…wZ‡Z¡i mv‡_ Gi m¤úK©
gynv¤§` gvneye †gv‡k©`
my‡giv Avnmvb
27-36
wi‡d¬±: Rxebe¨vcx wk¶vi GKwU AskMÖnYg~jK cš’v
†gvnv¤§` gwReyi ingvb
37-57
Áv‡bi K_v mnR K‡i ejv
Abyfe w`‡q ejv
kwdDj Avjg
59-60
evsjv‡`‡k wbgœ-gva¨wgK ¯Í‡i mvgvwRK weÁvb: †kªYxK‡ÿ
mvgvwRK MVbev‡`i PP©v
wRbvœZ Aviv LvZbz*
f~wgKv
evsjv‡`‡k 1995 mv‡ji wkÿvµg I cvV¨mw~P cwigvR‡b©i ci 1996 mvj †_‡K wbg-œgva¨wgK ¯‡Íi
mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi Ašf
Í z³
© QqwU ¸iæZc
¡ Y~© wel‡qi (†hgb: mgvRweÁvb, BwZnvm, †cŠibxwZ,
A_b©xwZ, f‡~Mvj I RbmsL¨v) mgš‡^q ÔmvgvwRK weÁvbÕ bv‡g GKwU Avewk¨K welq cVb-cvVb Kiv
n‡”Q| e¯Z
‘ mvgvwRK weÁvb cv‡Vi gva¨‡g wkÿv_x©iv Rvb‡Z cv‡i †`k I RvwZi BwZnvm, ms¯‹w…Zi
iƒc‡iLv, †fŠ‡MvwjK cwiPq, A_‰©bwZK aviYv, RbmsL¨vi aviYv BZ¨vw` bvbv welq| Z‡e, mvgvwRK
weÁvb welq wkÿ‡Yi gLy¨ D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv wkÿv_x©‡`i‡K mgv‡Ri Rb¨ Kj¨vYKi I KvhK
© i mbyvMwi‡K
cwiYZ Kiv (Brown, 1999)| wKš‘ mbvZb c×wZ‡Z mvgvwRK weÁvb wkÿ‡Y wkÿK-†Kw›`K
ª †h
Kvhµ
© g e¨eüZ nq Zv‡Z wewfbœ NUbv Ges cZ
Ö ¨q gLy¯K
’ i‡Yi IciI ¸iæZ¡ †`Iqv nq| wkÿ‡Ki
e³Z
… v-†Kw›`K
ª G c×wZ‡Z wkÿv_xi© †gav, mvg_¨© I AvMnÖ A‡bKvs‡k D‡cwÿZ nq e‡j mvgvwRK
weÁv‡bi gZ welq wkL‡bi cK
Ö Z
… cwi‡ek mw„ó nq bv| wkÿv_xi© g‡b AaxZ welqe¯i‘ mv‡_ G¸‡jvi
ev¯eÍ c‡ÖqvM I c‡ÖqvRbxqZv m¤ú‡K© Dcjwä Rb¥ †bq bv| e¨envwiK Rxe‡b wkÿv_xi©v cvÖqk Zvi
AwRZ
© Ávb c‡ÖqvM K‡i h_vh_ wm×všÍ MnÖ‡Y e¨_© nq e‡j mvgvwRK weÁvb cv‡Vi gLy¨ D‡Ïk¨B e¨_©
nq - KvhK
© i mbyvMwiK ˆZwi nq bv| d‡j, mvgvwRK weÁvb wkÿ‡Ki Ici †h ¸iæ`vwqZ¡ AwcZ
©
(wkÿv_x©‡`i‡K KvhK
© i mbyvMwi‡K cwiYZ Kiv) Zvi cY~© ev¯eÍvqb m¤e¢ nq bv| GRb¨ mbvZb wkÿvc×wZ †_‡K m‡i G‡m Ggb h‡yMvc‡hvMx c×wZ MnÖY Kiv c‡ÖqvRb hv‡Z K‡i wkÿv_xi©v ev¯eÍgLyx I
KvhK
© i Ávb ARb© Ki‡Z cv‡i (Dewey, 1938)| GB cwieZ‡©bi GKwU Dcvq n‡Z cv‡i †kYªxK‡ÿ
mvgvwRK MVbev‡`i (Social Constructivism) c‡ÖqvM|
mvgvwRK weÁvb welq wkLb I wkÿ‡Y MVbev`x `w„ófw½ c‡Öqv‡Mi jÿ¨ n‡jv mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi
mgm¨v I c×wZmg‡~ni Mfxi Dcjwä ARb© Ges mgv‡Ri ¸iæZc
¡ Y~© cZ
Ö ¨qmgn~ m¤ú‡K© gReZ
y wekv¦m
MVb| wkÿv_xi©v hLb mgm¨vmgn~‡K wewfbœ `w„ó‡KvY †_‡K wePvi Ki‡Z †k‡L Ges wkL‡bi welqe¯i‘
wfZ‡i I evB‡i wewfbœ †cwÖÿZ kbv³ Ki‡Z cv‡i ZLbB Zvi Ávbxq weKvk Zi¡vwšZ
^ nq
(Scheurman, 1998)| GRb¨ `iKvi Ggb cwi‡ek †hLv‡b †Kv‡bv wkï hw` †kYªxK‡ÿ nƇMvj K‡i
Z‡e Zv‡K †W‡K evB‡i G‡b ejv Pj‡e †Kv_vI wM‡q †Ljv Ki‡Z (iv‡mj, 2007)| mvgvwRK
MVbev`x wkÿK g³
y Abm
y Üv‡bi w`‡K wkÿv_x‡©`i avweZ K‡ib Ges e¯,‘ NUbv I mvs¯‹w…ZK
AwfÁZv wb‡q mw„ókxj wPšb͇K DrmvwnZ K‡ib| d‡j wZwb mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi KvhK
© i wkÿK
wn‡m‡e cwiMwYZ n‡Z cv‡ib|
M‡elYvi Zvrch©
1995 mv‡ji gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii cwigvwR©Z wkÿvµ‡gI mvgvwRK w`K¸‡jv ¸iæZ¡ †c‡q‡Q Ges †mL‡b
†ZBkwU mvaviY D‡Ï‡k¨i g‡a¨ bqwU Nwbôfv‡e mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z
*
mnKvix Aa¨vcK, Bbw÷wUDU Ae GW‡yKkb,`viæj Bnmvb wekw¦e`¨vjq, XvKv|
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 07
(Gb.wm.wUwe:1995:12-13)| ZvQvov, evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ wkÿvbxwZ‡ZI D‡Ïk¨ wba©vi‡Y
mvgvwRK weÁvb‡K ¸iæZ¡ †`Iqv n‡q‡Q (Maleq, 2002) |
c„w_exi wewfbœ †`‡ki gZ evsjv‡`‡ki wkÿv RM‡ZI Ô¸YMZ wkÿvÕ GKwU e¨vcKfv‡e Av‡jvwPZ
welq| cwigvYMZfv‡e evsjv‡`‡ki wkÿv wbtm‡›`‡n AMÖMwZ jvf K‡i‡Q| 2004 mv‡ji miKvwi
wnmve Abyhvqx evsjv‡`‡k 15 eQi-EaŸ© Rb‡Mvôxi g‡a¨ wkÿvi nvi 51.6%| wKš‘ wkÿvi ¸YMZ
gv‡b DbœwZ n‡q‡Q GK_v ejv hv‡e bv| Gm.Gm.wm. cixÿvi djvd‡ji †ÿ‡ÎI G-K_v cÖ‡hvR¨
hw`I cv‡mi nvi B`vwbs †e‡o‡Q| ¸YMZ gvb Dbœq‡bi j‡ÿ¨ evsjv‡`‡k gva¨wgK wkÿv¯Í‡i
welqwfwËK wkLb-dj wbav©iY Kiv n‡q‡Q| Z‡e GB wkLb-dj AR©‡bi wPÎ †gv‡UB m‡šÍlRbK
bq| ejv hvq, gva¨wgK wkÿvi jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡b evsjv‡`k A‡bKUv wcwQ‡q i‡q‡Q|
wkÿvi gvb Dbœq‡b evsjv‡`k miKvi cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii b¨vq gva¨wgK ¯Í‡iI †ek wKQz cÖKí ev Kg©m~wP
nv‡Z wb‡q‡Q (gv‡jK I Ab¨vb¨, 2007)| †hgb- SEDP, SESIP: I, SESIP - II, FSSAP,
PROMOTE| GQvov, wkÿvi ¸YMZ gvb AR©‡b wkÿ‡Ki gvb e„w×i cÖ‡qvRbxqZvi †eva †_‡K
evsjv‡`k miKvi we‡`wk Avw_©K mnvqZvq Ôgva¨wgK wkÿvq wkÿY gv‡bvbœqb cÖKíÕ (TQI-SEP)
MÖnY K‡i †hLv‡b wkÿv cÖwµqvq MVbev` e¨env‡ii Bw½Z i‡q‡Q (gva¨wgK mvgvwRK weÁvb cÖwkÿY
g¨vbyqvj, 2007)| Dciš‘‘ RvZxq wek¦we`¨vj‡qi AšÍf©y³ wkÿK cÖwkÿY cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi eZ©gvb
wkÿvµ‡g Avewk¨Kfv‡e mvgvwRK MVbev` (ES-102 wkLb, g~j¨hvPvB Ges cÖwZdjbg~jK
Abykxjb bvgK †Kvm©) cvV`vb Kiv n‡”Q|
wkÿvi ¸YMZ gvb Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ miKvwi I †emiKvwi wewfbœ Kg©m~wP †`‡ki _vbv, †Rjv, wefvM ev
ivóªxq ch©v‡q cwiPvwjZ n‡”Q| wKš‘ wkLb _vbv, †Rjv, wefvM ev ivóªxq ch©v‡q N‡U bv, eis GwU
†kªYxK‡ÿ N‡U _v‡K| 2000 mv‡j cwiPvwjZ Avi GK M‡elYvq Rvbv hvq, wbe©vwPZ mKj wkÿKB
(100%) mvgvwRK weÁvb †kªYxK‡ÿ e³…Zv`vb c×wZ e¨envi K‡ib Ges wKQzmsL¨K wkÿK
Av‡jvPbv (65%), cÖ‡kœvËi (80%), wgkª c×wZ (90%) Ges evwoi KvR (45%) cÖ`vb K‡ib|
M‡elYvq AviI †`Lv‡bv nq †h, wkÿKMY †KDB †Kv‡bv AvaywbK c×wZ ev †KŠkj (†hgb-DcKiY
e¨envi, †eªb ÷wg©s) e¨envi K‡ib bv (Maleq, 2002)| 2000 mv‡j cwiPvwjZ Avi GK M‡elYvq
Rvbv hvq, 40 Rb wbe©vwPZ wkÿ‡Ki g‡a¨ mvgvwRK weÁvb wel‡q Ávbm¤úbœ wkÿK 40% M‡oi
†P‡q fvj, 13% Mo, 5% M‡oi wb‡P (Maleq, Begum and Hossain, 2004)|
myZivs G‡`‡k ¸YMZ wkÿv‡K wbwðZ Kivi †ÿ‡Î GKwU Ab¨Zg Dcv`vb n‡jv, MZvbyMwZK
†kªYxK‡ÿi aviv cwieZ©b K‡i †kªYxKÿ‡K wkÿv_©xi Rb¨ wkLb-evÜe Kiv| †kªYxK‡ÿ mvgvwRK
MVbev` cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g GKwU DrK…ó wkLb-evÜe cwi‡ek m„wó Kiv m¤¢e| G ai‡bi cwi‡ek m„wói
Rb¨ wkÿ‡Ki mvgvwRK MVbev` Ges Gi cÖ‡qvM m¤ú‡K© ch©vß Ávb _vK‡Z n‡e| myZivs eZ©gv‡b
G‡`‡ki wkÿKMY †kªYxK‡ÿ (1) m‡PZbfv‡e wKsev wb‡Ri ARv‡šÍ mvgvwRK MVbev` KZUzKz
e¨envi Ki‡Qb, (2) mvgvwRK MVbev` KZUzKz e¨envi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Ges 3) we`¨gvb †fŠZ
welqvewj I A‡fŠZ A_©vr wkÿvµwgK welqvewj (eZ©gvb cvV¨cy¯ÍK) GB gZev` cÖ‡qv‡M KZUzKz
Kvh©Ki f~wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i Zv Rvb‡Z eZ©gvb M‡elYvwUi Zvrch© i‡q‡Q|
08 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx
we‡kl D‡Ïk¨
eZ©gvb M‡elYvwU mywbw`©ó KZMy‡jv we‡kl D‡Ïk¨ kbv³ K‡i cwiPvwjZ n‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv wbgœiƒc:
K) gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii mvgvwRK weÁvb wkÿKMY Zuv‡`i †kªYxK‡ÿ mvgvwRK MVbev` KZUzKz PP©v
Ki‡Qb Zv wbav©iY Kiv|
L) †kªYxK‡ÿ mvgvwRK MVbev` PP©v I wkÿv_©x‡`i AR©‡bi g‡a¨ m¤úK© wbY©q Kiv|
M) †kªYxK‡ÿ mvgvwRK MVbev` cÖ‡qv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡qvRbxq Dcv`vb Kx cwigvY i‡q‡Q Zv kbv³
Kiv|
N) mvgvwRK MVbev` cÖ‡qv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î wkÿvµwgK Dcv`v‡bi cÖfve wPwýZ Kiv|
O) mvgvwRK MVbev` cÖ‡qv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î we`¨vjq I †kªYxK‡ÿi †fŠZ Dcv`v‡bi cÖfve wPwýZ
Kiv|
M‡elYv c×wZ
GKwU avivevwnK c×wZi gva¨‡g GB M‡elYvKg©wU cwiPvwjZ n‡q‡Q| M‡elYvi ¯Íi I welq
wbe©vP‡bi ci mswkøó M‡elYv wi‡cvU©, Rvb©vj I cy¯ÍK ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
M‡elYvi Rb¨ D‡Ïk¨wfwËK bgybvqb c×wZ AbymiY K‡i Gm.Gm.wm cixÿvi djvd‡ji wfwˇZ
XvKv kn‡ii kxl©¯’vbxq `kwU miKvwi I †emiKvwi gva¨wgK we`¨vjq‡K wbe©vPb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwU we`¨vj‡qi mvgvwRK weÁvb wkÿKM‡Yi ga¨ †_‡K D‡Ïk¨g~jK bgybvqb c×wZ
e¨envi K‡i `yRb wkÿK‡K bgybv wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q| †mme wkÿ‡Ki mv‡_ mswkøó
wkÿv_©x‡`i ga¨ †_‡K ˆ`ePwqZ bgybvq‡bi gva¨‡g M‡o wÎk Rb K‡i wkÿv_©x‡KI bgybv wn‡m‡e
e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q| ZvQvov wbe©vwPZ `kwU we`¨vjq Ges †mme we`¨vjq I we`¨vj‡qi Aóg †kªYxi
mvgvwRK weÁvb †kªYxKÿ‡K bgybv wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q|
GB M‡elYvK‡g©i cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ Aóg †kªYxi mvgvwRK weÁvb welq-wkÿK Ges
mswkøó wkÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ 25wU cÖkœ msewjZ c„_K c„_K `yÕwU cÖ‡kœvËwiKv (questionnaire) e¨envi
K‡i Zv‡`i KvQ ‡_‡K Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv n‡q‡Q| wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwU we`¨vjq I mvgvwRK weÁvb †kªYxKÿ
ch©‡eÿY K‡i wkÿvµwgK I †fŠZ welqvewj msµvšÍ 25 AvB‡U‡gi GKwU †PKwj÷ c~iY Kiv
n‡q‡Q| G‡Z †gvU †¯‹vi aiv n‡q‡Q 25| Gi g‡a¨ wkÿvµwgK Dcv`vb i‡q‡Q 9wU Ges †fŠZ
Dcv`vb i‡q‡Q 16wU| †PKwj÷wU M‡elK wb‡R ch©‡eÿY K‡i Ges cÖ‡qvR‡b wkÿK I wkÿv_x©‡`i
mv‡_ K_v e‡j c~iY K‡ib|
Rwic cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ cÖkœcÎ cÖYq‡b e×-cÖkœ (closed question) e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖwZwU
cÖ‡kœvËwiKvq wjKv‡U©i 4 avcwewkó †¯‹j e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖwZwU cÖ‡kœi m¤¢ve¨ DËi wQj †gv‡UI bv (†¯‹vi 1), mvgvb¨ (†¯‹vi 2), wKQzUv (†¯‹vi 3) Ges m¤ú~Y© (†¯‹vi 4)| D‡jøL¨, wkÿ‡Ki
Rb¨ cÖYqbK…Z cÖ‡kœvËwiKvq `ywU cÖ‡kœi †¯‹vi wQj wecixZgyLx A_v©r G 2wU cÖ‡kœi Rb¨ †gv‡UI bv
(†¯‹vi 4), mvgvb¨ (†¯‹vi 3), wKQzUv (†¯‹vi 2) Ges m¤ú~Y© (†¯‹vi 1)| wkÿK I wkÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨
e¨eüZ cÖ‡kœvËwiKvi cÖ‡Z¨KwUi Rb¨ m‡ev©”P †¯‹vi wQj 100 Ges me©wbgœ †¯‹vi 25| ZvQvov, Aóg
†kªYxi mvgvwRK weÁvb welq wkÿK‡`i Rb¨ mvÿvrKvi c×wZ e¨envi K‡i eZ©gvb mvgvwRK weÁvb
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 09
cvV¨cy¯ÍK, cvV`v‡bi Rb¨ eivÏ mgq I my‡hvM-myweav m¤ú‡K© Zuv‡`i civgk© I gZvgZ PvIqv
n‡q‡Q| GB M‡elYvi Rb¨ Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡qvRbxq mZK©Zv Aej¤^b Kiv n‡q‡Q|
DcvË we‡kølY
cÖvß DcvËmg~‡ni cwimsL¨vwbK we‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ Mo, Av`k© wePz¨wZ, mn-m¤úK© wbY©q Kiv n‡q‡Q|
cÖ_g As‡k wkÿK‡`i wbKU †_‡K cÖvß DcvË we‡kølY, wØZxq As‡k wkÿv_x©‡`i wbKU †_‡K cÖvß
DcvË we‡kølY, Z…Zxq As‡k wkÿK-wkÿv_x©‡`i Dcv‡Ëi Zzjbvg~jK we‡kølY Ges PZz_© As‡k
wkÿvµwgK I †fŠZ Dcv`v‡bi †PKwj÷ †_‡K cÖvß DcvË we‡kølY Kiv n‡q‡Q| DcvË we‡køl‡Yi
Rb¨ gvB‡µvmdU G‡·j †cÖvMÖvg e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q|
wkÿK‡`i wbKU †_‡K cÖvß DcvË
M‡elYvi Rb¨ wbe©vwPZ XvKv kn‡ii `kwU miKvwi I †emiKvwi gva¨wgK ¯‹y‡ji Aóg †kªYxi †gvU
wek Rb mvgvwRK weÁvb wkÿK‡ÿ cÖ‡kœvËwiKv mieivn Kiv n‡qwQj| Zuv‡`i g‡a¨ 8 Rb (40%)
cyiæl I 12 Rb (60%) gwnjv| 1 Rb (5%) wkÿ‡Ki wkÿvMZ †hvM¨Zv mœvZK chv©‡qi (we.G. /
we.Gm.Gm. / we.Gmwm.) Ges 19 Rb (9.5%) wkÿ‡Ki wkÿvMZ †hvM¨Zv mœvZ‡KvËi chv©‡qi
(Gg.G. / Gg.Gm.Gm. / Gg.Gmwm.)| G‡`i g‡a¨ 3 Rb (15%) wkÿK mœvZK I mœvZ‡KvËi
chv©‡q mvgvwRK weÁvb mswkøó wel‡q Aa¨qb K‡ib wb| wbev©wPZ 20 Rb wkÿ‡Ki g‡a¨ 14 Rb
(70%) ïay we.GW, 4 Rb (20%) Gg.GW Ges 2 R‡bi (10%) wkÿv wel‡q †Kv‡bv wWwMÖ †bB|
†gvU 12 Rb (60%) wkÿK wU.wKD.AvB cÖwkÿYcÖvß Ges 3 Rb (15%) wkÿK wkÿvmsµvšÍ wewfbœ
¯^íKvjxb cÖwkÿY MÖnY K‡i‡Qb|
wbgœ-gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii mvgvwRK weÁvb wkÿK‡`i Rb¨ ˆZwi cÖ‡kœvËwiKvi cÖwZwU cÖ‡kœ 1, 2, 3 A_ev 4
†¯‹vi msewjZ †gvU 25wU cÖ‡kœ m‡ev©”P 25x4=100 †¯‹vi Kiv m¤¢e| 20 Rb wkÿ‡Ki me©‡gvU
AwR©Z †¯‹vi n‡q‡Q 1524 (wPÎ bs 1); m‡ev©”P †¯‹vi 86; me©wbgœ †¯‹vi 68; Mo †¯‹vi 76.2 (Av`k©
wePz¨wZ 5.63)|
wPÎ bs 1: wkÿK‡`i AwR©Z me©‡gvU †¯‹vi
100
86
85
86
me©‡gvU †¯‹vi
80 70
73 71 72 72
60
71
82
76 78
83
80
75
73 72 75 76
68
40
20
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
wk¶K
wkÿK‡`i Mo †¯‹vi‡K wbgœ-gva¨wgK ¯Í‡i mvgvwRK weÁvb †kªYxK‡ÿ mvgvwRK MVbev` cÖ‡qv‡Mi
gvb`Ð wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, Rwi‡ci AvIZvaxb ¯‹zj¸‡jv‡Z gva¨wgK ¯Í‡i mvgvwRK
weÁvb wel‡q mvgvwRK MVbev‡`i cÖ‡qvM m‡šÍvlRbK chv©‡q Av‡Q|
10 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx
†RÛvi Abyhvqx we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, cyiæl wkÿK‡`i †gvU †¯‹vi 627 (Mo 78.37, Av`k©
wePz¨wZ 4.92) I gwnjv wkÿK‡`i †gvU †¯‹vi 897 (Mo 74.75, Av`k© wePz¨wZ 5.80)| G `yB `‡ji
†¯‹v‡ii M‡oi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ cwimsL¨vbMZfv‡e Zvrch©c~Y© bq (p = 0.68); A_v©r gva¨wgK ¯Í‡i
mvgvwRK weÁvb †kªYxK‡ÿ gwnjv I cyiæl wkÿ‡Ki g‡a¨ mvgvwRK MVbev‡`i PPv©q Zvrch©c~Y©
cv_©K¨ †bB|
wkÿvMZ †hvM¨Zv Abyhvqx wbe©vwPZ wkÿKMY‡K wZbwU †kªYx‡Z wef³ Kiv n‡q‡Q: 1. we.G. (cvm),
2. we.G (cvm), Gg.G Ges 3. we.G (Abvm©), Gg.G| GB wefvRb Abyhvqx wkÿK‡`i AwR©Z †¯‹vi
†_‡K ejv hvq †h, mvgvwRK weÁvb †kªYxK‡ÿ MVbev` cÖ‡qv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î wkÿK‡`i wkÿvMZ †hvM¨Zv
†Kv‡bv cÖfve †d‡j wb| wkÿv wel‡q †ckvMZ wWwMÖ Abyhvqx wbe©vwPZ wkÿKMY‡K wZbwU †kªYx‡Z
wef³ Kiv n‡q‡Q: 1. ïay we.GW 2. Gg.GW Ges 3. †Kv‡bv wWwMÖ †bB| GB wefvRb Abyhvqx
wkÿK‡`i AwR©Z †¯‹vi we‡kølY †_‡K ejv hvq, mvgvwRK weÁvb †kªYxK‡ÿ MVbev` cÖ‡qv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î
wkÿK‡`i †ckvMZ wWwMÖ †Zgb †Kv‡bv cÖfve †d‡j wb| wbev©wPZ 20 Rb wkÿ‡Ki g‡a¨ †gvU 12 Rb
(60%) wkÿK wU.wKD.AvB cÖwkÿYcÖvß| wU.wKD.AvB cÖwkÿYcÖvß wkÿK‡`i AwR©Z Mo †¯‹vi
75.41 Ges wU.wKD.AvB cÖwkÿYwenxb wkÿK‡`i AwR©Z Mo †¯‹vi 77.37| GB `yB `‡ji †¯‹v‡i
`yB-bgybv ANOVA Test e¨envi K‡i †`Lv hvq, `yB `‡ji †¯‹v‡i †Kv‡bv Zvrch©c~Y© cv_©K¨ †bB
(p=0.413)|
wbe©vwPZ wbgœ-gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii mvgvwRK weÁvb wkÿKMY ˆ`wbK M‡o 5wU K¬vm †bb (m‡ev©”P 7wU,
me©wbgœ 4wU, K¬v‡m ˆ`wbK e¨wqZ Mo mgq 193 wgwbU)| Aóg †kªYxi mvgvwRK weÁvb wkÿKM‡Yi
ˆ`wbK Mo K¬v‡mi msL¨vi mv‡_ Zv‡`i AwR©Z †¯‹v‡ii `ye©j mn-m¤úK© (r = 0.26) cvIqv †M‡Q (wPÎ
bs 2) A_v©r wkÿK‡`i ˆ`wbK Mo cv‡Vi msL¨v †kªYxK‡ÿ mvgvwRK MVbev` PPv©i Ici †Zgb cÖfve
†d‡j bv|
wPÎ bs 2 : wkÿK‡`i ˆ`wbK K¬v‡mi msL¨v I Zuv‡`i AwR©Z †¯‹v‡ii mn-m¤úK©
wkÿK‡`i AwR©Z †¯‹vi
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
2
4
ˆ`wbK Mo cv‡Vi msL¨v
6
8
wkÿKM‡Yi Rb¨ e¨eüZ cÖ‡kœvËwiKvq cÖkœ mwbœweó Kivi Rb¨ mvgvwRK weÁvb †kªYxK‡ÿ MVbev`
cÖ‡qv‡Mi PviwU g~jbxwZi (Woolfolk, A, 2004) cÖwZ jÿ ivLv n‡qwQj| G¸‡jv n‡jv: 1) wkÿK
†Kej GKRb mnvqZvKvix, 2) wkÿv_x©i mvnvh¨-wbf©i weKvk AÂj (ZPD), 3) Aej¤^b
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 11
(scaffolding) cÖ`vb, I 4) cÖwZôvb-ewnf©~Z AwfÁZv| GB PviwU g~jbxwZi wfwˇZ cÖ‡kœvËwiKvq
cÖvß DcvËmg~‡ni we‡kølY wbgœiƒc:
K) wkÿK †Kej GKRb mnvqZvKvix GB bxwZ hvPvB‡q e¨eüZ `ywU cÖ‡kœi Dˇii Rb¨ wbav©wiZ
PviwU †¯‹‡ji †KvbwU‡Z wkÿKMY wUK †`b Zvi wfwˇZ we‡kølY Ki‡j wb‡Pi wPÎwU (wPÎ bs 3)
cvIqv hvq:
wPÎ bs 3 : wkÿK †Kej GKRb mnvqZvKvix - GB bxwZ hvPvB‡q e¨eüZ cÖ‡kœ wkÿKM‡Yi
†¯‹jwfwËK DËi
9 (23%)
13
(32%)
†¯‹vi 1
†¯‹vi 2
8 (20%)
10
(25%)
†¯‹vi 3
†¯‹vi 4
GB As‡k 32% Dˇii †¯‹vi wQj 1| we‡kl K‡i 2 bs cÖkœ (Avcwb wK g‡b K‡ib wbgœ-gva¨wgK ¯Í‡i
mvgvwRK weÁvb cvV`v‡b wkÿ‡Ki f~wgKvB †ewk Dc‡hvMx ?)-Gi Dˇi 10 Rb (25%) 4†¯‹viwewkó N‡i wUK w`‡q‡Qb| G‡Z cÖZxqgvb nq †h, Rwi‡c AšÍfy©³ wkÿKM‡Yi GKwU
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Ask GL‡bv mbvZb wkÿK-†Kw›`ªK wkÿY c×wZ‡Z wek¦vmx|
L) mvnvh¨-wbf©i weKvk AÂj (ZPD) Gi cÖ‡qvM hvPvB‡q e¨eüZ †gvU 7wU cÖ‡kœi Dˇii Rb¨
wbav©wiZ PviwU †¯‹‡ji †KvbwU‡Z wkÿKMY wUK †`b Zvi wfwˇZ we‡kølY Ki‡j wb‡Pi wPÎwU (wPÎ
bs 4) cvIqv hvq:
wPÎ bs 4 : mvnvh¨-wbf©i weKvk A‡ji cÖ‡qvM hvPvB‡q e¨eüZ cÖ‡kœ wkÿKM‡Yi †¯‹jwfwËK DËi
45 (19%)
108
(45%)
†¯‹vi 1
22 (9%)
65 (27%)
†¯‹vi 2
†¯‹vi 3
†¯‹vi 4
12 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx
GB As‡k 45% Dˇii †¯‹vi wQj 4 Ges Av‡iv 27% Dˇii †¯‹vi wQj 3| A_v©r Rwi‡c
AskMÖnYKvix wkÿKM‡Yi GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Ask wkÿv_x©‡`i mvnvh¨-wbf©i weKvk AÂj wbY©q
Kivi Rb¨ wewfbœ cš’v Aej¤^b K‡i _v‡Kb| G KvRwU Zuviv mvgvwRK MVbev` m¤ú‡K© †R‡b
m‡PZbfv‡e K‡ib, bvwK wb‡RivB wb‡R‡`i wkÿY-†KŠkj wVK K‡i wb‡q K‡ib GB †¯‹vi †`‡L Zv
ejv m¤¢e bq|
M) Aej¤^b (scaffolding) cÖ`vb hvPvB‡q e¨eüZ †gvU 12wU cÖ‡kœi Dˇii Rb¨ wbav©wiZ PviwU
†¯‹‡ji †KvbwU‡Z wkÿKMY wUK †`b Zvi wfwˇZ we‡kølY Ki‡j wb‡Pi wPÎwU (wPÎ bs 5) cvIqv
hvq:
wPÎ bs 5 : Aej¤^b cÖ`vb hvPvB‡q e¨eüZ cÖ‡kœ wkÿKM‡Yi †¯‹jwfwËK DËi
3 (2%)
3 (2%)
37 (26%)
†¯‹vi 1
†¯‹vi 2
97 (70%)
†¯‹vi 3
†¯‹vi 4
GB As‡k 70% Dˇii †¯‹vi wQj 4 Ges Av‡iv 26% Dˇii †¯‹vi wQj 3| A_v©r Rwi‡c
AskMÖnYKvix wkÿKM‡Yi AwaKvskB wkÿv_x©‡`i cÖ‡qvR‡b wewfbœ cÖKvi Aej¤^b cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡Kb
e‡j Rvwb‡q‡Qb| G KvRwU Zuviv mvgvwRK MVbev` m¤ú‡K© †R‡b m‡PZbfv‡e K‡ib, bvwK wb‡RivB
wb‡R‡`i wkÿY-†KŠkj wVK K‡i wb‡q K‡ib GB †¯‹vi †`‡L Zv ejv m¤¢e bq|
N) cÖwZôvb- ewnf©~Z AwfÁZv hvPvB‡q e¨eüZ †gvU 4wU cÖ‡kœi Dˇii Rb¨ wbav©wiZ PviwU †¯‹‡ji
†KvbwU‡Z wkÿKMY wUK †`b Zvi wfwˇZ we‡kølY Ki‡j wb‡Pi wPÎwU (wPÎ bs 6) cvIqv hvq:
wPÎ bs 6 : cÖwZôvb-ewnf©~Z AwfÁZv hvPvB‡q e¨eüZ cÖ‡kœ wkÿKM‡Yi †¯‹jwfwËK DËi
19 (24%)
19 (24%)
†¯‹vi 1
14 (18%)
28 (34%)
†¯‹vi 2
†¯‹vi 3
†¯‹vi 4
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 13
GB As‡k Dˇii †¯‹vi me‡P‡q †ewk mgfv‡e ewÈZ n‡q‡Q| 24% Dˇii †¯‹vi wQj 1, 18%
Dˇii †¯‹vi wQj 2, 34% Dˇii †¯‹vi wQj 3 Ges 24% Dˇii †¯‹vi wQj 4| 24 bs cÖkœ
(Avcbvi cÖwZôv‡b mgv‡R cÖwZwôZ e¨w³MY‡K †kªYxK‡ÿ Avgš¿Y Rvwb‡q wkÿv_©x‡`i D‡Ï‡k¨ wKQz
ej‡Z ejvi my‡hvM i‡q‡Q wK?) -Gi Dˇi 10 Rb (50%) e‡j‡Qb Ô†gv‡UI bvÕ, 6 Rb (30%)
e‡j‡Qb Ômvgvb¨Õ, 3 Rb (15%) e‡j‡Qb ÔwKQzUvÕ Ges gvÎ 1 Rb (5%) e‡j‡Qb Ôm¤ú~Y©Õ| 25 bs
cÖkœ (Avcwb wK wkÿv_©x‡`i wb‡q wkÿv md‡i hvIqvi my‡hvM cvb?) -Gi Dˇi 9 Rb (45%)
e‡j‡Qb Ô†gv‡UI bvÕ, 1 Rb (5%) e‡j‡Qb Ômvgvb¨Õ, 7 Rb (35%) e‡j‡Qb ÔwKQzUvÕ Ges gvÎ 3
Rb (15%) e‡j‡Qb Ôm¤ú~Y©Õ| A_v©r Rwi‡c AskMÖnYKvix wkÿKM‡Yi GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Ask
wkÿv_x©‡`i cÖwZôvb-ewnf~©Z AwfÁZvi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ Kivi †Zgb †Kv‡bv my‡hvM cvb bv e‡j
Rvwb‡q‡Qb|
wkÿv_©x‡`i wbKU †_‡K cÖvß DcvË
M‡elYvi Rb¨ wbe©vwPZ XvKv kn‡ii `kwU miKvwi I †emiKvwi gva¨wgK ¯‹y‡ji †gvU wek Rb
mvgvwRK weÁvb wkÿ‡Ki mv‡_ mswkøó Aóg †kªYxi wkÿv_x©‡`i ga¨ †_‡K ˆ`ePq‡bi gva¨‡g wÎk
Rb K‡i wkÿv_x©‡K cÖ‡kœvËwiKv mieivn Kiv n‡qwQj|
wkÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ ˆZwi cÖ‡kœvËwiKvi cÖwZwU‡Z 1, 2, 3 A_ev 4 †¯‹vi msewjZ †gvU 25wU cÖ‡kœ m‡ev©”P
25x4=100 †¯‹vi Kiv m¤¢e| wZbkZ Rb wkÿv_x©i me©‡gvU AwR©Z †¯‹vi n‡q‡Q 18804 (wPÎ bs
7) ; m‡ev©”P †¯‹vi 86 ; me©wbgœ †¯‹vi 36 ; Mo †¯‹vi 63 (Av`k© wePz¨wZ 11.0)|
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
86
35
1
11
21
31
41
51
61
71
81
91
101
111
121
131
141
151
161
171
181
191
201
211
221
231
241
251
261
271
281
291
300
me©‡gvU †¯‹vi
wPÎ bs 7: wkÿv_x©‡`i AwR©Z me©‡gvU †¯‹vi
wk¶v_x©
wkÿv_x©‡`i Mo †¯‹vi‡K wbgœ-gva¨wgK ¯Í‡i mvgvwRK weÁvb †kªYxK‡ÿ mvgvwRK MVbev` cÖ‡qv‡Mi
gvb`Ð wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, Rwi‡ci AvIZvaxb ¯‹zj¸‡jv‡Z Aóg †kªYx‡Z mvgvwRK
weÁvb wel‡q mvgvwRK MVbev‡`i cÖ‡qvM m‡šÍvlRbK chv©‡q Av‡Q|
wkÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ e¨eüZ cÖ‡kœvËwiKvi DËimg~n‡K c~‡ev©wjøwLZ PviwU g~jbxwZi (Woolfolk, A,
2004) wfwˇZ we‡kølY K‡i wb‡gœi djvdj cvIqv wM‡q‡Q:
14 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx
K) wkÿK †Kej GKRb mnvqZvKvix GB bxwZ hvPvB‡q e¨eüZ †gvU 2wU cÖ‡kœi Dˇii Rb¨
wbav©wiZ PviwU †¯‹‡ji †KvbwU‡Z wkÿKMY wUK †`b Zvi wfwˇZ we‡kølY Ki‡j wb‡Pi wPÎwU (wPÎ
bs: 8) cvIqv hvq:
wPÎ bs 8: wkÿK †Kej GKRb mnvqZvKvix - GB bxwZ hvPvB‡q e¨eüZ cÖ‡kœ wkÿv_x©‡`i
†¯‹jwfwËK DËi
46 (8%)
70
(12%)
†¯‹vi 1
83
(14%)
401
(66%)
†¯‹vi 2
†¯‹vi 3
†¯‹vi 4
GB As‡k 66% Dˇii †¯‹vi wQj 4| A_v©r D‡jøL‡hvM¨ msL¨K wkÿv_x© wkÿK‡K GKRb
mnvqZvKvixi f~wgKvq †c‡q _v‡K e‡j g‡b K‡i|
L) mvnvh¨-wbf©i weKvk AÂj Gi cÖ‡qvM hvPvB‡q e¨eüZ †gvU 5wU cÖ‡kœi Dˇii Rb¨ wbav©wiZ
PviwU †¯‹‡ji †KvbwU‡Z wkÿKMY wUK †`b Zvi wfwˇZ we‡kølY Ki‡j wb‡Pi wPÎwU (wPÎ bs: 9)
cvIqv hvq:
wPÎ bs 9: mvnvh¨-wbf©i weKvk A‡ji cÖ‡qvM hvPvB‡q e¨eüZ cÖ‡kœ wkÿv_x©‡`i †¯‹jwfwËK DËi
608
(40%)
173
(12%)
451
(30%)
268
(18%)
†¯‹vi 1
†¯‹vi 2
†¯‹vi 3
†¯‹vi 4
GB As‡k 40% Dˇii †¯‹vi wQj 4 Ges 30% Dˇii †¯‹vi wQj 3| A_v©r AwaKvsk wkÿv_x©i
wkÿK Zv‡`i wkÿv_x©i mvnvh¨-wbf©i weKvk AÂj kbv³ Kivi wewfbœ cš’v Aej¤^b K‡ib e‡j
cÖZxqgvb nq |
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 15
M) Aej¤^b cÖ`vb hvPvB‡q e¨eüZ †gvU 13wU cÖ‡kœi Dˇii Rb¨ wbav©wiZ PviwU †¯‹‡ji †KvbwU‡Z
wkÿKMY wUK †`b Zvi wfwˇZ we‡kølY Ki‡j wb‡Pi wPÎwU (wPÎ bs 10) cvIqv hvq:
wPÎ bs 10: Aej¤^b cÖ`vb hvPvB‡q e¨eüZ cÖ‡kœ wkÿv_x©‡`i †¯‹jwfwËK DËi
1006
(26%)
702
(18%)
1618
(41%)
574
(15%)
†¯‹vi 1
†¯‹vi 2
†¯‹vi 3
†¯‹vi 4
GB As‡k 41% Dˇii †¯‹vi wQj 1| A_v©r D‡jøL‡hvM¨-msL¨K wkÿv_x©i AwfgZ wQj †h Zv‡`i
wkÿKMY wkL‡b h‡_ó Aej¤^b cÖ`vb Ki‡Qb bv|
N) cÖwZôvb-ewnf©~Z AwfÁZv hvPvB‡q e¨eüZ †gvU 5wU cÖ‡kœi Dˇii Rb¨ wbav©wiZ PviwU †¯‹‡ji
†KvbwU‡Z wkÿKMY wUK †`b Zvi wfwˇZ we‡kølY Ki‡j wb‡Pi wPÎwU (wPÎ bs 11) cvIqv hvq:
wPÎ bs 11: cÖwZôvb-ewnf©~Z AwfÁZv hvPvB‡q e¨eüZ cÖ‡kœ wkÿv_x©‡`i †¯‹jwfwËK DËi
396
(26%)
247
(16%)
664
(45%)
193
(13%)
†¯‹vi 1
†¯‹vi 2
†¯‹vi 3
†¯‹vi 4
GB As‡k 45% Dˇii †¯‹vi wQj 1| A_v©r D‡jøL‡hvM¨-msL¨K wkÿv_x©i g‡Z Zv‡`i wkL‡b
cÖwZôvb-ewnf©~Z AwfÁZv m¤ú„³ Kivi Rb¨ h‡_ó D‡`¨vM M„nxZ nq bv|
wkÿK I wkÿv_x©‡`i cª`Ë Dcv‡Ëi Zzjbvg~jK we‡kølY
msM„nxZ Dˇi cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki me©‡gvU †¯‹vi wb‡q ANOVA Test e¨envi K‡i wkÿK I wkÿv_x©‡`i
djvdj Zzjbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, G `y`‡ji †¯‹v‡i Zvrch©c~Y© cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q (p=0.0006)| Rwi‡c
e¨eüZ mvgvwRK MVbev‡`i PviwU g~jbxwZi wfwˇZ c„_K c„_Kfv‡e we‡kølY Ki‡j wb‡Pi djvdj
cvIqv hvq:
16 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx
K) wkÿK †Kej GKRb mnvqZvKvix GB bxwZ hvPvB‡q e¨eüZ cÖkœmg~‡ni me©‡gvU †¯‹vi wb‡q
ANOVA Test e¨envi K‡i wkÿK I wkÿv_x©‡`i DcvË Zzjbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq G `y `‡ji †¯‹v‡i
Zvrch©c~Y© cv_©K¨ †bB (p =0.29) |
L) mvnvh¨-wbf©i weKvk AÂj Gi cÖ‡qvM hvPvB‡q e¨eüZ cÖkœmg~‡ni me©‡gvU †¯‹vi wb‡q ANOVA
Test e¨envi K‡i wkÿK I wkÿv_x©‡`i djvdj Zzjbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq G `yB `‡ji †¯‹v‡i Zvrch©c~Y©
cv_©K¨ †bB (p=0.097)|
M) Aej¤^b cÖ`vb hvPvB‡q e¨eüZ cÖkœmg~‡ni me©‡gvU †¯‹vi wb‡q ANOVA Test e¨envi K‡i wkÿK
I wkÿv_x©‡`i djvdj Zzjbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, G `yB `‡ji †¯‹v‡i Zvrch©c~Y© cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q
(p=0.004)| cÖ‡kœvËwiKv `ywUi c„_K we‡køl‡YI Abyiƒc dj †`Lv †M‡Q - Rwi‡c AskMÖnYKvix
wkÿKM‡Yi AwaKvskB wkÿv_x©‡`i cÖ‡qvR‡b wewfbœ cÖKvi Aej¤^b cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡Kb e‡j
Rvwb‡q‡Qb; wKš‘ D‡jøL‡hvM¨msL¨K wkÿv_x©i Z_¨ †_‡K cÖZxqgvb n‡q‡Q †h, Zv‡`i wkÿKMY
wkL‡b h‡_ó Aej¤^b cÖ`vb K‡ib bv|
N) cÖwZôvb-ewnf©~Z AwfÁZv hvPvB‡q e¨eüZ cÖkœmg~‡ni me©‡gvU †¯‹vi wb‡q ANOVA Test e¨envi
K‡i wkÿK I wkÿv_x©‡`i djvdj Zzjbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq G `y `‡ji †¯‹v‡i Zvrch©c~Y© cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q
(p =0.04)| wKš‘ cÖ‡kœvËwiKv `ywUi c„_K we‡køl‡Y †`Lv †M‡Q - Rwi‡c AskMÖnYKvix wkÿKM‡Yi
GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Ask wkÿv_x©‡`i cÖwZôvb-ewnf~©Z AwfÁZvi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ Kivi †Zgb †Kv‡bv
my‡hvM cvb bv e‡j Rvwb‡q‡Qb; D‡jøL‡hvM¨msL¨K wkÿv_x©i Z_¨ †_‡KI g‡b n‡q‡Q †h Zv‡`i
wkÿKMY wkL‡b cÖwZôvb-ewnf©~Z AwfÁZv m¤ú„³ Kivi Rb¨ h‡_ó D‡`¨vM MÖnY K‡ib bv ev Ki‡Z
cv‡ib bv|
cÖwZwU we`¨vj‡qi wbev©wPZ 2 Rb wkÿ‡Ki †¯‹v‡ii Mo I mswkøó 30 Rb wkÿv_x©i †¯‹v‡ii M‡oi
g‡a¨ mn-m¤úK© wbY©q Kiv n‡q‡Q (wPÎ bs 12)| wbYx©Z mn-m¤úK© 0.098| ZvB eZ©gvb M‡elYvq
mvgvwRK weÁvb †kªYxK‡ÿ wkÿK‡`i mvgvwRK MVbev` PPv©i mv‡_ wkÿv_x©‡`i wkL‡b mvgwRK
MVbev‡`i f~wgKvi Zvrch©c~Y© †Kv‡bv m¤úK© Lyu‡R cvIqv hvq bv|
wPÎ bs:12 we`¨vjqwfwËK wkÿK I mswkøó wkÿv_x©i †¯‹v‡ii M‡oi mn-m¤úK©
mswkøó wkÿv_x©‡`i Mo †¯‹vi
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
70
72
74
76
78
80
82
84
we`¨vjqwfwËK wkÿv_x©‡`i Mo †¯‹vi
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 17
mvgvwRK weÁvb wel‡q ¯‹z‡ji cÖ_g mvgwqK I lvb¥vwmK cixÿvq wkÿv_x©‡`i AwR©Z b¤^i we‡kølY
Ki‡j wb‡Pi QKwU (QK bs 1) cvIqv hvq:
QK bs 1: mvgvwRK weÁvb wel‡q ¯‹z‡ji cixÿvq wkÿv_x©‡`i AwR©Z Mo b¤^i
cixÿv
†gvU b¤^i
Mo b¤^i
m‡ev©”P b¤^i
me©wbgœ b¤^i
Av`k© wePz¨wZ
cÖ_g mvgwqK
100
69
92
28
13
lvb¥vwmK
100
70
94
32
13
wbev©wPZ 10wU ¯‹z‡ji cÖwZwU‡Z `yBRb K‡i wkÿ‡Ki AwR©Z †¯‹v‡ii Mo I mvgvwRK weÁvb cixÿvq
H ¯‹z‡ji wkÿv_x©‡`i cÖvß b¤^‡ii M‡oi g‡a¨ Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation wbY©q K‡i
`ye©j FYvZœK mn-m¤úK© (r = -0.105) cvIqv †M‡Q (wPÎ bs 13)| A_v©r †kªYxK‡ÿ wkÿ‡Ki
mvgwRK MVbev` PPv©i gvÎv wkÿv_x©‡`i cixÿvi djvdj‡K Zvrch©c~Y©fv‡e cÖfvweZ Ki‡Q bv|
¯‹‡j
z i cixÿvq wkÿv_x‡`© i AwRZ
© Mo
wPÎ bs 13 : ¯‹z‡ji wkÿ‡Ki †¯‹vi I mvgvwRK weÁvb cixÿvq wkÿv_x©‡`i b¤^‡ii mn-m¤úK©
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
70
72
74
76
78
80
82
84
mswkóø ¯‹‡zji wk¶K‡`i AwRZ
© Mo †¯‹vi
wkÿvµwgK I †fŠZ Dcv`v‡bi †PKwj÷ †_‡K cÖvß DcvË
wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwU we`¨vjq I mvgvwRK weÁvb †kªYxKÿ ch©‡eÿY K‡i mvgvwRK MVbev` PPv©q mnvqK
wkÿvµwgK I †fŠZ welqvewj msµvšÍ 25wU AvB‡U‡gi GKwU †PKwj÷ c~iY Kiv n‡q‡Q| Gi g‡a¨
9wU wQj wkÿvµwgK Dcv`vb Ges 16wU wQj †fŠZ Dcv`vb| G‡Z †gvU †¯‹vi aiv n‡q‡Q 25|
msM„nxZ Z_¨ QK bs 2-G cÖ`wk©Z n‡jv:
18 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx
QK bs 2: we`¨vjqmg~‡n we`¨gvb wkÿvµwgK I †fŠZ Dcv`v‡bi †¯‹vi
¯‹z‡ji †¯‹vi
Mo †¯‹vi
¯‹zj bs
wkÿvµwgK
Dcv`vb (9)
†fŠZ Dcv`vb
(16)
†gvU (25) wkÿv-µwgK
1
3
12
15
2
4
11
15
3
5
11
16
4
3
7
10
4.4
5
6
11
17
(48.9%)
6
4
5
9
7
5
10
15
8
5
6
11
9
4
13
17
10
5
9
14
†fŠZ
†gvU
9.5
13.9
(59.4%) (55.6%)
Rwi‡c AšÍ©fy³ 10wU we`¨vj‡qi g‡a¨ 2wU(20%) we`¨vj‡q mvgvwRK weÁv‡b welqwfwËK wkÿK
wb‡qvwRZ †bB| gvÎ 1wU (10%) we`¨vj‡qi wkÿv_©xiv g‡b K‡i †h, mvgvwRK weÁvb cvV¨cy¯Í‡K
wel‡qi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z AvKl©Yxq Qwe hy³ Av‡Q| †Kv‡bv ¯‹z‡jB wkÿv_x©iv Aa¨q‡bi Rb¨ Kw¤úDUvi
I B›Uvi‡bU e¨envi Kivi my‡hvM cvq bv| †Kv‡bv ¯‹z‡jB †kªYxK‡ÿ †Uwej-†Pqvi¸‡jv e„ËvKv‡i
mvRv‡bv †bB| †Kv‡bv ¯‹z‡jB †kªYxK‡ÿ eB‡qi †Kv‡bv msMÖn †bB| 6wU (60%) we`¨vj‡qi njiæ‡g
wkÿv_x©‡`i `jxq ev e¨w³MZ KvR cÖ`wk©Z nq Ges gvÎ 4wU (40%) we`¨vj‡qi †kªYxK‡ÿ Giƒc
e¨e¯’v Av‡Q|
msM„nxZ Dcv‡Ë †`Lv hvq, wkÿvµwgK I †fŠZ Dcv`vb 25wUi g‡a¨ ¯‹zj¸‡jvi AwR©Z †¯‹vi me©wbgœ
9 Ges m‡e©v”P 17 Ges Mo †¯‹vi 13.9 (55.6%)| wkÿvµwgK 9wU Dcv`v‡bi Mo †¯‹vi 4.4
(48.9%) Ges †fŠZ 16wU Dcv`v‡bi Mo †¯‹vi 9.5 (59.4%)| G‡Z cÖZxqgvb nq †h, mvgvwRK
MVbev` PP©vi Rb¨ ¯‹zj¸‡jv‡Z wkÿvµwgK I †fŠZ myweavw` chv©ß cwigv‡Y we`¨gvb †bB Ges
wkÿvµwgK Dcv`v‡bi Afve †fŠZ Dcv`v‡bi Zzjbvq AwaK|
M‡elYvq AšÍfy©³ we`¨vjq¸‡jv‡Z wkÿvµwgK I †fŠZ Dcv`v‡bi †¯‹vi I mswkøó we`¨vj‡qi
wkÿKMY KZ„©K c~iYK…Z cÖ‡kœvËwiKvq AwR©Z Mo †gvU †¯‹v‡ii mn-m¤úK© wbY©q K‡i †`Lv hvq,
¯‹z‡ji wkÿK‡`i mvgvwRK MVbev` PP©vi †¯‹vi Ges ¯‹y‡ji wkÿvµwgK I †fŠZ Dcv`v‡bi †¯‹v‡ii
g‡a¨ GKwU `ye©j mn-m¤úK© we`¨gvb (wPÎ bs 14, r = 0.027)| A_©vr ¯‹zj¸‡jv‡Z we`¨gvb
wkÿvµwgK I †fŠZ myweavw`i gvÎv mvgvwRK MVbev` PPv©q †Zgb f~wgKv ivL‡Q bv|
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 19
wPÎ bs 14 : wkÿK‡`i Mo †¯‹vi I ¯‹z‡ji wkÿvµwgK I †fŠZ Dcv`v†bi †¯‹vi-Gi mn-m¤úK©
18
wkÿvµwgK I †fŠZ Dcv`v†bi †¯‹vi
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
70
72
74
76
78
80
82
wk¶K‡`i Mo †¯‹vi
e¨w³MZ ch©‡eÿY
Rwi‡c AšÍfy©³ wkÿKMY KZ…©K cÖ`Ë Z_¨ chv©‡jvPbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, mvgvwRK weÁvb wel‡q
wkÿKMY †kªYxK‡ÿ m‡šÍvlRbK gvÎvq mvgvwRK MVbev` cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Qb| GwU Zuviv mvgvwRK
MVbev` m¤ú‡K© †R‡b m‡PZbfv‡e K‡ib, bvwK wb‡RivB wb‡R‡`i wkÿY-†KŠkj wVK K‡i wb‡q
K‡ib GB Rwic †_‡K Zv wbY©q Kiv m¤¢e bq| M‡elK DcvË msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ cÖwZwU we`¨vjq
cwi`k©‡bi mgq †h e¨w³MZ AwfÁZv I aviYv jvf K‡ib †mwUi mv‡_ GB djvdj m½wZc~Y© bq|
ev¯Í‡e mymsMwVZ c×wZ‡Z †kªYxK‡ÿ mvgvwRK MVbev‡`i PPv©i gvÎv †gv‡UI m‡šÍvlRbK bq|
cÖ‡kœvËwiKvq Z_¨ cÖ`vb Ki‡Z wM‡q wkÿKMY cy‡ivcywi e¯‘wbô wQ‡jb e‡j g‡b nq wb| ZvQvov
wkÿK‡`i cÖ`Ë Z‡_¨i aib †_‡K mvgvwRK MVbev` m¤ú‡K© Zuv‡`i A‡b‡KiB my¯úó aviYv †bB
e‡jB g‡b nq|
wkÿK‡`i KvQ †_‡K cÖ‡kœvËwiKvi gva¨‡g Z_¨ msMÖn Kivi mgq g‡b n‡q‡Q, A‡b‡K cÖ‡kœi ¸iæZ¡
ey‡S mwVK Z_¨ cÖ`v‡bi †P‡q †ewk †¯‹vi Kivi j‡ÿ¨ AwaK †¯‹v‡ii N‡i `vM †`Iqvi cÖwZB †ewk
AvMÖnx wQ‡jb| D`vniY¯^iƒc ejv hvq, cÖ‡kœvËwiKvi cÖ_g cÖkœwU wQj: mvgvwRK MVbev` (Social
Constructivism) m¤ú‡K© Avcbvi aviYv wK gvÎvq i‡q‡Q? cÖ‡kœvËwiKvi wØZxq cÖ‡kœ Rvb‡Z PvIqv
n‡qwQj wbgœ-gva¨wgK ¯Í‡i mvgvwRK weÁvb wkÿ‡Y wkÿ‡Ki f~wgKvB †ewk wKbv| D‡jøL¨, G cÖkœwUi
Dˇi †¯‹vi ivLv n‡qwQj wecixZgyLx| cÖ_g cÖ‡kœi Dˇi gvÎ 2 Rb Ô†gv‡UI bvÕ, 3 Rb Ômvgvb¨Õ, 8
Rb ÔwKQzUvÕ Ges 7 Rb Ôm¤ú~Y©Õ aviYv Av‡Q e‡j Rvwb‡q‡Qb| A_P wØZxq cÖ‡kœi Dˇi gvÎ 2 Rb
e‡j‡Qb Ô†gv‡UI bvÕ, 1 Rb Ômvgvb¨Ô, 8 Rb ÔwKQzUvÕ Ges 9 Rb Ôm¤ú~Y©Õ| jÿYxq †h, cÖ_g cÖ‡kœi
Dˇi †h 7 Rb Ôm¤ú~Y©Õ aviYv i‡q‡Q e‡j Rvwb‡q‡Qb Zuv‡`i 3 Rb wØZxq cÖ‡kœi Rev‡e Ô†gv‡UI bvÕ
Ges 4 Rb Ômvgvb¨Õ Reve w`‡q‡Qb| GB cÖ‡kœi wfwˇZ cÖvß Z_¨ cÖgvY K‡i †h, mvgvwRK MVbev`
m¤ú‡K© wkÿK‡`i aviYv †gv‡UB ¯úó bq Ges Zuviv e¯‘wbôfv‡e cÖ‡kœi Z_¨ mieivn K‡ib wb| eis
20 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx
bv Rvbv‡K wb‡R‡`i `ye©jZv a‡i wb‡q Zvuiv †mB `ye©jZv‡K Avovj Kivi cÖqvm †c‡q‡Qb| Ab¨w`‡K,
wkÿv_©x‡`i KvQ †_‡K cÖ‡kœvËwiKvi gva¨‡g Z_¨ msMÖn Kivi mgq †`Lv †M‡Q, †ewki fvM †ÿ‡Î
wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡b mskq wQj Zv‡`i †`qv Z_¨¸‡jv mswkøó wkÿK †`L‡eb wKbv| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †ÿ‡Î
wkÿv_©x‡`i KvQ †_‡K Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni mgq mswkøó mvgvwRK weÁvb wkÿK †kªYxK‡ÿ Dcw¯’Z †_‡K
wkÿv_©x‡`i Kv‡Q wM‡q †`LwQ‡jb| d‡j wkÿv_©xiv m¤¢eZ wbf©‡q Z_¨ mieivn Ki‡Z cv‡i wb|
mvgvwRK MVbev` m¤ú‡K© chv©ß Áv‡bi Afve _vK‡jI wkÿv_x©‡`i h_vh_ wkL‡bi Rb¨ ¯‹z‡j
mvgvwRK weÁvb wkÿK‡`i ˆ`wbK K¬vm msL¨v (7 wcwiq‡Wi g‡a¨ M‡o 5 wcwiqW) Ges wcwiq‡Wi
mgqmxgv evav m„wó Ki‡Q e‡j gZvgZ iv‡Lb AwaKvsk wkÿK| eZ©gv‡b cÖPwjZ ¯‹zj-†eBRW
G‡mmg¨v›U (Gm.we.G)-Gi Kvi‡Y wkÿKM‡Yi Kv‡Ri Pvc †e‡o †M‡Q hv †kªYxK‡ÿ Zuv‡`i
¯^vfvweK cvV`vb‡K e¨vnZ Ki‡Q e‡jI gšÍe¨ K‡ib †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv wkÿK| ZvQvov, ch©vß wkÿv
DcKiY I Ab¨vb¨ my‡hvM-myweaviI NvUwZ i‡q‡Q| M‡o 60 Rb wkÿv_©xi †kªYxK‡ÿ GKRb
wkÿ‡Ki c‡ÿ mvgvwRK MVbev` cÖ‡qvM djcÖm~ n‡Z cv‡i bv| ZvQvov wkÿK wb‡qv‡Mi †ÿ‡ÎI ÎæwU
†`Lv hvq| †emiKvwi GKwU ¯‹z‡j ÔBs‡iwR mvwn‡Z¨Õ Abvm© I gv÷vm© wWwMÖavix e¨w³ Ges Ab¨ GKwU
¯‹z‡j Ôwkï ea©b I cvwievwiK m¤úK©Õ wel‡q Abvm© I gv÷vm© wWwMÖavix e¨w³ mvgvwRK weÁvb wel‡qi
wkÿK wn‡m‡e wb‡qvwRZ i‡q‡Qb| †hLv‡b mvgvwRK weÁvb GKwU mgwš^Z welq †m‡ÿ‡Î mvgvwRK
weÁv‡bi AšÍfy©³ welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© whwb covïbv K‡ib wb wZwb mvgvwRK weÁvb wel‡qi wkÿK
wn‡m‡e KZUzKz mdj n‡eb Zv wb‡q h‡_ó m‡›`‡ni AeKvk i‡q‡Q| ZvQvov wbe©vwPZ ¯‹zj¸‡jvi
mvgvwRK weÁvb wkÿK‡`i KvQ †_‡K wkÿK wb‡`©wkKv Ges Gi e¨env‡ii ¸iæZ¡ m¤ú‡K© BwZevPK
mvov cvIqv hvq wb| Ab¨w`‡K wKQz BwZevPK welqI bR‡i c‡o‡Q| †hgb: GKRb wkÿK Zvui
†kªYxKÿ‡K cÖvYešÍ Ki‡Z weZ‡K©i Av‡qvR‡bi cÖ¯‘wZ wn‡m‡e ZvrÿwYKfv‡e c‡KU †_‡K KvW© †ei
K‡i †`Lvb, †hLv‡b mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi wewfbœ wel‡qi D‡jøL wQj| ZvQvov GKwU we`¨vj‡q mßv‡n
GKw`b wUwdb wcwiq‡Wi cieZ©x K¬vm¸‡jv ÔnvDmÕ wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq| †mLv‡b wkÿv_©xiv
cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki evB‡i wewfbœ Kg©m~wP‡Z wb‡R‡`i‡K e¨¯Í ivLvi my‡hvM cvq|
wm×všÍ
mvgvwRK weÁvb wkÿvi jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ Ges Gi welqmg~‡ni Kvi‡YB wkÿvi Ab¨vb¨ ¯Í‡ii gZ wbgœgva¨wgK ¯Í‡iI mvgvwRK weÁvb wkÿ‡Yi ¸iæZ¡ GLb wek¦e¨vcx ¯^xK…Z (Maleq, 2002)| wkÿv_©x‡`i
g‡a¨ mvgvwRK weÁvb wkÿvi jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ KZUzKz AwR©Z n‡e Zv cÖavbZ wbf©i K‡i †kªYxK‡ÿ
Dchy³ c×wZ e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g wkÿY cÖwµqvi Ici| Ab¨w`‡K, mvgvwRK MVbev‡`i g~j K_v
n‡jv-wkÿv_©xi wkL‡bi Rb¨ wkÿKMY mbvZb c×wZ‡Z cvV¨cy¯ÍK I e³…Zvi Ici wbf©ikxj bv n‡q
wkÿv_x©i g‡b Áv‡bi DrcwË, msMVb I weKv‡ki Dcvq m¤ú‡K© †R‡b wkÿv_x©i Ávb MV‡bi cÖwµqvq
mnvqK f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡eb|
ÔmbvZbÕ wkLb-wkÿY KvVv‡gv †_‡K mvgvwRK MVbev` A‡bKUvB wfbœ| mvgvwRK MVbev‡` Ávb
MV‡b mvgvwRK wg_w¯Œqv‡K ¸iæZ¡ †`Iqv nq| GB G‡cÖvPwU wkÿv_©x-†Kw›`ªK, wkÿKMY †mLv‡b
GKRb MvB‡Wi f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib gvÎ| †kªYxK‡ÿ mvgvwRK MVbev` cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g †kªYxKÿ‡K
wkÿv_©xi Rb¨ wkLb-evÜe K‡i ¸YMZ wkÿv wbwðZ Kiv m¤¢e| †ek wKQz M‡elYvq G welqwU
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 21
my¯úófv‡e cÖgvwYZ n‡q‡Q †h †kªYxK‡ÿ mvgvwRK MVbev` wkÿvi ¸YMZ gv‡b Zvrch©c~Y© Dbœqb
NUv‡Z cv‡i (nvwee I Ab¨vb¨, 2007; Strommen and Bruce Lincoln, 1998; Gillani, B. B.,
2003)|
XvKv kn‡ii wbev©wPZ `kwU ¯‹zj, †mLv‡b Kg©iZ Aóg †kªYxi mvgvwRK weÁvb wel‡qi wek Rb wkÿK
I Zuv‡`i mv‡_ mswkøó wZb kZ Rb wkÿv_x© wb‡q cwiPvwjZ Rwic M‡elYvq cÖvß DcvË we‡køl‡Y †`Lv
hvq K) Rwi‡ci AvIZvaxb ¯‹zj¸‡jv‡Z Aóg †kªYx‡Z mvgvwRK weÁvb wel‡q mvgvwRK MVbev‡`i
cÖ‡qvM m‡šÍvlRbK chv©‡q Av‡Q| Z‡e,GwU Zuviv mvgvwRK MVbev` m¤ú‡K© †R‡b
m‡PZbfv‡e K‡ib, bvwK wb‡RivB wb‡R‡`i wkÿY†KŠkj wVK K‡i wb‡q K‡ib GB Rwic
†_‡K Zv wbY©q Kiv m¤¢e bq| Rwi‡ci djvd‡j wkÿKM‡Yi †RÛvi, Zv‡`i wkÿvMZ
†hvM¨Zv, †ckvMZ cÖwkÿY wKsev Zuv‡`i ˆ`wbK M‡o †bIqv cv‡Vi msL¨vi †Kv‡bv Zvrch©c~Y©
cÖfve cwijwÿZ nq wb|
wkÿKMY wkÿv_x©‡`i cÖ‡qvR‡b wewfbœ cÖKvi Aej¤^b cÖ`vb K‡ib e‡j Rvbv‡jI
D‡jøL‡hvM¨-msL¨K wkÿv_x©i g‡Z wkÿKMY Zuv‡`i wkL‡b h‡_ó Aej¤^b cÖ`vb K‡ib bv|
ZvQvov †kªYxK‡ÿi wkL‡b cÖwZôvb-ewnf©~Z AwfÁZv m¤ú„³ Kivi welqwU m‡šÍvlRbK bq|
L) †kªYxK‡ÿ wkÿ‡Ki mvgwRK MVbev` PPv©i gvÎv wkÿv_x©‡`i cixÿvi djvdj‡K Zvrch©c~Y
fv‡e cÖfvweZ Ki‡Q bv|
M) mvgvwRK MVbev` PP©vi Rb¨ ¯‹zj¸‡jv‡Z wkÿvµwgK I †fŠZ myweavw` chv©ß cwigv‡Y
we`¨gvb †bB Ges wkÿvµwgK Dcv`v‡bi Afve †fŠZ Dcv`v‡bi Zzjbvq AwaKZi cÖKU|
N) ¯‹y‡ji wkÿvµwgK Dcv`v‡b NvUwZ _vK‡jI Zv ¯‹z‡j mvgvwRK MVbev` PP©vq †Zgb cÖfve
†dj‡Q bv|
O) ¯‹y‡ji †fŠZ Dcv`v‡bi cwigvY ¯‹z‡j mvgvwRK MVbev` PP©vq †Zgb cÖfve †dj‡Q bv|
mycvwik
DcvË we‡kølY I djvd‡ji wfwˇZ evsjv‡`‡ki wbgœ-gva¨wgK ¯Í‡i mvgvwRK weÁvb wel‡q
mvgvwRK MVbev` cÖ‡qvM K‡i wkÿv_x©‡`i G wel‡qi cÖwZ AvMÖnx K‡i †Zvjvi cÖqv‡m wb‡gœv³
mycvwik¸‡jv Kiv n‡jvÑ
1. mvgvwRK MVbev` m¤ú‡K© wkÿK‡`i cÖwkÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g AeMZ Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|
2. mvgvwRK weÁvb wkÿK wb‡qv‡M mvgvwRK weÁvb-mswkøó wel‡q mb`cÖv߇`i wbe©vPb Kiv
cÖ‡qvRb|
3. hy‡Mvc‡hvMx wkÿK wb‡`©wkKv cÖYqb I mieivn K‡i wkÿKMY †hb Zv AbymiY K‡ib Zv
wbwðZ Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|
4. cvV¨cy¯Í‡K Z‡_¨i Dc¯’vcbv Av‡iv g‡bvMÖnx I wPËvKl©K Ki‡Z n‡e|
22 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx
5. wkÿv_x©‡`i `jMZfv‡e KvR Kivi my‡hvM m„wó Ki‡Z n‡e|
6. ¯‹z‡j jvB‡eªwi Ges Kw¤úDUvi I B›Uvi‡bUmn AvaywbK cÖhyw³i e¨env‡ii my‡hvM m„wói
gva¨‡g wkÿv_x©‡`i m„RbkxjZv‡K DrmvwnZ Kivi Rb¨ Kvh©µg MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|
7. cÖwZôvb-ewnf©~Z AwfÁZv m¤ú„³ Kivi e¨vcv‡i wkÿKMY wkÿv cÖwZôv‡bi KZ©„c‡ÿi Kv‡Q
welqwUi ¸iæZ¡ Zz‡j a‡i G wel‡q h_vm¤¢e cÖ‡qvRbxq c`‡ÿc MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
8. eZ©gv‡b cÖPwjZ 30, 35 ev 40 wgwb‡Ui mxwgZ wcwiqW-wfwËK wkÿY e¨e¯’vq mvgvwRK
MVbev` Kvh©Kifv‡e PPv© Kiv m¤¢e bq| GRb¨ ¯‹z‡ji mgqUzKz wKfv‡e e¨eüZ n‡e †m
e¨vcv‡i GKwU bgbxq iæwUb cÖYq‡bi e¨e¯’v _vKv cÖ‡qvRb|
we‡kl mycvwik
evsjv‡`‡ki wbgœ-gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii mvgvwRK weÁvb †kªYxK‡ÿ mvgvwRK MVbev` PP©vi gvÎv hvPvB‡qi
Rb¨ †h `ywU †¯‹j ˆZwi Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv mgq I Avw_©K mxgve×Zvi Kvi‡Y Av`k©vwqZ Kiv m¤¢e nq wb|
myZivs e¨vcK msL¨K bgybv I c` (AvB‡Ug) e¨envi K‡i †¯‹jwU Av`k©vwqZ K‡i †bIqv DwPZ|
ewntch©‡eÿKMY Øviv †¯‹jwUi wbf©i‡hvM¨Zv hvPvB Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i hv‡Z djvd‡ji wbf©i‡hvM¨Zv
eRvq _v‡K |
†h‡nZz eZ©gvb Rwic M‡elYvwU †QvU AvKv‡ii (XvKv kn‡ii gvÎ `kwU miKvwi I †emiKvwi
gva¨wgK we`¨vjq‡K †K›`ª K‡i) bgybv e¨envi K‡i cwiPvjbv Kiv n‡q‡Q, myZivs wewfbœ mxgve×Zv
we‡ePbvq †i‡L M‡elYvi djvdj mZK©Zvi mv‡_ MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|
M‡elYv Kv‡R †Kej Aóg †kªYxi mvgvwRK weÁvb wkÿK, wkÿv_©x I †kªYxKÿ e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q
†hLv‡b wbgœ-gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii Ab¨vb¨ †kªYxi wPÎ cÖwZdwjZ nq bv| myZivs fwel¨‡Z GB wel‡qi Ici
wbgœ-gva¨wg‡Ki wZbwU †kªYx‡KB (lô, mßg I Aóg) AšÍf©y³ K‡i M‡elYv Kiv DwPZ| mvgvwRK
MVbev` wKfv‡e wkÿv_©xi wkLb‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i Zv cixÿvg~jK M‡elYvi gva¨‡g wbav©iY Kiv
m¤¢e| myZivs, fwel¨‡Z GB wel‡qi Ici Zzjbvg~jK cixÿvg~jK wWRvB‡b M‡elYv cwiPvjbv Kiv
DwPZ|
Dcmsnvi
wkÿvq mvgvwRK MVbev‡`i cÖ‡qvM Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e GKwU mv¤cÖwZK cÖZ¨q Ges DbœZ we‡k¦ MZ
K‡qK `kK a‡i †kªYxK‡ÿ G gZev` cÖ‡qvM K‡i wkÿv Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvi D‡`¨vM ïiæ n‡q‡Q|
wKš‘ Avgv‡`i †`‡k G ai‡bi D‡`¨vM Lye GKUv †Pv‡L c‡o bv| †mB w`KwU we‡ePbvq †i‡L eZ©gvb
M‡elYvq evsjv‡`‡ki wbgœ-gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii mvgvwRK weÁvb †kªYxK‡ÿ mvgvwRK MVbev`-Gi
Ae¯’vb AbymÜvb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
evsjv‡`‡ki cÖv_wgK I gva¨wgK ¯Í‡i wkÿvi ¸YMZ gvb Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ miKvwi I †emiKvwi wewfbœ
Kg©m~wP †`‡ki _vbv, †Rjv, wefvM ev ivóªxq ch©v‡q cwiPvwjZ n‡”Q| Ab¨w`‡K ¸YMZ wkÿv‡K
wbwðZ Kivi †ÿ‡Î GKwU Ab¨Zg Dcv`vb nj †kªYxK‡ÿ mvgvwRK MVbev` cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g
†kªYxKÿ‡K wkÿv_©xi Rb¨ wkLb-evÜe K‡i †Zvjv| G ai‡bi cwi‡ek m„wói Rb¨ wkÿ‡Ki mvgvwRK
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 23
MVbev` Ges Gi cÖ‡qvM m¤ú‡K© ch©vß Ávb _vK‡Z n‡e| Rwi‡c cÖvß DcvË we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq,
eZ©gv‡b G‡`‡ki wkÿKMY Zuv‡`i Rvbv Ges ARvbvq †kªYxK‡ÿ m‡šÍvlRbK gvÎvq mvgvwRK
MVbev` PP©v Ki‡Qb| mvgvwRK MVbev` PP©vq Zuviv wewfbœ Amyweav I NvUwZ wPwýZ K‡ib| ZvQvov,
we`¨gvb wkÿvµwgK (eZ©gvb cvV¨cy¯ÍK) I †fŠZ Dcv`vb GB †kªYxK‡ÿ mvgvwRK MVbev` cÖ‡qv‡M
Avkvbyiƒc mnvqK f~wgKv ivL‡Z cvi‡Q bv|
Z_¨m~wP
Lvb, †gv. jy. i. I gv‡jK, Av. (2000), mvgvwRK weÁvb wkÿY, gva¨wgK wkÿv Dbœqb cÖKí, XvKv|
MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb|
cwigvwR©Z I bevqbK…Z evsjv‡`k RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨m~wP cÖYqb KwgwUi wi‡cvU©; cÖ_g LÐ: wbgœgva¨wgK ¯Íi; RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW©; 1995; XvKv|
gva¨wgK mvgvwRK weÁvb cÖwkÿY g¨vbyqvj, wkÿK‡`i welqwfwËK cÖwkÿY cvBjU †cÖvMÖvg, wUwKD AvB
†cÖv‡R±, wkÿv gš¿Yvjq, gva¨wgK I D”P wkÿv Awa`ßi, XvKv, 2007|
gv‡jK, Av. †eMg, g. Bmjvg, d. Ges wiqv`, †k.kv. (2007); wkÿvweÁvb I evsjv‡`‡k wkÿv; evsjv‡`k
wek¦we`¨vjq gÄywi Kwgkb, XvKv|
iv‡mj, evU©ªvÛ (2007), wkÿv I mgvR KvVv‡gv, Abyev`: Avikv` AvwRR, Aemi cÖKvk, XvKv|
nvwee, Gg., Bmjvg, Gg.G., Avnmvb, Gm. (2007); wkLb, g~j¨ hvPvB Ges cÖwZdjbg~jK Abykxjb; wgZv
†UªWvm©, XvKv|
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September, 2008.
Brandwein, Paul F (1971). Principles and Practices in the Teaching of Social Sciences. California State
Department of Education.
Brooks, J. G., & Brooks, M. G. (1993). In search of understanding: The case for constructivist
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Brown, Robert G. (1999). Middle school social studies in the cognitive revolution. The Clearing
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Dewey, John. (1938). Experience & Education. New York: Touchstone.
Fosnot, C. T. (1996). æConstructivism: A Psychological Theory of Learning.” In Constructivism:
Theory, Perspectives and Practice, ed. C. T. Fosnot, 8–33. New York: Teachers College Press.
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evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 25
MÖvgxY wbgœ-gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii wkÿv_x©‡`i AvPiwYK mgm¨v
Ges we`¨vjq K…wZ‡Z¡i mv‡_ Gi m¤úK©
gynv¤§` gvneye †gv‡k©
`*
**
my‡giv Avnmvb
mvims‡ÿc
MÖvgxY wbgœ-gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡a¨ wewfbœ AvPiwYK mgm¨vi (behavioral
difficulties) gvÎv (prevalence) Ges G¸‡jvi mv‡_ we`¨vjq K…wZ‡Z¡i m¤úK© wbY©q Kivi
Rb¨ GB M‡elYvwU cwiPvjbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| AvPiwYK mgm¨vi †ÿ‡Î †RÛvi cv_©K¨ AbymÜvb
KivI GB M‡elYvi GKwU D‡Ïk¨ wQj| M‡elYvwU 2wU ˆ`ePwqZ MÖvgxY gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi
7g I 8g †kªYxi 292 Rb wkÿv_x©‡`i AskMÖn‡Y cwiPvjbv Kiv nq †hLv‡b †Q‡j Ges †g‡qi
msL¨v wQj h_vµ‡g 133 Ges 159| AvPiwYK mgm¨v cwigv‡ci Rb¨ mejZv I `ye©jZv
wbYv©qK cÖkœgvjv (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire [SDQ]) Ges we`¨vjq K…wZZ¡
cwigv‡ci Rb¨ we`¨vj‡qi c~e©eZx© cixÿvmg~‡ni b¤^i e¨envi Kiv nq| M‡elYvi djvdj
†_‡K †`Lv hvq, cÖvq 21% wkÿv_x© SDQ †¯‹j Abyhvqx nq A¯^vfvweK (abnormal) A_ev
mxgvbv‡iLv (borderline) AvPiY `‡j Ae¯’vb Ki‡Q| †Q‡j Ges †g‡qiv GKB ai‡bi
AvPiwYK mgm¨vi wee„wZ w`‡q‡Q Ges `yÕ`jB Ab¨vb¨ AvPiwYK †ÿθ‡jvi Zzjbvq
Zvrch©c~Y© D”PgvÎvi Av‡ewMK mgm¨v (emotional problem) Ges wbgœgvÎvi KÛv± mgm¨vi
(conduct problem) cÖwZ wb‡`©k K‡i‡Q| Z‡e †g‡q‡`i Av‡ewMK Ges mncvVx‡`i mv‡_
AvPiYmsµvšÍ mgm¨v †Q‡j‡`i Zzjbvq †ewk, Ab¨w`‡K †Q‡j‡`i AwZPv‡j¨i
(hyperactivity) gvb †g‡q‡`i †P‡q †ewk cvIqv †M‡Q| hw`I †g‡q‡`i mvwe©K AvPiwYK
mgm¨vi gvb †Q‡j‡`i †P‡q †ewk, wKš‘ GB cv_©K¨wU Zvrch©c~Y© bq| AvPiwYK mgm¨vi
cÖwZwU †ÿ‡Îi mv‡_ we`¨vjq K…wZ‡Z¡i GKwU `ye©j wKš‘ wecixZagx© Zvrch©c~Y© m¤úK©
we`¨gvb e‡j M‡elYvi djvd‡j †`Lv †M‡Q †hLv‡b KÛv± mgm¨v Ges Av‡ewMK mgm¨v
h_vµ‡g m‡ev©”P Ges me©wbgœ gvÎvq we`¨vjq K…wZ‡Z¡i mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³| Gme djvd‡ji
Zvrch© Ges G †_‡K cieZx© M‡elYvi Rb¨ cÖvß w`Kwb‡`©kbvI G wbe‡Ü Av‡jvPbv Kiv
n‡q‡Q|
*
cÖfvlK, wkÿv Dbœqb Bbw÷wUDU, eª¨vK wek¦we`¨vjq Ges LÐKvjxb cÖfvlK, wkÿv I M‡elYv Bbw÷wUDU, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq|
KgbI‡qj_ ¯‹jvi 2008-2009| B-†gBj: [email protected]
**
cÖfvlK, wkÿv I M‡elYv Bbw÷wUDU, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq|
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 27
f~wgKv
weKvk g‡bvweÁv‡bi g~j AvMÖ‡ni Ab¨Zg GKwU †K›`ªwe›`y nj ˆkkeKvjxb AvPiwYK mgm¨v msµvšÍ
M‡elYv (Achenabch, Howell, McCanaughy & Stanger, 1995)| mgm¨vi gvÎv, e¨w³MZ I
mvgvwRK †fvMvwšÍ Ges †ewkifvM Awfbe †KŠk‡ji cÖwZ cÖwZ‡ivag~jK g‡bvfv‡ei gvÎv‡K we‡ePbv
Ki‡j †`Lv hvq †h, Ab¨vb¨ mgm¨vi Zzjbvq AvPiwYK Ges we`¨vjq K…wZZ¡msµvšÍ mgm¨vmg~nB
ˆkk‡ei †ewk ¸iæZ¡c~Y© mgm¨v (Kazdin, 1987; Taylor, 1988)| M‡elYvi mvieËv †_‡K GI
cÖZxqgvb nq †h, we`¨vjq-co–qv wkÿv_x©‡`i g‡a¨ AwZPvÂj¨, Ag‡bv‡hvwMZv (inattentiveness),
Ges Lvg‡Lqvwjcbv (impulsivity)- Gme AvPiwYK mgm¨v h‡_ó cwigv‡Y we`¨gvb (Place, Wilson,
Martin & Hulsmeier, 2000; Adams & Snowling, 2001)| DbœZ †`k¸‡jv‡Z wkï gb¯ÍvwË¡K
e¨vwa¸‡jv †hцKv‡bv eqmx Kgc‡ÿ 10-20% wkïi ¸iæZi welv`MÖ¯ÍZv Ges mvgvwRK
cÖwZeÜxZvi KviY n‡q `uvovq (Bird, 1996)| AviI g‡b Kiv nq †h, GB gvÎvwU Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki
wkï‡`i †ÿ‡Î D”PZi A_ev Kgc‡ÿ mgvb (Nikapota, 1991)| Rxebe¨vcx mvgvwRK I gb¯ÍvwË¡K
mgm¨vmg~n (Rutter, 1996) Ges wK‡kvi Aciv‡ai (Satterfield, Hoppe & Schell, 1982) mv‡_
AvPiwYK mgm¨v m¤úK©hy³| cvðvZ¨ †`kmg‚‡n cwiPvwjZ M‡elYv¸wj‡Z †`Lv †M‡Q AvPiwYK
mgm¨v `ye©j we`¨vjq K…wZ‡Z¡i mv‡_I m¤úK©hy³ (Hinshaw, 1992; Dupaul, Mcgoey, Eckhert &
Vanbrackle, 2001; Rapport, Denney, Chung & Hustace , 2001; Sacker, Schoon & Bartley,
2002)| wKš‘ `ytLRbK n‡jI mZ¨ evsjv‡`‡ki wkÿv_x©‡`i gvbwmK ¯^v‡¯’¨i Ae¯’v Ges we`¨vjq
K…wZ‡Z¡i mv‡_ Gi m¤ú‡K©i wel‡q M‡elYvi h‡_ó Afve i‡q‡Q| ZvB evsjv‡`‡ki †cÖÿvc‡U G
ai‡bi M‡elYv nIqv LyeB cÖ‡qvRbxq| hw`I wKQy M‡elYv evsjv‡`‡ki wkï‡`i AvPiwYK mgm¨v
wb‡q Kiv n‡q‡Q, Z‡e G¸‡jv g~jZ wPwKrmvaxb kû‡i-wkï‡`i wb‡q Kiv hvi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ wQj
AvPiwYK mgm¨v cwigv‡ci Afxÿvi h_v_©Zv wbwðZ Kiv (D`vniY¯^iƒc, †`Lyb Goodman,
Renfrew & Mullick, 2001; Mullick & Goodman, 2001)| evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvgxY †cÖÿvc‡U Ges
wK‡kvi-wK‡kvix‡`i AskMÖn‡Y †Kv‡bv M‡elYv GLb ch©šÍ cwiPvwjZ nq wb| A_P cvðv‡Z¨
m¤úvw`Z wewfbœ M‡elYvq †`Lv †M‡Q, myweavewÂZ mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v‡b _vKv wkï I
wK‡kvi-wK‡kvix‡`i g‡a¨ AvPiwYK mgm¨v †ewk, KviY GwU mvgvwRK I Av‡ewMK mgm¨vi SzuwK‡K
evwo‡q †`q Ges Gme mgm¨vi mv‡_ Lvc LvB‡q †bIqvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq mnvqZv cÖ`v‡b e¨_© nq
(Ackerman, Brown & Izard, 2004; McLoyd, 1998; Wadsworth & Compass, 2002)|
mvaviYfv‡e evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvgvÂj¸‡jv g~jZ myweavewÂZ Ges `vwi`ª¨cxwoZ GjvKv wn‡m‡e
we‡ewPZ| ZvB MÖvgxY †cÖÿvc‡U wK‡kvi-wK‡kvix‡`i AvPiwYK mgm¨vi gvÎv Ges Gi mv‡_ we`¨vjq
K…wZ‡Z¡i m¤úK© wbY©‡qi AbymÜvbwU h‡_ó cÖvmw½K I hyw³hy³|
AvPiwYK mgm¨vi gvÎvq †RÛvi Abyhvqx cv_©K¨ †`LvI GB M‡elYvi GKwU D‡Ïk¨| KviY DbœZ
†`k¸‡jv‡Z †hgb hy³iv‡R¨ (†`Lyb Meltzer, Gatward, Goodman & Ford, 2000), A‡÷ªwjqvq
(†`Lyb Mellor, 2005) Ges hy³iv‡óª (†`Lyb National Centre for Health Statistics [NHIS], 2003)
†Q‡j I †g‡q‡`i g‡a¨ wfbœZi gvÎvi AvPiwYK mgm¨v †`Lv †M‡Q †hLv‡b me¸‡jv M‡elYv‡ZB
†g‡q‡`i Zzjbvq †Q‡j‡`i g‡a¨ D”PZi mvwe©K AvPiwYK mgm¨v QvovI KÛv±, AwZPvÂj¨ I
mncvVx mgm¨v †ewk cvIqv †M‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K †g‡q‡`i g‡a¨ †Q‡j‡`i Zzjbvq D”PZi Av‡ewMK
28 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx
mgm¨v cvIqv †M‡Q| ZvB evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvgxY †cÖÿvc‡U GB w`KwU AbymÜvb KivI h‡_ó ¸iæ‡Z¡i
`vwe iv‡L|
M‡elYvi D‡Ïk¨
GB M‡elYvi D‡Ïk¨ nj wbgœ-gva¨wgK chv©‡q Aa¨qbiZ MÖvgxY wkÿv_x©‡`i
K) AvPiwYK mgm¨vi gvÎv (prevalence) wbiƒcY Kiv Ges †Q‡j I †g‡q‡`i g‡a¨ GB gvÎvq
cv_©K¨ nq wKbv Zv wbY©q Kiv|
L) AvPiwYK mgm¨vi gvb †RÐvi Ges wewfbœ mywbw`©ó AvPiYMZ w`K †hgb: Av‡ewMK mgm¨v,
KÛv± mgm¨v, AwZPvÂj¨ Ges mncvVx mgm¨v Abyhvqx cv_©K¨ nq wKbv Zv wbY©q Kiv|
M) AvPiwYK mgm¨v Ges we`¨vjq K…wZ‡Z¡i g‡a¨ mn-m¤úK© wbY©q Kiv|
M‡elYvi c×wZ
AskMÖnYKvix (Participants):
M‡elYvq AskMÖnYKvix wkÿv_x©‡`i 1wU Dc‡Rjvi ˆ`ePq‡bi gva¨‡g evQvBK…Z 2wU gva¨wgK
we`¨vjq †_‡K †bIqv n‡q‡Q| hw`I evsjv‡`‡ki wkÿvKvVv‡gvq 6ô †_‡K 8g †kªYx‡K wbgœ-gva¨wgK
¯Íi wn‡m‡e aiv nq, wKš‘ cÖavb wkÿ‡Ki mv‡_ Av‡jvPbvi †cÖwÿ‡Z 6ô †kªYxi wkÿv_x©‡`i GB
M‡elYv †_‡K ev` †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| cÖavb wkÿ‡Ki †`Iqv Z_¨ Abyhvqx wkÿv_x©‡`i cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii
we`¨vjq K…wZZ¡ msµvšÍ Z_¨ MÖvgxY gva¨wgK we`¨vjq¸‡jv‡Z †bB| †h‡nZz GB M‡elYvq
wkÿv_x©‡`i c~e©eZx© cixÿvi djvdj cwigvcK wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q, ZvB 6ô †kªYxi wkÿv_x©‡`i
AšÍf©y³ Kiv nq wb|
M‡elYvq 2wU we`¨vj‡qi 7g I 8g †kªYxi mKj wkÿv_x©‡K AskMÖnYKvix (N = 292; †Q‡j = 133,
†g‡q= 159; 7g †kªYxi wkÿv_x© = 148, 8g †kªYxi wkÿv_x© = 144) wn‡m‡e †bIqv n‡q‡Q|
wkÿv_x©‡`i eqm msµvšÍ wbLyuZ Z_¨ cvIqv hvq wb, Z‡e mvaviYfv‡e G‡`i 13-14 eQi eqm `‡ji
wkÿv_x© ejv hvq KviY 7g I 8g †kªYxi Rb¨ GwU miKvi wbav©wiZ eqm `j| cÖavb wkÿK‡`i †`Iqv
Z_¨ Abyhvqx wkÿv_x©‡`i †ewkifvMB wbgœweË I wbgœ-ga¨weË cwiev‡ii mšÍvb| cÖavb wkÿK‡`i
KvQ †_‡K AviI Rvbv hvq †h, AwaKvsk wkïB nq cÖ_g cÖRb¥ wkÿv_x© (first generation learner)
A_ev Zv‡`i evev-gv‡`i m‡ev©”P cÖv_wgK †_‡K gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii wkÿvMZ †hvM¨Zv i‡q‡Q|
cwigvcKmg~n (Measures):
AvPiYMZ mgm¨v cwigv‡ci Rb¨ mejZv I `ye©jZv wbYv©qK cÖkœgvjv (Strengths and Difficulties
Questionnaire, [SDQ] ) e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q| g~j cÖkœgvjvwU Bs‡iwR‡Z cÖ¯‘ZK…Z, cieZ©xKv‡j
GwU evsjvmn 40wUiI †ewk fvlvq Abyev` Kiv nq Ges Ab~w`Z ms¯‹iY¸‡jvi h_v_©ZvI wbY©q Kiv
nq| cÖkœgvjvwUi 4-11 eQi eqmx wkï‡`i Rb¨ evev-gv Ges wkÿK KZ…©K wee„wZg~jK ms¯‹iY
(parent-reported version and teacher-reported version) i‡q‡Q, 11-16 eQi eqmx wkï‡`i Rb¨
evev-gv I wkÿK‡`i cvkvcvwk AvZ¥-wee„wZg~jK ms¯‹iYI (self-reported version) i‡q‡Q| GB
M‡elYvq 11-16 eQi eqmx wkï‡`i Rb¨ cÖ¯‘ZK…Z AvZ¥-wee„wZg~jK ms¯‹iYwU e¨envi Kiv
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 29
n‡q‡Q| cÖkœgvjvwU‡Z 5wU Dc-†¯‹‡j †gvU 5 ai‡bi AvPiYMZ mgm¨v cwigvc Kiv n‡q‡Q|
AvPiYMZ mgm¨v¸‡jv nj Av‡ewMK mgm¨v, KÛv± mgm¨v, AwZPvÂj¨, mncvVx mgm¨v Ges †cÖvmvgvwRK e¨envi| cÖwZwU AvPiYMZ mgm¨vi Rb¨ 5wU K‡i †gvU 25 wU wee„wZ i‡q‡Q| cÖkœgvjvwU‡Z
wee„wZ¸‡jvi †ÿ‡Î 3-c‡q›U wjKvU© †¯‹‡j (hvi gvb 0-2 ch©šÍ n‡Z cv‡i) gZvgZ †bIqv nq| d‡j
cÖwZwU Dc‡¯‹‡j AvPiYMZ mgm¨vi m‡ev©”P gvb n‡Z cv‡i 10| †cÖv-mvgvwRK AvPi‡Yi †¯‹vi †gvU
AvPiwYK mgm¨vi gvb wbY©‡qi †ÿ‡Î ms‡hvRb Kiv nq bv, d‡j mvwe©K AvPiwYK mgm¨vi m‡ev©”P
gvb n‡Z cv‡i 40|
cÖkœgvjvwUi ¯^ímsL¨K AvB‡Ug Ges D”P Ôh_v_©ZvÕ (validity) I Ôwbf©i‡hvMZvÕ (reliability) gv‡bi
Rb¨ GwU wkky Ges wK‡kvi-wK‡kvix‡`i AvPiwYK mgm¨v wbY©‡qi Rb¨ GKwU Kvh©Ki wKš‘ mswÿß
DcKiY wn‡m‡e Lye RbwcÖq| wkïi AvPiYMZ mgm¨v cwigv‡ci Ab¨vb¨ Av`kv©wqZ †¯‹j †hgb
iæUvi †Kv‡qðwbqvi, PvBì we‡nwfqvi †PKwj÷/ G‡KbevL †Kv‡qðwbqvi, w` wK¬wbwkqvb-†i‡UW
†nj_ Ad `¨ †bkbm AvDUKvg †¯‹j di wP‡ìªb GÛ G‡Wv‡j‡m›Um BZ¨vw`i mv‡_ Zzjbvq SDQ
wkïi Ag‡bv‡hvwMZv I AwZPvÂj¨ cwigv‡c †ewk Kvh©Ki Ges B›Uvbv©jvBwRs Ges G·Uvbv©jvBwRs
AvPiwYK mgm¨v cwigv‡c mgKÿfv‡e Kvh©Ki| M‡elYvq AviI †`Lv †M‡Q Ab¨vb¨ cwigvc‡Ki
Zzjbvq AskMÖnYKvix‡`i SDQ cQ›` Kivi m¤¢vebv wظ‡YiI †ewk (Goodman, 1997; Goodman
& Scott, 1999; Mathai, Anderson & Bourne, 2003)| evsjv‡`‡ki wkï‡`i gvbwmK ¯^v¯’¨
cwigv‡ci †ÿ‡ÎI SDQ GKwU Kvh©Ki DcKiY wn‡m‡e cÖgvwYZ n‡q‡Q (Mulick & Goodman,
2001)|
wkÿv_x©‡`i we`¨vjq K…wZZ¡ cwigv‡ci Rb¨ c~e©eZx© eQ‡ii me¸‡jv cÖvwšÍK cixÿvi (term final
examination) Mo djvdj e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q| GwUB wQj wkÿv_x©‡`i K…wZ‡Z¡i me‡P‡q mv¤cÖwZK
djvdj, KviY Pjgvb wkÿve‡l© †Kv‡bv cixÿv M‡elYv cwiPvjbv Kiv ch©šÍ m¤úvw`Z nq wb| cÖwZwU
cÖvwšÍK cixÿvi †gvU cÖvß b¤^i cwigv‡ci Rb¨ evsjv, Bs‡iwR, MwYZ, cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ mgvR,
cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ weÁvb Ges ag©wkÿv wel‡qi b¤^i †hvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| Gici cÖwZwU wkÿv_x©i Rb¨
Zv‡`i me¸‡jv cÖvwšÍK cixÿvi Mo b¤^i wbY©q K‡i †mwU we`¨vjq K…wZ‡Z¡i cwigvcK wn‡m‡e
e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q|
M‡elYvi djvdj
K) mvwe©K AvPiwYK mgm¨vi gvÎv Ges GB gvÎvq †RÛviwfwËK gvÎvi cv_©K¨
SDQ †¯‹‡j wkïi AvPiY‡K Zv‡`i cÖ`Ë cÖwZwµqvi Mo gv‡bi wfwˇZ ¯^vfvweK,
mxgv‡iLvaxb/eWv©ijvBb A_ev A¯^vfvweK GB wZbwU †kªYxi †hцKv‡bv GKwU‡Z AšÍfy©³ Kiv nq|
wPÎ 1 †_‡K †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, cÖvq 21% wkÿv_x© mvwe©K AvPiwYK mgm¨vi gv‡bi wfwˇZ nq
A¯^vfvweK (5.84%) A_ev mxgv‡iLvaxb (14.78%) †kªYxi AšÍfy©³|
30 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx
100
81.95
79.38
77.22
80
60
¯v^fvweK (%)
eWvi©jvBb (%)
40
A¯v^fvweK (%)
15.19
7.59
14.29
20
3.76
14.78
5.84
0
†Q‡j
†g‡q
†gvU
wPÎ 1. MÖvgxY wbgœ-gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi wkÿv_x©‡`i g‡a¨ mvwe©K I †RÛviwfwËK AvPiwYK mgm¨vi gvÎv
wPÎwU †_‡K AviI †`Lv hv‡”Q, †g‡q‡`i Zzjbvq kZKiv KgmsL¨K †Q‡j A¯^vfvweK gvÎvi
AvPiwYK mgm¨vi cÖKvk NwU‡q‡Q (A¯^vfvweK, †Q‡j = 3.76%, †g‡q = 7.59%) hv cvðv‡Z¨i
M‡elYv †_‡K cÖvß djvdj †_‡K wfbœ| Z‡e KvBeM© we‡køl‡Y †Q‡j I †g‡q‡`i g‡a¨ GB mvwe©K
2
AvPiwYK mgm¨vi Zvrch©c~Y© cv_©K¨ cvIqv hvq wb, x (2, N = 291) = 2.06, p > .05, F =
.36|
L) wewfbœ mywbw`©ó AvPiwYK †ÿÎ Ges †RÛvi Abyhvqx AvPiwYK mgm¨vi cv_©K¨
mviwY 1- G-†RÛvi Abyhvqx wewfbœ AvPiwYK mgm¨vi Rb¨ Mo Ges Av`k© wePy¨wZi gvb †`Iqv
Av‡Q| mvwe©K AvPiwYK mgm¨vi Mo gvb cÖvq 11.5| mvwe©K AvPiwYK mgm¨vi gvb †Q‡j‡`i Zzjbvq
†g‡q‡`i g‡a¨ †ewk| Z‡e t-Afxÿv we‡køl‡Y †Q‡j I †g‡q‡`i AvPiwYK mgm¨vq †Kv‡bv Zvrch©c~Y©
cv_©K¨ cvIqv hvq wb [t (290) = 1.30, p > .05]| cÖwZwU mywbw`©ó AvPiwYK mgm¨vi Mo gvb
we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq, wkÿv_x©‡`i g‡a¨ Av‡ewMK mgm¨vi gvb me‡P‡q †ewk, Gici i‡q‡Q
AwZPvÂj¨; Ab¨w`‡K KÛv± mgm¨vi gvb me‡P‡q Kg, Gici i‡q‡Q mncvVx mgm¨v| †g‡q‡`i
Av‡ewMK, KÛv± Ges mncvVx mgm¨v †Q‡j‡`i †P‡q †ewk, wKš‘ AwZPvÂj¨ †Q‡j‡`i Zzjbvq Kg|
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 31
mviwY 1
mvwe©K Ges wewfbœ mywbw`©ó AvPiwYK mgm¨vi †RÛviwfwËK Mo Ges Av`k© weP~¨wZ
AvPiwYK mgm¨v
†RÛvi
N
M
SD
Av‡ewMK mgm¨v
†Q‡j
133
3.81
1.94
†g‡q
159
4.09
1.92
†gvU
292
3.97
1.93
†Q‡j
133
1.61
1.51
†g‡q
159
2.01
1.62
†gvU
292
1.83
1.58
†Q‡j
133
3.06
1.58
†g‡q
159
2.84
1.72
†gvU
292
2.94
1.66
†Q‡j
133
2.60
1.44
†g‡q
159
2.88
1.57
†gvU
292
2.75
1.52
†Q‡j
133
11.08
4.73
†g‡q
159
11.82
4.89
†gvU
292
11.49
4.82
KÛv± mgm¨v
AwZPvÂj¨
mncvVx msµvšÍ mgm¨v
mvwe©K AvPiwYK mgm¨v
mywbw`©ó AvPiwYK †ÿÎ Ges †RÛvi Abyhvqx AvPiwYK mgm¨vi gv‡bi cv_©K¨ Zvrch©c~Y© wKbv Zv
cwigv‡ci Rb¨ 2-Way Mixed ANOVA we‡kølY Kiv n‡q‡Q †hLv‡b 1wU AšÍAskMÖnYKvix Dcv`vb
(hvi AšÍfy©³ nj 4wU mywbw`©ó AvPiwYK †ÿ‡Îi gvb) Ges 1wU AvšÍAskMÖnYKvix Dcv`vb (hvi
AšÍfy©³ nj †RÛviwfwËK gvb) wQj| D‡jøL¨ †h, †h‡nZz †cÖv-mvgvwRK AvPi‡Yi gvb mvwe©K
AvPiwYK mgm¨v wbiƒc‡Y ms‡hvRb Kiv nq bv, ZvB GwU‡K GB M‡elYvi AšÍfy©³ Kiv nq wb| 2Way Mixed ANOVA we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq †h, mywbw`©ó AvPiwYK †ÿθ‡jvi Mo gv‡bi g‡a¨
Zvrch©c~Y© cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q, F (3, 870) = 124.65, p <.0001, AvswkK 2 = .30 | GB cv_©‡K¨i
KviY nj Ab¨vb¨ AvPiwYK †ÿθ‡jvi Zzjbvq Av‡ewMK mgm¨vi Zvrch©c~Y© D”Pgvb (me¸‡jv
Zzjbvi †ÿ‡ÎB p <.0001) Ges KÛv± mgm¨vi Zvrch©c~Y© wbgœgvb (me¸‡jv Zzjbvi †ÿ‡ÎB p
<.0001)| mncvVx mgm¨vi †P‡q AwZPv‡j¨i gvb †ewk, wKš‘ cv_©K¨wU Zvrch©c~Y© bq| c~e©eZx©
we‡køl‡Y cÖvß mvwe©K AvPiwYK mgm¨vi gZB mywbw`©ó AvPiwYK mgm¨vi gv‡bi †ÿ‡ÎI †RÛvi
Abyhvqx Zvrch©c~Y© cv_©K¨ cvIqv hvq wb, F (1, 290) = 1.71, p > .05, AvswkK 2 = .006|
32 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx
mywbw`©ó AvPiwYK †ÿÎ Ges †RÛv‡ii g‡a¨ Zvrch©c~Y© wg_w¯Œqv cvIqv †M‡Q, F (3, 870) = 3.02,
2
p < .05, AvswkK = .01| AviI we‡køl‡Y †Q‡j I †g‡q‡`i †ÿ‡Î AvPiwYK mgm¨v¸‡jvi GKwU
gzL¨ cÖfve jÿ Kiv hvq (†Q‡j: F (3, 396) = 67.59, p < .0001, AvswkK 2 = .34; †g‡q: F (3,
2
474) = 61.48, p < .0001, AvswkK = .28)| †Q‡j I †g‡q Dfq `‡ji †ÿ‡ÎB GB gyL¨
cÖfvewUi KviY nj `yÕ`jB mvgvb¨ wKQy e¨wZµg Qvov GKB aib ev Q‡Ki AvPiwYK mgm¨vi cÖwZ
wb‡`©k K‡i‡Q| †hgb, †Q‡j I †g‡q Df‡qi †ÿ‡ÎB Ab¨vb¨ AvPiwYK mgm¨vi Zzjbvq Av‡ewMK
mgm¨vi Zvrch©c~Y© D”Pgvb (me¸‡jv Zzjbvi †ÿ‡ÎB p <.0001) Ges KÛv± mgm¨vi Zvrch©c~Y©
wbgœgvb (me¸‡jv Zzjbvi †ÿ‡ÎB p <.0001) cvIqv †M‡Q| Z‡e †Q‡j‡`i AwZPv‡j¨i gvb
mncvVx mgm¨vi Zzjbvq Zvrch©c~Y©fv‡e †ewk wQj (p < .0001), wKš‘ †g‡q‡`i †ÿ‡Î GB `yÕai‡bi
AvPiwYK mgm¨vi gv‡b Zvrch©c~Y© cv_©K¨ cvIqv hvq wb|
M) AvPiwYK mgm¨v Ges we`¨vjq K…wZ‡Z¡i g‡a¨ m¤úK©
mviwY 2 we`¨vjq K…wZ‡Z¡i mv‡_ mvwe©K AvPiwYK mgm¨v Ges cÖwZwU mywbw`©ó AvPiwYK †ÿ‡Îi
m¤úK© Zz‡j a‡i‡Q| wcqvimb mn-m¤ú‡K©i djvdj †_‡K †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, AvPiwYK mgm¨v Ges
we`¨vjq K…wZ‡Z¡i g‡a¨ GKwU `ye©j wKš‘ Zvrch©c~Y© wecixZagx© m¤úK© we`¨gvb| djvdj †_‡K
AviI †`Lv hv‡”Q, mywbw`©ó AvPiwYK †ÿθ‡jvi g‡a¨ we`¨vjq K…wZ‡Z¡i mv‡_ KÛv± mgm¨v me‡P‡q
†ewk Ges Av‡ewMK mgm¨v me‡P‡q Kg m¤úK©hy³|
mviwY 2
AvPiwYK mgm¨v Ges we`¨vjq K…wZ‡Z¡i g‡a¨ mn-m¤úK©
AvPiwYK mgm¨v
we`¨vjq K…wZ‡Z¡i mv‡_ mn-m¤úK©
Av‡ewMK mgm¨v
- .16*
KÛv± mgm¨v
- .29**
AwZPvÂj¨
- .21**
mncvVx msµvšÍ mgm¨v
- .25**
mvwe©K AvPiwYK mgm¨v
- .30**
* p < .01 ; **p < .05
Av‡jvPbv
G M‡elYvq †`Lv †M‡Q, cÖvq 21% wkÿv_x© nq A¯^vfvweK bv nq ¯^vfvweKZv I A¯^vfvweKZvi
mxgv‡iLvq Ae¯’vb Ki‡Q hv Bird (1996)-Gi M‡elYvq cÖvß djvd‡ji mv‡_ m½wZc~Y,© †hLv‡b
†`Lv †M‡Q cwðgv †`k¸‡jv‡Z cÖvq 10-20% wkïi g‡a¨ AvPiwYK mgm¨v i‡q‡Q| GB M‡elYvq
mvwe©K AvPiwYK mgm¨vi Mo gvb cvIqv †M‡Q 11.48| evsjv‡`‡k GLb ch©šÍ wkï‡`i AvPiwYK
mgm¨vi Av`k©gvb wbY©‡qi Rb¨ †Kv†bv RvZxq chv©‡qi M‡elYv Kiv nq wb, Z‡e GB M‡elYvq cÖvß
gvbwU DbœZ we‡k¦i wewfbœ †`k †hgb hy³ivR¨ (Mo 10.3, †`Lyb Meltzer, Gatward, Goodman &
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 33
Ford, 2000) , hy³ivóª (Mo 7.1, †`Lyb NHIS, 2003) I A‡÷ªwjhvi wkï‡`i (Mo 8.6, †`Lyb
Mellor, 2005) Zzjbvq †ewk| M‡elYvq cÖvß GB djwU Nikapota (1991) Gi Abygv‡bi mv‡_
mvgÄm¨c~Y,© †hLv‡b wZwb D‡jøL K‡iwQ‡jb †h Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki wkï‡`i AvPiwYK mgm¨vi gvÎv
DbœZ we‡k¦i wkï‡`i Zzjbvq †ewk ev Kgc‡ÿ mgvb n‡e| wbgœ-Av_©mvgvwRK Ae¯’v evsjv‡`‡ki
MÖvgxY wkï‡`i GB D”PgvÎvi AvPiwYK mgm¨vi GKwU m¤¢ve¨ KviY n‡Z cv‡i| KviY GwU mvgvwRK
I Av‡ewMK mgm¨vi SzuwK evovq Ges Gi mv‡_ Lvc LvIqv‡bvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq mnvqZv cÖ`v‡b e¨_©
nq (Ackerman, Brown & Izard, 2004; McLoyd, 1998; Wadsworth & Compass, 2002)| Z‡e
GB M‡elYvi djvdj mvaviYxKi‡Y mZK©Zv Aej¤^b Kiv DwPZ, KviY GwU Zzjbvg~jK ÿz`ª bgybv
wb‡q Kiv n‡q‡Q hv Z_¨we‡k¦i cÖwZwbwaZ¡kxj bq|
wcqvimb mn-m¤úK© Abyhvqx wkÿv_x©‡`i we`¨vjq K…wZ‡Z¡i mv‡_ AvPiwYK mgm¨vi `ye©j wKš‘
Zvrch©c~Y© wecixZagx© m¤úK© we`¨gvb e‡j M‡elYvq †`Lv †M‡Q| AvPiwYK mgm¨v Ges wkÿvg~jK
K…wZ‡Z¡i Giƒc mn-m¤úK© Ab¨vb¨ M‡elYvqI cvIqv †M‡Q (Dupaul, Mcgoey, Eckhert &
Vanbrackle, 2001; Hinshaw, 1992; Rapport, Denney, Chung & Hustace 2001; Sacker,
Schoon & Bartley, 2002)| GB M‡elYvq hw`I †Q‡j I †g‡q‡`i AvPiwYK mgm¨vi †ÿ‡Î
Zvrch©c~Y© cv_©K¨ cvIqv hvq wb, Z‡e gvbwU †Q‡j‡`i †P‡q †g‡q‡`i g‡a¨ †ewk hv cwðgv
†`k¸‡jv‡Z m¤úvw`Z M‡elYvi djvd‡ji wecixZ| Giƒc wecixZ djvdj cvIqvi KviY n‡Z
cv‡i †g‡q‡`i cÖwZ evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvgxY mgv‡Ri Abgbxq cÖZ¨vkv Ges Zv‡`i Pvwn`v c~i‡Y I mgm¨v
mgvav‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq mnvqZvi Afve| Z‡e G wel‡q wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ AviI myMfxi M‡elYv
cÖ‡qvRb|
c~‡e©B D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q, GB M‡elYvq wkÿv_x©‡`i AvPiwYK mgm¨vi D”Pgvb Ges we`¨vjq
K…wZ‡Z¡i mv‡_ Gi GKwU Zvrch©c~Y© wecixZagx© m¤úK© cvIqv †M‡Q| hw`I mn-m¤úK© w`‡q
Kvh©KviY m¤úK© wbY©q Kiv hvq bv, Z‡e AvPiwYK mgm¨v we`¨vj‡q wbgœ K…wZ‡Z¡i GKwU m¤¢ve¨ e¨vL¨v
n‡Z cv‡i| †h‡nZz evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvgxY cwievi¸‡jv‡Z `vwi`¨ª †ewk †m‡nZz MÖvgxY wkï‡`i AvPiwYK
mgm¨vi SzuwKI †ewk hv wKbv Zv‡`i we`¨vjq K…wZZ¡‡K †bwZevPKfv‡e cÖfvweZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| ZvB
ejv hvq, GB M‡elYvwU MÖvgxY wkï‡`i AvPiYMZ mgm¨vi SzuwK I Zvi KviY wPwýZ K‡i Gi Rb¨
cÖ‡qvRbxq c`‡ÿc MÖn‡Yi wbwg‡Ë AviI myMfxi M‡elYv cwiPvjbvi †hŠw³KZv Zz‡j a‡i‡Q| Z‡e
GB M‡elYvwU ÿz`ª cwim‡i Ges AvPiwYK mgm¨v wbY©‡q ïaygvÎ wkÿv_x©‡`i AvZ¥-wee„wZg~jK
ms¯‹iY I K…wZZ¡ cwigv‡c we`¨vjq cixÿvi djvdj e¨envi K‡i m¤úv`b Kiv n‡q‡Q| G‡ÿ‡Î
RvZxq cwim‡i SDQ Gi me¸‡jv ms¯‹iY e¨envi Ges Av`kv©wqZ K…wZZ¡ Afxÿv cÖ‡qvM K‡i MÖvgxY
†cÖÿvc‡Ui cvkvcvwk Ab¨vb¨ †cÖÿvcUI we‡ePbvq G‡b M‡elYv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| GQvovI
AvPiwYK mgm¨vi mv‡_ Ab¨vb¨ e¨w³MZ Ges mvgvwRK Dcv`vb †hgb cvwievwiK Av_©-mvgvwRK
Ae¯’v, evev-gvÕi wkÿv, cwiev‡ii AvKvi BZ¨vw` Dcv`vb Ges G¸‡jv Kxfv‡e we`¨vjq K…wZZ¡‡K
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34 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx
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36 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx
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evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 37
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evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 39
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GKwU mvÿimgvR M‡o †Zvjvi wbðqZv cÖ`vb Kiv| †`‡ki cÖvßeq¯‹ †Q‡j-†g‡q‡`i‡K fwel¨‡Zi
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†_‡K 25 Rb m`m¨ wb‡q GKZv mv‡K©j MwVZ| AskMÖnYKvix‡`i eqm I Av_©mvgvwRK Ae¯’v
we‡ePbv K‡i wZb ai‡bi GKZv mv‡K©j cwiPvwjZ nq| mv‡K©‡ji bvg I eqmmxgv wbgœ †`qv n‡jv:
wkï‡`i mv‡K©j: 6-10 ermi
— wK‡kvix mv‡K©j: 11-18 ermi
— eq¯‹ mv‡K©j: 18-35 ermi
GKZv mv‡K©j Avevi `y ai‡bi—
†ewmK mv‡K©j: 12 gvm
— †cv÷ mv‡K©j: 12 gvm
†ewmK mv‡K©‡ji cÖ_g 3 gvm cÖ¯‘wZ ce© Ges 9 gvm Kvh©µg ce©| Avi †cv÷-mv‡K©‡ji 11 gvm
Kvh©µg ce© Ges 1 gvm g~j¨vqb ce©| eZ©gv‡b 4wU Kg© GjvKvq 403wU mv‡K©j KvR Ki‡Q|
—
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Zviv mv‡K©j mnvqK I mgv‡Ri MY¨gvb¨ e¨w³‡`i KvQ †_‡K †R‡b _v‡K|
GKZvi †Kv‡bv cÖvBgvi †bB, AskMÖnYKvixMY wb‡Riv Zv‡`i wkLb mvgMÖx ˆZwi K‡ib Ges cieZx©
mg‡q G¸‡jv GKÎ K‡i wkLb g¨vby‡qj wn‡m‡e e¨envi K‡ib| GKZv ¯’vbxq Pvwn`vi Ici wfwË
K‡i KvR K‡i Ges GKZvq AskMÖnYKvixMY wb‡RivB mgv‡Ri mgm¨v wPwýZ K‡ib Ges
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mg‡q AskMªnYKvixMY mvÿiZv Ges ÿgZv I AwaKvi AR©b K‡i|
Avkªq cwiPvwjZ wi‡d¬± G‡cÖv‡Pi bvg jvnvwšÍ G‡cªvP| jvnvwšÍ Avkªq-Gi wcøR (PLEASE) cÖK‡íi
g~j ev cÖavb Kg©m~wP| PLEASE kãwU‡K †f‡O Gfv‡e e¨vL¨v Kiv nq-Participatory Learning and
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Development)| wcøR cÖKí g~jZ `ywU ch©v‡q ev¯Íevqb n‡”Q Ñ
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 43
— DcvbyôvwbK cÖv_wgK wkÿv : wkï‡`i Rb¨ (ch©vq- 1)
— jvnvwšÍ : eq¯‹‡`i Rb¨ (ch©vq- 2)
jvnvwšÍ n‡jv mwgwZ| mwgwZi m`m¨ I Avw`evmx‡`i mgm¨v mgvavb, Dbœqb I ÿgZvq‡bi Rb¨
m‡PZbZvg~jK wkÿv wbwðZ Kiv jvnvwšÍi D‡Ïk¨| Avkªq ÔjvnvwšÍÕ kãwU e¨envi K‡i‡Q
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evsjv‡`‡ki DËiv‡j emevmiZ Avw`evmx‡`i Av_©-mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹„wZK †cÖÿvcU Avjv`v n‡jI
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Avw`evmx‡`i ÿgZvqb I KwgDwbwUwfwËK msMVb ˆZwii Rb¨ jvnvwšÍ Kg©mw~P wWRvBb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
†hgb†ewmK mv‡K©j : 1 ermi (190-200 w`b )
— GWfvÝ mv‡K©j : 1 ermi (190-200 w`b )
mv‡K©‡ji gva¨‡g mwgwZi m`m¨ I Mªvgevmx‡K mvgvwRK, mvsMVwbK Z_v KwgDwbwUwfwËK m‡PZb I
msMwVZ Kiv| mwgwZi m`m¨, mwgwZi evB‡i H cvov ev Mªv‡gi †jvKRb bvix-cyiæl, wkï-wK‡kviwK‡kvix n‡jv mv‡K©j Kvh©µ‡gi Afxó Rb‡Mv‡ôx| †ewmK mv‡K©j Kvh©µg `ywU ch©v‡q ev¯Íevqb Kiv
nq:
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— mv‡K©j Kvh©µg
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AskMÖnYKvix I mnvqK wbe©vPb, DØy×KiY, DcKiY msMÖn, mv‡K©j D‡Øvab, †eBRjvBb mv‡f©
BZ¨vw`| †eBRjvBb m©v‡f †k‡l mv‡K©j-Gi cÖK…Z Kvh©µg ïiæ nq| mv‡K©j-cieZ©x ¯Íi n‡jv
jvnvwšÍ AvLov hv `yÕch©v‡q cwiPvwjZ nq| †hgb—
1g ch©vq: 1 ermi Ñ cÖ‡qvRbwfwËK
2q ch©vq: 1 ermi Ñ cÖ‡qvRbwfwËK
mv‡K©j †k‡l AvLov cÖwZwôZ nq ev¯ÍeZv I cÖ‡qvR‡bi wbwi‡L| AskMÖnYKvixMY jvnvwšÍ AvLov
Kvh©µg Avkª‡qi mnvqZvq cÖ_g eQi msMVb Dbœqb Ges wØZxq eQi wbR D‡`¨v‡M Kvh©µg ev¯Íevqb
Ae¨vnZ iv‡L| jvnvwšÍ AvLvovi jÿ¨ n‡jv Avw`evmx Rb‡Mvôxi Rxebgvb Dbœqb, Av_©-mvgvwRK
Dbœqb, ivRbxwZK I mvs¯‹…wZK †ÿ‡Î m‡PZbZv e„w×, †bZ…‡Z¡i weKvk I HK¨e× Kivi j‡ÿ¨
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gva¨‡g Avw`evmx bvix-cyiæ‡li Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM m„wó Kiv Ges Avw`evmx bvix I cyiæ‡li mvÿiZv
AR©b Ges Zv‡`i cwiev‡ii wkï‡`i wkÿvi my‡hvM wbwðZ Kiv AvLovi Ab¨Zg D‡Ïk¨|
wi‡d¬± G‡cÖv‡P cwiPvwjZ †Kv‡W‡Ki Kvh©µ‡gi bvg n‡jv wK‡kvix msjvc| wK‡kvix msjvc weKvk
44 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx
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Afve| Gi g‡a¨ gvbweK I mvgvwRK AwaKvi, ¯^v¯’¨-cywó wel‡q m‡PZbZvi Afve Ab¨Zg|
GQvovI, Avqea©bg~jK Kv‡R my‡hv‡Mi Afve I gvbevwaKvi jsNb †Zv i‡q‡QB| Dchy³ Ávb I
`ÿZv AR©‡bi Rb¨ M‡o 20-25 Rb wK‡kvix wb‡q †`‡ki wewfbœ ¯’v‡b B‡Zvg‡a¨ MVb Kiv n‡q‡Q
wK‡kvix msjvc †K›`ª| G me †K‡›`ª wK‡kvix †g‡q‡`i Rxebgv‡bi Dbœqb NUv‡bvi Rb¨ wewfbœ
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— mvÿiZvi †ÿ‡Î Zviv Zv‡`i AwR©Z `ÿZvi Ici Av‡iv GKavc AMÖMwZ AR©b Ki‡e Ges
— A_©‰bwZKfv‡e ¯^vej¤^x nIqvi Rb¨ †ckvMZ `ÿZv AR©b Ki‡e|
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ivOvgvwU †Rjvi eiKj Dc‡Rjvq Aew¯’Z|
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wi‡d¬± c×wZ Abymi‡Y AskMÖnYKvixMY mvgvwRK I Avw_©Kfv‡e ÿgZvevb n‡Z cv‡ib
Ges mwVK wm×všÍ MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡ib| AskMÖnYKvixMY wewfbœ KwgwU †hgb- GmGgwm (¯‹zj
g¨v‡bwRs KwgwU), wcwUG (c¨v‡i›U wUPvi G‡mvwm‡qgb) BZ¨vw`i m`m¨ n‡Z cv‡i, d‡j
wewfbœ mfvq AskMÖnY Zv‡`i wm×všÍ †bIqvi ÿgZv evovq, cÖwZfv weKv‡k mnvqZv K‡i|
mvgvwRK eÜb my`„p K‡i|
· Kv‡R mdjZvi ga¨ w`‡q Zviv Zv‡`i KvR Kivi ÿgZv Av‡Q G AvZ¥wek¦vm jvf K‡i|
RbM‡Yi AwaKvi cÖwZôvq AskMÖnYKvixMY KvR K‡i _v‡K| wK‡kvix I bvix‡`i AwaKvi
cÖwZôvq AvBwb mnvqZvq Zviv KvR Ki‡Q| G cÖ‡Póv ÿz`ª n‡jI w`b w`b Zv cÖmvwiZ n‡”Q|
· mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b mivmwi Kv‡R AskMÖnY AskMÖnYKvix‡`i cÖZ¨vkv e„w× †c‡q‡Q|
· mvgvwRK ÿgZv e„w× †c‡q‡Q|
· mvgvwRK MwZkxjZv e„w× †c‡q‡Q|
6| Rxebe¨vcx wkÿvq Kvh©µgmg~‡ni AbvKl©Yxq Z_v `ye©j w`K· †K‡›`ªi †hvMv‡hvM mgm¨v
· cÖZ¨vkv Ges ev¯ÍeZvi g‡a¨ A‡bK Zdvr
· Kvh©µg mnvqK‡`i Kv‡Ri `ÿZv Kg
· AskMÖnYKvix‡`i aviYv Lye mxwgZ ZvB †Kv‡bv GKUv welq Zv‡`i eyS‡Z Kó nq
· Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvq Avkvbyiƒc dj cvIqv hvq bv
· †K‡›`ªi mv‡_ mnvqK‡`i †hvMv‡hvM iÿv Kivi cÖeYZv Kg
· mgš^‡qi Afve
· AskMÖnYKvix‡`i wbtm½ g‡b nq|
·
M‡elYvi mycvwikmg~n
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·
·
·
·
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Kvh©µg AvKl©Yxq Ki‡Z AskMÖnYKvix‡`i wbqwgZ Dcw¯’wZ wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
†K›`ª mnvqK‡`i cÖwkÿ‡Yi e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e|
mv‡K©j †k‡l AskMÖnYKvix‡`i mnR k‡Z© FY cÖ`v‡bi e¨e¯’v _vK‡j Kvh©µg AviI
mdjZv jvf Ki‡e |
AskMÖnYKvix, mnvqK Ges mswkøó‡`i ci¯úi aviYvi Av`vb-cÖ`vb evov‡Z n‡e|
mnvqK‡`i †eZb Kg ZvB Zviv Kv‡R ch©vß mgq w`‡Z cv‡i bv, d‡j Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvq
Avkvbyiƒc dj cvIqv hvq bv| mnvqK‡`i †eZb evov‡j Kvh©µ‡g fvj dj cvIqv hv‡e|
Kvh©µ‡g AskMÖnYKvix‡`i Kv‡Ri Abykxjb evov‡Z n‡e|
†K›`ª mgvwß †k‡l Zv‡`i †jLvcov Ae¨vnZ ivLvi Rb¨ Ges Avw_©Kfv‡e DcK…Z nIqvi Rb¨
Ae¨vnZ wkÿvi e¨e¯’v ivL‡Z n‡e| mgev‡qi gva¨‡g mÂq evov‡Z n‡e|
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 55
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mnvqK‡`i Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvi myweav‡_© welqwfwËK PvU© mieivn Ki‡Z n‡e|
GjvKv‡K K¬v÷v‡i fvM K‡i mevB‡K RbM‡Yi wi‡d¬± Gi AvIZvq Avbv †h‡Z cv‡i|
mvÿiZvi †P‡q ÿgZvqb, Kg©`ÿZv I mvgvwRK Dbœqb Kg©Kv‡Ð AskMÖn‡Y †ewk mgq eivÏ
_vK‡Z n‡e|
mnvqK‡`i wi‡d¬± c×wZi Ici AviI †ewk aviYv _vKv cÖ‡qvRb|
mnvqK wb‡qv‡M Av‡ivI †ewk m‡PZb n‡Z n‡e|
KwgDwbwU‡K wi‡d¬± G‡cÖvP-Gi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ Ki‡Z n‡e|
BDwbqb, Dc‡Rjv/_vbv, †Rjv I wefvMxq ch©v‡q wjqv‡Ruv ivL‡Z n‡e| Ges GjvKvwfwËK
wPwýZ mgm¨v¸‡jv mgš^‡qi gva¨‡g mgvavb Ki‡Z n‡e|
GjvKvi cÖfvekvjx‡`i GW‡fv‡Kwmi gva¨‡g wi‡d¬±-Gi c‡ÿ Avb‡Z n‡e|
cÖfvekvjx‡`i AskMÖnY AskMÖnYKvix‡`i DrmvwnZ Ki‡e Ges mvgwMÖK Dbœq‡b GwU we‡kl
f~wgKv ivL‡e|
AskMÖnYKvix‡`i msL¨v e„w×i cvkvcvwk ¸YMZ gvb Dbœq‡bi cÖwZ bRi w`‡Z n‡e|
cÖwkÿY cÖ`vb I mnvqK wn‡m‡e gwnjv‡`i AšÍfy©w³ e„w× Ki‡Z n‡e|
Rxebgvb Dbœq‡bi cvkvcvwk RxweKv AR©‡bi civgk© Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq mnvqZv cÖ`v‡b m‡Pó
n‡Z n‡e|
AkMÖn‡Y A‡cÿvK…Z `ye©j AskMÖnYKvix‡`i cÖwZ †Lqvj I we‡kl hZœ wb‡Z n‡e|
wi‡d¬± c×wZ Abymi‡Y †h-mKj cÖwZôvb KvR Ki‡Q Zv‡`i mgš^qKi‡Y AviI Zrci n‡Z
n‡e|
MÖš’cwÄ
1. Ae¨vnZ wkÿv Ges †cvó-mv‡K©j Kvh©µg, wi‡d¬± †KvAwW©‡bkb BDwbU, GKkbGBW evsjv‡`k,
XvKv, 2003|
2. Avey nvwg` jwZd, wkÿv wkLb wkÿY cÖwkÿY, XvKv, 2007|
3. Avey nvwg` jwZd, evsjv‡`‡k DcvbyôvwbK wkÿv, XvKv, 2002|
4. wK‡kvix msjvc wb‡`©wkKv, cÖ_g Ask, msjvc cwiPvjbv cÖwµqv, m¤úv`bv- wmivRy` `vnvi Lvb, ÷ªg
dvD‡Ûkb, XvKv, 2007|
5. wK‡kvix msjvc wb‡`©wkKv, wØZxq Ask, msjvc aviYvcÎ, m¤úv`bv- wmivRy` `vnvi Lvb, ÷ªg
dvD‡Ûkb, XvKv, 2007|
6. wK‡kvix msjvc wb‡`©wkKv, Z…Zxq Ask, msjvc Kvh©µg e¨e¯’vcbv, m¤úv`bv- wmivRy` `vnvi Lvb,
÷ªg dvD‡Ûkb, XvKv, 2007|
7. cov‡jLv, †hvMv‡hvM mvÿiZv wkÿvi eB-1, KwgDwbwU †W‡fjc‡g›U †m›Uvi-†Kv‡WK, PÆMvÖg, 2001|
8. ggZvR jwZd, evsjv‡`‡ki DcvbyôvwbK wkÿv- wkÿvµg cÖm½, XvKv, mvwnZ¨ cÖKvk, 2002|
9. wi‡d¬± g¨vbyqvj-evsjv‡`k, wi‡d¬± mgš^q BDwbU, GKkbGBW evsjv‡`k, XvKv, 1997|
10. wi‡d¬±, ¯^vej¤^x Dbœqb mwgwZ, †b·KvYv, 2005|
56 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx
11. wi‡d¬± cÖqvm-ZË¡ I ev¯ÍeZvi `~iZ¡ I ˆbKU¨, wi‡d¬± †KvAwW©‡bkb BDwbU, GKkbGBW
evsjv‡`k, XvKv, 2003|
12. wi‡d¬Kkbm&, 2007 mv‡ji cÖ_g msL¨v, Ryb 2007|
13. †jvK‡K›`ªi MVbZš¿, wi‡d¬± †KvAwW©‡bkb BDwbU, GKkbGBW evsjv‡`k, XvKv|
14. †jvK‡K‡›`ªi MVbZš¿, fvW©|
15. jvnvwšÍ AvLov Kvh©µg ev¯Íevqb MvBW, wcøR cÖKí, Avkªq|
16. jvnvwšÍ AvLovi MVbZš¿, gvbem¤ú` Dbœqb wefvM, ivRkvnx, Avkªq|
17. jvnvwšÍ Av¨vWfvÝ mv‡K©j mnvqK MvBW, Avkªq, ivRkvnx|
18. jvnvwšÍ †ewmK mv‡K©j MvBW, gvbe m¤ú` Dbœqb wefvM, Avkªq, ivRkvnx, 2005|
19. mdjZvq wi‡d¬±, †eBm wifvi GWy‡Kkb cÖ‡R±, †`IqvbMÄ, Rvgvjcyi|
20.Ômsjvc †K‡›`ªiÕ Gwb‡gUi‡ii gvwmK cÖwZ‡e`b (09/01/2007-05/02/2007), † K v ‡ W K ,
iv½vgvwU|
21. Annual Report 2006-2007, CODEC Rangamati Project, CODEC, Rangamati, 2007.
22.
23.
24.
25.
CODEC Rangamati Project, Shahidur Adnan Shantanu, CODEC, Rangamati, 2007.
EKATA Resource Package, CARE-Bangladesh, Dhaka, 2007.
Evaluation Study of Reflect in Bangladesh, ActionAid Bangladesh, 2000.
VARD a brief profile, December 2007.
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 57
Áv‡bi K_v mnR K‡i ejv
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cÖ”Q`: A‡kvK Kg©Kvi
AjsKiY: nv‡kg Lvb
cÖKvkbv: mvwnZ¨ cÖKvk, 87 cyivbv cëb jvBb, XvKv 1000
g~j¨ : 100 UvKv
Ô†h wkï‡`i Av‡av K_vi wfZ‡i jywK‡q _v‡K Mvb, cv‡qi wfZi
bvP, nv‡Zi wfZi KvR Avi ey‡Ki wfZi fv‡jvevmvÕ †m-wkï‡`i
Rb¨ wj‡L‡Qb ggZvR jwZd Ôhv`yKiÕ eBwU| wkïiv cÖZxKx A‡_©
hv`yKi †Zv e‡UB| Zv‡`i ¯^cœ I Kíbvq, Abyfe I Kv‡R, Zv‡`i
¯^‡cœi hv`yi †Quvqvq G c„w_ex n‡q I‡V my›`i I m¤¢vebvgq| KvRx
bRiæj Bmjvg †Zv †mB K‡eB wj‡LwQ‡jb
wkï hv`yKi KweZvwU| Kwe e‡j‡Qbcvi n‡q KZ b`x KZ †m mvMi
GB cv‡i Gwj ZzB wkï hv`yKi|
†Kvb iƒc-†jv‡K wQwj iƒcK_v ZzB,
iƒc a‡i Gwj ZvB ggZvi RyuB|
ggZvR jwZd wkï‡`i D‡Ïk¨ K‡i eB‡qi †Mvov‡ZB e‡j‡Qb Ñ Ô†Zvgiv †h †QvU, ÿz‡` hv`yKi GK
GK Rb †m K_v g‡b Kwi‡q w`‡Z G eB|Õ Zvici wZwb Av‡iv e¨L¨v w`‡q‡Qb Ô†Kb GB eBÕ| Zuvi
K_v Ñ ÔAvgvi g‡b n‡q‡Q Ñ gvby‡li Áv‡bi I mf¨Zvi †cQ‡b †h-me Dcv`vb, DcKiY, bvbv
wRwb‡mi I gvby‡li wbR¯^ ¸‡Yi `vb i‡q‡Q †mme m¤ú‡K© wKQzUv ˆeÁvwbK I GKB mv‡_ wKQzUv
ˆkwíK `„wó w`‡q wKQz K_v wkï‡`i Áv‡bi †Mvovq R‡ji g‡Zv †X‡j †`qv `iKvi| ........... Avi
Áv‡bi c_, Rvbvi c_ †h wKQzUv euvKv, `yM©g, A‡Pbv, ARvbv, Kó I cwikªg w`‡q fivÑ Zvi mvgvb¨
Avfvm G eB‡Z w`‡qwQ Ñ wkï‡K fve‡Z †kLv‡bvi Rb¨|Õ
wkï‡`i GB fvebv‡K DÏxwcZ Kivi j‡ÿ¨ Ôhv`K
y iÕ eBwU †QvU †QvU PviwU fv‡M fvM K‡i‡Qb wZwb|
cvÖPxb mf¨Zv I mf¨Zvi D™‡¢ei K_v, cvÖY I cvÖYxi mw„ói K_v †h As‡k e‡j‡Qb †m As‡ki bvg
Ôciy‡bv e܇z`i DcnviÕ| G Aa¨v‡q i‡q‡Q `wyU †jLv- cvªY †_‡K cvªYx I hv`iy nvZ| gvb‡yli
mw„ókxjZv, Zvi kgª I Avwe®‹v‡ii K_v ejv n‡q‡Q GLv‡b, Avgv‡`i cwÖZw`bKvi Rxeb, cK
Ö w…Z,
*
wkÿvµg we‡klÁ I cvÖewÜK|
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 59
AvKvk, cw„_ex, cwi‡ek, RxeRš‘ I wbZ¨w`‡bi ˆewPΨ wb‡q †h Aa¨vqwU Zvi bvg Ôm‡½i e܇z`i
DcnviÕ| G Aa¨v‡q i‡q‡Q wZbwU iPbv Ñ AvKv‡ki eÜizv, iƒcmx cw„_ex I hv`f
y iv cw„_ex| †k‡li
Ask ev Aa¨vqwUi bvg Ô¯‡^ciœ e܇z`i DcnviÕ| G Aa¨v‡q i‡q‡Q wkï‡`i g‡b ¯c
^ œ †`Lvi AvnŸvb|
wkï †h-iwOb ¯c
^ œ †`L‡e †m ¯‡^cœ ivRv Zvi nv‡Z Z‡zj †`‡e ÔwPwVi evwUÕ| †m evwU ev cv‡Î Av‡Q
mvZwU mvZ i‡Oi wPwV| c_Ög wPwVUv nj`y i‡Oi| GwU gvwU ewyogvi wPwV| gvwU‡K Avgiv cZ
Ö xKx A‡_©
ewj ÔgvÕ| gv †hgb mes©mnv gvwUI †Zgwb| †jwLKv wKš‘ gvwU‡K g‡b K‡i‡Qb ÔewyogvÕ, nq‡Zv ciy‡bv
ev cvÖPxb A‡_B©| G cw„_ex †h-w`b gvb‡yli emev‡mi Abc
y ‡hvMx n‡q c‡o‡Q †m-wel‡q ewyogv m‡PZb
K‡i w`‡”Q| fw‚g K‡g hv‡”Q, KjKviLvbv M‡o DV‡Q wbZ¨, †ÿZ-Lvgvi Lv`¨km¨ djv‡bvi RvqMvI
msKwzPZ n‡q Avm‡Q| ZvB AvMvgx w`‡bi wkï-wK‡kvi‡`i G wel‡q m‡PZb n‡Z n‡e| GB ciy‡bv
gvwU-gv‡K fv‡jvevm‡Z n‡e, hZœ w`‡q Zv‡K iÿv Ki‡Z n‡e| cwi‡e‡ki Ab¨ Dcv`vb nj evZvm|
mv`v i‡Oi wPwVUv evZvm `v`iy †jLv| AvMvgx w`‡bi mgvR Mov hv‡`i nv‡Z †mB wkï‡`i evZvm `v`y
evq`yl~Y m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb K‡i w`‡”Q| evq`yl~Y gvbly I cïcvwL mevi Rb¨ wec¾bK, KjKviLvbvi
†avuqv bvbv †iv‡Mi mw„ó Ki‡Q Ñ G m¤ú‡K© m‡PZbZvgj
~ K G wPwV| Ggwbfv‡e bxj i‡Oi wPwV‡Z
i‡q‡Q cvwb`l~‡Yi K_v, Avgiv Kxfv‡e cvwb`l~Y K‡i P‡jwQ Ges Zvi d‡j K‡Zv iK‡gi †ivM n‡”Q,
Pviw`‡K Kxfv‡e RxevYy Qov‡”Q Gme K_v Av‡Q G wPwV‡Z| Ab¨w`‡K †e¸wb wPwVUv ivRnv‡umi †jLv,
jvj wPwVUv mh~g©vgvi †jLv| Gme wPwVI gj
~ Z cK
Ö w…Z, cwi‡ek I Av‡jv wb‡q Ñ hv bv n‡j Avgv‡`i
Rxeb APj n‡q hv‡e| G mvZwU wPwV mZKZ
© vgj
~ K I m‡PZbZvgj
~ K wPwV|
Ôhv`yKiÕ eBwU AZ¨šÍ mnR-my›`i fvlvq †jLv| G fvlv mn‡RB wkï‡`i AvK…ó Ki‡e| cy‡iv eBwU‡Z
cÖwZwU wel‡qi Dc¯’vcb I eY©bv ¯^”Q›`| bvbv Áv‡bi K_v, ARvbv-Rvbv A‡bK Z_¨ Av‡Q eBwU‡Z;
wKš‘ Gme Z_¨ †Kv_vI RwUj eY©bvq fvivµvšÍ bq, eis eY©bvi mPjZvq cvVK‡K Kv‡Q †U‡b †bq|
A‡kvK Kg©Kv‡ii AvuKv eBwUi cÖ”Q` my›`i| wkíx nv‡kg Lv‡bi Bjvm‡Uªkb eBwU‡K AviI
AvKl©Yxq K‡i‡Q| eBwUi Kfv‡ii †kl cvZvq ejv n‡q‡Q Ñ Ôwkï‡`i Kv‡Q Rxe‡bi K_v †cuŠ‡Q
w`‡Z n‡e Zv‡`i fvlvq, Zv‡`i †evakw³i m‡½ mgÄm †i‡L| KvRwU Riæwi, Z‡e †ek KwVb|Õ
ggZvR jwZd †mB Riæwi Ges KwVb KvRwU AZ¨šÍ mnRfv‡e K‡i‡Qb|
eBwUi PZz_© ms¯‹iY Pj‡Q| Zv‡Z g‡b nq eBwU hv‡`i Rb¨ iwPZ Zv‡`i Kv‡Q †ek Av`„Z n‡q‡Q|
wKš‘ PZz_© ms®‹i‡YI wKQz wKQz gy`ªY-cÖgv` †PvL‡K cxov †`q| eB‡qi ïiæ‡ZB iyMY evbvb n‡q‡Q
iæMœ, †hme ¯’‡j n‡q‡Q †mme, 17 c„ôvq AvR n‡q‡Q AvK, c„ôv 33 G KYv n‡q‡Q K_v, SvD n‡q‡Q
RvI, 34 c„ôvq k¨vIjv n‡q‡Q k¨vjv, 46 c„ôvq Rwii KvR n‡q‡Q Rwoi KvR, awi‡q w`‡jb n‡q‡Q
a‡i w`‡jb, 47 c…ôvq kÎæi gy‡L n‡q‡Q mËz‡ii gy‡L, 50 c„ôvq jÿ n‡q‡Q jÿ¨ BZ¨vw`| is I i‡Oi
evbv‡bI i‡q‡Q weåvwšÍ| Ôhv`yÕ kãwUi evbvb eB‡qi †kl Kfv‡i †jLv n‡q‡Q ÔRv`yÕ| Rv`yKvwV‡K
m¤¢eZ hv`yi KvwV †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q| GKB eB‡Z GKB k‡ãi evbv‡bi mgZv _vKv cÖ‡qvRb| GKwU
eB G‡Kev‡i wbLuyZ n‡e Ggb Avkv Kiv hvq bv, ZeyI cieZ©x ms¯‹i‡Y Gw`‡K jÿ ivLv †h‡Z cv‡i|
cwi‡k‡l ej‡Z cvwi Ôhv`yKiÕ eBwU‡Z wkï‡`i †hme †kLvi welq mnR fvlvq ejv n‡q‡Q, Rvbvi
K_v Rvb‡Z ejv n‡q‡Q, fvevi wel‡q fve‡Z ejv n‡q‡Q †m¸‡jv hw` Zviv wKQzUvI AvqË K‡i Z‡e
Avgv‡`i G c„w_ex n‡e A‡bK my›`i I Kj¨vYgq|
60 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx
ev‡dW
weBD-AvBBwW
BD‡b‡¯‹vi mn‡hvwMZvq ev‡dW I weBD-AvBBwW-Gi GKwU †hŠ_ lvY§vwmK cÖKvkbv