Waste Biomass Utilization in Japan

Transcription

Waste Biomass Utilization in Japan
Yoshihiro MIZUTANI
Director, Project Div.
Global Environment Centre Foundation
Osaka, Japan
1
“Regional Workshop on Waste Agricultural Biomass” Mar. 4, 2010 @ UNEP/IETC & GEC, Osaka, JAPAN
CONTENT
1.Current Status of Waste Biomass Utilization in Japan
2.Examples of Food Waste Recycling in Japan
2
1.Current Status of Waste Biomass Utilization in Japan
3
Current Status of GHG emission from waste sector
However, 2008 GHG emission from waste
sector is 6.3% increase compared to 1990 level.
Percentage of GHG emission from waste
sector in 2008 is approximately 3%
130
2.9%
125
120
waste
others
97.1%
Index
115
110
105
■ Emission
from waste sector
廃棄物分野からの排出量
100
95
90
1990
■ Total日本の温室効果ガス総排出量
emission in Japan
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
Countermeasures for GHG reduction in waste sector
•
•
•
Promotion of 3R
Promotion of WtE (Waste to Energy) & biomass energy
Avoidance of biodegradable waste to land fill sites
etc.
4
Institutional Framework for Biomass Utilization in Japan
Basic Law/National Comprehensive Strategy for Biomass Utilization
National Strategy for Biomass Use
▲Enacted in 2002
▲Revised in 2006
Fundamental Law for Promotion of
Biomass Utilization
▲Established in 2009
Promotion of Food Waste 3R
Fundamental Law for Establishment of Sound Material Cycle
▲Enacted in 2000
Food Recycling Law
▲Enacted in 2000
▲Revised in 2007
Various Policies/Activities for Biomass Recycling based on Waste Management Law, Johkaso Law, Sewage Law,
etc.
Others
・Promotion of biomass utilization as renewable energy through “Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) Law”,
and other relevant laws
5
Material Cycle in Large Cities (Image)
Large
Largeamounts
amountsofofwaste
wasteare
areconstantly
constantlygenerated
generated&&collected
collectedbecause
becauseofofthe
thehigh
highdensity
densityofofpeople
peopleand
andindustry.
industry.
Waste
reduction
through
resource
recovery
and
incineration,
and
heat
recovery
during
these
processes,
are
Waste reduction through resource recovery and incineration, and heat recovery during these processes, are
carried
carriedout
outefficiently
efficientlyon
onaalarge
largescale.
scale.
Sewage
Sludge
is
subject
to
methane
Sewage Sludge is subject to methanerecovery,
recovery,with
withresidue
residueused
usedinincement
cementand
andother
otherindustries
industriesasasresources
resources
that
thatcan
canbe
besteadily
steadilysupplied
suppliedininaalarge
largequantity.
quantity.
household
Waste
Water
Energy
Recovery
Combustible
Waste
Sewage Plant
(Methane fermentation and
other treatment）
Residue
セメント
Cement Production Plants, etc.
office
Shops, hotels,
restaurant, etc.
End-of-Life
Equipment, etc.
Energy
Recovery
Recyclable
Waste
Recycling
Facility
High-efficiency
thermal recycling facilities
(Incineration)
Recycled
Resources
Factories
6
Material Cycle in Small & Medium Cities (Image)
In
Incase
caseaacity
cityisisclose
closetotofarming
farmingvillage,
village,waste
wastebiomass
biomassthat
thatisissteadily
steadilygenerated
generatedininthe
thecity
cityisiscarried
carriedtotothose
those
villages
to
be
used
as
feed
and
fertilizer.
villages to be used as feed and fertilizer.
Agricultural
Agriculturalproduce
producefrom
fromthese
thesevillages
villagesisisconsumed
consumedininthe
thecity.
city.
In
case
of
no
resource
recovery
facilities
in
the
neighborhood,
In case of no resource recovery facilities in the neighborhood,industrial
industrialwaste
wasteisisdistributed
distributedacross
acrossaarelatively
relatively
wide
widearea
areathrough
throughaadistribution
distributionnetwork,
network,totobe
bereused
reusedasascirculated
circulatedresources.
resources.
飼
肥
堆
Feed/Fertilizer
Forestry
Agriculture
Stock farming
Household
Retailers, restaurants,
Hotels, schools, etc
料
Livestock Product
Energy
Recovery
Kitchen garbage
Food Residue
Livestock manure
Facilities
Facilitiesfor
forfeed/fertilizer
feed/fertilizer
production
production
Methane
Methanefermentation
fermentation&&
End-of-Life Equipment,
power
generation
power generation
Recyclable Waste
Recovery
Facilities
Resource recovery
Facility
Energy
Recovery
household
Factories
Kitchen garbage
Food Residue
End-of-Life Equipment,
Recyclable Waste
Recycled
Resources
7
Factories
Material Cycle in Agricultural, forestry and fishing villages (Image)
Circulated
Circulatedresources
resourcesproduced
producedininagricultural,
agricultural,forestry
forestryand
andfishing
fishingvillage
villageinclude
includelumber
lumberfrom
fromthinning,
thinning,
livestock
manure,
and
shells,
as
well
as
kitchen
garbage,
which
is
collected
separately
from
other
livestock manure, and shells, as well as kitchen garbage, which is collected separately from otherMSW.
MSW.
These
Circulated
resources,
together
with
other
circulated
resources,
are
used
as
biomass
resources
These Circulated resources, together with other circulated resources, are used as biomass resourcesfor
forenergy
energy
recovery
through
methane
fermentation
and
the
production
of
fertilizer,
feed,
soil
conditioners,
etc.
recovery through methane fermentation and the production of fertilizer, feed, soil conditioners, etc.
This
Thisforms
formsaamaterial
materialcycle
cycleininwhich
whichcrops
cropsproduced
producedusing
usingthis
thisfertilizer
fertilizerare
areconsumed
consumedwithin
withinthe
thesame
sameregion
region
(local
(localproduction
productionfor
forlocal
localconsumption).
consumption).
敷料
Forestry
Litter Straw
飼料
Feed
Wood
Biomass
Energy
Recovery
堆
肥
Facilities for feed/fertilizer
production
Methane fermentation &
power generation
飼料
Feed
肥料
Energy
Recovery
Agriculture
Agricultural
Residue
Agricultural Produce
Recovery
Facilities
Energy
Recovery
Livestock
Manure
Kitchen
Garbage
Household
Stock
Farming
Livestock Product
8
Amount of Biomass in Japan
Example
Amount
(Wet Weight Base)
[million ton/yr]
Amount
(Dry Weight Base)
[million ton/yr]
Energy
Equivalent
[PJ/yr]
Carbon
Equivalent
[million ton/yr]
Waste
Biomass
Food Waste
Sewage Sludge
327
76
1,270
30.5
Unused
Biomass
Rice Straw
Brush Wood
17
15
260
6.4
Energy
Crop
Sugar Cane
Rapeseed
22
13
240
6
Total
366
104
1,800
43
Waste Biomass has a lot of potential.
In addition, fee can be collected for waste biomass treatment
Therefore, waste biomass is utilized compared to unused biomass, and recovery rate has
been increasing.
9
Current Status of Biomass Recovery in Japan
Waste Biomass
Livestock excrement 87million ton
Sewage Sludge 75million ton
Black Liquid 70 million ton
Recovery Rate
Unrecovery rate
90% for Composting
70% for Construction Material or Composting
100% for Energy Recovery
Paper Waste 37million ton
70% for Construction Material/Composting
Food Waste 20million ton
20% for Feed/compost
Waste wood from saw mill factory…
Waste wood from construction…
95% for Paper Resources/ Energy Recovery
60% for Material Resources/ Energy Recovery
Unused Biomass
Non-food biomass 1.4million ton
30% for Feed/Compost/Livestock spreading material
Brushwood 3.4million ton
2% for Feed/Compost/Livestock spreading material
(Source, “Drastic Expansion of Domestic Bio-Fuel Production”, Report to the PM, Feb 2007
10
Food Waste Recycling Law (1)
Competent
CompetentMinisters
Ministers
（Minister
（Ministerof
ofthe
theEnvironment,
Environment,Minister
Ministerof
ofAgriculture,
Agriculture,Forestry
Forestryand
andFishery
Fishery））
Formulation of basic policy
•Numerical target (reduction of the total annual generation by 20% by FY 2006)
•Measures to promote recycling
Development of criteria for food related businesses
•Criteria for reducing the generation of waste
•Criteria for reducing waste volume
•Criteria for recycling, etc.
Measures to make the law
effective
Guidance or counsel
Food related businesses
(Businesses engaging in food processing,
distribution, sales, operating restaurants,
and catering)
Recommendations and
orders (in case of
insufficient actions)
Food related businesses
whose annual discharge
exceeds 100 tons (approx.
60% of total food waste)
11
Food Waste Recycling Law (2)
Registration
Designation
Businesses
Businessesto
toutilize
utilize
recycled
recycledfood
foodwaste
waste
Food
Foodrelated
relatedbusinesses
businesses
(recycling
(recyclingplans)
plans)
Cyclical food
resources
Food
Foodrelated
related
businesses
businesses
Promotion of recycling by
consignment
Cyclical food
resources
Recycling
Recycling
businesses
businesses
Agricultural
products,
etc.
Agriculture,
Agriculture,
forestry
Specified
forestry
fertilizer, etc. and
andfisheries
fisheries
Establishing stable transaction
among three parties
•Exception to the Waste Management and Public Cleansing Law (Exemption of permission for the
businesses in regard to the collection and transportation of municipal solid waste)
•Exception to the Fertilizer Control Law and Feed Safety Law (Exemption of report to the Minister of
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries)
12
Current status of Amount of
Food Waste Emission & Recovery
（million ｔon）
11.3
11,3
11.4
5.549
5.793
11.4
11.4
10.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
5.1
（45％）
（49％）
（51％）
6.664
（59％）
0.0
2002
2003
2004
(Source: Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry & Fisheries, Japan)
2005
Emission amount of food waste recovery
8.0
6.707
（59％）
Total emission amount of food waste
12.0
2006
13
Amount of food waste emission & recovery
in each food industry based on Food Recycling Law (JFY2006)
500
494
400
200
76％
100
Amount of Emission
Amount of Recovery
300
304
262
74
59％
0
Processing
Wholesale
29％
16％
Retail
Restaurant
14
Type of recycling/recovery
in each food industry
Total Food
Industry
39
37
5
compost
19
1
processing
40
feed
45
3 11
methane
1
Wholesale
41
41
4
14
oil & fat
0
Retail
42
23
10
others
25
0
restaurant
31
12
8
49
0
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
15
Food Waste Recovery in Japan
Kitchen Garbage: 10million ton/yr (estimation)
•
•
Most of food waste derived from household is incinerated in Japan, i.e.,
recovery rate is not so high.
Amount of Kitchen Garbage Recovered by Local Government
(JFY2006)
•
•
•
•
Compost
Feed
Methane Collection
RDF
115thousand ton
200thousand ton
24thousand ton
726thousand ton
•
•
•
•
※Source: Ministry of the Environment, Japan
There are various kinds of
waste generated from each
household in a broad area.
Public Acceptance for sorting
kitchen garbage is also
important.
Effective Collection &
Transportation is critical.
Ensuring demand for recycled
product (feed, compost, etc.)
Food Waste From Food Industry: 11million ton/yr
•
•
6.8million ton of food waste derived from food industry is recovered in
Japan, i.e., recovery rate is approximately 60% (JFY2007)
Amount of food waste recovered (JFY2007)
•
•
•
•
Compost
Feed
Oil & Fat product
Methane Collection
2.5million ton
2.4million ton
39thousand ton
23thousand ton
※Source: Ministry of Agriculture, Forest & Fishery, Japan
•
•
•
Similar kind of waste is
generated from a factory,
Food waste is recovered
mainly for Compost or feed.
3R activities is taken based on
Food Waste Recycling Law.
16
2. Examples of Food Waste Recycling in Japan
(1) Kitchen Garbage utilization
17
Establish 3R-Oriented MSW Management system
Conventional MSW
Management
3R Society
Waste treatment to realize proper
public health & better living
environment
To Improve Public Health & to
Preserve Living Environment
Sanitary Treatment Rate (Incinerator, etc.)
54%(1975)→96%(2003)
Pollution Control
Emission Reduction of SOx & NOx
Reduction of Dioxins Emission
from Incinerator, etc.
Total amount of Dioxins emission from
MSW incinerator
5000g/yr(1997)→64g/yr(2004)
[99% reduction]
Proper Waste Treatment in Each
Municipality
Waste management system for the
foundation of 3R society
In addition to the conventional MSW management, to
recover resources and/or energy from waste as much as
possible
Reduce
Critical Issues to realize
sustainable Development
Lack of Space for Final
Disposal Sites
Resources Constraint
Global Warming
•
Reuse
•
Material
Recycle
Thermal
Recovery
Final
Disposal
•
Promotion of 3R,
energy recovery,
including biomass
utilization
Multi-municipality
approach
Life-cycle
management for
waste management
facilities
18
18
Basic idea of Waste Biomass Utilization
Infrastructure
•Financial support (Subsidy) to a local government for a
Biomass utilization facility (for feed, compost, bio-gasification).
•Effective use of existing facilities/systems
•Combination of bio-gasification plant & incineration (for
fermentation residue disposal)
Sorted Collection system for kitchen garbage
•Support from the people for appropriate sorting, including
prevention of mix non-food materials, effort for reduction
through draining, etc.)
•Development of effective collection/transportation system for
kitchen garbage, which is generated at each household in a
whole city/town.
•Ensuring demand for recycled product (feed, compost, etc.)
Biomass recovery
system should be built
in the whole waste
management system.
19
Example 1 Pilot project on Biomass Utilization in Chiba City(1)
Outline of Chiba City
Population:
No. of household
Area:
Total amount of MSW
Amount of incinerated MSW
No. of incinerator
957thousand people (2010)
402thousand households(2010)
272km2(2010)
422thousand ton/yr(2006)
338thousand ton/yr(2006)
3 but one will be closed in 2016
in Mar. 2007
Vision of Chiba City MSW
1/3 reduction of incinerated MSW
2 Incineration plants will cover whole burnable waste in the city.
“100thousand ton/yr reduction of incinerated MSW until 2016” is there numerical goal.
Expectation
•Cost cut for construction and maintenance of new incineration plant
•Drastic GHG emission reduction from incineration
•Prolonging the land fill site
20
Outline of “Pilot Project for kitchen garbage sorted collection &
bio-gasification (methane fermentation) treatment (1)
Pilot Project is a kind of feasibility study on kitchen garbage sorted collection & bio-gasification.
•Public acceptance
•Purity/impurity of sorted kitchen garbage
•Measures for odor as well as for dogs/cats/crow at the garbage station
•Chiba city will judge the feasibility in JFY2011
Flow Chart of Pilot Project
Fuel
gas
residence
Steel plant
Apartment complex
Bio-gasification plant
•Sorting
•Draining water from kitchen waste
(source: Chiba City government)
Fermentation
Residue
21
gasification melting furnace
Outline of “Pilot Project for kitchen garbage sorted collection &
bio-gasification (methane fermentation) treatment (2)
Outline of Pilot Project (as of March, 2010)
•4 areas in Chiba city
•Approximately 2,750 households
•Twice-a-week collection from garbage station
Kitchen Garbage Sorting
Transparent Plastic
Bag
•Bag for combustible
waste
•Collected twice a week
Yellow Plastic Bag
•bag for food waste
•Collected twice a week
Garbage Station in Chiba city
(source: Chiba City government)
22
2. Examples of Food Waste Recycling in Japan
(2) Food waste utilization
23
Outline of BIOENERGY
•Established in July, 2003
•Kind of the model facilities for “National Strategy on Biomass Use”
•Facility combined with methane fermentation and power generation
•One of the largest Treatment capacity (130ton/day)
•Located in Tokyo Super Eco-Town (Tokyo bay area)
•Approved as a “Urban Renovation Project”
24
Types of
Acceptable
waste
General waste (food garbage)
Industrial waste (animal and plant residues,
waste acid, waste alkali, waste oil)
Treatment flow chart
Receiving facilities
Crushing/sorting facilities
Hoppers
Primary
grinderｓ
Secondary
grinderｓ
Fermentation facilities
Sorters
Balancing
tanks
Power generating facilities
Sell Surplus
Electricity
Methane
fermentation
towers
Fuel cell
Electric
power
generation
Solids
Heat
utilization
Gas
holder
Gas fired
engine
Grind and sorting
Packaging
Sludge
Sewage
Dried sludge
Dried
Sludge hopper
Drier
Tank
Water
Treatment
system
Dehydrated
Sludge hopper
Liquids
(source: Bioenergy)
Food
waste
Dehydrating centrifuge
Sewage
Cans
Bottles
Non food
waste hopper
25
Example of food waste acceptable for Bioenergy
Garbage from convenience
stores
(Food waste passed expiry
date)
Garbage from restaurants
(Food waste, chop sticks, etc)
(source: Bioenergy)
26
Fuel Cell
(source: Bioenergy)
27
Generator & Gas Engine
(source: Bioenergy)
28
Energy Recovery at BIOENERGY
(except for city gas)
From 100ton/day of Food Waste
Power Recovery
24,000kWh/day （for 2,400households）
⇒ This electric power is certified by MAFF, METI & MOE, based on
RPS law.
⇒About 60% of total power generation is sold to TEPCO
Heat Recovery
77,400 MJ/day （for 1,000households）
CO2 Reduction
5,000 Ton/yr
3ton
A can of oil
29
Thank you for kind attention!
Yoshihiro
YoshihiroMIZUTANI,
MIZUTANI,Director,
Director,Project
ProjectDivision
Division
Global
GlobalEnvironment
EnvironmentCentre
CentreFoundation,
Foundation,Osaka,
Osaka,Japan
Japan
URL:
URL: http://gec.jp
http://gec.jp
E-mail:
E-mail:[email protected]
[email protected]
30

Waste Biomass Utilization in Japan

Transcription

Similar documents