Air and Water Leakage Resistance Testing of Installed

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© American Architectural
Manufacturers Association 2010
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Comparison of the AAMA/WDMA/CSA
101/I.S.2/A440 -08 lab test (referred to as
NAFS-08) to the AAMA 502 quality
assurance field test and the AAMA 511
forensic evaluation
Determination of appropriate water test
pressures, test durations and water
applications via NAFS-08, AAMA 502-08,
503-08 and 511-08
How to specify project-specific quality
assurance field testing
The proper use of AAMA 511 for forensic
evaluations
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Introduction
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“NAFS-08” Lab Testing –
` Performed on prototype specimen to validate
product performance ratings
“502” Quality Assurance Field Testing –
` Performed on “newly” installed products to verify
installed performance of the product and the
installation
“511” Forensic Testing –
` Performed on wall assemblies with known water
control problems as a means to accurately
identify suspect wall construction components
and details
NAFS Overview
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NAFS Overview
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Utilizes ASTM E 547 and/or E 331 for
test methodology
Test is performed under controlled
environmental conditions
Test sample is installed strictly per the
manufacturer’s
instructions in a precise
test buck opening
NAFS Overview
Conversion as per NAFS-08
` 15% for R, LC, CW
` 20% for AW
` Water Resistance Test Pressure is capped at 12.00 psf for
the U.S. and 15.00 psf for Canada
Gateway Requirements
Performance
Class
Minimum
Design
Pressure, Pa
(psf)
Minimum
Structural test
pressure, Pa
(psf)
Minimum
Water
Resistance
Test Pressure,
Pa (psf)
R
15.0
22.5
2.90
LC
25.0
37.5
3.75
CW
30.0
45.0
4.50
AW
40.0
60.0
8.00
6.00 PSF (~50 mph)
Equivalent hydrostatic water head
1.16”
NAFS Overview
7.50 PSF (~55 mph)
Equivalent hydrostatic water head
1.44”
NAFS Overview
AAMA 502
AAMA 502-08
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AAMA 502-90
` Original publication by AAMA
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AAMA 502-02
AAMA 502
` Added reference to AAMA accredited laboratory and
first introduced the 1/3 WTP reduction for water
resistance testing of installed products
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AAMA 502-08
` Defined “newly” installed as prior to issuance of the
occupancy permit not to exceed 6 months after
installation of the fenestration product.
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ASTM E 783
◦ Field Measurement of Air Leakage through
Installed Exterior Windows and Doors
AAMA 502
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ASTM E 1105
◦ Field Determination of Water Penetration of
Installed Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls and
Doors by Uniform or Cyclic Static Air Pressure
Difference
AAMA 502
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Requires testing agency to report and make adjustments
for ambient conditions. In some cases, temporary
enclosures are required to reduce adverse effects of wind
and temperature at the project site.
AAMA 502
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The default air leakage for quality assurance
field testing is 1.5 times the applicable
laboratory standard for the product type and
performance class
TO OUTSIDE BAROMETRIC
PRESSURE
PRESSURE
MEASURING
DEVICE
ALTERNATE
TEST
CHAMBER
TEST
CHAMBER
EXHAUST
AAMA 502
VALVE
AIR SYSTEM
INNERMOST PLANE
FOR WATER PENETRATION
(REFERENCE PARAGRAPH 4.3.4)
PRESSURE GAUGE
VALVE
W
CALIBRATED WATER
SPRAY RACK
THE CHAMBER SHALL NOT BE PERMITTED
TO MAKE ANY CONTACT WITH THE
FENESTRATION PRODUCT
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AAMA 502
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Requires testing agency to report and
make adjustments for ambient
conditions
Test is performed on the entire
fenestration product opening
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AAMA 502
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The test pressure shall not be less than
91 Pa (1.9 psf)
Tests shall be conducted at a static test
pressure equal to 2/3 of the tested and
rated laboratory performance per
AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S. 2/A440
AAMA 502
1. Newly installed fenestration product(s) shall be field
tested in accordance with AAMA 502, "Voluntary
Specification for Field Testing of Newly Installed
Fenestration Products."
2. Test three (unless otherwise specified) of the fenestration
product specimens after the products have been
completely installed for air leakage resistance and water
penetration resistance as specified.
3. Air leakage resistance tests shall be conducted at a
uniform static test pressure of ___ Pa (___ psf). The
maximum allowable rate of air leakage shall not exceed
L/s•m2 (___ cfm/ft2)
4. Water penetration resistance tests shall be conducted at a
static test pressure of ___Pa (____ psf). No water
penetration shall occur as defined in Section 4.3.4 of
AAMA 502
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AAMA 502
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1/3 reduction to the laboratory rating of
the WTP is the default
Sill Dam test is removed from 502 and
moved to the 511 document
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Method “A”
◦ Product only testing has been eliminated from
the 502-08 and moved to AAMA 511.
AAMA 502
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If the source of the water cannot be
determined, a forensic evaluation using
the procedures outlined in AAMA 511 shall
be performed
AAMA 503
AAMA 503-08
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AAMA 503
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AAMA 503 was originally published in 1992
AAMA 503 is a similar document to AAMA
502 for Storefronts, Curtain Walls & Sloped
Glazing Systems.
Updated in 2003 & 2008
AAMA 503-08 – Defined “newly” installed
as prior to issuance of the occupancy
permit not to exceed 6 months after
issuance of the occupancy permit.
AAMA 503
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Storefronts
Curtain Wall
Sloped Glazing
AAMA 503
AAMA 503
Curtain Wall Chamber Arrangement
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Storefronts
Curtain Wall
Sloped Glazing
AAMA 503
AAMA 503
Sloped Glazing Systems Chamber
Arrangement
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Storefronts
Curtain Wall
Sloped Glazing
AAMA 503
Forensic Investigation
Forensic Investigation
ASTM References in AAMA 511
¾ASTM E 2128, Standard Guide for
Evaluating Water Leakage of Building Walls
¾This guide describes methods for determining and
evaluating water leakage of exterior walls. A wall is
considered a system including its exterior and
interior finishes, fenestration, and structural
components.
Forensic Investigation
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Involves more than just testing
The purpose of diagnostic testing is to
recreate water leaks that are known to
occur
AAMA 511 testing either follows up on
AAMA 502 and 503 testing or is used in
a water intrusion
investigation
Forensic Investigation
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“…The ultimate goal of 511 diagnostic
testing is to recreate existing leakage
behavior that occurs under in-service
conditions.”
Forensic Investigation
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Four Preliminary Steps prior to testing
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Review of project documents
Evaluation of design concept
Determination of service history
Inspection
Three Steps During and After Testing
◦ Investigative Testing
◦ Analysis
◦ Report
Forensic Investigation
Step #1: Review Project Documents
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Architectural drawings
Structural drawings
Shop drawings
Installation instructions
Contracts
Purchase orders
Specifications
Warranties
Forensic Investigation
Step # 2: Evaluation of Design Concept
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Water management concept
Critical details
Test reports
Flashing
Sealants
Weep Holes
Forensic Investigation
Step # 3: Determination of Service History
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Review maintenance records
Interview knowledgeable personnel
Research leak history
Forensic Investigation
Step #4: Inspection
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Interior observations
Exterior observations
Observe workmanship
Observe product
deficiency
Develop a
hypothesis for the
source of the
water intrusion
Forensic Investigation
Forensic Investigation
Determination is based on:
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Field Standards
Laboratory Standards
Prior Testing
Weather Data
Experience
Forensic Investigation
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Simulate the weather events
Obtain wind speed
If calculated wind speed is greater then 2/3 of
the rated WTP for the product it may be that the
product was not the most appropriate for the
project.
At least one pressure
difference test must
be done at the 2/3
pressure
Forensic Investigation
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ASCE – 7 accounts for:
◦ Exposure
◦ Height above grade
◦ Basic wind speed
(or weather data)
◦ Location of
specimen
within façade
Forensic Investigation
Forensic Investigation
• The objective of testing is to identify the leak
paths
AAMA 511- Example 1
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Consistent leaks more than one year
Heaviest leakage twice during September 2005
Class II
Building height is 33 ft., window (z) is 27 ft. above
ground
Window is 4’ high x 4’ wide, wind area (A) of 16 ft2
AAMA rating C35
AAMA 511 Example #1
AAMA 511- Example 1
Estimating the Test Pressure
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ASCE/SEI 7‐05 analysis is used with the following information:
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Location of building (Newark, NJ) Building usage designation (Class II)
Exposure level (Exposure B) Building design (enclosed structure with a flat roof )
Building height (33 ft.)
Window area (16 square ft.)
From these features, the water resistance test pressure is, theoretically, 2.4 psf.
AAMA 511- Example 1
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Local weather data is analyzed by daily readings for September of 2005, allowing the investigator to observe the weather condition, amount of precipitation and maximum wind speed for each day
AAMA 511 Example #1
AAMA 511- Example 1
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The maximum 5‐second gust wind speeds are recorded for every day in September in which measurable rainfall occurred
Date
Rain Fall (in)
4-Sep-05
12-Sep-05
21-Sep-05
0.12
0.33
0.67
Max Wind Speed
(mph) 5-Sec. Gust
16
11
52
AAMA 511- Example 1
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Only two leak events are reported during September 2005
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Average wind determined to be 34 mph
Date
Rain Fall (in)
4-Sep-05
12-Sep-05
21-Sep-05
0.12
0.33
0.67
Max Wind Speed
(mph) 5-Sec. Gust
16
11
52
AAMA 511- Example 1
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Result = 2.1 psf which is the differential pressure used to evaluate the window opening in question
Weather data analysis is used to determine field water penetration resistance pressure Table 3 of AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S. 2/A440‐05 shows tested water penetration resistance pressure
The result of the weather data analysis (2.2 psf ) is the differential pressure used to evaluate the window opening in question
AAMA 511- Example 2
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Leak Reported during storm on September
21, 2005
Class II, Exposure C
Building height is 60 ft., window (z) is 55
ft. above ground
Window is 2’ high x 2’ wide, wind area (A)
of 4 ft2
AAMA rating C35
AAMA 511- Example 2
Estimating the Test Pressure
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ASCE/SEI 7‐05 analysis is used with the following information:
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Location of building (Chicago, Il) Building usage designation (Class II)
Exposure level (Exposure C) Building design (enclosed structure with a flat roof )
Building height (60 ft.)
Window area (4 square ft.)
From these features, the water resistance test pressure is, theoretically, 3.2 psf.
AAMA 511- Example 2
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Referring to tabulated local weather data above, the investigator can determine and record the maximum 5‐second gust speeds on the date of the reported leak
Date
Rain Fall (in)
21-Sep-05
0.67
Max Wind Speed
(mph) 5-Sec.
Gust
52
AAMA 511- Example 2
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52 mph can now be used in Eq.‐ 6‐15 from SEI/ASCE 7‐05 to establish a wind pressure of 7.9 psf
Since specimen height is above 60 feet above grade, this wind pressure is inserted into Eq.‐ 6‐23 to calculate maximum test pressure
Result = 8.4 psf, which is greater than the laboratory water penetration resistance test pressure of 5.25 psf as prescribed for a C 35 product rating. Since calculated differential air test pressure exceeds the rated performance value for the product, investigator shall first perform at least 1 test at 2/3 of the product performance rating prior to testing at calculated pressure.
Interior Weep Holes
Tape
applied over
Exterior
Weep
AAMA 511 Example #2
Water shall cover all horizontal surfaces expected to be wet
Test Water Head
measured from
bottom of exterior
wrap
Recreating the Leak
Need to determine:
◦ How to apply water
◦ How long to run test
◦ Whether or not to include differential
pressure
x How much air pressure
x How to step or phase pressure
Recreating the Leak
Recreating the Leak
Recreating the Leak
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How long would you test these substrates?
Recreating the Leak
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Which application best fulfills the objective?
Recreating the Leak
Recreating the Leak
Recreating the Leak
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How does differential pressure affect the
test specimen?
Recreating the Leak
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Start with zero differential pressure then
step up to higher pressures
Recreating the Leak
Recreating the Leak
Recreating the Leak
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Start testing at lower elevations and work
higher
Introduce one new element at a time into
each new water test
Use isolation to protect features from water
spray
Do not turn the water off at the first
moment a leak appears
Try to trace the leak from the exterior to the
interior and use destructive wall probes as
required to identify this leak path
Do not end non-leaking tests until you are
confident the specimen is not contributing
to leakage
Recreating the Leak
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No or limited leak history
Leak reported as window leak when leak
is actually from another source
Not enough water pressure
Not able to achieve differential pressure
Owner does not want to remove interior
finishes
No or limited access to concealed wall
areas
Inclement weather
Isolation failures
Identifying the Source
Identifying the Source
Identifying the Source
Identifying the Source
Identifying the Source
Analysis and Reporting
¾The forensic investigator has the responsibility
to make every attempt to ascertain the exact
path of water intrusion
¾Conclusions are formed in this step on the
basis of the inspection and testing data
collected in the previous steps.
¾If conclusions cannot be fully supported by
sound scientific principles then additional
investigation is needed
Analysis and Reporting
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All reports shall be self-contained
documents
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Shall include justification for deviations from
the methodology described in the standard
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The reports shall not include any
unsubstantiated opinions or conclusions.
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If results are not conclusive the forensic
investigator shall present options for
obtaining conclusive results
¾Please
take a moment to complete the
evaluation form. Thank You.