RW20: Silviculture of varietal Pinus taeda Spacing and silviculture

RW20: Silviculture of varietal Pinus taeda Spacing and silviculture

10/15/2014
RW20: Silviculture of varietal Pinus taeda
Spacing and silviculture effects on varieties
with different crown ideotypes
Tim Albaugh, Tom Fox,
Marco Yanez, Eric Carbaugh, Clayton
Alvares, Jose Stape
If we understand these differences we can manage them
Volume growth (ft3 ac-1 yr-1)
600
Pinus taeda
Pinus radiata
500
400
300
200
100
0
Brazil
Argentina Uruguay
US
Chile
Country
adapted from Cubbage et al.
1
©Albaugh, Fox 2014
10/15/2014
Basal area (ft2 ac-1)
Stand density index where mortality begins
100
50%SDI
75%SDI
100%SDI
181101 - 218
184901 - 212
SETRES F+I
Harms HI
10
1000
Stocking (stems ac-1)
HI data from Harms et al 2000
Silviculture - Site resources Model
Site
Resources
Climate
Geology
Soils
Light
Nutrients
Water
Temperature
CO2
O2
Silviculture
Harvest
Slash disposal
Cultivation
Tree breeding
Vegetation control
Fertilization
Thinning
Leaf area
Growth efficiency
Partitioning
Light interception
2
©Albaugh, Fox 2014
10/15/2014
Are these differences related to genetics?
Standardized Total Foliage index
120
AR NF
100
AR F
US94 NF
Foliage index
80
US94 F
60
40
20
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Number of days since beginning of phenological year
Albaugh et al. 2010
3
©Albaugh, Fox 2014
10/15/2014
RW20: Objectives and Questions addressed
•
•
•
•
Overall objective:
–
Examine the effect of silviculture (stocking and intensity level) on the growth,
carbon allocation, productivity and carrying capacity of Pinus taeda without the
confounding effects of differing genetics
Quantify environmental (climatic, soil) and silvicultural effects on
growth, carbon allocation (above and belowground), and
ecophysiological processes of loblolly pine at the tree and stand level
Test the crown ideotype approach for evaluating the suitability of
varieties for production purposes
Test if the Nelder experimental design will accelerate spacing x variety
ideotype characterization
Potential for many clones.
How do you screen?
Ideotypes
Competition ideotype – wide crown
Crop ideotype – narrow crown
4
©Albaugh, Fox 2014
10/15/2014
RW20: Experimental design and treatments
•
Block plots with split-split plot design – replicated 3 or 4 times
–
–
–
•
•
Silviculture treatment in main plot
•
Low = typical industry operational / High = treatments to ameliorate all nutritional deficiencies
Stocking split plot
•
250, 500, 750 stems ac-1 (618, 1235, 1853 stems ha-1)
Genetic entry split plot
•
6 total: 2 moderate, 2 broad, MCP, OP crown ideotypes
Nelder design – replicated 2 times
–
–
High silviculture, same 6 genetic entries
Stocking – 92 - 2890 stems ac-1 (227 - 7142 stems ha-1)
Single tree plots – replicated 6 or 10 times
–
–
63 genetic entries including the 6 above
High and Low silviculture
RW20: Installed studies
•
•
•
Block plots with split-split plot design
–
–
–
201301 Reynolds Homestead, VA – outside native range (2009)
201302 Bladen Lakes State Forest, NC– in native range (2009)
206501 Valor, BR – outside native range (2011)
Nelder design
–
–
–
201304 Reynolds Homestead, VA – outside native range (2009)
200801 Weyerhaeuser, NC– in native range (2009, inactive 2014)
206502 Valor, BR – outside native range (2011)
Single tree plots – replicated 6 or 10 times
–
–
2013023 Bladen Lakes State Forest, NC– in native range (2009)
206503 Valor, BR – outside native range (2011)
5
©Albaugh, Fox 2014
10/15/2014
Trees grow tall in BR
7
VA
NC
BR
6
Height (m)
5
4
3
2
1
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Age (years)
Trees grow fat in BR
10
201301 - VA
201302 - NC
206501 - BR
Diameter (cm)
8
6
4
2
0
0
1
2
3
Age
6
©Albaugh, Fox 2014
4
5
6
10/15/2014
Silviculture improves growth at all sites
7
VA Low
VA High
NC Low
NC High
BR Low
BR High
6
Height (m)
5
4
3
2
1
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Age
Spacing no effect on growth for now
7
VA Low
VA Med
VA Hi
NC Low
NC Med
NC Hi
BR Low
BR Med
BR Hi
6
Height (m)
5
4
3
2
1
0
0
1
2
3
Age
7
©Albaugh, Fox 2014
4
5
6
10/15/2014
Large variety differences across site and silviculture
8
NC 5 yr
VA 5 yr
BR 3 yr
Low Silviculture
High Silviculture
Height (m)
7
6
5
4
C1-N C2-B C3-N C4-B MCP OP
C1-N C2-B C3-N C4-B MCP OP
C1-N C2-B C3-N C4-B MCP OP
Genetic entry
Large variety differences across site and silviculture
8
NC 5 yr
VA 5 yr
BR 3 yr
Low Silviculture
High Silviculture
Height (m)
7
6
5
4
C1-N C2-B C3-N C4-B MCP OP
C1-N C2-B C3-N C4-B MCP OP
Genetic entry
8
©Albaugh, Fox 2014
C1-N C2-B C3-N C4-B MCP OP
10/15/2014
Crop ideotype – narrow crown
Competition ideotype – wide crown
Treatments have a
large effect crown size
Crown width C2>C3 across silviculture and spacing
4.0
617 Low
617 High
1235 Low
1235 High
1854 Low
1854 High
Crown width (m)
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
C2 Broad crown
C3 Narrow crown
0.5
0
1
2
3
4
5
0
Age (years)
2
3
Age (years)
9
©Albaugh, Fox 2014
1
4
5
6
10/15/2014
700
C1 Narrow
C4 Broad
Distance from the ground (cm)
Silviculture changes
crown architecture
Low
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
Distance from the ground (cm)
High
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
Carbaugh 2015
Distance from tree centerline (cm)
Volume growth related to crown width - for now
Volume increment (m3 tree-1)
0.030
0.025
VA Narrow
VA Broad
NC Narrow
NC Broad
0.020
0.015
0.010
0.005
0.000
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
Crown width (m)
10
©Albaugh, Fox 2014
3.5
4.0
4.5
10/15/2014
RW20: What have we found so far
•
•
•
•
•
•
Large site effects on growth
–
–
BR>VA>NC, but NC is catching up to VA
BR up to 2x height and diameter growth for same age
Significant clone, silviculture and stocking effects on growth parameters
Silviculture response observed at all sites
–
–
Currently either a Type A or Type B response
Varietal response varies by site with clone x silviculture interactions
Spacing results in large effects on crown size (ideotype)
–
Currently spacing having little effect on height and diameter
Volume growth related to crown width (ideotype)
–
–
Crown size and foliage (LAI) linearly related
Crown width may be function of fine root development
Ideotype may prove to be useful for prescribing optimum varietal
silviculture
–
Ideotypes responding differently to the applied treatments across site
All trees mapped to centimeter resolution
11
©Albaugh, Fox 2014
10/15/2014
Small differences in photosynthetic rate
23.0
Max photosynthetic rate
(micromol CO2 m-2 s-1)
22.8
22.6
22.4
22.2
22.0
21.8
21.6
21.4
21.2
21.0
ab
ab
ab
a
ab
b
C1-N
C2-B
C3-N
C4-B
MCP
OP
Genetic entry
Yanez 2014
700
C1 Narrow
C4 Broad
Distance from the ground (cm)
Silviculture changes
crown architecture
Low
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
Distance from the ground (cm)
High
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
Distance from tree centerline (cm)
12
©Albaugh, Fox 2014
150
Carbaugh 2015
10/15/2014
120
Fertilizer changes soil
nitrogen availability
Low
High
Exchangeable NO3(ug NO3-N cm-2 m-2)
100
80
60
40
20
0
Exchangeable NH4+
(ug NH4-N cm-2 m-2)
200
150
100
50
0
120
130
140
Drum, Fox, Albaugh 2015
150
160
RW20: Crown diameter and fine root length
4.6
4.4
Crown diameter (ft)
4.2
4.0
3.8
3.6
3.4
C1 Moderate
C2 Moderate
C3 Broad
C4 Broad
Regression
3.2
3.0
2.8
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
-3
Fine root length (m m )
Fox, Kiser and Zerpa
13
©Albaugh, Fox 2014
170
2014 day of year
180
190
200
10/15/2014
Foliage mass per unit crown volume
8
Foliage mass (kg tree-1)
7
6
5
C1
C2
C3
C4
4
3
C5
2
C6
1
Low
High
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
3
14
16
-1
Crown volume (m tree )
RW20: 201301 volume growth per unit foliage mass
Stem volume growth (m3 tree-1)
0.025
C1 Moderate
C2 Moderate
C3 Broad
C4 Broad
C5 MCP
C6 OP
Regression
0.020
0.015
0.010
0.005
0.000
0
1
2
3
4
5
Individual tree foliage mass (kg tree-1)
14
©Albaugh, Fox 2014
6
10/15/2014
RW20: Completed and ongoing work
•
•
•
Annual treatment maintenance
Detailed soil characterization
Annual growth
RW20: Hypotheses explaining differences in growth NA vs SA
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Lower respiration cost due to cool nighttime temperature in SA
Different allocation patterns
–
–
more aboveground relative to belowground in SA due to better resource
availability
Lower fine root turnover
Longer day length
Longer period able to fix C – no dormant season
Less evaporative demand / better water availability
Lack of native pests
Different mycorhizal associations
15
©Albaugh, Fox 2014
10/15/2014
We need to quantify these processes to understand
differences in growth between US and SA
Landsberg 1986
RW20: Hard work
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Soil nutrient analysis (Chelsea Drum)
Lidar flight (Matthew Sumnall)
–
Combined with individual tree measures, LAI and PAR measurements
Bring electricity to Reynolds
Move Reynolds RAFES system
–
Install sap flow probes
Install towers to permit access to crown/canopy
Build and install litter traps
Continue crown measurements
Maintain treatments
–
–
–
Eliminate volunteers
Fertilize
Mow – to allow access
16
©Albaugh, Fox 2014
10/15/2014
RW20: Completed and ongoing work
•
•
•
Biomass harvest
Respiration measurements
–
Develop relationship with Chris Maier et al at USDA FS
Measure TBCA (total below ground carbon)
–
Chelsea Drum, Rafaela Carneiro, Yuan Fang
17
©Albaugh, Fox 2014