Humat Hydrant Valve - Clay Fire Training

Transcription

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Clay Fire Territory Task Manual
Section 1: Hand Tools
1.0 – General Overview - Page 1 of 2
The most important level working at an IDLH Incident is the Task Level. This is where the actual work
takes place that solves the Incidents problems. Firefighters working in a hazard zone are also performing
one of the world’s toughest forms of manual labor. We use water and the tools we bring into the hazard
zone to; force entry, put the fire out, search the building, open up the building’s concealed spaces, and
perform the necessary type(s) of ventilation.
These activities usually start out with our basic set of hand tools and competent water delivery. While
these tools are generally primitive and have been around for a while, it is very important that all
firefighters know the right tool for the job, as well as being able to use the selected tool safely and
effectively. The following section will outline the basic, hazard zone hand tools that we use on a routine
basis, along with their best application on the fire ground.
Pick Head Axe: Comes with a 28 – 36 inch fiberglass handle with a 6- 8 pound Axe head on
one side and a pick head on the other. This is an excellent prying tool when the pick end is
used. The blade side of the tool is effective for cutting through wood, siding, and other natural
and lightweight material. It is carried by most firefighters on nearly every fire.
Flat Head Axe: Also comes with a 28 – 36 inch fiberglass handle with a 6- 8 pound Axe head
on one side and a flat head on the other. The axe is used to cut through most natural material.
The flat head side of the axe is used as a striking tool. Its most often paired with a prying tool
to aid in forcible entry and when coupled with the halligan tool, it is referred to as; the “Set of
“Irons".
Halligan Bar: A forcible entry and extrication tool that provides firefighters with the needed
force or leverage to handle most forcible entry situations. It has a point, a fork and a leverage
foot to aid the firefighter in forcing their way into buildings. It can also be used in vehicle
extrications as a prying tool.
Set of “Irons”: Is a Flat Head Axe combined with the Halligan Bar. This tool set is primarily
used for forcible entry.
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Section 1: Hand Tools
Pike Poles: Are a penetrating and pulling tool that have limited use
in forcible entry, but in certain instances, such as breaking glass and
opening up walls or ceilings, they are the tools of choice. The
standard 6 foot Pike Pole (pictured above) has a point and a “hook” at
the end of the pole. It is the best tool to use when removing drywall
from ceilings or walls. Pike poles come in varying lengths from 3 feet
long (closet Pike) to 14 feet long.
There are several different head types that can be used on the end of
a pole. Each different attachment has a specific use that it was
designed for.
Trash
Hook
Plaster
Hook
Sledge Hammer: This is a very versatile tool on the fire ground. It is primarily a striking tool. It
comes with a 28 – 36 inch fiberglass handle with a 6 to 10 pound head. This is the best
striking tool to use in forcible entry and vehicle extrication.
Bolt Cutters: Is a tool used for cutting chains, padlocks (that are NOT case hardened) bolts,
rebar, and wire mesh. It has long handles and short blades, with compound hinges to
maximize leverage and cutting force. 2 bolt cutters are carried on the apparatus, one large set
and a smaller set used primarily for wire and smaller locks.
Prybar: Is a tool consisting of a long metal bar with a single curved end and flattened points.
It is used as a lever to force apart two objects.
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Section 2: Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
2.0 – General PPE Overview - Page 1 of 1
A Thermal Protective Performance (TPP) test rating is required for all structure
firefighting gear. The TPP test evaluates the garment material’s thermal insulation
in the presence of both direct flame and radiant heat. The purpose of the TPP is to
measure the length of time that the person wearing the garment or related
equipment can be exposed to a heat source before incurring a second degree
burn, or skin blistering.
A TPP rating of 35 is required for structural fire fighting protective clothing to meet
the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) standards. A 35 TPP rating will
protect a firefighter from flashover temperatures (1,000 to 1,200 degrees F) for 12
to 15 seconds before resulting in a 2nd degree burn. All Clay FD PPE meets or
exceeds all NPFA standards. All undergarments must be 100% natural fibers.
Full Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Consists of 7 separate items that
are all worn in conjunction together, prior to entering an IDLH Hazard Zone.
They are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Helmet
Nomex/PBI hood
Jacket
Gloves
Bunker pants
Boots
SCBA (next section)
Helmet: Structural helmets are made of either thermoplastic or composite material.
The brim at the rear of the helmet is longer than the front and a face shield(s) is
usually attached to the front.
Nomex/PBI hood: Made with either Nomex or PBI fibers. This garment protects all
of the skin above the coat collar that is not being covered by the SCBA face mask.
Jacket: A turnout jacket consists of 3 main layers; 1) An outer heat shell
constructed of a PBI/Kevlar weave 2) A moister barrier layer and, 3) A thermal
liner. The back of the jacket contains a fallen firefighter drag harness that can be
deployed by raising the Velcro flap and pulling the drag strap.
Gloves: Structural firefighting gloves employ the same functional three-layer
construction as the other turnout gear. There is a shell, which may be either leather
or textile. Inside the shell is a moisture barrier or barrier layer that may be separate
or combined with a thermal lining.
Bunker pants: Are also constructed with the same materials as the jacket. Newer
bunker gear also has waterproof knee pads integrated in their construction. A good
firefighter will always use red suspenders to hold up their bunker pants.
Boots: Newer bunker boots are constructed using insulated leather with oil
resistant rubber soles. All structural firefighting boots have steel toes to prevent toe
injuries and a steel insole to prevent puncture injuries to the bottom of the foot. 4
Section 3: Firefighter Skills Course
One of the physical activities that all recruits will participate in during the academy is the skills
course. The skills course is designed to simulate the actual work we routinely perform on the fire
ground. The intention of the skills course is to train recruits to perform critical fire ground tasks
using various firefighting tools, wearing full protective clothing, breathing from an SCBA, while
following all of Clay Fire's air management policies.
The course was designed to simulate activities
of an actual working fire, where firefighters
often breath down two full SCBA bottles during
the course of the incident.
The skills course also serves as a valuable
tool for the recruit training officers to assess
tool and job skills, initiative, team work, and
the aerobic conditioning of the recruit based
on their air consumption rates.
Training captains will participate with you in
the skills course to determine an acceptable
pace for the company and to monitor the safety of the crew. Other department members may
sometimes participate as an extra member or supervisor of the crew.
All tasks will be evaluated by the company officer to ensure that the recruits receive maximum
instruction in handling the various tools while properly performing all of the skill stations.
All recruits are expected to possess the strength and conditioning necessary to keep up with their
crew and maintain fire ground accountability.
Close teamwork is required to ensure that all recruits operate in a safe manner and receive the
benefit of learning the techniques required for the skills from their company officer.
Another great benefit of the skills course is the physical conditioning that you’ll develop over the
course of the academy, as well as building a sense of comradely and team spirit with your fellow
class mates.
There are 3 phases of the Clay Fire part time fire academy. The last phase of the academy is the
Firefighter 1 and 2 instruction and certification process.
In the first 2 stages, prior to the Firefighter 1 and 2 portion of the academy, recruits will run the
skills course while not wearing an SCBA.
Once all recruits are certified to wear an SCBA at the start of the FF 1 & 2 phase of the academy,
all skill course evolutions will be performed wearing your full PPE and SCBA while adhering to all
of Clay Fire's air management policies.
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Before setting up the course, the recruits will be divided up into 4 person companies. Each company will
have a company officer assigned to them.
All passport and accountability SOP's will be followed while working on the training grounds.
Each company will report to the training grounds with their full PPE and set up the skills course. The
course takes about 5 to 10 minutes to set up depending on how many people are assisting.
Once all of the props have been set up,
assigned crews will spread out among
the different stations in the skills course
with their company officer.
The company officer will document all
of the company members starting air
levels before starting the skills course.
A horn (or loud voice) will signal all
companies to start working at their first
assigned skill station.
Air Check Being Performed
The company officer will direct their crew to go on air once the first horn is sounded.
No recruit will go off air during the skills course without permission from their assigned company officer.
Each station will be performed approximately 2 to 3 minutes or until the horn sounds. This signals all of
companies to switch to another skill station on the course.
Prior to moving to the next skill station, the company officer will perform and document an air check with
the members of their crew. Once documented, move to, and start working at the next assigned skill
station.
Recruits are required to monitor their air consumption rates and cylinder pressures at all times.
Recruits must notify their company officer when their air cylinder pressure is at 50% capacity. The
company officer will make the decision on whether to complete the current skill station or exit the skills
course.
An SCBA air cylinder should provide the user a sufficient amount of air to complete at least 3 to 4 skill
stations.
Recruits air supplies should be managed in a way that all members of the company exit the skills
course with a 25% air reserve, without being on bells.
After 3 to 4 skill stations have been performed, the horn will sound, all members on the course will stop
working and they will report to the rehab area where they will recycle.
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The recycle process - hydration and a quick cylinder change - directly simulates what occurs on an
actual working fire.
While recycling between work cycles, and depending on the current weather conditions, each recruit
will rehydrate with a minimum of 16 ounces of water or Gatorade only.
Members will assist each other in changing out air cylinders while recycling.
The company officer assigned to the crew will insure that all members are well hydrated and physically
ready to return to the skills course prior to exiting the rehab area.
Companies will then follow the same skill course procedures on their second work cycle.
After your second air cylinder is properly consumed, you’ll report with your crewmembers to the rehab
area for a final rehab. Again, each recruit will rehydrate with a minimum of 16 ounces of water or
Gatorade.
Once all members have been properly rehabbed and checked out by their company officer, clean up
will begin. This includes the cleaning, maintenance and proper storage of all equipment used on the
course, cleaning up all OSB wood chips, and a general policing of the academy grounds that would
make Clay Fire's tax payers proud.
The skills course stations consists of the following events:
Ladder Raise - Firefighters routinely utilize ground ladders
to perform a variety of tasks on a fire ground. This prop
simulates extending the weight of a 35 foot extension
ladder. You need to possess the strength to completely
raise the fly section of the ladder to accomplish this task.
Ceiling Pull Simulation - The ceiling prop simulates the
effort required to pull ceilings in order to check for fire
extension into an overhead concealed space. This prop
consists of a 1/2 inch sheet of OSB mounted over head.
You’re required to create a hole in the OSB large enough to
adequately check for fire extension.
Ventilation prop - The purpose of this prop is to simulate
the force necessary to ventilate a roof, force entry, or tear
apart a wood structure to check for fire extension when
using an axe. You’ll be evaluated on striking a wood
structure with an axe approximately 50 times while properly
maintaining control of tool.
Forcible Entry/ Vehicle Extrication Simulation - Many
times in the beginning of fire operations, firefighters will
need to force entry into a structure using sledgehammers
and other related tools. This prop is designed to simulate
the effort needed to force entry into a building or provide
vehicle extrication on an auto accident. On this prop, you’ll
strike a car with a sledgehammer approximately 50 times
while properly maintaining control of tool.
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Hose Drag - On all working fires, hand lines will need to be
extended from a pumping apparatus to the seat of the fire.
Many times, handlines need to be extended beyond 300
feet. The hose drag prop simulates the weight of extending
a two and half inch hand line 200 ft. You’ll drag a tire this
distance, simulating the weight of a typical hand line
stretch.
Confined Space Crawl - Firefighters routinely operate in
confined conditions that require them to crawl while
stretching lines and searching structures. This prop is
designed to test your ability to operate in a confined area.
This exercise requires you to crawl through the confined
space course. You will be evaluated on your ability to
perform this exercise in a timely manner.
High-rise Pack Simulation - Firefighters are routinely
required to carry heavy equipment and hose up several
flights of stairs to reach the location of the fire. It’s
important that you possess the strength and stamina to
carry the required equipment to support firefighting
operations on an above grade fire floor. A 5 inch hose
bundle is used to simulate 65 pounds of gear and you are
expected to ascend to the roof of the burn cans in a timely
manner.
Lines Aloft Prop Using a Drop Bag Rope - When
operating on a roof or an upper story of a building, fire
fighters sometimes advance hose lines and equipment to
these locations using a drop bag. This prop simulates
raising a charged hand line from grade level to the roof of a
3 story building. A rope is attached to a prop and you’ll be
required to raise and lower the prop three times from grade
level to your location. You’ll be evaluated on the strength
and stamina required to perform this fire ground task.
Several other job related props can and will be inserted into the skills course during the course of the
academy.
The average length of time to complete the course is 45 to 50 minutes. This includes the recycle and
rehab times. The actual work time on the course is approximately 25 minutes. Two - 12 minute work
cycles with no recruit exiting the course on SCBA bells.
As you can see, all the events of the skills course are directly related to firefighting activities that are
routinely performed on the fire ground. It is Clay Fire's intention to produce the best trained and
conditioned firefighters in the country. The skills course is an important part of that training and
conditioning process.
Click on the graphic to
launch the Skills Course video
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Section 4: Air Management
4.0 – SCBA Required Use and Operating Procedure - Page 1 of 1
A structure fire IDHL atmosphere consists of a toxic air supply and high heat in varying degrees. The 4 key
elements that allow us to safely operate in a typical IDLH atmosphere are:
 Our SOP’s
 A strong, strategic based Incident Command System
 Water, along with the tools and the ability to deliver it, and…..
 Our Personnel Protective Equipment (PPE)
The center piece of our PPE is the Self Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA). Without it, the modern
day fire service could not enter into, or operate inside of an IDLH atmosphere. Our lives depend on the
standard mechanical operation of the SCBA, as well as how well we manage the air supply that we bring
with us into an IDLH atmosphere.
All personnel expected to respond to and function in IDLH areas, shall be equipped with an SCBA and
trained in its proper use and maintenance.
Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus shall be used by all personnel operating:
• In any IDLH atmosphere
• In an atmosphere which may become IDLH
• In an atmosphere which is oxygen deficient
• In an atmosphere which is suspected of being oxygen deficient or IDLH
This includes all personnel operating:
• In an active fire area.
• Directly above an active fire area
• Overhauling in a contaminated area
• In any potential fire/smoke areas
• Whenever products of combustion are visible in the atmosphere
• Where toxic products are suspected to be present, or may be released without warning.
• In any confined space which has not been tested to establish respiratory safety.
Each member in a riding position shall be accountable for one (1) S.C.B.A. and shall check the
condition of that S.C.B.A. at the beginning of each shift, after each use, and at any other time it
may be necessary to render the SCBA in a ready state of condition.
If at any time, an S.C.B.A. is found to be functioning improperly, it shall be taken out of service, red
tagged, reported, and replaced immediately.
The use of breathing apparatus signifies that the user shall have face pieces in place, breathing air from
the bottle.
Members operating in the Warm Zone of an Incident (uncontaminated area just outside of the hazard
zone) will operate wearing their SCBA with the face piece removed, conserving air. Wearing the SCBA in
these situations insures that it will be immediately available for use if conditions change or if personnel are
directed to enter an area where the use of the SCBA is required.
Members must achieve an air tight; face piece-to-skin seal with their mask. Facial hair shall not be allowed
at points where the SCBA face piece is designed to seal with the skin of the face.
Premature removal of the SCBA must be avoided at all times, especially during overhaul, when smoldering
materials may produce increased quantities of carbon monoxide and other toxic products. In these cases,
an SCBA must be used or the atmosphere must be changed.
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4.1 – SCBA Unit Overview - Page 1 of 2
MSA Fire Hawk –SCBA: Clay Fire uses this type of
SCBA. The main components of the MSA SCBA are:
Carrier and Harness Assembly: Secures the SCBA
bottle and evenly distributes the SCBA’s weight over the
hips for comfort and stability. The composite plastic back
plate is reinforced with fibers and features spine strain
reduction components. Shoulder straps with easy-release
friction buckles and a center-pull waist belt system are
design to be quickly deployed without entanglements.
Air Cylinders: Clay Fire uses an MSA carbon wrapped, 30 minute rated, 4,500 psi air cylinder (bottle).
Several tests, involving thousands of bottle breath downs, indicate the average air supply while
working with this bottle is 16 minutes and 30 seconds (no air left in the bottle to breathe).
High Pressure Regulator: It would be impossible to breath from a high
pressure air bottle without first reducing the air pressure down to a point that it
won’t blow the user’s lungs out. The first stage regulator reduces the high
pressure from the air cylinder to below 10 psi before delivering the air
pressure to the second stage regulator that mounts directly to the face piece.
Mask Mounted Regulator: The respirator is a belt-mounted pressure-demand
regulator with a quick-disconnect assembly. The regulator is designed to maintain
a slight positive pressure of air inside the face piece whether the wearer is
inhaling or exhaling. This helps prevent contaminants from seeping inside the face
piece, even if there should be small breaks in the face-to-face piece seal.
The second stage regulator features a unique slide to connect attachment system
that allows firefighters to hang the regulator on the face piece in the "ready
position", then simply push it into the face piece when SCBA air is needed.
Removing the regulator while wearing gloves is very easy with the two large
release buttons that automatically turn off the flow of air as the regulator is
removed. A dual swivel feature on the pressure hose provides maximum freedom
of head movement.
MSA – Ultra Elite Face Piece: Features include
• Inhalation check valve
• Molded polycarbonate lens
• Air Pressure HUD LED lights
• Voice amplifier
• Adjustable rubber straps
• Hairnet-style head harness
Clear Command
Mask Mounted
Voice Amplifier
The mask is designed to provide the user with good peripheral and downward vision. The
advanced synthetic rubber provides a soft face piece texture for a smooth and comfortable
fit. It also resists chemical attack and temperature extremes, and withstands rugged day-today use without tearing and ripping. To provide a secure, comfortable fit, the face piece
utilizes five adjustable straps with stainless steel, field-replaceable buckles that resist heat
and chemical attack. The straps also feature slightly larger adjustment tabs that are easier
to manipulate with gloves on.
The Face Piece Heads Up Display (HUD) lights (located inside of the mask) should
correspond to the bottles actual air pressure and the Pass Units HUD air pressure display.
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4.1 – SCBA Unit Overview - Page 2 of 2
Integrated PASS Unit: Combines the features of an integrated PASS Unit,
with the functionality of an Air Heads-Up-Display (HUD). The unit uses a
single AA battery for power. The battery level of the unit must be verified
whenever the unit is put into a ready state.
When the Unit is in the monitor mode, a bright green LED flashes behind
the translucent manual PASS “Alarm” button. When the PASS goes into full
alarm, the light turns red for quick recognition of a firefighter in distress.
The PASS alarm system will start to give the user warning tones that
indicate the unit will go to into full alarm in 5 seconds when it remains
motionless for over 20 seconds. Simply shake the PASS unit to disarm the
pre-alert tones.
The PASS device is also activated into full alarm by holding down the front
alarm button for 3 seconds. To deactivate a full alarm, press the yellow
reset button that is located on the side of the unit 2 times.
A user’s air supply is divided up into fourths. A fourth of the air supply of a 4,500 psi bottle is
approximately 1,100 psi.
The Pass Units HUD will display to the user the bottles current air pressure in 10 psi increments.
This pressure should not differ from the bottle pressure gauge by more than 400 psi.
The Face Piece Heads Up Display (HUD) lights (located inside of the mask) should correspond to
the Pass Units HUD air pressure display.
% of Air – Face Piece HUD LED’s
Face piece Air HUD lights
PASS air HUD screen
100% to 75% Air Remaining
4,500 to 3,400 psi
Face Piece Air HUD: 4 Green LED’s
3,400 to 2,250 psi
Face Piece Air HUD: 3 Green LED’s
2,250 to 1,100 psi
Face Piece Air HUD: 2 Yellow LED’s
LED’s will flash aprox 30-60 seconds
before low air warning and bell goes off
25% or Less Air Remaining
1,100 to 0 psi
Face Piece Air HUD: 1 flashing Red LED
SCBA warning bell will sound until the
bottle is fully shut off
Make sure the PASS air HUD, the Mask’s HUD
LED lights, and the bottle pressure gauge all
match within 400 psi of each other.
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4.2 – Checking and Donning the SCBA - Page 1 of 4
Morning relief and SCBA set-up:
The first action that any field member will take when arriving on duty will be the proper relief of their
counterpart and performing a morning a check of all of the equipment they’re responsible for.
Properly remove and stow your counterpart’s turnout gear. Remember, always treat your counterparts PPE
with the same respect you want yours to be treated with.
Place your turnout gear on the apparatus in a ready state. Always be in a position to a respond quickly and
safely to all dispatches. All members must be fully turned out prior to mounting the apparatus for fire
dispatches.
Each member in a riding position shall be accountable for one (1) S.C.B.A. and shall check the
condition of that S.C.B.A. at the beginning of each shift, after each use, and at any other time it may
be necessary to render the SCBA in a ready state of condition.
Once all of your turnout gear is in its proper place and ready to go, address the SCBA for your riding
position and perform a thorough morning check of the unit.
Donning the SCBA from a riding position:
Clay Fire apparatus riding positions have the SCBA brackets built right into the seats. 90% of time,
members will deploy out of the apparatus wearing their SCBA on a fire call.
After the SCBA is checked off and placed in a ready state, place the unit back into the apparatus in manner
that allows the user to easily place themselves into the unit prior to the apparatus responding.
All personnel must be seated with their seat belt properly in place before the apparatus can move.
Please refer to the check-off sheet and video for donning your SCBA while in a riding position.
Donning the SCBA from a standing position:
There will be times when a member will be required to don their SCBA from a standing position. All recruit
firefighters will be required to don their SCBA from a standing position under the maximum amount of time
allowed for the task (?? seconds).
Clay Fire uses the 2 handed, over the head throwing method to don the SCBA while standing. Full PPE
must be worn when donning from a standing position. Please refer to the check-off sheet and video for
donning your SCBA in a standing position.
All members must perform a buddy check to insure all PPE is properly in place before entering the hazard
zone.
All members who deploy their SCBA during their shift must perform the SCBA ready state check off
procedure before placing the unit back into service.
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SCBA Ready State Check Off Procedure
Student
Evaluator
Pass/Fail
Date:
Visually check the overall physical condition of the unit and remove the rubber dust cover from the ICM
Quick-Fill fitting. Make sure all straps are fully extended and ready for use
Ensure the cylinder valve is closed and purge the system of any residual air using the Red Bypass
Control knob. Close the bypass fully
Disconnect the High Pressure Coupling Nut and check condition of the nipple seal gasket / “O” Ring
Reconnect the High Pressure Coupling Nut, making sure that the Audi-Alarm Audible Bell is properly
aligned. (Hand tight only)
Check condition of the grey “O” Ring on the Mask Mounted Regulator
Insert Regulator into face piece. Check for proper engagement by pulling on the Regulator to ensure
regulator is securely attached to the face piece
Check the face piece for a negative seal. Hold the face piece against the face and inhale in face piece to
check for proper seal. Hold for approximately five seconds. Negative pressure should be maintained in
the face piece. Exhale to check for operation of Exhalation Valve
Remove the face piece from your face and depress the Shutoff Button on the Regulator. Do not
disengage Regulator from face piece
Open Cylinder Valve fully and listen for activation of Audi-Alarm Audible Bell, and the Redundant Low Air
Alarm on the ICM. Ensure activation of HUD if equipped.
Check Cylinder and ICM gauge for accuracy. (There should be no more than 400 psi difference)
Check the Pass Alarm by allowing the unit to remain motionless. Allow the unit to remain motionless until
the pre-alert begins to sound. Shake the ICM to reset the PASS Alarm.
Allow the Pass Alarm to go into full alert by allowing the unit to remain motionless The Pass Alarm will
activate in approximately 20 seconds. The Pass Alarm will go through a series of rising audible tones
before activation of full alarm. Reset PASS once in full alarm
Don the face piece, inhale and check operation; test the bypass by fully opening and closing the red
bypass control knob. Remove the face piece from your face, allowing a flow of air to insure positive
pressure. Depress the shutoff button on the bottom of the Fire hawk Mask Mounted Regulator. Doff the
face piece. Do not disengage Regulator from face piece
Close Cylinder Valve; watch the Remote Gauge for 10 seconds. Note: Any drop in pressure indicates a
leak
Open the Bypass Control Knob slightly, watch the Remote Gauge and listen for activation of the AudiAlarm Audible Bell and Redundant Low Air Alarm on the ICM to activate at approximately 1300 psi.
When residual air is completely bled from unit, fully close the Red Bypass Control Knob. Remove
Regulator.
Turn off the ICM Pass / Redundant Low Air Alarm by depressing the Yellow Button 2 times
Disengage Mask Mounted Regulator from face piece and place in pouch
Replace the rubber dust cover on the male fitting of the ICM Quick-Fill Fitting. Rotate dust cover to take
up any slack with connection strap
Replace the rubber dust cover on the male fitting of the ICM Quick-Fill Fitting. Rotate dust cover to take
up any slack with connection strap kinks as possible
Click on the graphic to play the
Morning SCBA Check-Off
Procedure Video
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Student:
Evaluator:
Pass/Fail:
Donning SCBA from a Riding Position
Date:
Once the SCBA check is completed; place the unit back into its riding position in a
manner that will allow the user to quickly and correctly don the unit while in a seated
position.
Go to your riding position and quickly don all of your PPE before getting into the cab of the
truck
Place your opposite hand and arm through the strap closest to the window while looking
at the mask
Spin your back side 180 degrees into the seat while adjusting the window strap across
your shoulder, do not tighten until the other strap is in place
Locate the opposite shoulder strap; place it over your other shoulder
Once both shoulder straps are in place, tighten both straps
Properly apply your seat belt – You are now ready to respond
Once at the scene and the parking brake is set, properly dismount the apparatus by
looking both ways before stepping out of the cab
As soon as you exit the cab, put on your helmet, adjust the bottom of your coat, locate the
belt harness buckles, buckle them together and tighten the belt strap
Before entering the hazard zone – fully open your SCBA bottle
Remove your helmet and place your hood at the back of your neck.
Remove the face piece from the pouch, place over your head, and properly adjust on your
face
Cover all skin above the coat with you nomex hood
Put on your helmet and properly secure
Retrieve the face piece regulator from the belt bracket and click the regulator onto the
front of the face piece. Pull the regulator to insure it is properly secured
Your first breath will activate the regulator and start the air flow
Click on the picture to play
donning the SCBA from a
Riding Position Video
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Student:
Evaluator:
Pass/Fail:
Donning SCBA from a Standing Position
Date:
Full protect clothing will be required
Correctly address the mask on the ground or in a compartment
Place your hands through the shoulder straps and with your right hand, grasp the bottle
valve
Fully open the bottle valve. This is where the donning time starts, when the bell sounds
Once the bottle is fully open, grasp the unit with both hands and stand upright.
Once upright, using the 2 handed method, throw the bottle over your head while keeping
your arms elevated
Once settled on your back, simultaneously tighten both chest straps
Buckle the packs waist belt and properly tighten
Remove your helmet and place your hood at the back of your neck.
Remove the face piece from the pouch, place over your head, and properly adjust on
your face
Cover all skin above the coat with you nomex hood
Put on your helmet and properly secure
Retrieve the face piece regulator from the belt bracket and click the regulator onto the
front of the face piece. Pull the regulator to insure it is properly secured
Your first breath will activate the regulator and start the air flow. This is where the
donning time will be stopped
Click on the picture to play
donning the SCBA from a
Standing Position Video
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4.3 – Hazard Zone/IDLH Air Management Policy - Page 1 of 2
Companies working on the task level have the greatest stake at the Incident because they operate
inside the hazard zone. No hazard zone management system can outperform unsafe behaviors on
the task level. Task level responsibilities include:








Wearing the proper PPE
Being properly assigned into the hazard zone
Properly using the passport accountability system
Staying together as a company
All members attached to a hose line
Always maintaining an adequate air supply to safely exit the hazard zone,
Maximum depth into a structure – 175 feet – based on air supply
No freelancing.
The following rules will be adhered to at all times on the task level:
The minimum number of personnel assigned to a crew or a team operating in a hazard zone shall be
two firefighters with a least one portable radio.
Crews or teams always go in and come out together.
All personnel working in a hazard zone will either bring in their own handline or work under the
protection of a handline located in their same geographic location.
All personnel shall be in contact with their Company Officer by either:
 Voice (radio)
 Vision (TIC),
 Touch (hose line)
Company and SDG officers should conclude CAN and progress reports with the accountability of all
members/units that are under their supervision.
Company officers shall also give an accountability report upon exiting the hazard zone to either the
IC or their assigned SDG boss.
Any member whose job assignment is to operate outside of the hazard area is NOT to enter the
hazard area without the express permission of the member’s company officer.
NO member shall operate in the hazard zone alone.
Members are totally dependent on the air that they bring with them into the hazard zone. We must
base our operations around the realistic working times of our SCBA’s. Company officers must
maintain an awareness of their crew’s air levels and the decision to exit the hazard zone must be
governed by maintaining an adequate air reserve to deal with any sudden or unplanned events while
exiting.
16
4.3 – Hazard Zone/IDLH Air Management Policy - Page 2 of 2
All members utilizing an SCBA in the hazard zone of an incident shall monitor the amount of air in
their SCBA cylinder as well as their rate of air consumption in order to exit the hazard zone prior to
their low air alarm activation of the SCBA (25% air left).
It is critical that all 3 (three) operational levels on the fire ground understand that the initial 75% of a
crews air supply is to "enter the hazard area, work in the hazard zone and exit the hazard zone".
The remaining 25% of the air supply is an emergency air reserve only to be used if an emergency
occurs while exiting the hazard zone. Members exiting the hazard zone with less than 25% of their
air, without an incident, will be considered to have had a failure in managing their air supply.
Every member shall check their SCBA at the beginning of the shift to insure that they have a full air
cylinder. On the fireground, every firefighter is responsible for managing their own air supply and
frequently communicating the status of their air supply to their company officer.
Prior to entry into the hazard zone, the company officer will brief his/her crew on the plan for
achieving the tactical objectives, including a safe exit plan from the hazard zone with the crew intact.
This insures the crew has a "round trip ticket" into and out of the hazard zone.
The maximum depth into an IDHL structure is 175 feet. This is based on air supply times. All
members shall maintain constant contact with the hose line and manage the line so that excessive
hose is not brought into the structure. This will assist in reducing travel time while following the hose
line out of the building when air management is the most critical.
A user’s air supply is divided up into fourths. A fourth of the air supply of a 4,500 psi bottle is
approximately 1,100 psi. The Pass Units HUD will display to the user the bottles current air pressure
in 10 psi increments and should match up the HUD LED lights in the Face Piece.
100% to 75% Air
4 Green LED’s
Safe to continue working
75% to 50% Air
3 Green LED’s
Safe to continue working
50% to 25% Air
2 Yellow LED’s
Notify Company
Officer
Have an Exit Plan
25% or Less Air - 1 flashing RED LED
IMMEDIATELY EXIT THE HAZARD ZONE
Members exiting the hazard zone with less than 25% of
their air, without an incident, will be considered to have had
a failure in managing their air supply.
17
Section 5: Search and Rescue
Offensive Incident Action Planning
When an incident’s critical factors and the risk-management plan indicate the offensive strategy,
firefighting forces will enter the structure (IDLH hazard zone) to attempt to control the incident
hazards. An offensive IAP is based on the standard offensive tactical priorities.
Offensive Tactical Priorities and their corresponding completion benchmarks:




Fire Control – “Under Control”
Life Safety/Search and Rescue – Primary and Secondary “All Clear(s)”
Property Conservation – “Loss Stopped”
Customer Stabilization – Short term
The offensive tactical priorities establish the major operational activities required for a complete,
integrated effort, and they identify the three major functions we must complete to establish the
overall incident response.
Offensive Search and Rescue Operations
One of the major tactical priorities to accomplish as early as possible in the event is to search for
and remove any savable, endangered occupants in the hazard zone, and to protect any customers
exposed to the incident’s hazards.
For offensive structural fires, we achieve the life-safety priority by performing primary and secondary
searches in the main fire occupancy and in any exposures threatened by the fire. The Incident
Commander (IC) uses the standard rescue order to prioritize and manage theses searches. The
Rescue Order is the standard order that we use to search a hazard zone:
1.
2.
3.
4.
The most endangered
The largest group
The remainder of the fire area/structure
The exposures
We initiate the completion of the offensive tactical priorities by companies advancing attack lines to
the interior of burning structures. This fulfills the Rescue Order by:




Advancing initial lines directly to the most hazardous area of the building—the burning part –
places crews in the same area as to the most endangered group.
Initial interior crews will be searching and protecting the same corridors that the occupants in
the building would use to evacuate.
The hand line protects FF’s, it starts to control the problem, and it gives the search operation
an “anchor point” to clear the rest of the structure from.
All initial attack efforts must be directed toward supporting rescue efforts and hose lines must
be placed in a manner to control interior access, confine/control the fire, and protect avenues
of escape.
The IC is responsible for assigning all incident resources in order to achieve a quick and effective
primary search of the affected areas of the structure(s). The IC will assign companies to search
specific geographical areas of structure. This eliminates searching the same area multiple times,
while other critical areas remain unsearched.
18
When encountering larger, high density, compartmentized, multi-unit/room residential structures, it is
often more effective to implement a “protect in place” life safety operation as opposed to removing
multiple people from a structure who are not directly exposed to the incident hazards. These actions
should include:





Secure and protect normal means of egress
Search and clear the immediate areas of involvement
Contain, control and eliminate the incident problem
Remove the products of combustion
Systematically clear the remainder of the fire area/exposures
When primary search companies encounter and remove victims, Command will assign other companies
to continue to cover the interior search positions vacated by those companies. Command will also
request and provide the necessary medical resources to treat any patients encountered on the incident
site.
Primary All-Clear is defined as: a quick search and clearing of all affected areas of the structure(s).
Primary searches are usually performed under zero visibility conditions with the possibility of high heat.
They need to be performed quickly with a high safety and accountability focus on the searchers.
Secondary All-Clear is defined as: a much more thorough, methodical search of the affected areas of
the structure(s) once the conditions in the structure have been completely controlled.
Command will obtain Secondary All Clears of all affected areas once the first 3 tactical priorities have
been achieved.
Occupancy type - will many times drive the incident's search priorities. Residential occupancy types
must have a high life safety focus because these structures can be occupied 24/7/365.
Strip mall, commercial buildings and big box fires have a much lower life safety hazard and all
initial actions should be directed towards putting water on the fire unless there is credible
information of survivable occupants inside of the hazard zone.
Search and Rescue rules of thumb:







The 1st handline should go directly to the fire for firefighter safety and to support completing
primary and secondary searches.
In working situations, “All-clears” must be obtained for all residential occupancies.
Smaller sized occupancies will accommodate a much more rapid search.
Larger sized commercial occupancies – all initial efforts directed towards fire control.
A TIC’s primary use is for S&R and crew accountability – use it every time.
All personnel working in the hazard zone must either bring in their own handline or work under
the protection of a handline located in their same geographic location while performing search
operations.
Once “All-Clears” have been gained in operational areas, the IC must constantly consider that
we are the only life safety threat in the hazard zone.
19
5.1 –Operating in Zero Visibility / Orientation / Search and Rescue techniques - Page 1 of 2
Zero Visibility - The more that we can see around us, the more aware we are of our surroundings.
Therefore; the more we can see, the safer we are vs. the less we can see, the less safe we are.
One of the products of combustion is smoke. Smoke consists of unburned vapors and small particles that
reflect most light, making it very difficult to see through, even in small amounts of smoke. Most of the
time that we enter into an offensive fire, we will encounter zero visibility conditions somewhere inside of
the structure.
Orientation Skills - The skills we use to search the interior of buildings with low to zero visibility are the
same skill sets we use to locate the fire, operate in the building, and safely exit the structure. It is
essential that all firefighting personnel be able to operate in a confined, zero visibility environment for
extended periods of time while always maintaining your orientation and staying calm. This means:




You always know where you are
You always know how you got there
You always know how to exit the structure
You always know where your other crew members are
This orientation process starts by sizing up the actual incident and knowing the typical interior layouts of
the structures in your first due areas. Example: The predominate single family residence in Clay Fire
Territory is a 2 story house with a basement. It's typical layout is:



1st floor - Kitchen, living room, dining room, laundry, garage, and probably 1 bedroom or den
2nd floor - Usually all dedicated to bedrooms, center hallway, with a possible living room/den
Basement - Living room, bedrooms, HVAC equipment, hot water heaters, utility connections
Firefighters must deduce these layouts and use them as reference and orientation points when operating
in low visibility. This coupled with trying to pinpoint the exact location of the fire prior to entry (performing
a full 360) will give firefighters a pretty good idea of where they need to go, how they will get there in
order to control the problem, along with how they will prioritize their search areas.
Handline Management - No Clay firefighter can enter into an IDLH atmosphere without the protection of
a charged hoseline. This usually equates into every unit assigned into the interior of the building bringing
in their own charged attack line. Your handline plays a HUGE role in staying oriented in a low
visibility environment. A charged hoseline in a zero visibility atmosphere (or an atmosphere that may
become zero visibility) provides the following:





Gives firefighters a life line to their exit point
Hose couplings can be used to navigate out of the building
It protects firefighters from thermal insult
Gives you the ability to extinguish the fire. This always makes conditions better!
Manages the depths you can enter into a structure
MALE
FEMALE
Threaded attack hose will always be loaded in manner that has the "Male" coupling pointing to the
"Fire". The "Female" coupling will always point towards the "Exit". When attached together, the
female coupling is always longer and the back half of the coupling is smooth with no spanner wrench
ridges. "Reading Couplings" with gloved hands is a skill every firefighter must master.
20
5.1 – Orientation / Operating in Zero Visibility / Search and Rescue - Page 2 of 2
Search & Rescue Techniques - In residential structures, firefighters will stay physically attached to the
hoseline in most open areas of the home while searching for the fire and any possible victims. A typical
bedroom is 10 x 10 ft. Stretching a hoseline into these smaller spaces is difficult and time consuming.
The bedroom areas of the house are also typically connected with a common hallway. When searching
the bedroom areas of a home, the preferred search method is to stretch the handline down the length of
the hallway. One member will remain on the nozzle, while the other member breaks off of the handline to
perform a quick primary search of all the bedrooms connected to the hallway. When operating in this
manner, the hoseline is always protecting both firefighters.
When using this method to search smaller sized rooms, the loud voices of the team members becomes
the best way for the 2 firefighters to stay connected and maintain accountability with each other. It also
greatly assists the searching firefighter in maintain their orientation to where the rooms exit point is and
where the handline is located.
Door openings - Whichever way the door opens into the room, start your search on the wall on the
opposite side of where the opened door is mounted. A door leading into most rooms will typically be
mounted and will swing open to your left side when entering the room. This is why we usually perform
"Right Hand" wall searches.
Wall Searches - Whether performing a Right or Left hand wall search, your actions will be the same:





Place your right/left hand or shoulder on the room wall next the door opening and conduct your
search while always maintaining contact with the wall.
Work your way systematically around the walls of the room, depending on if it's a right or left hand
search.
A typical FF wing span is about 6 wide, the searching firefighter should always have an axe, closet
pike or a sledge hammer with them. Use the handle of the tool to assist you with clearing the room
and sweeping under objects such as beds or cribs.
You should always end up back at the same entry point. When there, exit, reattach to the handline,
follow the handline to the next doorway and repeat until all bedrooms have been cleared.
Once the small room searches are completed, reattach yourself to the hoseline and proceed to
your next objective with your other crew members.
Thermal Imaging Camera (TIC) - The Company Officer on all Clay apparatus are trained and equipped
with a TIC. The TIC greatly assists the Officer with firefighter accountability and search and rescue
operations. An officer using the TIC will use verbal communications with their firefighter's to direct them in
search and fire control activities.
Thermal Imaging Camera
Screen Displays
Search and Rescue techniques are a very hands on, intensive training process that a firefighter must
invest countless hours into developing. We do this because these are the skills we all need to fall back on
in the fast moving, highly dynamic situations that we routinely operate in.
21
22
Section 6: Water Supply
6.0 – General Water Properties - Page 1 of 1
Clay Fire Territory is comprised of areas supplied by fire hydrants that are equally mixed with areas
that have no fire hydrants. Members must have a high skill level when using either fire hydrants or
water shuttle operations to supply water because we are expected as a service to put water on the
fire (we should be very good at it). This all starts with a good general working knowledge of water’s
physical properties:

Water weighs aprox. 8.3 lbs per US gallon

Water is the only known compound that can exist in 3 separate states:
 Solid – When frozen below 32º F
 Liquid – In temperatures between 32º F and 212º F
 Vapor – In temperatures above 212º F

Water expands 9% when going from a liquid state to a solid state. This is very important to
know when working with water in freezing temperatures. Water left in un-drained hose,
appliances and pumps can be severely damage when the water in these devices freezes.

Water has the second highest specific heat absorbing capacity of any known substance
(liquid ammonia is #1). A British Thermal Unit (BTU) is based on the amount of heat energy
needed to heat 1 pound of fresh water from 39°F to 40°F.

Water in its liquid state has a very high surface tension. Water is attracted to and combines
easily with other water molecules. This is called cohesion. Water can also be attracted to
other materials.

Agents can be added to water to help lower the surface tension such as foam. This is done to
help water better penetrate into deep seated fires in Class A combustibles (cotton, mulch
fires, large pile fires, etc.).

Water in a liquid state can expand up to 1,700 times it original size when turning into steam.
The force and speed of the steam conversion depends on the heated material, the amount of
heat energy being released, and the amount and speed of the water application.

Water cannot be compressed. Attempts to do so will result in steam explosions. This is why
the most effective pump for moving large amounts of water are centrifugal pumps.

Water can travel between 25 and 75 mph when being flowed out of a device. This coupled
with the sheer weight of water - makes shutting off the flow critical. Water hammer is a
pressure surge or wave resulting when water in motion is forced to suddenly stop or change
in direction. Water hammer commonly occurs when a valve is closed suddenly or too quickly
at an end of a pipeline system and a pressure wave propagates in the pipe. Fire department
caused water hammer has resulted in billions of dollars of damage to water piping and
pumping systems. Use great care when shutting down fire flows.
23
5.1 – Apparatus Water Intake Valves and Openings - Page 1 of 1
All pumper intake valves are plumbed to go directly into the pump. The water can then be diverted
though a pump discharge opening or into the apparatus’s water tank. Each individual water intake
valve on the truck has its own specific use. All members need to be familiar with each valve and
the setting where each valve will be used.
Gated suction with a relief valve (piston intake valve) – This
intake valve is only used with a pressurized water source. This
can be a supply line from a fire hydrant or another apparatus
pumping the supply line. This valve is always located on the
biggest supply opening into the pump and will flow the capacity of
the pump. The handle must be turned counterclockwise aprox 20
times to completely move the piston valve from the opening. This
helps to prevent water hammer. The internal pressure relief valve
is set at 150 psi. This prevents over pumping. If the relief valve
activates, lower the incoming pressure until the valve closes.
Low Flow Low-Level Strainer – This device is attached to
the front bumper hard suction and front intake valve and is
used in Port-a-Tank drafting operations. The strainer will
perform at maximum pumping capacity down to a water
level of 1.5" - 2" depending on your set up area. The valve
will allow up to a 1500 gpm water flow, but the front
suctions are plumbed to draft a maximum of 500 gpm. More
on this subject in water shuttle operations.
Auxiliary Suction(s) – Each pumper and tanker has at
least 2 auxiliary suctions. The typical sizes are a 2 ½”
suction that will flow aprox 500 gpm and a smaller 1 ½”
suction that will flow about 300 gpm. These suctions should
be used primarily for refilling the apparatus’s water tank and
nursing operations. These intakes should not be used with
high volume pumping operations.
Top side water tank opening – All water/booster tanks will
have a fill opening on the top of the tank. We will typically
utilize the garden hose filling method at the station when
less than 100 gallons have been flowed. Just remember to
shut off the hose when full (don’t flood the station).
24
5.2 – Booster Tank Operations - Page 1 of 3
There are several critical factors that a Company Officer will use to base their decision on
what type of water supply to utilize on a working fire. Here are the 3 standard choices:
1) Booster Tank Operations
2) Pressurized Supply Operations (hydrants with LDH supply hose)
3) Shuttling Supply Operations (Port-a-Tanks with drafting)
Booster Tank Operations
On most Offensive working fires in Clay Township, the initial arriving Engine Company will
respond directly to the scene and begin their fire attack using tank water. Most Clay Engine
Companies carry 1,000 gallons of water. This amount of water, using small diameter attack
lines, gives the initial attack crew a sufficient amount of water to safely attack the fire.
Clay Fire Territory
Apparatus Water
Capabilities
Operating from the Booster Tank is
one of the quickest methods of
applying water to a fire. It also has
inherent risks, as it is a finite water
supply.
The typical offensive attack line used
on most of our working fires is 1 ¾”
line using an automatic nozzle
flowing around 150 gpm. Using a
1000 gallon tank will give a company
over 6 minutes of continual water
flow. Most offensive situations are
controlled with less than 500 gallons
of direct water application.
Apparatus
Engines
241
242
243
244
245
247
248
249
Tankers
252
253
255
256
257
Truck
291
Booster Size
5 inch LDH
Pump Cap.
750 gal
1000 gal
1630 gal
1000 gal
1000 gal
1000 gal
1000 gal
1000 gal
500 ft
1000 ft
1000 ft
1000 ft
1000 ft
1000 ft
1000 ft
1000 ft
1250 gpm
1500 gpm
1250 gpm
1500 gpm
1500 gpm
1500 gpm
1500 gpm
1000 gpm
1800 gal
2500 gal
1800 gal
3000 gal
6400 gal
2000 ft
0
0
0
0
500 gpm
500 gpm
500 gpm
500 gpm
500 gpm
300 gal
600 ft
1000 gpm
Please refer to the chart listing all Clay Fire apparatus that carries water and the amount carried.
Company members must:
 Know how much water their apparatus carries
 Completely refill the tank after each water application (no matter the amount used)
 Know the water supply capabilities of their next due companies
If companies are in a situation where they have been applying water directly on a fire for over 3
minutes with no results, they should exit the area and go defensive (based on available water
and conditions).
25
5.2 - Booster Tank Operations - Page 2 of 3
Subsequent arrivers must be aware of how much water is available from the forward pumper
before stretching additional attack lines from it.
Subsequent arriving Pump Operators must be prepared to assist the forward Pump Operator
in managing an uninterrupted water supply.
Nursing Operations – Many of the offensive residential fires we respond to are controlled with
quick and effective water application using the booster tank. Initial control operations usually
take less than 500 gallons of water to knockdown the fire and perform the first wave of overhaul
(soaking down the fire area and opening up the concealed spaces). This typically leaves the
initial pumper with about 500 gallons of water to perform the rest of the overhaul operation.
Some overhaul operations might require more water than is carried on the apparatus to
complete. These circumstances include:





Attic fires with cellulose insulation
Deep seated concealed space fires
Mattress and overstuffed furniture with fire involvement
Contents not typically found in a residence
Pack rat homes, etc…
In these situations, the IC will need to make the determination to either establish a formal water
supply operation or use the tank water from another apparatus to complete the overhaul
operation.
If the IC predicts that more than 2000 gallons of water will be required to properly overhaul a
difficult/complex fire, they should establish a supply operation using a fire hydrant or a portable
water tank supply operation.
If the IC predicts that less than 2000 gallons of water will be needed to properly overhaul the fire,
they should implement a water “Nursing” operation.
A Nursing operation shall be defined as: One pumper or tanker delivering its tank water into
another pumper’s intake valve.
Nursing operations in non-hydranted areas will be discussed in greater detail in water shuttle
operations.
Please click on the image to launch the task
video for the step by step procedure for
setting up a water Nursing Operation. The
next page has the evaluation benchmarks
for each pump/tanker operator.
26
5.2 – Booster Tank Operations – 3 of 3
Engineer evaluation check off sheets for a water nursing operation
Water Nursing Check Off Sheet
Forward Engineer Position
Student:
Evaluator:
Pass/Fail:
Date:
Proper protective equipment on
Pre-deploy the 3 inch – 50 ft suction hose prior to the Nursing apparatus arrival when
possible
Attach female end to the “Tank Fill” suction inlet
Deploy the other end of the line to the appropriate connection area
Make connections off the roadway when possible
Wait until the Nursing apparatus comes to a complete stop and sets it parking brake
before approaching the connection area
Make the connection between the two – 3 inch supply hoses with the Nursing
pump/tanker operator
Flake out the supply hose, return to the pump panel and wait for water
Coordinate with the Nursing pump/tanker operator charging the supply hose. This can
be done with an obvious hand signal or over a portable radio
Operate your tank intake valve as necessary to maintain a full tank of water
Avoid over filling the tank
Continue the pumping operation specified by the IC or Company Officer
Water Nursing Check Off Sheet
Water Donating Engineer Position
Student:
Evaluator:
Pass/Fail:
Date:
Proper protective equipment on
Make appropriate spot at the connection area
Off the roadway when possible
Set parking brake, place apparatus in pump gear, safely exit the apparatus, and set the
wheel chocks
Deploy the 3 inch – 50 foot section of supply hose to the connection area and assist the
forward pump operator with connecting the 2 supply hoses
Connect the female end of the 3 inch supply hose to the appropriate discharge gate
Make connections off the roadway when possible
Coordinate with the Forward pump operator charging the supply hose. This can be done
with an obvious hand signal or over a portable radio
Charge the supply hose and deliver your tank water to the forward pumper
Avoid over pumping the supply hose. Don’t exceed a 75 lb pump pressure
Continue supply operation until out of water or the operation is discontinued
27
5.3 – Pressurized Water Supply General Guidelines- Page 1 of 2
Pressurized Water Supply General Guidelines
As stated in Section 5.2: On most Offensive working fires in Clay Township, the initial arriving Engine Company
will respond directly to the scene and begin their fire attack using tank water. Most Clay Engine Companies
carry 1,000 gallons of water. This amount of water, using small diameter attack lines, gives the initial attack
crew a sufficient amount of water to safely attack the fire.
There will be situations however, where the initial arriving IC will size up the need for establishing an
uninterrupted water supply early on in the incident. These situations include:




Any fire where there is a forecasted need of supplying one or more master stream(s)
Any fire where there is a forecasted need of deploying 3 or more handlines to control the situation
Any deployment where the subsequent arriving apparatus have long or delayed response times
Any time the IC feels that establishing an early water supply will benefit the overall operation
Here are the standard pressurized water supply evolutions for an IC to consider when hydrants are within
reasonable distances to the scene:




Forward-Lay Evolution
Reverse-Lay Evolution
Water Relay Evolution
Hand jacking to a hydrant
Each of these evolutions will be broken down and looked at in greater detail later on in this Section.
Forward & Key Pumper Concepts:
A Forward Pumper is defined as: A pumper that is located in one of the primary, forward attack positions on
the fireground where equipment, hose and water are deployed off of the pumper directly into or around the
hazard zone.
*Note: The Forward Pumper reference is geographic and functional in nature and DOES NOT imply that the
attack position has an uninterrupted water source. IC’s must maintain an awareness of all Forward Pumpers
water supply status.
A Key Pumper is defined as:
1) A pumper that makes the hydrant connection in the Key Pumper’s intake and then “pumps” the
Forward Pumper’s supply line.
“KEY” Pumper
At the Hydrant
“Forward” Pumper
In an Attack Position
28
5.3 – Pressurized Water Supply General Guidelines - Page 2 of 2
Lines must be laid with consideration for the
access problems they can create. Always
lay supply lines along the side of the
roadway that the hydrant is located on and
cross over at the fire scene if necessary.
Max speed when laying supply lines is
10 mph. Faster speeds result in excess
hose on the roadway and the possibility of
hanging up a supply coupling in the hose
bed. Slower speeds also provide several
advantages:
• Reduces the risk of striking pedestrians, spectators, vehicles or other apparatus and firefighters
working at the scene
• Provides time for the Company Officer to size-up and evaluate the critical fire ground factors
• Provides time for the Engineer to safely and appropriately spot the apparatus in forward/key positions
Key tactical positions should be identified and Forward Pumpers should be placed into those locations
early on in the operation with a strong water supply when necessary. The Forward Pumpers can then
distribute this water supply to a variety of hand lines, appliances, master streams or FDC’s.
Fire hose soon limits the general access as the fireground operation gets older. Command must direct
apparatus to important positions as early as possible. Take full advantage of the hydrants closest to the
fire area before laying additional supply lines from distant hydrants. Secondary hydrants should be
used to obtain additional supply if the demand exceeds the capability of the closest hydrants. Shared
mains must also be considered when opening up secondary hydrants. These actions could reduce the
water available to the Forward Pumpers in good tactical positions. Many times, pumped water is the
best option to increase flows.
Take advantage of the equipment on apparatus already in forward attack positions instead of bringing
in more apparatus. Connect extra attack lines and appliances to forward pumpers which already have a
good water supply instead of making "daisy chain" supply line connections which congest the scene.
Do not hook up to hydrants located so close to the fire building that structural failure or fire extension
will jeopardize the water supply or the apparatus.
Friction loss for 5” LDH is 8 PSI per 100’ flowing 1000 GPM. Ex: A 1000’ lay of 5” flowing 1000 GPM
would have 80 PSI friction loss. This loss would result in a significant reduction in gpm and residual
pump pressure at the Forward Pumper.
LDH supply line lays of over 500 feet should be pumped when supplying aerial devices, large bore
master streams, or several handlines at once. A single 5 inch hose can deliver the entire volume of the
hydrant (1200 – 2000 GPM depending on main size) when being pumped by a key pumper. This often
times makes it unnecessary to lay additional supply lines to Forward Pumpers in large volume water
operations.
29
5.4 – Pressurized Water Supply Delivery Components - Page 1 of 2
Whenever possible, Clay FD will try to utilize a water supply from a fire hydrant as opposed to using a
drafting/water shuttle operation. Using a hydrant water supply uses less manpower, equipment and it
reduces personnel’s’ overall risk.
Personnel need to know the capabilities of what their first due pressurized water system is capable of.
This includes:
 Distribution system elements (towers and/or pumping stations)
 Water main sizes
 Water main dead ends
 Total flows capable
 Peak and off peak flows
 Types of hydrants (drafting, dry, number of outlets, etc)
 Steamer connection sizes
 Friction Loss in LDH
 Low flowing hydrants identified
 Non-hydranted areas identified
Clay Fire Territory has 2 types of hydrants in our response area:
1) Dry Barrel Pressurized Hydrants
2) Drafting Hydrants
The Clay Fire response area uses a standard American pressurized dry barrel fire hydrant. Each
hydrant has 1 main steamer outlet and 2 – 2 ½” outlets. The steamer outlet size will vary between 4.5
inches and 5 inches depending on the subdivision where they are located.
Below is a detailed graphic that highlights all of the major components of a dry barrel fire hydrant
hooked into a city water main. Drafting hydrants will be covered in water shuttle operations.
30
5.4 – Pressurized Water Supply Delivery Components - Page 2 of 2
Fire Hydrant Overview
Pentagonal Nut
This nut connects to the stem of the
hydrant and it opens and closes the gate
valve located at the bottom of the barrel
Two – 2 ½” Male
Connections
Each of these openings
can flow aprox 500 gpm
on a good working
hydrant. These openings
are primarily used for tank
filling and water shuttle
operations. DO NOT open
if the steamer connection
is supplying an apparatus
in a forward position
Hydrant Gate Valve
4 ½” or 5” Male
Steamer Connection
This opening will flow the
entire capacity of the fire
hydrant (2,000 gpm +)
unless it is attached to a
very large water main
with good residual
pressure
Breakaway Flange
6”- 8” Dry Barrel
Water Main
Connection
Hydrant Wrench
5” Storz to 5” Female Coupling
Connection for the supply hose to a
5” Steamer Connection
31
5.5– Large Diameter Hose - Page 1 of 3
5” Large Diameter Supply Hose (LDH) Overview
Clay Fire uses a 5" LDH rubber covered supply hose that is
constructed of high tenacity synthetic yarn, circularly woven
that forms a single homogeneous construction without the
use of glues or adhesives of any type. Exposure to most
chemical substances, hydrocarbons, oils, alkalis, acids and
greases have no effect on the short or long term
performance of the hose and all hose purchased at Clay
meets and exceeds all NFPA 1961 Standards. This is the
standard supply hose for connecting to a hydrant and for
water relay operations (refer to the chart in section1.2 for the
lengths carried on all apparatus).
The max working pressure of 5” LDH is 185 PSI. At no time
shall this pressure be exceeded when pumping 5” supply
hose.
Clay Fire utilizes 100 foot sections of 5” LDH with aluminum
5” Storz couplings on all apparatus carrying supply hose. A
100 foot dry section of supply hose weighs about 100 lbs
with the couplings attached. A fully charged section of 5”
LDH weighs over 1,000 lbs.
There are also shorter sections of 5” LDH carried on the
apparatus. These come in 50 and 25 foot lengths and are
used by the pump operator to make various high volume
connections.
Storz couplings are “sexless”. One size Storz coupling will
attach to any of the same sized Storz couplings without the
need for any adapters. Great care must be taken when
connecting the 2 couplings together. The member attaching
the couplings must make sure the 2 couplings “click” and
lock firmly into place together before proceeding on to the
next task. This often times requires the use of a Storz
spanner wrench(s). The failure to make the proper
connections can lead to disastrous results that usually don’t
occur on your shift.
5” Storz Spanner Wrench
Members must ensure that the couplings are properly
attached together when reloading hose. Make sure the
2 couplings “click” and lock firmly into place together
before proceeding on to the next task.
32
5” LDH Hose Loading Procedure
All 5” Supply hose is loaded in the flat load.
1) Place the first coupling in the very front corner
of the hose bed.
2) Lay the hose from the front to the rear of the
bed, and fold back on itself.
3) Run the hose back to the front of the bed
angling it so the front fold is next to the
previous.
4) Leave approximately 12-18” from the front of
the hose bed for couplings only. Do not stack
folds of hose at the very front of the bed.
5) Continue to load hose into the bed until the
whole width is covered with a single layer of
hose.
6) When encountering couplings load them to
the very front of the bed. Couplings must be
arranged so they pull straight from the bed
and never flip. Utilize a Dutchman fold ( a
short fold in the hose to keep the coupling
oriented properly)
7) Couplings must also be arranged so that they
do not pass over each other when laying a
line.
8) On each layer of hose, the folds at the rear of
bed must be staggered in a long short
fashion, approximately 12” apart. This will
keep the hose from making a ramp, reducing
the risk of couplings getting hung up while
laying hose.
9) The hose load shall be finished by placing the
last coupling………
Front 18” of the hose bed are for
Storz coupling only
Every other layer of hose at the rear
of the truck needs to be 12 inches
shorter than the previous layer
Need a photo here of where
the last coupling will end up.
On a Humat Valve? Or
Loaded with 4 ½” & 5”
connection ready to go.
Secure the final length of supply
hose in this fashion…..
Click on the image to launch the “Loading a
Supply Hose Bed” Video
33
Connecting LDH to Piston Intake Valves
1) Verify valve is closed by
turning all the way clockwise
2) Remove the protective blank
cap
3) Flake hose & Connect Storz
fitting on LDH to valve.
Ensure it is tightly connected.
Use proper wrench for Storz
coupling.
4) Never place any twists in the
LDH. Connected coupling
should swivel freely
5) Open air bleeder to let trapped
air escape from hose
6) Move away from connected
hoseline & signal for supply
line to be charged
7) Once the air stops escaping,
and a steady stream of water
appears, close the bleeder
valve
Safety Points:


8) When ready to transition to
pressurized water slowly
begin opening the hand wheel
in a counter clockwise
direction until the valve is fully
open.

These valves are capable of controlling
large volumes of water; consequently,
caution should be taken when using them.
Never place a twist in LDH when
connecting to Valve
Always open and close the piston intake
valve slowly. Water hammer with LDH can
have extreme results.
34
5.6 – Forward LDH lay from a hydrant – Page 1 of 3
Forward Lay from a Hydrant to a Forward Attack Position
EVOLUTION OVERVIEW:
This evolution will establish an uninterrupted water supply from a fire
hydrant using 5” LDH supply hose to a pumper that is located in a
st
forward attack position. The 1 arriving IC (usually a Company Officer)
will need to make a decision in a hydranted area to either perform a
forward lay from the hydrant or have a subsequent arriving Engine or
Tanker perform a reverse hose lay to secure the water supply.
Advantages of performing a Forward lay:
 Establishes an uninterrupted water supply to a forward position
at the beginning of the event
 Provides a water supply to the forward pumper of 600 to 2,000
gpm (depending on the length of the LDH lay, the hydrant and
whether the line is being pumped)
 Gives the IC many more options in deploying/assigning
subsequent arriving units
Click inside the graphic to view
the skill video for the Firefighter’s
position on a forward lay
Disadvantages of performing a Forward lay:
 Will delay getting water out of the apparatus for aprox 2
minutes
 Separates and can leave the firefighter out of visual contact of
the forward crew
 LDH hose can block or restrict access to the scene
 Possibility of flooding the supply hose bed
TASK OVERVIEW:
This evolution will require stopping at the hydrant to drop the firefighter
off to “take the hydrant”. The apparatus will then proceed to its forward
attack position where the driver will connect the supply hose into the
appropriate intake valve. Both the firefighter and the pump operator will
be required to perform a set of tasks where all of the proper hose
connections are made prior to turning on the hydrant to flow water
(don’t flood the supply hose bed!). This evolution should take less than
2 minutes to complete.
KEY SAFETY POINTS:
 Drivers must set the Parking Brake whenever in a stopped
position on this evolution
 Don’t proceed to the forward position until signaled by the
firefighter to “Go”
 Don’t drive over 10 mph when laying supply hose
 An Engineer and Firefighter are required for this task. This
requires good communications between both of the team
members
 Move as much dry hose as necessary before charging.
Charged 5” LDH weighs about 1,000 lbs per 100 ft. section.
 Don’t flood the supply hose bed. This can cause serious
injuries and it really screws up a hose lay evolution.
the skill video for the Engineer’s
position on a forward lay
35
Firefighter Position Check Off Sheet
Student
Evaluator
Pass/Fail
Forward Hose Lay from a Hydrant
Firefighter’s Position Check Off Sheet
Date:
Skill performed in full PPE - Properly donned SCBA
Seat belt fastened
Order given by Company Officer to “Take the hydrant”
FF waits to hear Parking Brake being applied before properly dismounting the
apparatus
Shut all doors and compartment doors before proceeding to the rear of the apparatus
and mount the tailboard
Unclip all hose bed cover fasteners
Retrieve the hydrant wrench
Retrieve the hose coupling from the hose bed and place on the proper shoulder
Step off of the tailboard facing forward and stretch enough hose directly behind the
apparatus to make the stretch to the hydrant
Once enough hose is stretched from the supply hose bed, make the stretch to the
hydrant
Wrap the hydrant at least 90 degrees to the pumper with no less than 6 feet of hose
and no more than 10 feet of hose past the hydrant
Go to one or two knees and properly secure the hose with both hands
Once in a safe position, signal the apparatus that you are ready for them to advance
with a loud “GO” or obvious hand signal
Continue to secure the supply hose until 2 lengths of hose have played out of the
supply hose bed
Place the supply hose and coupling in safe position
Remove the steamer cap – place hydrant wrench on top of hydrant
Verify the hydrant is operating, properly flush and shut off
Retrieve hose coupling and insure proper sized steamer fitting is attached
Connect supply hose to the steamer connection
Move as much hose off of the roadway as possible before charging. Try to prevent as
many kinks as possible
Coordinate with the forward pump operator opening the hydrant. This can be done
with an obvious hand signal or over a portable radio
Once ordered to open the hydrant, slowly and fully open the hydrant
Once fully opened, retrieve the hydrant wrench and return to the apparatus removing
any kinks in the supply line along the way
Follow orders as received from the Engineer or Company Officer once you have
arrived to the truck and have drop off the hydrant wrench
36
Engineer Position Check Off Sheet
Student
Evaluator
Pass/Fail
Forward Hose Lay from a Hydrant
Engineer’s Position Check Off Sheet
Date:
Seat belt fastened
Come to a complete stop approximately 10 feet past the hydrant
Set parking brake
Once ordered to proceed by the firefighter, disengage the parking brake and
proceed to the forward spot as directed by your company officer
Do not exceed 10 mph when laying supply hose
Once at the forward spot, come to a complete stop, set parking brake and place
the apparatus into pump gear
Properly dismount the truck and set wheel chocks
Approach the rear supply hose bed and while walking forward, make your stretch
until you hear the next coupling fall from the supply hose bed
Break the coupling at the rear hose bed
Throw the unused supply hose coupling into the rear hose bed over the top bar
Make the supply hose connection into the proper intake valve
Open the air bleeder
Move as much hose off of the roadway as possible before charging. Try to
prevent as many kinks as possible
Coordinate with the firefighter the opening of the hydrant. This can be done with
an obvious hand signal or over a portable radio
Place yourself in a safe position while the supply line is being charged
Once the supply line is charged and bled of air, close the air bleeder and fully
open the intake valve
Remove any kinks in the hose
Continue the pumping operation as specified by your company officer
37
5.7 – Forward LDH lay from a hydrant to a Forward Pumper – Page 1 of 2
Forward Lay from a Hydrant to an Unsupported Forward Pumper
EVOLUTION OVERVIEW: This evolution will establish an uninterrupted
water supply from a fire hydrant using 5” LD supply hose to an
unsupported pumper that is located in a forward attack position. This
hose lay evolution would be utilized if a subsequent responding Engine
Company is responding in, in a direction that would require a forward lay
to the initial pumper to establish the water supply from a hydrant as
opposed to a reverse lay (covered next).
If this evolution is utilized, the firefighter will “take” the hydrant as
described in the forward hose lay from a hydrant evolution.
Advantages of performing a Forward lay to an unsupported Forward
Pumper:
 Establishes an uninterrupted water supply to a forward position.
whether the line is being pumped).
subsequent arriving units once the water supply has been
established.
the skills video for a Forward
laying Engine Company to
unsupported Forward Pumper.
Disadvantages of performing a Forward lay to an unsupported
Forward Pumper:
 Difficult to pump the supply line with the same forward laying
apparatus if needed. This could require a 3rd Engine Company to
pump the forward pumpers supply line if big water is required.
 LDH hose can block or restrict access to the scene.
 Possibility of congesting the scene with un-used Engine
Companies.
TASK OVERVIEW:
This evolution will require stopping at the hydrant to drop the firefighter off
to “take the hydrant”. The apparatus will then proceed to the forward
pumper where the rest of the crew will coordinate the pullback, getting
the forward laying rig off of the roadway, and making the supply
connection into the forward pumper. This evolution should take less than
2 minutes to complete.
KEY SAFETY POINTS:
 Don’t proceed to the forward position until signaled by the
firefighter to “Go”
 The entire forward laying crew is required for this task. This
requires good communications between all of the team members
38
5.7 – Forward LDH lay from a hydrant to a Forward Pumper – Page 2 of 2
Forward Hose Lay from a Hydrant to an Unsupported Forward Pumper
Crew check off sheet
Forward Hose Lay from a Hydrant to an Unsupported Forward Pumper
Check
OffUnsupported
Sheet
Forward Hose Lay from aCrew
Hydrant
to an
Forward Pumper
Student
Evaluator
Student
Pass/Fail
Evaluator
Seat belt fastened
Pass/Fail
Crew Check Off Sheet
Date:
Date:
Order
given
by Company Officer to “Take the hydrant”
Seat
belt
fastened
Come
to
a
complete
stopOfficer
approximately
past the hydrant
Order given by Company
to “Take 10
thefeet
hydrant”
Set parking
brake stop approximately 10 feet past the hydrant
Come
to a complete
Once
ordered
to proceed by the firefighter at the hydrant, disengage the parking
Set parking brake
brakeordered
and proceed
to theby
forward
spot as directed
by the
yourparking
company
officer
Once
to proceed
the firefighter,
disengage
brake
and
Do
not
exceed
10
mph
when
laying
supply
hose
Engineer
will pull
past when
the forward
come to a complete stop, set the
Do
not exceed
10 mph
laying pumper,
supply hose
parking
brake
and remain
in thetocab
of the apparatus
Once
at the
forward
spot, come
a complete
stop, set parking brake and place
Once
the
parking
brake
is
set,
Company
Officer
properly dismount the apparatus
and approach
thethe
reartruck
supply
bed chocks
Properly
dismount
andhose
set wheel
At the rear supply hose bed, shoulder the supply hose and while walking forward,
Approach the rear supply hose bed and while walking forward, make your stretch
make your stretch until you hear the next coupling fall from the supply hose bed
until you hear the next coupling fall from the supply hose bed
Signal the Engineer to spot the apparatus out of the way
Engineer; disengage the parking brake and spot the apparatus in a manner that
does not block/congest the scene. The Engineer should then join his/her crew in
Move
as much
hose off of the roadway as possible before charging. Try to
the proper
PPE
Company Officer, make the supply hose connection into the proper intake valve
Moveyourself
as muchinhose
offposition
of the roadway
possible
charging.
Place
a safe
while theassupply
linebefore
is being
chargedTry to
Place yourself in a safe position while the supply line is being charged
Continue the pumping operation as specified by your company officer
Crew check off sheet
Reassemble the crew and deploy as directed by the IC
39
5.8 – Reverse LDH Hose Lays - Page 1 of 6
Reverse Hose lay – Forward Engineer
EVOLUTION OVERVIEW:
Reverse hose lays are used in hydranted areas when the initial arriving
apparatus makes the decision to make an initial attack using tank water.
A 2nd due unit will typically reverse lay from the Forward pumper to a
hydrant to establish an uninterrupted water supply. If the reversing
apparatus is an Engine Company, the Capt and FF will typically dismount
at the Forward Pumper and will engage in a task(s) specified by the IC. If
the Forward pump operator is engaged in a pumping operation, the
reversing company’s crew will make the connections into the Forward
pumper and coordinate getting water into the pump.
Advantages of performing a Reverse Lay:
whether the line is being pumped).
 If an Engine Co. is reversing, they can pump the supply line to
maximize the available hydrant water
subsequent arriving units once the water supply has been
established.
 Places apparatus in key positions without congesting the scene
the skills video for a Forward
Engineer on a Reverse Hose Lay
Disadvantages of performing a Reverse Lay:
TASK OVERVIEW:
This evolution will require the reversing apparatus to stop 20 feet past the
Forward pumper. This will provide enough room to make the stretch to
the intake valve without pulling excess hose off of the truck. The
reversing apparatus will then proceed to hydrant while the Forward pump
operator makes the connection into the appropriate intake valve.
KEY SAFETY POINTS:
 Keep securing the hose until 2 lengths have played out of the
supply hose bed
40
Reverse Hose Lay – Forward Engineer check off sheet
Reverse Hose Lay
Forward Hose Lay Forward
from a Hydrant
to anCheck
Unsupported
Forward Pumper
Engineer
Off Sheet
Crew Check Off Sheet
Student
Date:
Student
Date:
Evaluator
Evaluator
Pass/Fail
Pass/Fail
Forward pump operator in the proper PPE for the evolution
Depending
on the reverse lay direction, the unit that is reversing to the hydrant
Seat
belt fastened
will place
tailboardOfficer
at leastto20
feet the
pasthydrant”
the front of - or the rear of - the
Order
given their
by Company
“Take
forward
Come
to a pumper
complete stop approximately 10 feet past the hydrant
reversing
SetThe
parking
brakepumper will set its parking brake when in position. This will be the
audible
signal
the forward
operator
that they
safelybrake
mount
the
Once
ordered
to for
proceed
by the pump
firefighter,
disengage
thecan
parking
and
tailboard
the parking
is set,
proceed
the rear
hose bed of the apparatus and
DoOnce
not exceed
10 mph
when
laying to
supply
hose
unfasten
all
rear
clips
holding
the
hose
bed
cover
in place
Once at the forward spot, come to a complete stop, set
parking brake and place
Retrieve
the
LDH
supply
hose
coupling
from
the
hose
bed, place the coupling
over
the
appropriate
shoulder,
step
off
of
tailboard
facing
forward, walking the
Properly dismount the truck and set wheel chocks
hose outthe
directly
behindhose
the truck
Approach
rear supply
bed and while walking forward, make your stretch
Stretch
the supply
to either
front
thebed
rear tailboard of the
until
you hear
the nextline
coupling
fallthe
from
thebumper
supply or
hose
forward
pumper
Oncethe
stretched,
bring the
coupling
back
tothe
therear
center
of the
foldtop
thebar
hose,
Throw
unused supply
hose
coupling
into
hose
bedtruck,
over the
go down to at least one knee in a protected position and secure the hose with
both hands
Signal the reversing truck to proceed to the hydrant with a verbal "go" or hand
Move
as much hose off of the roadway as possible before charging. Try to
signal
prevent
as many
kinksthe
as supply
possible
Continue
to secure
hose until at least 2 lengths of hose have played
Coordinate
with
the
firefighter
the opening of the hydrant. This can be done with
out of the hose bed
anMake
obvious
signal or
over
portable
radio
thehand
connection
into
theamain
intake
valve with the supply hose and open the
Place
yourself
in
a
safe
position
while
the
supply
line is being charged
air bleeder
Once
theas
supply
charged
of air,asclose
the air
bleeder
and fully
Move
muchline
dry is
hose
out ofand
thebled
roadway
possible
before
charging
the
open
the
intake
valve
supply hose
Remove
anysupply
kinks in
the has
hosebeen positioned, coordinate with the reverse pump
Once the
hose
Continue
the
operation
as of
specified
by your
operator
atpumping
the plug the
charging
the supply
line.company
This can officer
be done with an
obvious hand signal or overCrew
a portable
check
radio
off sheet
Place yourself in a safe position when the supply line is charging
Once the line is charged and bled, close the air bleeder and fully open the pump
intake valve
Remove any kinks from the supply line once it has been fully charged
Continue your pumping operation for the evolution specified by your company
officer
41
Reverse Hose Lay - Direct Hydrant Connection– Key Eng.
EVOLUTION OVERVIEW: Reverse hose lays are used in hydranted areas
when the initial arriving apparatus makes the decision to make an initial
attack using tank water. Typically, the 2nd due pumper or a Tanker, will
establish a water supply for the forward pumper in a hydranted area by
reverse laying from the Forward pumper to the hydrant.
Because all Clay Fire Tankers have 500 GPM pumps, Tanker operators
will ALWAYS make a direct connection with the supply hose into the
fire hydrant when reverse laying. The pump configuration along with the
water discharge plumbing on all tankers will restrict the hydrant flow down
to a max flow of 700 GPM. This reduction could be over half the available
water from the hydrant.
When an engine company performs a reverse lay to a hydrant, they have 2
supply options:
 They can connect the supply hose directly to the hydrant for a low
water volume operation, or
 The engineer can make the hydrant connection directly into the
reversing engine and then pump the forward pumpers supply line
for a high water volume operation, or if the supply line lay is over
800 feet
the skills video for a Reversing
Engineer making a direct
connection to the Hydrant
Advantages of performing a Reverse Lay direct connect:
 Provides a water supply to the forward pumper of up to 600 gpm
depending on the length of the lay
 Gives the IC many more options in deploying/assigning subsequent
arriving units once the water supply has been established.
 A direct connection to the hydrant will not supply the maximum
volume the hydrant can deliver
TASK OVERVIEW:
Forward pumper. This will provide enough room to make the stretch to the
intake valve without pulling excess hose off of the truck. The reversing
apparatus will then proceed to hydrant and make the supply hose
connection directly to the hydrant.
KEY POINTS:
 At the hydrant, verify you have a working hydrant before doing your
pull back.
 If a Tanker is reversing, they must do a direct connect into the
hydrant.
42
Reverse Hose Lay – Direct Hydrant Connection – Key Eng.
Reverse Hose Lay
Key Engineer – Direct Hydrant Connection Check Off Sheet
Student
Date:
Evaluator
Pass/Fail
Seat belt fastened
Order given by Company Officer to “Reverse Lay”
Depending on the reverse lay direction, the unit that is reversing to the hydrant will place
their tailboard at least 20 feet past the front of - or the rear of - the forward pumper.
Set parking brake
The reversing pump operator also has the option to dismount to assist members in this
phase of the evolution.
Once the supply hose has been stretched from the bed, it is secured on the ground and
the reversing pumper operator has received the signaled to advance, the operator will
release their parking brake and will proceed to the hydrant
The driver will not exceed 10 miles per hour
Pull past the hydrant approximately 10 feet, set your parking brake and properly dismount
the apparatus
Before doing a pullback and breaking the supply hose, verify you have a working hydrant
Retrieve the hydrant wrench and the proper coupling set to make the hydrant connection,
then approach the hydrant
At the hydrant remove the steamer cap and with the hydrant wrench, slowly open the
hydrant to flush and verify it is working
Once verified and flushed, shut the hydrant off and connect the appropriate steamer
coupling
Address the supply hose bed and estimate the distance to the hydrant
Stretch the supply hose out of the bed walking forward
Keep stretching until the next coupling in the hose bed falls to the ground
Break the coupling at the rear hose bed and throw the supply hose coupling back into the
supply hose bed over the top bar
Make your stretch to the hydrant walking forward
Make the LDH connection to the hydrant coupling
Before charging the line, flake out the supply hose in a manner that keeps the hose from
kinking when charged and off the roadway if possible
Position yourself behind the hydrant and coordinate with the forward pump operator when
to charge the supply line. This can be done face to face with an obvious hand signal or
over a portable radio when the pumper operator is not visible
Upon being ordered to open the hydrant by the forward pump operator, slowly and
completely open the hydrant and remove any kinks in the supply line.
43
Reverse Hose lay – Pumped Supply Line – Key Engineer
EVOLUTION OVERVIEW: Reverse hose lays are used in hydranted areas
when the initial arriving apparatus makes the decision to make an initial
attack using tank water. Typically, the 2nd due pumper, will establish a
water supply for the forward pumper in a hydranted area by reverse laying
from the Forward pumper to the hydrant.
This hose lay can only be done with a Engine Company. All Tankers
must make direct connections to the hydrant.
When an engine company performs a reverse lay to a hydrant, they have 2
supply options:
 They can connect the supply hose directly to the hydrant for a low
water volume operation, or
 The engineer can make the hydrant connection directly into the
reversing engine and then pump the forward pumpers supply line
for a high water volume operation, or if the supply line lay is over
800 feet
Advantages of performing a Reverse Lay with pumping the supply
line:
 Provides a water supply to the forward pumper that can supply the
entire volume of the hydrant
 Gives the IC many more options in deploying/assigning subsequent
arriving units once the water supply has been established.
the skills video for a Reversing
Engineer pumping the supply line
to the Forward Pumper
TASK OVERVIEW:
Forward pumper. This will provide enough room to make the stretch to the
intake valve without pulling excess hose off of the truck. The reversing
apparatus will then proceed to hydrant, use a short length of supply hose to
connect the hydrant into their pump, and then pump the supply line to the
Forward pumper.
KEY POINTS:
 At the hydrant, verify you have a working hydrant before doing your
pull back.
 If a Tanker is reversing, they must do a direct connect into the
hydrant.
44
Reverse Hose Lay
Key Engineer – Pumping the Supply Line Check Off Sheet
Student
Date:
Evaluator
Pass/Fail
Seat belt fastened
Order given by Company Officer to “Reverse Lay”
Depending on the reverse lay direction, the unit that is reversing to the hydrant will place their
tailboard at least 20 feet past the front of - or the rear of - the forward pumper.
Set parking brake
The reversing pump operator also has the option to dismount to assist members in this phase of
the evolution.
Once the supply hose has been stretched from the bed, it is secured on the ground and the
reversing pumper operator has received the signaled to advance, the operator will release their
parking brake and will proceed to the hydrant
The driver will not exceed 10 miles per hour
Properly spot your apparatus on the hydrant, set your parking brake, place your apparatus into
pump gear, properly dismount the apparatus and set the wheel chocks
Before doing a pullback and breaking the supply hose, verify you have a working hydrant
Retrieve the hydrant wrench, the proper coupling set to make the hydrant connection, the short
length of supply hose located in the suction tray below the intake valve, and then approach the
hydrant
At the hydrant remove the steamer cap and with the hydrant wrench, slowly open the hydrant to
flush and verify it is working
Once verified and flushed, shut the hydrant off and attach the intake supply hose using the proper
sized coupling.
Once the hose is properly attached, slowly and fully open the fire hydrant
Return to the intake valve, close the bleeder valve and fully open the intake valve
Go to the supply hose bed and estimate the distance to the proper discharge valve and
stretch the supply hose out of the bed walking forward until the next coupling falls to the ground
Break the coupling at the rear hose bed and throw the supply hose coupling back into the supply
hose bed over the top bar
Make your stretch to the proper discharge valve walking forward
Make the LDH connection to the discharge gate. Use connections that are off the roadway
whenever possible
Before charging the line, flake out the supply hose in a manner that keeps the hose from kinking
when charged and off the roadway if possible
Position yourself at the pump panel and coordinate with the forward pump operator when to charge
the supply line. This can be done face to face with an obvious hand signal or over a portable radio
when the pumper operator is not visible
Upon being ordered to charge the supply line by the forward pump operator, place yourself in a
safe position and completely open the discharge gate. Once fully open, remove any kinks in the
supply line and continue to monitor your pump panel.
45
5.9 – Humat Valve & Hose Lays - Page 1 of 5
Humat Hydrant Valve
The Humat hydrant valve would fall into the category of a "hydrant
assist valve". The Humat valve is made of a lightweight aluminum
alloy which is heat treated for extra strength and durability. All metal
surfaces are hard coated before final assembly to prevent corrosion
and to increase surface strength. The valve, with 5" Storz couplings
attached, weighs over 20 lbs. There is 10-15 lbs of friction loss for
this appliance when not being supported by a key pumper (unpumped) depending on the hydrant flow. There is zero (0) friction
loss in the valve when it's being supported by a Key pumper (a
pumped supply line). Below are the advantages and disadvantages
of using the valve:
Advantages:









When used when first taking the hydrant, the Humat valve allows the supply line to be
pumped without interrupting the water supply to the Forward pumper.
The Humat valve will never limit the amount of water available from the hydrant. The butterfly
controlled waterway that directs water to the Forward or Key pumper is a full 5 ½ inches in
diameter.
The Humat valve is not subject to twisting from the charging of large diameter hose.
The valve can be threaded to the hydrant either right side up or upside down.
The water control handle position is in an immediately recognizable indication of the position
of the controlling butterfly valve, if the handle is across the valve - it is closed, if in line with
the valve - the valve is open.
Using the Humat will always put the initial supply line down the street parallel to the gutter, no
matter which way you lay out. This allows easy apparatus placement of the Key pumper that
is assigned to pump the supply line. It also allows greater access to the scene and it helps
avoid errant civilian traffic damage to the supply line.
If the Key pumper should fail for any reason, the Humat valve will automatically revert the
hydrant water and pressure back into the supply line to the Forward pumper.
If the Forward pumper should fail for any reason, the Key pumper could effectively pump
through the Forward pumper's centrifugal pump to supply water to any handlines or master
streams attached to the Forward pumper (do not pump 5" LDH over 185 psi).
When a hydrant is being pumped using a humat valve, the entire capacity of the hydrant can
be flowed down the supply line (2,500 gpm +).
Disadvantages:



10 - 15 lbs of appliance friction loss when not being pumped.
Weight of the valve.
Mounting the valve to the rear tailboard could make some rear compartments difficult to
access or open.
46
Firefighter Taking a Hydrant using a Humat Hydrant Valve
EVOLUTION OVERVIEW: This evolution will look at a firefighter
taking a hydrant using a Humat hydrant valve.
This evolution requires two people to properly perform; one
firefighter operating at the hydrant and one pump operator located in
a forward position. Because both members will be dismounting the
apparatus and most likely will be working on the roadway for part of
the evolution, following SOP's, using good communications and
teamwork will be required between all the team members (don't
flood the hose bed!).
Click inside the graphic to
view the skills video for a
Firefighter taking a hydrant
with a Humat valve.
KEY EVAUATION POINTS:
When taking a hydrant on the Company Officer side of the truck, the
firefighter will need to wrap a minimum of 15 feet of hose past the
hydrant. If the hydrant is located on the engineer's side of the truck,
the firefighter will need to wrap a maximum of 8 feet past the
hydrant.
In order to keep the hose out of the roadway on a Captain's side lay,
the firefighter will need to "flip the skip". This is done by flipping the
hose behind the hydrant prior to charging the supply line. This will
place the hose in a loop behind the hydrant when it's charged. This
allows enough room for a key pumper to come in and pump the
hydrant without blocking access to the scene.
When taking a hydrant from
the Captain side of the truck.
Stretch at least 15 ft. past the
hydrant before the "go" is
given. This will allow you
enough hose to "flip" the
supply line behind the
hydrant before charging.
Captain side lay:
Make sure the
hose is flipped
behind the hydrant
before charging.
When taking a hydrant from
the Engineer side of the
truck. Stretch NO MORE than
6 feet past the hydrant before
the "go" is given. No "flip" will
be needed.
47
Forward Hose Lay from a Hydrant using a Humat Valve
Firefighter’s Position Check Off Sheet
Student
Date:
Evaluator
Pass/Fail
Skill performed in full PPE - Properly donned SCBA
Seat belt fastened
FF waits to hear Parking Brake being applied before properly dismounting the apparatus
Shut all doors and compartment doors before proceeding to the rear of the apparatus and
mount the tailboard
Unclip all hose bed cover fasteners
Retrieve the hydrant wrench
Retrieve the humat valve from its bracket
Place the supply hose over your shoulder and while walking forward, stretch enough hose
directly behind the apparatus to make the appropriate length hose stretch to the hydrant. 15
feet plus Capt side - 6 ft max Engineer side of the truck
Once enough hose is stretched from the supply hose bed, make the stretch to the hydrant
Wrap the hydrant at least 90 degrees to the pumper
Go to one or two knees and properly secure the humat valve and hydrant wrench with both
hands
Once in a safe position, signal the apparatus that you are ready for them to advance with a
loud “GO” or obvious hand signal
Continue to secure the humat until 2 lengths of hose have played out of the supply hose bed
Place the supply hose and humat valve in safe position
Remove the steamer cap – place hydrant wrench on top of hydrant
Verify the hydrant is operating, properly flush and shut off
Retrieve humat valve and insure proper sized steamer fitting is attached
Connect the humat valve to the steamer connection
Flip the hose over behind the hydrant if the plug was taken from the Capt's side of truck and
move as much hose off of the roadway as possible before charging. Try to prevent as many
kinks as possible
Coordinate with the forward pump operator opening the hydrant. This can be done with an
obvious hand signal or over a portable radio
Once ordered to open the hydrant, slowly and fully open the hydrant
Once fully opened, retrieve the hydrant wrench and return to the apparatus removing any
kinks in the supply line along the way
Follow orders as received from the Engineer or Company Officer once you have arrived to
the truck and have drop off the hydrant wrench
48
Pumping a supply line using a Humat Hydrant Valve
EVOLUTION OVERVIEW: This evolution will look at a Key pump
operator pumping a supply line using a Humat hydrant valve.
This evolution requires one person (a pump operator) to properly
perform. Because this evolution only requires the Engineer to
complete, in most cases the Officer and Firefighter will perform an
assignment in the hazard zone while the Engineer pumps the
Forward pumper's supply line. Depending on the response direction
of the Key pumper, the crew could be dropped off at the scene, or
the crew may have to dismount at the hydrant and walk the
remaining distance to the scene. IC's must maintain an awareness of
the "in transport" times when making this type of assignment.
view the skills video for an
Engineer pumping a supply
line using a Humat valve.
Always try to spot on the hydrant on the Officer's side of the truck
whenever possible. This places the main suction the shortest
distance from the hydrant and will allow the Engineer to use the
short lengths of 5" LDH to make all of their connections. It will also
keep all of the supply hose off of the roadway, maximizing access to
the scene (5" LDH makes great road blocks).
If an Engineer side hydrant spot cannot be avoided, a 100 foot
section of supply hose could be needed to make the supply
connection from the steamer to the main intake valve.
49
Student
Evaluator
Pass/Fail
Pumping a Supply Line using a Humat Valve
Engineer's Position Check Off Sheet
Date:
The Incident Commander will give a staged unit the order to "pump the supply line" of
a designated forward pumper
Always spot the hydrant on the Officer's side of truck whenever possible
Properly spot your apparatus on the hydrant, set your parking brake, place your
apparatus into pump gear, properly dismount the apparatus and set the wheel
chocks.
Make the following 2 connections. The order does not matter. Both connections must
be made before diverting the hydrant water into the key pumper
Connect a 5 inch LDH from the humat steamer into the trucks main suction, open the
air bleeder valve
Connect a 5 inch LDH from a discharge gate to the bottom barrel humat connection
Use short lengths whenever possible
Make all connections off of the roadway when possible
Once all connections have been made, do the hydraulic calculation and charge the
LDH short length supplying the bottom barrel of the valve.
Set your pump pressure (avoid over pumping)
Once your pump pressure is set, immediately go to the hydrant and divert the water
from the hydrant into your truck using the large handle located on the side of the
humat valve
Bleed the air, shut the bleeder off and completely open the intake valve
Return to the pump panel and adjust your pump pressure as necessary
Always avoid over pumping the supply line
Never pump a 5 inch LDH supply line over 185 psi
50
5.10 – Hand-Jacking to a Hydrant - Page 1 of 2
"Hand-Jacking" a Supply Line to a Hydrant
EVOLUTION OVERVIEW:
This evolution will focus on the Forward Engineer making a hydrant
connection into their intake when the hydrant is less than 200 feet
away from their final, forward spot. This evolution is called "hand
jacking to hydrant" because it requires the engineer to secure the
water supply, just by themselves.
The maximum 5 inch LDH stretch that one person can make is 200
feet.
Using a humat valve in this supply evolution gives no hydraulic
advantage. Disconnect the supply line from the humat before making
your stretch, this will reduce the weight of your stretches.
view the skills video for an
Engineer "Hand-Jacking" a
supply line to a hydrant to
establish an un-interrupted
water supply to a Forward
pumper.
Follow the check-off sheet sequence to avoid making multiple trips
back and forth from the hydrant to the truck.
51
5.10 – Hand-Jacking to a Hydrant - Page 2 of 2
Student
Evaluator
Pass/Fail
"Hand-Jacking" a Supply Line to a Hydrant
Engineer's Position Check Off Sheet
Date:
The company officer on the forward pumper will direct the engineer to set up the
initial attack line selected and then "hand jack" to a hydrant that is located less than
200 feet away
Once the attack line is charged and the engineer's assistance is no longer required in
setting up the initial attack, they will go to rear hose bed of truck and disconnect the
supply hose from the humat valve.
Once disconnected, place the supply hose on your shoulder and stretch the supply
line out of the hose bed walking forward
Once the next coupling falls to the ground, place the supply hose on the ground and
return to the supply hose bed and repeat another 100 foot stretch if necessary
Return to the hose bed, break the supply hose coupling, throwing the unused hose
section over the hose bed bar. Making sure you have enough hose to finish the
stretch to the hydrant before breaking the two hoses
Make the connection into the main suction of the truck and open the bleeder
Retrieve the hydrant wrench and the proper couplings and return to the end of the
supply hose
Make the final stretch to the hydrant
Once at the hydrant, place the hose coupling on the ground in a safe area. Remove
the steamer cap with the plug wrench and place it where it will not be a trip hazard .
Slowly open the hydrant to flush and verify it is working. Once verified and flushed,
shut the hydrant off.
Retrieve the hose and couplings and determine the proper size coupling to use to
make the steamer connection. Make the connection to the hydrant
Before charging the line, flake out the supply hose in manner that keeps the hose
from kinking and off the roadway if possible when charged
Place yourself behind the hydrant and slowly and completely open the hydrant. Once
fully open, take the hydrant wrench and return to the apparatus while removing any
kinks in the supply line
Return to the pump panel and adjust your pump pressure as necessary
52
5.11 – Relay Pumping - Page 1 of 1
Relay Pumping
Relay pumping operations are rarely used on a fire ground. They are usually employed when large
amounts of water are required on a long term water flow operation (could be up to days). The IC will
need to make a decision early on in the operation, on whether available resource is better utilized
setting up a relay operation, as opposed to setting up a long term water shuttle operation.
Relay pumping will be defined as: 2 or more pumpers that are required to move water from a
distance that would require excessive pressures if only one key pumper were assigned to pump the
supply line. This fits into the Key pumper and Forward pumper water supply model.
If a relay operation is implemented into the Incident Action Plan, the IC should designate a water
supply group supervisor and place them on a separate radio channel.
The enemy of moving water through any piping or appliance is friction loss. There is approximately 6
to 8 pounds of friction loss per 100 foot section of 5 inch LDH supply hose flowing 1,000 gpm. As
previously stated in the Clay Fire task manual, LDH supply line lays of over 500 feet should be
pumped when supplying aerial devices, large bore master streams, or several handlines at once. A
single, 1,000 foot section of 5 inch hose can usually deliver the entire volume of the hydrant when
being pumped by a key pumper.
But past the first 1,000 feet of a supply hose lay, the key pumper cannot overcome all of the friction
loss in the supply hose, and the amount of available water will be reduced as the length of the supply
line gets longer and longer. This is due to the max pressure a supply line can be pumped, 185 psi.
The ideal relay pumping operation would place a relay pumper at least every 1,000 feet on the supply
hose, with a key pumper on the hydrant. Placing a key pumper on the hydrant is KEY to any relay
operation (the actual reason the "Key" pumper is identified as the key pumper). You cannot flow the
max hydrant gpm in any relay operation without a key pumper on the hydrant.
There are several different variables when setting up a relay operations and each relay operation will
be different. This section gives an IC the basic principles to consider if the critical factors of the
incident would indicate a relay pumping operation.
Please view the relay pumping video where we incorporated all of the pressurized water supply tasks
level videos and check off sheets that are included in the pressurized water supply task manual (5.1 5.3).
the Relay Pumping video. This
video overviews a 2,700 ft long 5" LDH relay operation drill that
Clay Fire performed in 2012.
53
5.12 – Water Shuttle General Overview - Page 1 of 1
Water Shuttle – General Guidelines
Clay Fire Territory’s response area consists of hydranted areas along with non hydranted areas. All
response officers should be familiar with the locations of the water sources in their operating districts.
In working fire situations, the IC will need to make the determination to either use 1 of the 3 water
supply options:
• Tank water
• Pressurized water supply
• Water shuttle operation
If the IC predicts that more than 2000 gallons of water will be required to properly control and overhaul
the fire, they should establish a water supply using a fire hydrant or a portable water tank supply
operation.
Whenever possible, Clay FD will try to utilize a water supply from a fire hydrant as opposed to using a
drafting/water shuttle operation. When a hydrant is not located close to the scene (over 1,000 feet
away) a water shuttle operation should be set up and utilized as soon as possible.
The key to a successful water shuttle operation is the initial portable water tank set up and minimizing
the idle time of water shuttling apparatus. The proper initial set up of the water supply operation is
essential for two reasons; (1) the water supply requirements are most critical during the first few
minutes of the attack, and (2) it is difficult or impossible to build on or maneuver around a poor set up.
A water shuttle box alarm response should be able to provide a continuous flow of 500+ gpm if the
water source is located a reasonable distance from the scene and the dump site has been properly set
up.
There are 2 main components to a water shuttle operation:
•
•
Dump Site; using portable water tanks at the scene
Fill Site; utilizing a fire hydrant, a well pumping station, or a draft location away from the scene
Dump Site
On most Offensive working fires in Clay Township, the initial arriving Engine Company will respond
directly to the scene and begin their fire attack using tank water. Once the initial arriving pump operator
has their pump panel set up, they will assist a subsequent arriving Engine or Tanker driver with setting
up a 2,000 gallon portable water tank and start a drafting operation if a hydrant is not in reasonable
distance to the scene.
Fill Site
54
5.13 – Portable Water Tank Set-Up and Use - Page 1 of 2
One tank set up Outline
Video Demo
55
5.13 – Portable Water Tank Set-Up and Use - Page 2 of 2
One tank set up Engineer’s Check off Sheet
56
5.14 – Setting up and using a 2nd Portable Water Tank - Page 1 of 2
Two tank set up overview
Video Demo
Video Demo
57
5.14 – Setting up and using a 2nd Portable Water Tank - Page 2 of 2
Two water tank set up Engineers Check off Sheet
58
5.15 – Cul-de-sac Water Shuttle Operation - Page 1 of 1
Cul-de-sac Water Shuttle Overview
Video Demo
59
5.16 – Refilling a Tanker from a Hydrant - Page 1 of 2
Fill Site Check off – Using a Hydrant
Fill Site
During a water shuttle operation the nearest hydrant
or designated standard water source should be
utilized.
Hydrant Site Set Up:
Select a fill site that will provide the incoming and
departing water shuttle apparatus maximum
maneuvering room.
Circle or loop road arrangement is the most
desirable.
Layout 3 inch hose from the fill site to the chosen
hydrant.
Connect to the large hydrant discharge using the soft
suction (if close enough) or a section of 4" LDH.
Video Demo
The key to a successful water shuttle fill site
operation, whether using water from a draft or a
hydrant, is to minimize hook up time, maximize the
gpm fill rate, and minimize maneuvering time. This
can be accomplished by using a dual fill line setup,
filling the water shuttle apparatus one at a time, and
selecting a fill site which permits a smooth “fill and
go" traffic pattern with minimum apparatus backing or
turning.
60
5.16 – Refilling a Tanker from a Hydrant - Page 2 of 2
Hydrant Tanker fill Engineer Check off sheet
61
5.17 – Water Well Pump locations and Procedures Page 1 of ??
Clay Response Area Well Map
Well pumping and refilling procedures
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64
65
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67
Section 8: Ground Ladders
Ground ladders are routinely used in various ways at emergency incidents. Each ground ladder has
its own advantages on the fire ground and these advantages will be covered with each individual
ladder. All recruit firefighters must demonstrate minimum competencies on all of the ground ladders
carried and operated by the department.
Engine companies carry 2 standard ground ladders, the 14-16 foot straight ladder, and the 24/28 foot
extension ladder. Ladder companies carry two sets of these ladders, plus two 35 foot extension
ladders.
14 to 16 foot Straight Ladder
The 14 or 16 foot straight ladder is a very versatile, 1 person ladder,
that is primarily used for laddering the roof of a single story structure
or as a secondary means of egress through a 2nd story window or
balcony.
The ladder is also equipped with 2 hooks on the tip of the ladder that
are used when vertically ventilating a high pitched roof.
The ladders wide rung span and its heavy base makes it a very
stable ladder when it is used to carry equipment and charged hose
lines to above grade locations.
24 - 28 foot 2 Section Extension Ladder
The 24 foot extension ladder requires 2 people to set up and extend. It is
primarily used to ladder the roof of a 2 story structure, or an upper window
or balcony on a multi story structure. The 24 foot extension ladder allows 2
people to climb it at once; 1 person per section of the ladder.
35 foot 3 Section Extension Ladder
Clay Fire uses a 3 section - 35 foot extension ladder that is very
heavy (190 lbs) and it requires 3 people to set up and extend. It is
primarily used to ladder the roof of a 3 story structure, or an upper
window or balcony on a multi story structure. The 35 foot extension
ladder also allows 2 people to climb it at once; 1 person per section of
the ladder.
Once in place with the dogs locked, both extension ladders are very
stable and will allow firefighters the security of carrying tools and heavy
equipment to above grade locations.
68
Extension Ladder Components
Tip of the ladder
“Fly” - Upper section of ladder
Beams or Rails
Halyard rope – Extends the fly
section
“Dogs” – Lock the Fly section in place
Rungs
Butt of the ladder
69
8.1 – 16 foot Straight Ladder - Page 1 of 2
16 Foot Ladder Overview:
• The proper equipment to be worn when drilling with ladders is full
protective equipment, minus wearing your SCBA. This includes full
bunker gear, gloves and a properly secured helmet.
• Recruits will have all final evaluations performed in full protective
gear, including their SCBA donned.
• When drilling with ladders, the ladders should be placed at least 20
feet away from the drill wall, properly positioned on its side, resting
on the bottom beam of the ladder.
TASK OVERVIEW: This evolution will require:
 1 firefighter
 14 or 16 ft. 1 section ground ladder
 An appropriate Training Building, Fire Station or a (permission
granted) off site training location
 Full set of turnouts w/gloves on at all times
Click inside the graphic
to view the skills video
for deploying a 16 ft.
ground ladder.
KEY POINTS:
 Use the proper area and ladders to conduct the drill
 Instructors should watch for proper PPE, technique and safe
deployment methods
 Gloves must be worn at all times whenever touching a ladder
 When using a hard surface to drill on (concrete, etc.) the ladder
MUST be properly butted at the base WHENEVER any person is on
the ladder
Once the ladder deployment skills are mastered, deploy the ladder off of
the apparatus that it is stored and used on several times. This will give you
the opportunity to figure out the best, safest way to deploy the ladder off of
the apparatus in a real life setting.
70
8.1 – 16 foot Straight Ladder - Page 2 of 2
14 - 16 ft. Straight Ladder
Evaluation Sheet
Pass
Fail
Addressed ladder on the ground butt to butt at the ladders balance point
Using the left hand, properly lift the ladder to place the top beam of the ladder on the
right shoulder at the proper balance point
Support the ladder with one hand on a rung, while the other hand supports the bottom
beam of the ladder.
Walk the ladder to your target with the butt of the ladder forward, pointed down slightly
while checking for any overhead obstructions.
When at target area, stop walking forward, turn to right at a 90 degree angle to the
building, drop the ladder to the right knee, grasp 2 rungs of the ladder with one rung inbetween, and raise the ladder over head while maintaining a 90 degree angle to the
building.
Once the ladder has been raised completely over-head, turn towards the building facing
forward and walk the ladder to the base of the building.
Place the butt of the ladder into the base of the building and walk the ladder into the
building using the rungs until the ladder is flat and vertical to the building's surface.
Once vertical against the building, grasp the beams of the ladder, or 2 rungs of the
ladder with a rung in-between, walks the butt of the ladder away from the building, while
maintaining tip pressure on the wall, until the proper climbing angle is achieved.
Once at the proper climbing angle, check the placement of the ladder by standing on
the bottom rung of the ladder and placing your hands on a rung at shoulder height.
Once the proper climbing angle has been verified, place the ladder back into a ready
state.
Grasping both beams, or 2 rungs of the ladder with a rung in-between, and walk the
butt of the ladder into the building while maintaining tip pressure on the wall.
Butts the ladder into the base of the building, using the hand over hand method to
descend the ladder, while the butt of the ladder remains against the building until
arriving at the ladder's balance point.
Once at the proper rung space, swings right shoulder into the rung space while left
hand pushes the base of the ladder away from the wall.
Carry the ladder back to the deployment area with the top beam on right shoulder, with
one hand supporting the bottom beam and the other one hand supporting a rung with
the tip forward, slightly lowered.
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8.2 – 24-28 foot Extension Ladder - Page 1 of 3
24- 28 foot extension ladder
OBJECTIVES and OVERVIEW: Deploy, set up and operate safely
on the 24-28 ft. 2 section ground ladder. This skill requires 2 people
to accomplish. One person will be responsible for the tip of the
ladder and the other is responsible for the butt of the ladder. The butt
person is primarily responsible for the smooth deployment of the
ladder and the tip person is responsible for the final placement of the
ladder (on a wall, a roof line or in window) and insuring a proper
climbing angle for the situation present before ascending up the
ladder.
MATERIALS/EQUIPMENT NEEDED:
 2 firefighters
 24 or 28 ft. 2 section ground ladder
 An appropriate Training Building, Fire Station or a
(permission granted) off site training location
 SCBA for final evaluations
for deploying a 24-28 ft.
ground ladder.
KEY SAFETY/DEPLOYMENT/TEACHING POINTS:
 Provide the members/students with the proper area and
ladders to conduct the drill
deployment methods
 NO hands on the rungs from when the ladder is in the vertical
position until the ladder is in place in/on the target
 Do not tie off the halyard until the ladder is in its final, safe
resting position
 2 people are required for this task. This requires good
communications at all times between both of the team
members
 The butt person is primarily in charge of the entire
deployment evolution
 When using a hard surface to drill on (concrete, ect.) the
ladder MUST be properly butted at the base WHENEVER
any person is on the ladder
Once the ladder deployment skills are mastered by the students,
deploy the ladder off of the apparatus that it is stored and used on
several times. This will give you the opportunity to figure out the best,
safest way to deploy the ladder off of the apparatus in a real life
setting.
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8.2 – 24-28 Extension Ladder - Page 2 of 3
24 - 28 ft. 2 section Extension Ladder
Butt Person Check Off Sheet
Pass
Fail
Addressed ladder on the ground butt to butt
Halyard away (other side) than the FF's
Verbalized to the tip person if they were "ready to lift", the tip person acknowledged
before lifting
Ordered the ladder to be lifted - "lift the ladder"
right shoulder between the 1st and 2nd rung of the ladder
Properly transport the ladder butt first to the target area with one hand on the rungs
and the other supporting the bottom beam of the ladder
While checking for overhead obstructions, the butt person selects the proper
placement of the butt of the ladder
Placed the butt of the ladder (both beams) on the ground insuring that the halyard is on
the building side of the ladder
Verbalize to the tip person "hoist the ladder"
Positioned both feet on the bottom rung and placed hands on the 3rd-4th rung(s) and
assisted the tip person with the hoist
Once the ladder is in the vertical position, placed right foot, hip and shoulder on the
beam of the ladder and grasped the halyard with both hands
Verbalized to the tip person that you're "ready to raise the ladder", the tip person
acknowledged before raising the ladder
Raise the ladder with hand over hand method while not locking the dogs until the
proper height was achieved
Properly lock the dogs so the ladder is in a stable position
Verbalize to the tip person "ready to lower the ladder into position", the tip person
acknowledged before lowering the ladder
Properly lower and control the ladder into position with the proper foot and hand
placement (feet apart shuffling backward with both hands spanning the beams!) while
listening to tip person's countdown
Assist the tip person with the final placement of the ladder using proper foot and hand
placement (both FF's positioned on the side of the ladder, one hand on a rung, one
hand on a beam)
Wait for tip person to assure the proper position and climbing angle of the ladder
Ties off the halyard (if necessary)
Properly ascends and operates on the ladder (1 person per section ONLY).
Properly descends the ladder
Using the reverse procedure, properly bed the ladder and place it back into a ready
state
73
8.2 – 24-28 Extension Ladder - Page 3 of 3
24 - 28 ft. 2 section Extension Ladder
Tip Person Check Off Sheet
Pass
Fail
Addressed ladder on the ground butt to butt
Halyard away (other side) than the FF's
Acknowledges to the butt person when they were "ready to lift"
right shoulder between the 1st and 2nd rung of the ladder
Properly transport the ladder butt first to the target area with one hand on a rung and
the other hand supporting the bottom beam
Insured that the halyard is on the building side of the ladder
Waited for the butt person to verbalize "hoist the ladder" before hoisting
Used the proper hand placement on the rungs to stabile the ladder when hoisting to a
vertical position
Once the ladder is in the vertical position, placed themselves in the proper raising
position (feet apart, away from the ladder with both hands spanning and supporting
the beams).
Verbalized to the butt person that they were "ready to raise the ladder" when asked
Properly maintain ladder stabilization during the raise
Verbalized to the butt person they were "ready to lower the ladder into position",
placement (one foot on the bottom rung with other foot in a stable position with both
hands spanning the beams) while providing a countdown to the target to the butt
person..."4, 3, 2, 1, contact".
Assist the butt person with the final placement of the ladder using the proper foot and
hand placement (both FF's positioned on the sides of the ladder, one hand on a rung,
one hand on a beam)
Notifies the evaluator of the proper position and climbing angle of the ladder
state
74
8.3 – 35 foot Extension Ladder - Page 1 of 4
35 foot Extension Ladder
OBJECTIVES and OVERVIEW: Deploy, set up and operate safely
on the 35 ft. 3 section ground ladder. This skill requires 3 people to
accomplish. Two people will be responsible for the tip of the ladder
and the 3rd person is responsible for the butt of the ladder. The butt
person is primarily responsible for the smooth deployment of the
ladder and the tip people are responsible for the final placement of
the ladder (on a wall, a roof line or in window) and insuring a proper
climbing angle for the situation present before ascending up the
ladder.
MATERIALS/EQUIPMENT NEEDED:
 3 firefighters
 35 ft. 3 section ground ladder
 An appropriate Training Building, Fire Station or a
(permission granted) off site training location
 SCBA for final evaluations
for deploying a 35 ft.
ground ladder.
KEY SAFETY/DEPLOYMENT/TEACHING POINTS:
 Provide the members/students with the proper area and
ladders to conduct the drill
deployment methods
 NO hands on the rungs from when the ladder is in the vertical
position until the ladder is in place in/on the target
 Do not tie off the halyard until the ladder is in its final, safe
resting position
 3 people are required for this task. This requires good
communications at all times between all of the team
members
 The butt person is primarily in charge of the entire
deployment evolution
 When using a hard surface to drill on (concrete, etc.) the
ladder MUST be properly butted at the base WHENEVER
any person is on the ladder
Once the ladder deployment skills are mastered by the students,
deploy the ladder off of the apparatus that it is stored and used on
several times. This will give you the opportunity to figure out the best,
safest way to deploy the ladder off of the apparatus in a real life
setting.
75
8.3 – 35 ft Extension Ladder - Page 2 of 4
35 ft. 3 section Extension Ladder
Butt Person Check Off Sheet
Pass Fail
Address the ladder laying flat on the ground on the butt end of the ladder
Verbalized to the #2 tip person if they are "ready to flip the ladder onto its beam", the
tip person will acknowledged before flipping
Ordered the ladder to be flipped, flip the ladder so that the halyard will be placed
towards the #1 tip person when on its beam
Once flipped on the appropriate beam, place yourself between the 2nd and 3rd rungs of
the butt of the ladder on the halyard side, facing the butt of the ladder
Place your right hand on the outside beam of the ladder. Once all 3 people are in
position, give the order to “pick up the ladder”
On command, properly pick up and transport the ladder butt first, in a suite case
fashion, to the target area with good control of the ladder
While checking for overhead obstructions, the butt person selects the proper
placement of the butt of the ladder
Place the butt of the ladder (both beams) on the ground insuring that the halyard is on
the building side of the ladder
Verbalize to the tip people "hoist the ladder"
Positioned both feet on the bottom rung and placed hands on the 3rd-4th rung(s) and
assisted the tip person with the hoist
Once the ladder is in the vertical position, placed right foot, hip and shoulder on the
beam of the ladder and grasped the halyard with both hands
Verbalized to the tip person that you're "ready to raise the ladder", the tip people
acknowledged before raising the ladder
Raise the ladder with hand over hand method while not locking the dogs until the
proper height was achieved
Properly lock the dogs so the ladder is in a stable position
Verbalize to the tip person "ready to lower the ladder into position", the tip person
acknowledged before lowering the ladder
placement (feet apart shuffling backward with both hands spanning the beams!) while
listening to tip person's countdown
Wait for tip person to assure the proper position and climbing angle of the ladder
Properly tie off the halyard
state
76
Tip Person #1 Check Off Sheet
Pass Fail
Addressed ladder on the ground in the middle of the ladder
Once the butt and #2 tip have flipped the ladder onto its appropriate beam, position
yourself in the middle of the ladder on the halyard side with your right hand on the
outside beam of the ladder while facing the butt of the ladder
Acknowledges to the butt person when you are "ready to lift"
Once at the raising location, waited for the butt person to place the butt of the ladder
Once the butt is placed on the ground, reposition yourself to the left side of the tip of
the ladder next to the #2 tip person
Both tip people will coordinate hoisting the ladder by pushing the ladder up over their
heads as they walk towards the butt person. The hand positions for the tip people will
be the inside hands on the rungs and their outside hand will slide up the beams.
Once the ladder is in the vertical position, The number one position will span both
beams with their hands and place both feet back away from the fly section in a
staggered position.
When all three persons are in the place, the butt person will ask the team if the ladder
is stable and if they’re ready to raise the ladder.
Verbalized to the butt person that you are "ready to raise the ladder" when asked
Once fully extended and locked, the number one tip person places their right foot on
the bottom rung, the left hand spanning the beam, with the right hand on a rung.
Verbalized to the butt person they were "ready to lower the ladder into position",
placement (one foot on the bottom rung with other foot in a stable position with both
hands spanning the beams) while providing a countdown to the target to the butt
person..."4, 3, 2, 1, contact".
Assist the butt person with the final placement of the ladder using the proper foot and
hand placement (both FF's positioned on the sides of the ladder, one hand on a rung,
one hand on a beam)
Notifies the evaluator of the proper position and climbing angle of the ladder
state
77
Tip Person #2 Check Off Sheet
Pass Fail
Address the ladder laying flat on the ground on the butt end of the ladder
Verbalized to the butt person when you are "ready to flip the ladder onto its beam"
Once ordered, flip the ladder so that the halyard will be placed towards the #1 tip
person when on its beam
Once flipped on the appropriate beam, place yourself between the 2 nd and 3rd rungs of
the tip of the ladder on the halyard side, facing the butt of the ladder
Place your right hand on the outside beam of the ladder
Once the butt is placed on the ground at the target area, reposition yourself to the right
side of the tip of the ladder next to the #1 tip person
Both tip people will coordinate raising the ladder by pushing the ladder up over their
heads as they walk towards the butt person. The hand positions for the tip people will
be the inside hands on the rungs and their outside hand will slide up the beams.
Once the ladder is in the vertical position, the number two tip person will move to the
right and position their right foot against the beam and both hands spanning the beam,
right hand down and left hand up over your head facing the butt person
When all three persons are in the place, the butt person will ask the team if the ladder
is stable and if they’re ready to raise the ladder.
Verbalized to the butt person that you are "ready to raise the ladder" when asked
Once fully extended and locked, the number two person will rotate to take the position
next to the other tip person and place their left foot on the bottom rung, with their left
hand on a rung, and their right hand spanning the beam.
Verbalized to the butt person they are "ready to lower the ladder into position",
Once fully extended and locked, the number one tip person will advise the butt person
the distance to the wall counting backwards.
To adjust the climbing angle of the ladder, both tip people will stand on opposites sides
of the ladder. The inside hand will grasp a rung and the outside hand will span the
beams. One person will look down, the other up. Then, move the bottom of the ladder
to its appropriate angle.
After the halyard is tied off, notifies the evaluator of the proper position and climbing
angle of the ladder
state
78
79
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Humat Hydrant Valve - Clay Fire Training

Transcription

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