Water Resistance Testing of Building Envelope Components and

Transcription

Water Resistance Testing of Building
Envelope Components and Cladding
Comparing 101/I.S.2/A440-08 to AAMA
502-08, AAMA 503-08 and Forensic
Investigations per AAMA 511-08
Northeast Window and Door Association – Summer Meeting
July 21, 2009
Presented By:
Scott Warner, Executive Vice President
Architectural Testing
www.archtest.com
Architectural Testing Inc.
Copyright Materials
This presentation is protected by U.S. and
International copyright laws. Reproduction,
distribution, display and use of the
presentation without written permission of
the speaker is prohibited.
© Architectural Testing
www.archtest.com
Learning Objectives
Comparison of the 101/I.S.2/A440 laboratory
test to the 502, 503 field test and the 511
forensic evaluation
Determination of appropriate water test
pressures, test durations and water applications
via AAMA 101, 502,503, and 511
How to Specify Project Specific Quality Assurance
Field Testing
The proper use of AAMA 511 for Forensic
Evaluations
www.archtest.com
Types of Water Resistance Tests
“101” Lab Testing - performed on prototype
specimen to determine and or validate product
performance ratings
“502” and “503” Field Testing - performed on
“newly” installed products to verify installed
performance of the production line product
“511” Forensic Testing - performed on wall
assemblies with known water control problems as a
means to accurately identify suspect wall
construction components and details
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“Prototype” LABORATORY TESTING for water penetration resistance
Utilizes ASTM E 547 and E 331 for test methodology
Test is performed under controlled environmental
conditions
Prototype test sample is mounted perfectly plumb,
level and square in a precise test buck opening
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Design Pressure Conversion to Water Test Pressure Conversion as per AAMA 101/I.S. 2/A440-08
15% DP for R, LC, CW
20% DP for AW
The optional performance grade water test
pressure is capped at 15 psf.
Gateway Requirements
Performance Class
R
LC
CW
AW
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Design Pressure
15.0
25.0
30.0
40.0
Structural Test
22.5
37.5
45.0
60.0
Water Test
2.90
3.75
4.50
8.00
Testing at Maximum Rated WTP
1.23” H20
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6.4 psf (50 mph)
Water Leakage is ….it depends on the definition of is ?
AAMA 502 states that Water Penetration
attributable to the surrounding condition shall be
defined as the presence of uncontrolled water which
did not originate from the fenestration product or
the joint b/w the product and the surrounding
construction.
Water penetration attributable to the fenestration
product shall be defined as the penetration of
uncontrolled water beyond a plane parallel to the
innermost edges of the product.
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AAMA 511 ( via ASTM E 2128) defines the following
terms:
incidental water
water absorption
water infiltration
water leakage
water penetration
water permeation
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Water Leakage – water that is uncontrolled, exceeds
the resistance, retention or discharge capacity of
the system, or causes subsequent damage or
premature failure (ASTM E 2128-01)
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AAMA 502-08
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Evolution of the AAMA 502 Field Testing Standard:
AAMA 502-90 – Original publication by AAMA
AAMA 502-02 – Added reference to AAMA Accredited
laboratory and first introduced the 1/3rd WTP
reduction for water resistance testing of installed
products
AAMA 502-08 – Defined “newly” installed as prior to
issuance of the occupancy permit not to exceed 6
months after installation of the product.
www.archtest.com
ASTM documents referenced in AAMA 502:
ASTM E 783, Standard Test Method for Field
Measurement of Air Leakage through Installed
Exterior Windows and Doors
ASTM E 1105, Standard Test Method for Field
Determination of Water Penetration of Installed
Exterior Windows, Skylights, Doors, and Curtain
Walls and Doors by Uniform or Cyclic Static Air
Pressure Difference
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“502” Field Testing of windows and doors
Intended for “newly” installed fenestration products
Utilizes a temporary test chamber to create a
positive pressure differential on the test area
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“502” Test Chamber Arrangement
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“502” Field Testing of newly installed windows and doors
Requires Testing Agency to report and make adjustments
for ambient conditions
Test is performed on the entire fenestration product
opening
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Determining the proper Field Water Test Pressure (WTP)
The test pressure shall not be less than 91 Pa (1.9 psf)
Tests shall be conducted at a static test pressure equal
to 2/3rds of the tested and rated laboratory
performance per AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S. 2/A440
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AAMA 502 Short Form Specification
1. Newly installed fenestration product(s) shall be field tested in
accordance with AAMA 502, "Voluntary Specification for Field
Testing of Newly Installed Fenestration Products."
2. Test three (unless otherwise specified) of the fenestration
product specimens after the products have been completely
installed for air leakage resistance and water penetration
resistance as specified.
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AAMA 502 Short Form Specification
3. Air leakage resistance tests shall be conducted at a uniform
static test pressure of ___ Pa (___ psf). The maximum
allowable rate of air leakage shall not exceed
L/s•m2
(___ cfm/ft2)
4. Water penetration resistance tests shall be conducted at a
static test pressure of ___Pa (____ psf). No water penetration
shall occur as defined in Section 4.3.4 of AAMA 502
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Noteworthy Changes in AAMA 502-08
1/3rd reduction to the laboratory rating of the
WTP is the default
Sill Dam test is removed from 502 and moved to
the 511 document
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Additional Noteworthy Changes in AAMA 502-08
Method “A” Product only testing has been
eliminated. 502-08 requires a pressure
differential across the entire specimen (including
sub frame receptor and/or panning) and the joint
between the fenestration product and the wall.
If the source of the water leakage cannot be
determined, a forensic evaluation using the
procedures outlined in AAMA 511 shall be
performed
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AAMA 503-08
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Evolution of the AAMA 503 Field Testing Standard:
Similar to the AAMA 502 document was originally
published in 1992
AAMA 503-08 – Defined “newly” installed as prior to
issuance of the occupancy permit not to exceed 6
months after installation of the product.
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AAMA 503-08
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Storefront Testing
AAMA 503-08
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Curtain Wall Testing
AAMA 503‐08 Storefronts
Curtain Wall
Sloped Glazing
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AAMA 503-08
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Sloped Glazing Testing
AAMA 503‐08 Sloped Glazing
Storefronts
Curtain Wall
Sloped Glazing
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AAMA 511-08 Forensic Testing
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ASTM References in AAMA 511
ASTM E 2128, Standard Guide for
Evaluating Water Leakage of Building
Walls
This guide describes methods for determining
and evaluating water leakage of exterior walls. A
wall is considered a system including its exterior
and interior finishes, fenestration, and structural
components.
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“511” Forensic Evaluation
Involves more than just testing – Requires pretest
inspection and data gathering
The purpose of 511 diagnostic testing is to recreate
water leaks that are known to occur
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AAMA 511‐08
AAMA 511 follows AAMA 502 testing (if required) or
is used in a water intrusion investigation
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AAMA 511-08-Objective
“…The ultimate goal of 511 diagnostic testing is to
recreate existing leakage behavior that occurs under
in-service conditions.”
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AAMA 511-08: Seven Steps to completion
Four Preliminary Steps prior to testing
•
•
•
•
Review of project documents
Evaluation of design concept
Determination of service history
Inspection
Three Steps During and After Testing
• Investigative Testing
• Analysis
• Report
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AAMA 511-08
1. Step #1: Review Project Documents
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•
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Architectural drawings
Structural drawings
Shop drawings
Installation instructions
Contracts
Purchase orders
Specifications
Warrantees
AAMA 511-08
2. Step # 2: Evaluation of Design Concept
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Water management concept
Critical details
Test reports
Flashing
Sealants
Weep Holes
AAMA 511-08
3. Step # 3: Determination of Service History
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•
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Maintenance records
Interview knowledgeable personnel
Develop leak history
AAMA 511-08
4. Step #4: Inspection
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www.archtest.com
Interior observations
Exterior observations
Observe workmanship
Observe product deficiency
Develop a hypothesis for the source of the water intrusion
Information required prior to 511 testing:
Step #5: Determine most appropriate testing
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•
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Field Standards
Laboratory Standards
Prior Testing
Weather Data
Experience
Testing above Rated Design Performance
1.92” H20
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10 psf (62 mph)
AAMA 511: Steps During and After Testing
1. Step #5 continued: Investigate Testing
•
Simulate the weather events that produced the reported
water penetration. Determine number of leaks for a given
period of time
–
–
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Record exact dates if possible
Obtain weather data from a nationally recognized weather data
service
Match the leak event records with weather data
AAMA 511: Steps During/After Testing
Investigate Testing (step #5 continued)
•
Wind speed data coincident with rain events obtained
from weather service data shall be used to approximate
the actual wind driven rain pressure
•
If the calculated wind speed based on weather data is
greater then 2/3rds of the rated water resistance (WTP)
for the product it may be that the product was not the
most appropriate product selection for the project.
www.archtest.com
Using ASCE-7 to approximate wind driven rain
pressures
ASCE – 7 accounts for:
•
•
•
•
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Exposure
Height above grade
Basic wind speed (or weather data)
Location of openings within façade
ASCE 7 – Basic Wind Speeds
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AAMA 511: Steps During/After Testing
AAMA 511 Investigate Testing (continued)
•
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The objective of testing is to identify the leak paths
through simulation of the weather events that produced
the reported water penetration
AAMA 511 Example Case Study 1 –Newark, NJ
A building in Newark, NJ has experienced consistent leaks for more than one year. Leak history of building shows that most significant leaks occurred twice during September of 2005
www.archtest.com
AAMA 511 Example Case Study 1- Newark, NJ
Per ASCE/SEI 7‐05 the building is designated as a Class II, Exposure B, enclosed structure with a flat roof
The mean roof height (h) of structure is 33 ft., and the height of the suspect opening (z) is 27 ft. above ground
This window is 4 feet high by 4 feet wide with an effective wind
area (A) of 16 ft2, and it is certified by the manufacturer and is labeled as a C 35 performance grade window
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AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S. 2/A440-05
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Weather Analysis
The daily local weather data for Newark, NJ is analyzed for September of 2005.
The forensic investigator reviews the recorded weather conditions noting:
a. amount of precipitation and b. maximum wind speed for each day
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Climatological Data for Newark
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Weather Data Summary
The maximum 5‐second gust wind speeds are recorded for every day in September in which measurable rainfall occurred
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Date
Rain Fall (in)
4‐Sep‐05
12‐Sep‐05
21‐Sep‐05
0.12
0.33
0.67
Max Wind Speed (mph) 5‐Sec. Gust
16
11
52
Weather Data Analysis
Since only two leak events are reported during September 2005, and the assumption is that the windiest days produced this leakage, only the two highest values are used to calculate the average wind
11 mph value is discarded and the average wind determined to be 34 mph, which can now be used in Eq.‐
6‐15 of ASCE/SEI 7‐05 to establish a wind pressure of 2.1 psf www.archtest.com
Since the specimen height is less than 60 feet above grade, this wind pressure is inserted into Eq.‐ 6‐22 of ASCE/SEI 7‐
05 to calculate the maximum test pressure
Result = 2.2 psf, which is less than 2/3rds of the certified and labeled rating for a C‐35 product. ( .667 x 5.25 = 3.5psf)
This calculated WTP of 2.2 psf (using the local weather data) is the differential pressure used to evaluate the window opening in question www.archtest.com
Example Case Study 2 – Chicago Building
It is reported that a building in the Chicago area has experienced a leak during a wind driven rain storm on September 21, 2005
Per SEI/ASCE 7‐05 the building is designated as a Class II, Exposure C, enclosed structure with a flat roof www.archtest.com
Example Case Study 2 – Chicago Building
The mean roof height (h) of this structure is 60 feet, and the height of the suspect window (z) is 55 feet above the ground
This component is 2 feet high by 2 feet wide with an effective wind area (A) of 4 ft2 and is classified as a C 35 window (Same as example 1 for window performance criteria) www.archtest.com
Climatological Data for Chicago
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Weather Data Summary
Referring to tabulated local weather data from the Chicago area the investigator can determine and record the maximum 5‐second gust speeds on the date of the reported leak
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Date
Rain Fall (in)
Max Wind Speed (mph) 5‐Sec. Gust
21‐Sep‐05
0.67
52
52 mph can now be used in Eq.‐ 6‐15 from SEI/ASCE 7‐05 to establish a wind pressure of 7.9 psf
Since the specimen height is above 60 feet above grade, this wind pressure is inserted into Eq.‐ 6‐23 to calculate the maximum test pressure
www.archtest.com
Result = 8.4 psf, which is greater than 2/3rds of the laboratory water penetration resistance test pressure of 5.25 psf as prescribed for a C 35 product rating
Since calculated differential air test pressure exceeds the rated performance value for the product, investigator shall first perform at least 1 test at 2/3rds of the product performance rating prior to testing at calculated pressure.
Note: This example is indicative of a weather condition that exceeds the rated capacity of the installed product www.archtest.com
AAMA 511: Steps During and After Testing
Optional Sill Dam Test:
When testing identifies the source of leak is due to a
defective fenestration product the optional sill dam test can
be used. This test is not to be used as the sole criteria to
determine whether or not the fenestration product is
defective
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AAMA 511: Undefined Criteria
Need to determine:
– How to apply water
– How long to run test
– Whether or not to include differential pressure
How much air pressure
How to step or phase pressure
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Pressure Applications
Which application best fulfills the objective of
recreating the observed leakage condition?
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Water Application using AAMA 501.2
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Static –vs‐ Dynamic Differential Pressure
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Water Test Pressures
Start with zero differential pressure then step up to
the determined wind driven rain pressure
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Static –vs- Dynamic Differential Pressure
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Pressure Consequences
How does differential pressure affect the test
specimen?
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Duration of Testing (Competed wall)
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Window Isolation
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Isolation Testing: General Procedure
Start testing at lower elevations and work higher
Introduce one new element at a time into each
new water test
Use isolation to protect features from water spray
Do not turn the water off at the first moment a
leak appears
Do not end non-leaking tests until you are
confident the specimen is not contributing to
leakage
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Isolation Water Testing
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Multiple Leaks
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Common Field Water Testing Problems
No or limited leak history
Leak reported as window leak when leak is actually
from another source
Owner does not want to remove finished wall
construction
No or limited access to concealed wall areas
Inclement weather
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Cannot see through the wall
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Brick Veneer Cavity Wall
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Cannot see through the wall
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Enhanced Observations using IR images
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AAMA 511: Step #6 Analysis
The forensic investigator has the responsibility to
make every attempt to ascertain the exact path
of water intrusion
Conclusions are formed in this step on the basis of
the inspection and testing data collected in the
previous steps.
If conclusions cannot be fully supported by sound
scientific principles then additional investigation
is needed
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AAMA 511: Step #7 – Reporting
•
All reports shall be self-contained documents;
that is, the factual basis for the findings and
conclusions are expressed in the document
•
Shall include justification for deviations from
the methodology described in the standard
•
The reports shall not include any
unsubstantiated opinions or conclusions.
•
If results are not conclusive the forensic
investigator shall present options for obtaining
conclusive results
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AAMA 511‐08, AAMA 503‐08 and AAMA 502‐08 are available on the AAMA website
www.aamanet.org
email questions to:
[email protected]
www.archtest.com

Water Resistance Testing of Building Envelope Components and

Transcription

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