Writes of Passage #12
Transcription
Writes of Passage #12
EE FR Passage Writes of Lord of the Rings Special Discover the history of Middle-earth and visit “The Lord of the Rings Motion Picture Trilogy - The Exhibition” Olympics Take a look at the last 100 years of the Olympics The BIG Interview Find out more about Streetwise Opera when Rowan drops in for a chat Euro 2004 All the fixtures from the European Championships in Portugal A Day at the Printer’s Find out how this magazine is put together plus lots more ... artwork, poetry, quizzes, Dear Sam, reviews ... The Passage Day Centre www.passage.org.uk Issue 12 Summer 2004 2 Welcome Contents Overview A Night Under the Stars Find out how the Passage did it their way with the annual fundraiser - page 3 A Day at the Printer’s Want to know how this magazine is put together? Read more on pages 6 and 7 G Portugal 2004 reetings to you all and welcome to this edition of Writes of Passage! Your guide to this summer’s European Championships - pages 8 and 9 I don’t know if you have noticed what a fantastic publication this now is. Quality articles, poems, inteviews; expert photography, superb art work and graphics all make this into a professional piece of work to be proud of. Congratulations to all those involved and many thanks to The Manson Group Ltd who help us to produce it. If you are interested in making a contribution or joining the magazine group, please contact Mike or Matt in the Education, Training & Employment Department. Into the Wilds A review by Peter Miller of the adventure trip to Cumbria - pages 10 and 11 Lord of the Rings We review our visit to the Science Museum’s Lord of the Rings exhibition and explore the history of Middle-earth - pages 12 -15 Good Friday Procession The Passage led this year’s procession down Victoria Street. Read Fr Padraig’s review on page 16 Summer is upon us again. There is more sunlight, less darkness and a feeling of renewed energy. It’s time to stop and think again: how is this new energy expressed in our lives? I know for myself that it is all too easy to let the hard things of life take all my energy and to stop trying to reach the goals I have set myself. Summer gives us renewed hope. I wish that hope and energy for you too, in all that you have to face in your life. Have courage. Keep on going. It’s worth it in the end. An interview with... Rowan from Streetwise Opera - page 28 and 29 Stacey the Volunteer Stacey, our volunteer from America, writes about her experiences and gives us a cooking lesson - page 30 Olympics Sr Ellen ere’s h t andore ... m Writ of Page The Magazine Group Arsene Peter G Amir Anthony Tony Havroy Jamie William Joshua Anna Uve Brian Peter M Arthur Mark Michael Roxanne Stuart & anonymous contributors Thank you The annual fundraising event for The Passage at Central Hall, Westminster O nce again November 2003 saw The Passage mounting an evening of laughter, music and entertainment at our annual concert, a night under the stars. These photographs give an indication of the fun packed evening we had. All the entertainers gave freely of their time and talents and we are grateful to them. The reception in the Banqueting House which preceded and followed the concert both had a celebratory feel and the post concert reception turned spontaneously into a party with dancing! We would like to thank the following; We had a great audience of over 1500 people who thoroughly enjoyed themselves. The Manson Group Ltd for the free printing of Writes of Passage and for all their help and support Many people help us each year to put on this very successful event and we owe them a huge thank you. This year we raised £100,000 for The Passage. Fantastic! Voluntary Action Westminster via the Community Learning Chest for making it possible to purchase a Apple Power Mac G5 and Adobe Creative Suite Alan Partridge (Steve Coogan) finally interviews Sir Roger Moore “For Alan Partridge to finally get to interview Roger Moore was in itself a triumph but the fact that it was for such a worthwhile charity just made the occasion more memorable.” Best wishes Steve Coogan Sr Ellen speaks about The Passage Pizza Hut for donating 2 large Pizzas every week Louis Hoover’s band Exeter Street Bakery for their delicious bread BT, Reuters, Slaughter & May and Barclays for their generous donations Contact The Passage Day Centre 85 Carlisle Place Victoria London SW1P 1NL With the Olympics set to return to Greece this year we take a look back at its history - page 32 Tel: 020 75921850 Fax: 020 75921870 www.passage.org.uk artwork, poetry, quizzes, Dear Sam, Computer Corner, Course Info, Music ... The views expressed in this magazine are those of service users and in no way represent those of The Passage Day Centre Cover artwork by Uve Prinz Steve Coogan’s most famous character - Alan Partridge Louis Hoover’s tribute to Sinatra The Choristers of Westminster Cathedral Aled Jones sings ‘How Great Thou Art’ Rory Bremner impersonates various celebrities Sir Roger Moore recites a poem about homelessness 3 4 Rebel With A Cause By Anthony R. C. Crawford In the 19th century philanthropists rather than governments often initiated social reform. They did this by spending portions of their own wealth in ways that improved the life of those less fortunate then themselves. Others initiated public awareness that ultimately lead to better conditions. On the banks of the river Air, on the outskirts of Bradford, away from the big city’s smog, cupped by the Brontë moors, lies Saltaire. The creator of this Victorian utopia, Sir Titus Salt, cared for the well-being of his mill workers. Anxious to improve their lot, the wealthy wool baron built an entire village for them. Saltaire features a church, public baths and wash houses, a Sunday school, a hospital, almshouses and a sports field. Established between 1851 and 1872, the village has 22 streets, 775 houses built from characteristic honey-coloured stone, and it accommodates 4,300 residents. However, there is no pub. Sir Titus firmly believed that a drinker has a bad influence on the work place. Saltaire became a Unesco World Heritage Site in 2001. While Sir Titus Salt spent part of his considerable fortune on providing for his workers and their families decent living conditions, another philanthropist, Henry Mayhew, roamed the streets of Victorian London seeking out the poorest members of society in his quest for a better life for them. Mayhew ranks among the unsung heroes of his age. As the author of the first social history in the English language, he made polite society aware of the frequently cruel and always terrible conditions in which the capital’s under-privileged existed. Mayhew understood the power of the printed word. Content with reporting what he saw he left the task of implementing reform to those in positions to bring about changes. Without his untiring efforts, the life of the poor would have probably improved very little in Mayhew’s time. Yet, all that he is mainly remembered for today is his association with the magazine Punch, which he co-founded and jointly edited for some time. The magazine is just one of numerous projects Mayhew was involved with; it is of minor importance compared to his opus magnum, the publication of London Labour and the London Poor. Despite Henry’s important contributions to social reform and history, surprisingly little is known about him. Even a usually comprehensive source, such as the Dictionary of National Biography, while listing all his journalistic and literary achievements, offers little biographical information. Perhaps, that is the way Henry would have preferred it. Obscurity is not the only characteristic he shared with the people about whom he wrote so compassionately. Henry Mayhew was the son of the attorney Joshua Dorset Joseph Mayhew. Born in 1812, he received his education at Westminster School. He ran away, alleging ill-use, went to sea and made a voyage to Calcutta. Back in England, Henry was articulated to his father for three years but abandoned law for literature. His brothers Horace Mayhew (1816-1870) and Augustus Septi- mus Mayhew (1826-1875) also became writers. Henry’s first literary venture, the weekly periodical Figaro in London (1831-9) relied on the cooperation of Gilbert à Beckett. In 1832 Henry started The Thief, as the earliest of the great number of paste-and-scissor journals. His career as a dramatist began in 1834 with the staging of The Wandering Minstrel at the Henry Mayhew Royal Fitzroy Theatre. This one-act farce introduced the well-known cockney song Villikins and his Dinah. Henry never collaborated with his brother Horace. With Augustus he wrote The Greatest Plague of Life in 1847, as the first of a number of works they authored together. Henry collaborated with Athol Mayhew on a three-act comedy Mount Blanc, which they adapted from Labiche and Martin’s Voyage de M. Perrichon. With London Labour and the London Poor Mayhew wrote one of the most remarkable books of the 19th century. It is the first, and possibly the greatest, sociological study in the English language. When he researched his masterpiece, Henry walked hundreds of miles of London streets, seeking out the lowest members of society, painstakingly compiling thousands of pages of testimonials, many of which he included verbatim in his great work. With his book, Henry composed an indictment of mid 19th century economic barbarism with the same compassion as Karl Engel applied when he wrote The Condition of the Working Class in England. Henry’s four volume work London Labour and the London Poor is the product of the investigation on the slums of Jacob’s Island which began with his exposé for the Morning Chronicle (24th September 1849). The editors agreed to his proposal for a follow-up in the shape of a full-scale survey of poverty in England. Henry officiated as The Metropolitan Correspondent. His contributions, anecdotal and statistical, focused on the petty trades of the capital. Within a year, about seventy-five letters appeared in print, but editorial tampering with his copy irritated him and he resigned from the paper at the end of 1850. The following year the series in the Chronicle came to an end. In 1851, Henry returned to the subject by publishing his investigations in a two-penny weekly that he named London Labour and the London Poor. Bound volumes were published in 1851-2. Legal difficulties with his printers, resulting in litigation in chancery, interrupted circulation in 1852. Henry’s attempt to revive the weekly paper in 1856 failed. In the same year he announced his intention to resume publication with articles in serial monthly parts as The Great World of London. After its completion, Henry published the series in book form as The Criminal Prisons of London in 1862. John Binney wrote the last part. In 1861 Messrs Griffin, Bohn & Co. gathered into four volumes the various fragments of Henry’s great design, naming it London Labour and the London Poor. In Volumes I and II the publishers merely reprinted the earlier edition of 1851-2. Volume III contains some of the letters Henry wrote as Metropolitan Correspondent for the Morning Chronicle, with additional testimonies from street folk which he had compiled in 1856. Volume IV is largely the work of Henry’s associates, Bracebridge Hemyng, John Binney and Andrew Halliday, with a prefactory article by the Rev. William Tuckinns. Henry provided an Introduction to the volume. It is possible that his brother Augustus contributed some material. The final version of London Labour and the London Poor went into print in 1864. The second edition came out in 1865. Henry published in the same year Shops and Companies of London. He contributed to a work of a similar kind, London Characters, in 1874. There is surely none better qualified then the untiring creator of London Labour and the London Poor to describe the immense efforts expended on the project and to set out it scope. In an Advertisement contained in Volume IV he says about the work that “it stands alone as a photograph of life as actually spent by the lower classes of the Metropolis”. He believed “the truthful revelations and descriptions of the London street folk, workers and non-workers, and the means by which they exist, will go a great way to enlighten the educated classes respecting matters which have hitherto been involved in mystery and uncertainty.” Of the efforts he spent over the years, Henry pointed out that “every endeavour has been made to obtain correct information, not only through the assistance of the police authorities, but by an expenditure of much time and research among the unfortunates themselves. Their favourite haunts, and the localities in London wherein they chiefly congregate, as well as their modes of existence, are accurately described; in addition to which have been inserted very many deeply interesting autobiographies, faithfully transcribed from their own lips, which go far to unveil the intricate schemes of villainy and crime that abound in the Metropolis, and prove how much more rational and effective are preventive measures than such as are merely correctional.” For his researches Henry received help from some of the religious and philanthropic agencies set up to assist the poor. Henry Wood and Richard Knight of the City Mission proved particularly useful contacts. The contributions made by Wood were substantial enough for him to be credited by Henry as being “almost considered as one of the authors.” For his opus magnum Mayhew invented journalistic techniques that suited his style of reporting. He introduced oral history a hundred years before the term was first applied, by allowing his subjects to tell their own stories. With incredible energy the “indolent” journalist collected and codified such an enormous mass of data on the 19th century proletariat, that even today entire municipal and federal agencies have not been able to exceed his efforts. He inspired other authors to create works on the lowest classes of society, thus adding voices to his campaign to create awareness of its lamentable conditions. Whereas Dickens invented characters that existed in the milieu, Mayhew wrote about actual people living in these circumstances. When he edited and dramatised he did so to strengthen the impact upon the reader. But the features which make Henry’s work unique have hampered its proper recognition. London Labour and the London Poor fits into none of the established literary categories. Thackery wrote that it provides “a picture of human life so wonderful, so awful, so piteous and pathetic, so exciting and terrible, that readers of romances own they never read anything like to it.” In the Preface to the first Volume, Mayhew explains the motivation for his monumental task: “..it is but right that the truthfulness of the poor generally should be made known. …My earnest hope is that the book may serve to give the rich a more intimate knowledge of the sufferings, and the frequent heroism under those sufferings, of the poor – that it may teach those who are beyond temptation to look with charity on the frailties of their less fortunate brethren – and cause those who are in ‘high places’, and those of whom much is expected, to bestir themselves to improve the condition of a class of people whose misery, ignorance, and vice, amidst all the immense wealth and great knowledge of ‘the first city in the world’ is, to say the very least, a national disgrace to us.” Henry possessed extra-ordinary gifts of observation and articulation. His critics argued that he dissipated most of his literary energies in schemes far below his abilities, but popular with the Victorian readers. Most of Henry’s professional life is characterised by failed schemes and frequent changes of abode – a sort of high-class vagabondage and Bohemian irresponsibility, not dissimilar to that of the street folk whose dire existence he minutely recorded. His associates did not doubt his literary genius. But they complained of his “indolence” and inconstancy of purpose. In 1843, Henry narrowly escaped imprisonment for bankruptcy. Henry wrote the words to Jonathan Blewitt’s song My Wife is a Woman of Mind in 1849. Between 1842 and 1855 he published a number of minor works. What to Teach and How to Teach it (1842) and The Prince of Wales’s Library- the Primer (1844) which he had planned each as part of an educational series were discontinued forthwith. In the 1850-60s Henry spent some time abroad. Between 1856-8 he published works about the river Rhine. In 1862 he lived in Germany, primarily in Eisenach and Jena. He desired to research the early life of Martin Luther. It resulted in two books, German Life and Manners in Saxony (1864) and The Boyhood of Martin Luther (1865). In the 1870s Henry started a short-lived periodical he called Only Once a Year. In 1871 he prepared a report on working men’s clubs. Henry Mayhew died in July 1887. His grave is in Kensal Green Cemetery. The Victorians lived in a world structured according to class and social standing. In this hierarchy, members of the lowest classes existed on the droppings and drippings of those above. The upper classes were rarely seen by, and did not normally communicate with, those of inferior social rank. With his critical studies of the under-privileged classes, but especially with London Labour and the London Poor, Mayhew brought into the elegant salons of the affluent the horrors of a harsh world that existed only yards away. His revelations stimulated debate, privately and in government. Selected Committees were set up to investigate the state of the poor and to make recommendations. As a result legislation was passed that brought about real change. Intended as a serious study of the condition of the lowest classes of Victorian society, London Labour and the London Poor offers the modern reader a unique glimpse of a world that has long gone – a victim of progress and the force of municipal and governmental decision-making. A change for the better, no doubt. It is hard to imagine Dr. Bokanky the herbalist, whom Mayhew interviewed, peddling his remedies for all of humanity’s ills on the pavement of Oxford Street in 2004. Long gone is the blind booth-lace seller with his little dog, a tin cup strapped to his neck to collect his master’s payments. The one-legged sweeper at Chancery Lane could never compete with the council’s efficient motorized road sweeping vehicle. And what about the colourful street performers – the dancers on stilts, conjurers, acrobats and the Ethiopian Serenaders – whom Mayhew encountered on his long walks? No doubt, a duty-conscious police officer of the twenty-first century would have asked them to move on, or arrested them for causing an obstruction. © 2004. Copyright by Anthony R. C. Crawford, London. All rights reserved. 5 6 How your magazine is made Have you ever wondered how “Writes of Passage” is produced? We did, so we went along to our printer’s, THE MANSON GROUP LIMITED, where Toma & Frazer kindly gave us a guided tour 1 The magazine group meets every Tuesday where we share ideas, develop themes and bring articles for consideration. We then decide what will go in the next edition. 6 2 The magazine is put together in the ETE room using Indesign, a professional page layout program, and Apple’s new Power Mac G5. The finished version is sent as a PDF file on a CD to the printer’s. 5 10 11 12 ... and about what happens during the printing process. After the print run, the finished pages are loaded into a machine where they are automatically folded. The folded pages are then gathered together, trimmed and bound. 15 14 13 The finished 36 page, full colour magazine! Toma and Frazer answer questions and provide afternoon tea after a thoroughly enjoyable day. If necessary inserts can be added to the finished magazine. There is a facility for shrink wrapping and mailing. 3 Once the CD arrives at the printer’s proofs are created from the PDF file and printed using a digital proofer. 4 To run the print, plates are needed. Each plate is used to print a seperate colour. When the paper has passed through all the plates, full colour is produced. Plates are produced using a platesetter. A plate will be made for the following colours: Cyan, Magenta, Yellow and Black, collectively known as CMYK. Toma shows Arsene the proofs which show the general layout of the finished magazine. They are used to check for any potential problems. 7 The pages are printed using a 5 Colour Heidelberg Press which is monitored by a print technician. 8 Pallets containing large blocks of paper are put in place which allow the printer to feed itself automatically. 9 Frazer explains about the ink in the Heidelberg press... Review by Peter Graham O n 28th November 2003 a party of 6, including 3 officials, travelled from the Passage Day Centre in order to meet members of the company which prints the Writes of Passage magazine, free of charge. We arrived at St. Albans (City) station at about 10.15 (and in accordance with the precise “guesstimation” of Arsene). After a short time, and a photographic session, we were met by Frazer and Toma in separate motor vehicles and we were transported to the business premises. They are close to St. Albans City football ground. Such a city, curiously, has a “Townhall”. Both Frazer and Toma provided the party with an interesting presentation of the activities of The Manson Group and they described the phenomenal growth of the company over three decades. Initially the originator, a corporation sole, some 35 years ago, promoted the limited liability company which commenced to trade using a redundancy payment from a former employment to finance the business. The company (a corporation aggregate), we were informed, now has a profitable turnover of £8 million and employs 100 staff. Such business advancement has been achieved in market conditions which are described as “cut throat”. Constant vigilance is required to ensure that margins are properly maintained in order that the organisation remains a profitable ‘going concern’. We were also informed that the Group is now responsible for printing 120 monthly publications. Titles range from business matters including taxation to the “glossier” end of the market and they also include a four page newsletter and a 400 page case bound book. We met in the Monza Room, where we had an informative introduction, over refreshments, to the organisation. Other rooms are called “Monaco” and “Imola”, and represent the idea and actuality of Fast Track Production. In the meeting room, amongst other things, there is a pictorial representation of the print rooms of Odhams Press early last century. The progress to the present colour technology and enhanced speed of production is little short of “miraculous”. Computerisation has, of course, caused a “new industrial revolution” in the printing industry. We were provided with a conducted tour of the factory and we received an in-depth explanation about the interaction between the departments, particularly concerning “The Computer to Plate” technology. The company maintains leadership in this “field”. It is, therefore, able to ensure that output is profitably maximised. Our hosts Frazer and Toma stressed that the plate making activity is “the key to the whole pre-press operation”, which has revolutionised the way the company has increased its ability to meet the needs of the customers and the demands of the market place, by ensuring that the “presses” are used to their optimum capacity and that wastage is kept at a minimum. Members of our group have provided a pictorial record of our visit, which is also part of this review of our time spent there. In all, we were treated to an extremely interesting 5 hour visit and we were exceptionally well received by all of the representatives of The Manson Group Limited. It may be self evident to the regular readers of the Writes of Passage magazine, how we have been able to benefit “freely” from this continuously advancing technology provided by our generous hosts. A big THANK YOU to Toma, Frazer and all at the Manson Group for their hospitality and a fantastic tour. We are very grateful to them for all the help and advice they give us and for the free printing of this magazine. 7 8 Lisbon Porto Guimara Faro-Loule Braga Coimbra Leira Aveiro Euro 2004 Fixtures P Braga Guimaraes Porto Aveiro Coimbra Leira Lisbon Faro-Loule AL TUG R O Group A Group B Date Time Game 12 June 5.00 pm Portugal v Greece (Porto) Result Date Time Game 13 June 5.00 pm Switzerland v Croatia (Leira) 12 June 7.45 pm Spain v Russia (Faro-Loule) 13 June 7.45 pm France v England (Lisbon) 16 June 5.00 pm Greece v Spain (Porto) 17 June 5.00 pm England v Switzerland (Coimbra) 16 June 7.45 pm Russia v Portugal (Lisbon) 17 June 7.45 pm Croatia v France (Leira) 20 June 7.45 pm Spain v Portugal (Lisbon) 21 June 7.45 pm Croatia v England (Lisbon) This year’s European Championships are being held in Portugal. Arsene takes a look into the country’s history and on the following page is a guide to help you keep track of all the fixtures 20 June 7.45 pm Russia v Greece (Faro-Loule) 21 June 7.45 pm Switzerland v France (Coimbra) Portugal is situated in Southwest Europe, west of Spain and bordering the North Atlantic Ocean. The 92,391 km2 of the country are inhabited by just over 10 million people. The temperate maritime climate ranges from cool and rainy in the north to warmer and drier in the south. Early inhabitants of Portugal were Celts, Suevians, Romans, Visigoths and Moors. After the battles of the Reconquista, the Kingdom of Portugal was founded in 1143. Portuguese captains and explorers, like Vasco da Gama, were the first Europeans to discover the sea routes to India, Brazil, China and Japan. They also settled on the coasts of Africa. Bringing back works of art and wonders from around the world these explorers helped to create a unique artistic heritage which combines elements from all around the globe. The 15th and 16th centuries were Portugal’s heyday as a world power. The 1755 destruction of Lisbon during an earthquake, the occupation during the Napoleonic Wars, plus the independence of Brazil in 1822 finally ruined Portugal’s ambitions as a major power. The 1910 revolution disposed of the Monarchy and repressive governments ran the country for most of the following 60 years. In 1974 a left-wing military coup brought in democratic reforms and a year later Portugal granted independence to its African colonies. Portugal became a member of the EC (now the EU) in 1986. Date Time Game 14 June 5.00 pm Denmark v Italy (Guimaraes) Portugal’s football is dominated by three teams; Benfica Lisbon, Sporting Lisbon and FC Porto. These clubs are the most influential teams in the country and provide the backbone of the national side. Stars like Luis Figo, Rui Costa, Pauleta and Cristiano Ronaldo play in other countries mainly due to the higher wages they get paid by teams such as Real Madrid, AC Milan and Manchester United. Always playing a fast and exciting game Portugal seems never to get it completely right at the crucial moment. In front of their home fans and being watched by past greats like Eusebio, the Portuguese National team must be included among the favourites of the tournament. Group C Result Group D Result Date Time Game 15 June 5.00 pm Czech Rep v Latvia (Aveiro) 14 June 7.45 pm Sweden v Bulgaria (Lisbon) 15 June 7.45 pm Germany v Holland (Porto) 18 June 5.00 pm Bulgaria v Denmark (Braga) 19 June 5.00 pm Latvia v Germany (Porto) 18 June 7.45 pm Italy v Sweden (Porto) 19 June 7.45 pm Holland v Czech Rep (Aveiro) 22 June 7.45 pm Italy v Bulgaria (Guimaraes) 23 June 7.45 pm Holland v Latvia (Braga) 22 June 7.45 pm Denmark v Sweden (Porto) 23 June 7.45 pm Germany v Czech Rep (Lisbon) Result Quarter Finals Match A Match C 24 June 26 June 7.45 pm 1st Group A 2nd Group B 7.45 pm 1st Group C (Lisbon) (Faro-Loule) Match B Match D 25 June 27 June 7.45 pm 1st Group B 2nd Group D 2nd Group A 7.45 pm 1st Group D (Lisbon) 2nd Group C (Porto) Semi Finals Semi Final 1 Semi Final 2 30 June 1 July 7.45 pm Winner Match A Winner Match C 7.45 pm Winner Match B (Lisbon) Winner Match D (Porto) Final Winner Semi Final 1 Winner Semi Final 2 4 July 7.45 pm (Lisbon) 9 10 Outward Bound - A Trivial Pursuit? P.T.Townley-Miller writes about his experiences on the recent “Into the Wilds” trip to Cumbria, organised jointly by the Passage and the Beacon Project W hat colour is Yak’s milk? Yes, that’s right, Yak’s milk. I know. I didn’t know three months ago, before I went to Cumbria, but I know now. Not that Cumbria is actually overrun with Yaks, of course. More sheep, really, and the odd cow and more sheep and the occasional car with people in it and more……..well, you get the picture. I’d better explain. Way back in November the conversation went something like this: Bill: “Err, Pete, would you be interested in this trip to Cumbria?” Me: “Um, Yeah, why not? Yeah, put me down, Bill” Maybe it would have been easier if he had had me put down! All right, it wasn’t that bad. In fact it was quite good. Okay, it was great. The week in Cumbria runs in fact from Monday to Friday and the timetable is something like this. Monday – Meet at the Day Centre and travel up, by minibus, to the Lake District. Monday night through to Thursday night, do stuff. Friday, come back to London - Easy, huh? Well, it wasn’t totally easy, but it wasn’t half as bad as I thought it was going to be. Getting a bit lost on the way out of London apart, the journey “up North” was pretty effortless – fairly cramped but an ideal opportunity to catch up on a few hours sleep. After all, I had been up for all of four hours. So we can jump straight to the arrival - it was pitch black, around 6.30, impossible to see our surroundings, just the lights shining out from the small cottage that was going to be our base for the next couple of days. And it was small – there were a dozen of us so we were each going to have to make a huge effort just to get along – let alone not get in each others way. After settling in, working out the sleeping arrangements, the first of many cups of coffee, and, over dinner (already waiting for us – cooked by one of the guys working on the project), introductions, it was time to meet the boss. We already knew Eamon, the leader of the Beacon Project, and Chris and Dave from The Passage, who were accompanying us to make sure we were all good boys. Lindsay, the group leader, was not quite what was expected. Not a six foot six action man built like a small building made of bricks, but a small, wiry guy with a quick bird like manner, piercing blue eyes and very little grey hair on the top of his head. Lindsay explained the general rules of the place, gave an outline of the planned activities and suggested we all go out for a walk. Oh goody, we all thought – it’s started already! We were only out for about ninety minutes, but it did bring one thing home. With no streetlights, no traffic and an overcast sky, it was pitch black. And not just quiet but silent. I began to realise we really were somewhere in the middle of nowhere. The next three days were a constant stream of activity; cycling, canoeing, getting in and out of the minibus, abseiling, hill-walking, pony trekking, mine-exploring, more walking and a lot more mini bussing. And lots of coffee drinking and eating. The evenings were usually fairly quiet. There’s no television at the cottage but there is a radio, daily papers, books, cards, conversation and Trivial Pursuit. And plenty of coffee and snack food. We were free to go out for a walk if we wanted but most of us just hung around the cottage chatting, getting to know each other until someone got that dreaded board game out. It seemed, not content with making me realise I was not nearly as fit as I thought I was, (the bike ride was a killer), my collegues were intent on proving I’m not as clever as I thought. In the next edition of Writes of Passage, if the editors let me, I’ll go into the activities and the aims of the course in more detail (and a bit more seriously), but for now here’s a few points for those of you thinking about going. You won’t starve. There’s plenty of food available – all you have to do is organise amongst yourselves who’s going to do the cooking. All the equipment is supplied – waterproofs, boots, wetsuits, helmets, torches, bedding etc., and there’s a washing and dryer. The showers “The only person machine are very hot. All you really need who is going to are your basic clothing and toiletries. If there’s anything make you do you need and can’t find, just anything is you” ask. None of the activities are compulsory. If you don’t like heights and the thought of dangling seventy feet up in the air from a rope doesn’t fill you with relish, don’t worry, no one is going to make you do it. The only person who is going to make you do anything is you, so do yourself a favour, go along to all the activities with all the equipment you need, ‘cos when you get there, you might just change your mind, you might have a go and you just might like it. And the more you put in to it, the more you’ll get out. I got what I needed. A chance to get away from the routine and problems of living on the streets for a few days, to clear my head and make a couple of decisions I’d been putting off. Maybe that’s not what most people want from a few days “outward bound” but it’s what I needed and what I got. I also did some things I haven’t done since I was a kid, some things I’ve never done and some things I’ll probably never do again. I went out in a kayak for the first time in over twenty years, I rode a pony for the first time ever, I saw what must be some of the most beautiful scenery in the country and, thanks to a few games of T.P., I found out I’m only half as smart as I thought I was. Which brings me to my top tip. I can’t help you ride a pony, or guide you through an abandoned lead mine, or make you see the beauty of a hidden waterfall. But I can make you clever. When you’re sitting round in the evenings playing that dreaded board game remember, it’s a very early edition and the same answers seem to keep cropping up. So just remember these four things and you’ll be able to answer seventy per cent of the questions. One; Liverpool (either the city or the football club). Two; Princess Anne. Three; Rex Harrison’s son, Noel. Four; Pink. Yes, you’ve guessed it, Yak’s milk is pink. Piotr Townley-Miller has asserted his right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988 to be identified as the author of this work. (or he would have done if he had the money and he thought it was worth it, just to have the pleasure of telling all you lot with photocopiers and scanners and all that stuff to get lost) 11 12 Tolkien’s Timeline When most people think of J.R.R.Tolkien they think of “The Hobbit” and “The Lord of the Rings”. However, what they don’t realise is that Tolkien created a whole history of which these two books only make up a small part. Below is a brief summary of this amazingly complex history. By Mike Coyle I n the beginning Illúvatar (God) created the Ainur (Holy Ones). They were all given an understanding of part of his mind and free will. Together they made the Music of Ainur, the great song that created the real World or Arda. Fourteen of the greatest Ainur became the Valar. They took physical form and entered Arda to give it order. Melkor (who was originally the 15th Valar) became the first Dark Lord. He wanted power for himself and everything that the Valar made he tried to destroy including the Lamps of the Valar which gave illumination to the World. Years of the Trees The Years of the Trees began with the founding of Valinor by the Valar after Melkor’s destruction of the Lamps. Valinor was lit by the Two Trees. At this time Middle-earth lay in darkness. Aulë the Smith, a great builder and inventor and one of the Aratar (the eight of the greatest Valar), made the dwarves so that he could teach them his skills. However, he did not have the power to grant them independent life. Only Illúvatar could do this and he agreed to but only after his own creation, the Elves, had been born. Therefore, Aulë set the Dwarves to sleep, deep underground, until the time was right. Illúvatar awakened the Elves (who became immortal). However, Melkor tried to destroy them. He captured many of them and imprisoned them in Utumno, his stronghold. The Valar made war on Melkor and in the Battle of the Powers Utumno was ruined and Melkor was imprisoned. Sauron, a Maia (one of the Ainur but lesser than the Valar) and who later became the Second Dark Lord, was Melkor’s most trusted follower and he escaped to Middle-earth. The Valar decided that the Elves should not stay in Middle-earth but be brought to Valinor where they could be protected. One of the Aratar, Oromë, went to Middle-earth to summon them. However, the Elves feared the Valar and were reluctant to go back with him. To help them decide three of them (Ingwë, Finwë and Elwë) were chosen to make the journey to Valinor. They were impressed with what they saw and they persuaded most of the other Elves to follow in what was known as The Great Journey. These Elves became known as the peoples of the Three Kindred - the Vanyar, the Noldor and the Teleri. The Elves that had made the journey enjoyed a great period. They learnt from the Valar and became the greatest and wisest of all the Elves. Middle-earth still remained in darkness. The Dark Elves who had not made the journey still dwelt there. About 3000 years passed before Melkor was released. For a period he pretended friendship with the Elves. However, with Ungoliant, a giant evil spider, he destroyed the Two Trees and stole the Silmarils, three great jewels which had been made by Fëanor that held the light of the Two Trees. Melkor and Ungoliant fled to Middle-earth to the fortress of Angband where Sauron was in command. They terrorised Middle-earth with the help of Orcs. Book covers courtesy of Harper Collins The First Age: I. 1 – 583 The First Age began when Fëanor arrived in Middle-earth (with the Noldor elves) in pursuit of Melkor. The great Battle Under the Stars was fought and Melkor (whom the Elves called Morgoth meaning ‘the Dark Enemy’) was defeated. The Valar created the Moon and the Sun. Men were awakened in the far east of Middle-earth. Morgoth sent his Orcs to attack the country of Balar in the northwest of Middle-earth in the Battle of Beleriand. The Orcs were defeated and the Noldor Elves built Gondolin (“hidden stone”) to keep themselves safe from Morgorth. Men did not arrive in Beleriand until about the year 300. The Noldor called them the Atani or “Secondborn”. Morgoth had been besieged in Angband by the Noldor but in 455 he broke the siege with the help of Balrogs, Orcs, and a Dragon in the Battle of Sudden Flame. He managed to gain entry into Beleriand. Fingolfin, the High King of the Noldor, challenged Morgoth to a duel in front of Angband. They fought a great duel but finally Fingolfin was killed by Grond, the Hammer of the Underworld, Morgorth’s great weapon. A few years after the battle, The Quest of the Silmarils (the jewels made by Fëanor) began. Beren Erchamion, a Man, fell in love with Princess Lúthien Tinúviel, an Elf and daughter of King Thingol and Melian the Maia. However, King Thingol forbade them to marry unless Beren completed what the King thought to be a hopeless task – to bring him one of the Silmarils (which were in the possession of Morgoth). Beren set off in search of the Silmaril. He was captured by Sauron but saved by Lúthien and Huan, a hound. Beren and Lúthien entered Angband where Lúthien cast a spell on Morgoth and his court and they were all put to sleep. Beren cut one of the Silmarils from Morgoth’s Iron Crown. The great wolf, Carcharoth, that guarded the gates of Angband, blocked their escape. In order to protect himself and Lúthien, Beren held up his hand. Carcharoth bit it off and swallowed the Silmaril. Because this was a jewel blessed by Varda ,Queen of the Stars, the wolf went mad. After Lúthien had healed Beren, he set off with King Thingol and they slayed the wolf and recovered the Silmaril. Beren died while fulfilling this task. Lúthien died of grief soon after but she was able to persuade Mandos, the Lord of the Dead, to give them both a second mortal life in Middle-earth. In 472 the Battle of Unnumbered Tears took place. The Elves and Men (also known as the Edain by the Elves) were completely defeated by Morgoth. The city of Gondolin, which had kept the Noldor safe, was destroyed in 510 by the forces of Morgoth. Many Elves were killed including King Turgon. However many escaped by secret ways. Eärendil, who was Half-elven, travelled across the Great Sea to the Undying Lands where the Valar dwelt. He begged the Valar for help in the fight against Morgoth. They sent a mighty force of Noldor Elves that had remained in the Undying Lands and were led by Eönwë, one of the greatest of the Maiar. Men also came to help. In the War of Wrath, which lasted for many years, Morgoth and his armies were almost completely destroyed. Only a few of his Dragons, Orcs, and Balrogs survived. Morgoth was taken prisoner and bound by a great chain. All his power was destroyed and he was driven from the World to dwell forever in the Void. However, in the final battle Beleriand was destroyed and sunk beneath the sea. The Second Age: II. 1 – 3441 The Second Age began after the War of Wrath. The Elvenkingdoms of Mithlond and Lindon were founded in the west of Middle-earth. Númenor, a great island in the middle of the sea which lay between the Undying Lands and Middle-earth and was shaped like a star, was given as a gift to the Men by the Valar for their courage in the war against Morgoth. In 32 Elros Half-elven led the Men (Edain) to Númenor and became their first king. He chose to become mortal and ruled for over 400 years. The Men who dwelt there became known as the Dúnedain, Men of the West. Elves often visited the Númenóreans (because they lay just across the sea) and taught them many things. The Númenóreans became the most powerful Men in history and in 600 they sailed to Middle-earth and founded cities. They were forbidden by the Valar to sail west to the Undying Lands. In about 1000 Sauron came to Mordor in Middle-earth and began to build the great fortress of Barad-dûr. He went to the Elves of the Noldor in Eregion in 1200 under a false name. These Elves were skilled smiths and their leader was Celebrimbor, the grandson of Fëanor (who had made the Silmarils). Sauron offered to teach them greater skills (in the past he had been a helper of Aulë the Smith, the Valar who was master of all crafts). They accepted his offer despite being warned. The Elves and Sauron studied together for many years. From 1500 sixteen Rings of Power were forged. Also secretly the Elves made Three Rings, which were more powerful than the others. But Sauron, in Mount Doom, forged another ring, the One Ring, to control all the other Rings. It made him invisible and gave mastery over the wearers of the other Rings. Inscribed on the Ring were the following words; “One Ring to rule them all, One Ring to find them, One Ring to bring them all and in the darkness bind them.” However, Sauron did not know of the Three Rings made by the Elves and as soon as they were aware of his One Ring they took theirs off and he had no power over them. War began between Sauron and the Elves in 1693. Sauron sent out a great army and Eregion was completely destroyed. He used the remaining sixteen Rings to help him - he gave nine to Men and seven to the Dwarves. The Men used the Rings to fulfil their desires but they were weak and were corrupted by Sauron and his One Ring. However the Dwarves were more resistant against Sauron’s power. The Númenóreans sailed to help the Elves and in 1701 Sauron and his forces were driven out of the West. There followed a time of peace and the Númenóreans began to build more cities in Middle-earth. They became very proud and in 3262 they took a mighty army to Mordor. Sauron surrendered and was taken back to Númenor as prisoner. However, Sauron began to corrupt the Númenóreans with his gifts of power. Sauron was able to pursuade the Númenóreans to make war on the Valar and Elves who dwelt in the Undying Lands. A fleet sailed towards these forbidden lands but on arrival it was completely destroyed. As punishment Númenor was sunk beneath the sea and the Undying Lands were removed beyond the reach of Men (but not Elves). Some of the Númenóreans, who had not been corrupted by Sauron, had sailed to Middle-earth. They were known as the Elendili (the faithful). Elendil and his sons, Isildur and Anárion, founded the kingdoms of Arnor and Gondor. Sauron, who had secretly returned to Mordor, made war on all the Elves and Men in 3429. To stop Sauron becoming the master of all in Middle-earth, Gil-Galad (High King of the Noldor Elves) and Elendil formed a great alliance. They gathered together a great army over several years and in 3434 they marched to Mordor. The Battle of Dagorlad continued for several months. The dead were buried in what was later known as the Dead Marshes. Eventually Sauron was forced to retreat to his fortress of Barad-dûr. The siege continued until 3441 when Sauron came out to face the Alliance. Outside Mount Doom Elendil, Isildur, Gil-Galad, Elrond and Cirdan fought against Sauron (wearing the One Ring) who was accompanied by his nine Ringwraiths (also known Nazgûl - Men corrupted by Sauron’s Rings). Sauron killed Gil-Galad and Elendil but Isildur was able to cut off the Ring from his finger. Without the Ring Sauron lost all his power and his spirit and Ringwraiths fled. The Third Age III. 1 - 3021 The Third Age is the best known of all the ages. It began after Sauron was defeated by the Last Alliance. Isildur returned to Gondor and proclaimed himself King of the Dúnedain. He was returning north when he and his men were attacked by Orcs. They found themselves greatly outnumbered and there followed a terrible fight in which the men were slain. In order to save the One Ring Isildur put it on and disappeared from sight. He ran towards the River Anduin and he jumped in, was swept away in the current and became entangled in the weeds. The Ring came off during the struggle and was lost. As he came out of the water the Orcs shot him with arrows and he was killed. During the first thousand years Gondor was invaded many times by Men who had been followers of Sauron. Five Wizards, known as the Istari, arrived in Middle-earth in about 1000. They were Maiar and had been sent because of the growing evil in Middle-earth. The Istari included Gandalf the Grey and Saruman the White. Not long after the arrival of the Istari Sauron reappeared secretly in Middle-earth in the form of a spirit. Gondor suffered a civil war and a plague. In the 1900’s it was attacked by the Wainriders (Men). The war lasted many years and Gondor was defeated. Gondor and her allies attacked the Wainriders again and forced them away. However, once again the Wainriders attacked Gondor and this time they were helped by Sauron’s Ringwraiths (Nazgûl) and Orcs. In 2050 the last King of Gondor was killed and with his death, Gondor became ruled by Stewards (King’s Servants). Dwarves, who were great miners, had been living in Moria under the Misty Mountains. In 1980 they unleashed a demon - a Balrog of Morgoth. Their King, Durin, was slain. They were forced out of Moria and went to live in Erebor, the Lonely Mountain. In 2463 Sméagol, a Stoor Hobbit, acquired the One Ring. His cousin, Déagol, had found the Ring whilst fishing but Sméagol murdered him for it. He became known as Gollum (due to the strange gurgling noise he made) and left his home to live in the caves of the Misty Mountains. Gondor was invaded again by barbarian people (from the East) and Orcs, who both served Sauron. When defeat was near the Éothéod, a group of horsemen, came to help the Men and together they were victorious. Calenardhon, a province of Gondor, was given to the horsemen as a gift. The land became known as Rohan and the horsemen as the Rohirrim, meaning horse-lords. In 2941 Bilbo Baggins, a Hobbit, journeyed to Erebor (the Lonely Mountain) with Gandalf and thirteen Dwarves. A Dragon, Smaug the Golden, had driven out the Dwarves from this mountain in 2770. Bilbo and the Company helped slay the Dragon. Bilbo returned to Hobbiton in the Shire and became very famous for his great quest. He was also very wealthy from the treasure recovered from the mountain. The Dwarves returned to inhabit Erebor. During this adventure Bilbo acquired a ring. Unknown to him this was the One Ring which Gollum had lost. The year after Bilbo’s quest Sauron returned to Mordor. He had secretly been dwelling in the forest of Mirkwood. On 22ⁿd September 2968 the Hobbit Frodo Baggins was born. He later became the main character in the book The Lord of the Rings, which tells the story of the quest to destroy the One Ring before it can fall into the hands of its maker, Sauron. Hopefully this article will tempt you to read it if you haven’t already done so, or, if you have, give you a deeper insight into the complex history behind it. Read the following books if you would like to find out more: The Silmarillion, The History of Middle-earth (12 books), Unfinished Tales, The Hobbit, The Lord of the Rings Key Events First Age 1 The Noldor Elves return to Middle-earth in persuit of Melkor 1 Awakening of Men 75 The Battle of Beleriand 455 The Battle of the Sudden Flame. Fingolfin, High King of the Noldor, killed by Morgoth 465 Quest of the Silmaril 472 The Battle of Unnumbered Tears 583 Morgoth defeated in the War of Wrath Second Age 32 Men led to the island of Númenor by Elros Half-elven. The Men become known as the Dúnedain 1000 Sauron begins to build Barad-dûr in Mordor 1200 Sauron and the Elves study together c 1600 The One Ring is forged by Sauron 1693 War between Sauron and the Elves 3262 Sauron taken to Númenor as prisoner. He Begins to corrupt the Men 3319 Númenóreans sail to the Undying Lands. Númenor sunk beneath the sea 3429 Sauron attacks Gondor 3434 Sauron defeated in Battle of Dagorlad. Siege of Barad-dûr begins 3441 Sauron defeated when Isildur cuts the One Ring from his hand Third Age 2 Isildur killed by Orcs. The One Ring lost in River Anduin c1000 Gandalf and Saruman arrive in Middle-earth c1050 Sauron returns to Middle-earth 1980 A Balrog forces the Dwarves to flee Moria 2463 Sméagol (Gollum) finds the One Ring 2941 Bilbo Baggins’ journey to Erebor 2942 Sauron returns to Mordor 3001 Bilbo Baggins’ 111th birthday party 3018 The War of the Ring Begins 3019 The Ring is destroyed in Mount Doom 13 Lord of the Rings The Exhibition Weapons and Armour In “The Lord of the Rings” we encounter many races with their multitude of different weapons and armour. In this article Arsene will try to explain where the costume makers and artists at Weta Studios got their ideas from and on which ancient tribes and people the fantastic costumes are based Review by Matt Walters As the hype for the final instalment was rising and people flocked in their thousands to the cinema, the Science Museum was offering an opportunity to experience “Middle-earth” first hand at “The Lord of the Rings Motion Picture Trilogy – the Exhibition”. A complimentary ticket was made available to us along with a press pack to visit the exhibition. We were thus enabled to journey to the regions in “Middle-earth”. From Hobbiton where Frodo, Sam, Merry and Pippin set out on their journey to the Black gate of Mordor and Sauron, maker of the ring. Our approach to the entrance of the exhibition was framed by enormous banners portraying the main characters of the films - Arwen, Frodo and Legolas. There were also two 10’ statues of the Argonaths. For more info read the books. Already impressed by the opening and the merchandise available we made our way around the exhibition. The thing most striking was the incredible attention to detail that had been afforded to every garment, prop, weapon and prosthetic. It would be easy to believe that these costumes and weapons actually belonged to races and cultures that had existed for many millennia. King Théoden (played by Bernard Hill) wears a garment in the movie which you would expect a king going into battle to wear, but here is where the costume designers really went to town, by embossing the inside of the material and the leather with the emblem of the Rohirrim (the name for his race) which no-one save Bernard Hill would get to see. The actors were not only made to look the part but feel the part. It is this element shown in the exhibition that makes the movies, all be it subtly, feel completely real and transport you to a different time and place. Fact File on the Films Although the exhibition was best seen as a follow up to the films, it was made enjoyable for all by the interactive areas where digital photography and camera tricks were explained, weapon, costume and design techniques described and the technology used to make the books into cinematic history demonstrated. First designed at “The Museum of New Zealand, Te Papa Tongarewa”, the exhibition took four years and £750,000 to create. The Science museum took more advance ticket sales for this exhibition than any exhibition previously, probably aided by it being the only venue in Europe to host the exhibition. The large numbers of people queuing to see the movies and the exhibition made it clear that the effort put into making them has paid off. This is due to the commitment from all the cast and crew, from actors, make up artists and designers, to Peter Jackson himself. Although the exhibition is no longer in Europe I can highly recommend you watch the movies and visit the Tepapa web site at www.tepapa.govt.nz/Rings/ to see the exhibition online. A special thanks to Ben Ayers from the press department at the museum who made the visit possible. * Director Peter Jackson took 18 months to film all three adaptations of “The Lord of the Rings” * The filming of all three parts in New Zealand took 15 months and required the services of 15,000 extras playing the parts of Orcs, Goblins and other creatures * 1,600 pairs of rubber feet were used * 5,000 cubic metres of vegetables and flowers were grown a year before the filming started to make Hobbiton - the village where some of the Hobbits live * 250 horses were used. 70 of these were specially trained, including five miniature horses used for the Hobbits * Many of the sets were carved from polystyrene to make them look like wood that had aged over thousands of years * Over £50,000 of coffee was drunk by the crew and cast during the 18 months of filming * 48,000 pieces of armour were designed and made for the film trilogy * 2,000 weapons were also produced, including swords, spears, pikes, maces, longbows, crossbows, daggers, knives and axes, as well as 10,000 arrows Facts Courtesy of Science Museum Press information leaflet. Images courtesy of New Line Cinema © 2003 NLC Rohirrim The Riders of Rohan are warriors with a horse culture background. As they are civilians rather than a permanent force, their armour changes from one warrior to another. The Rohirrim’s armour is based on 8th to 11th century Norse armour. Over chain mail or plate mail shirts they wear either long shirts or, like Eomer, leather breast and back plates with shoulder pads of the same material. All leather parts have metal incorporated, partly to harden them, partly as decoration. The decoration always represents something to do with horses. The helmets are basic Norman ones with decorations. The Rohirrim use the bow as their main weapon. From the back of their horses they use heavy ash spears, which can be used as lances or be thrown. Otherwise the riders have axes or swords for close combat. For protection the riders rely on a small round shield decorated with designs around their horse culture. Orc and Uruk-Hai These creatures use bows, crude hacking weapons and spears. As each of their soldiers chooses his own weapons and armour, there is a diversity of looks among the troops. A lot of the armour is dependant on what function the wearer has during a battle. Uruk-Hai and Orcs rely on different types of helmets, chain mail and metal plates, as well as half moon shaped shields (with an eye painted on it) for protection. All of these designs are purely fantasy and represent the creativity, imagination and craftsmanship of the artists at Weta studios. Elves Hadhafang: Arwen’s sword In battle the Elves use either their powerful bows to swamp the enemy with arrows or their 5 foot long S-shaped swords in close combat. Half the length of the sword is the handle which means that the warrior uses both hands to swing the weapon. The curved blades and handles are loosely based on Far Eastern swords (Mongolian, Chinese, Japanese). A fantastic work of art is Hadhafang, the sword of the Elven princess Arwen with its decoration and inscriptions of Elven runes. These weapons are used in fluent slicing motions rather than for hacking or stabbing. For protection they use full body armour similar to medieval knights and helmets based on ancient Greek styles. Men, Hobbits and Dwarves The Hobbits only weapon is a short stabbing sword. The best example is Frodo’s sword Sting which was forged by the Elves. If there are any Orcs present it starts to glow blue. The shape of Sting is based on ancient Greek or Roman swords. Hobbits wear no specific body Sting: Frodo’s Sword armour. Gimli the Dwarf is armed with axes, of which one is double sided. These finely crafted weapons are created in the image of early Saxon or Scandinavian axes. To protect him he wears a long heavy leather shirt with metal decorations over chain mail. Both weapons and shirt are some of the finest made by Dwarven craftsmen. The army of Men use many different variations of weapons and armour, all based on 9th to 13th century European suits of armour. The soldiers of Gondor wear full body armour over chain mail like Italian knights of the 13th century. They are armed with bows, swords and lances. Aragorn on the other hand wears a chain mail shirt over which he puts finely decorated leather breast and back plates and shoulder protection. All this armour is a mixture of 9th & 10th century chain mail with a Roman influence for the breast and back armour. His sword is Narsil, the famous sword of King Elendil, which was shattered in the battle against Sauron but later reforged. Narsil is decorated with Elven runes. This is a typical European sword of medieval times. Narsil: Aragorn’s sword One Exhibition to rule them all 14 Gimli’s Axe King Elendil’s Helmet Artwork by Arsene 15 16 CRUCIFIXION ON VICTORIA STREET “Were you there when they crucified my Lord …”? Fr. Padraig, the Chaplain, writes about The Passage’s involvement in Westminster’s Good Friday procession A group from The Passage led the procession of about 1,000 people following the Cross - remembering the Passion of Jesus - along Victoria Street on Good Friday. Q I received a letter here at the Day Centre the other day. It’s from the Magistrates Court, about a fine I owe from last year. I don’t have the money to pay – I’m on JSA. What should I do? A In London today homelessness is a scourge. The people who suffer this indignity, suffer a contemporary crucifixion of human beings. The symbol of Sister Ellen taking the Cross from Jason and Derek, was intended to express the mission at The Passage; to carry some of the pain, some of the suffering of Jesus Christ in the people of London today. Michel Quoist Plan of the procession by Peter Graham Photographs courtesy of Keith Day from Sheppard Day I’m glad you’ve come forward and asked the question, because it’s always better to deal with debts rather than ignore them! You can write to the court explaining that you cannot pay a lump sum because of your situation, and offering to pay off the fine in instalments, perhaps £6 a fortnight. Cardinal Cormac Murphy O’Connor speaks at Westminster Cathedral The Passion is read before the second stage of the procession Q A Will my offer be accepted? I would expect so (or, if not £6, perhaps a little more). Most organisations which are owed money – whether courts, councils, mail order catalogues, or other creditors – will be prepared to take your circumstances into account. There’s not really much point in their insisting on a rate of instalment you simply can’t afford, as it wouldn’t be sustainable. Q A What if I can’t keep up with the payments? That would be a more serious matter (unless there is a very good reason - for example, suspension of benefit or admission to hospital). If you do miss a payment, it’s better – once again! – to deal with the situation: write to apologise for having fallen behind and to confirm that you are resuming payments immediately. The Via Dolorosa from Westminster Cathedral to Westminster Abbey You mentioned Council Tax. I still owe Council Tax for the flat I lived in before I became homeless. I was getting letters from bailiffs saying they were going to take away all my things, and the amount I owed kept going up. A Following a reading from The Passion and words spoken by the Cardinal, Jason and Derek handed the cross to Sister Ellen. Sister Ellen, surrounded by our group, made the second part of the Sorrowful Way back along Victoria Street to Westminster Abbey. A tree needs to be planted in order to take root, to grow and bear fruit. And all of us need a home in order to live and grow. Q Sam, the Benefits Advisor at The Passage Day Centre, answers some more of your frequently Where there are arrears of Council Tax, the Magistrates asked questions Court can issue a “distress warrant”, and the council then uses We began at Methodist Central Hall where Jason and Derek lifted and carried the large wooden cross at the head of the procession. Police closed the street where we walked in silence (except for the slow rythmic beat of a drum). We made the first part of the Sorrowful Way (Via Dolorosa) to Westminster Cathedral. It was a clear, sunny Spring morning. The great Procession of the Cross ended inside the Abbey with a heartfelt, doleful rendering of the negro spiritual “Were you there when they crucified my Lord…?” We were there. We remembered the day when Jesus Christ was crucified. All of us will remember Good Friday 2004. Dear Sam ... Remember, though, that it is almost always possible to prevent these things from happening, by making contact with the creditors and arranging to pay by instalment. Sr Ellen in Westminster Abbey Magistrates Court fines are a priority debt, like rent arrears, and also arrears of gas or electricity, and Council Tax. These are all priority because of the seriousness of the penalties for not paying them. Rent arrears can lead to a person’s home being repossessed; where there are arrears of gas or electricity, the fuel companies may be able to obtain a warrant to force entry and disconnect the supply (or install a prepayment meter); and non-payment of court fines or Council Tax can ultimately lead to a warrant being issued for your arrest. private bailiffs to enforce this. A distress warrant does not give bailiffs the right to force entry (despite what their letters may imply!). It’s important, however, not to open the door to bailiffs because, if you do let them in, they can force entry the next time. Of course, you are under no obligation to open the door to them in the first place. Bailiffs’ charges – like their letters – are a big problem (even though there are codes of practice which are meant to regulate these). Also, bailiffs – unlike creditors – are not interested in taking your situation into account: I feel there is no point in trying to negotiate with them. In these cases, I try instead to deal directly with the council, but I have to admit it’s a long process. However, it’s important to start making payments right away, and I believe that sending postal orders or cheques to the council in the meantime is the best safeguard against further action. Q I’ve also got other debts: two catalogues, one loan from a finance company, and a discontinued credit card. I’m worried that, if I get rehoused, these companies will soon catch up with me. A These credit debts are important and need to be dealt with but they are non-priority debts, because they cannot lead to repossession of a person’s home, or forced entry, or arrest. The companies involved will almost always accept a financial statement, showing your income and expenditure (your expenditure includes priority debts): you only offer the nonpriority creditors what is left after the priority debts have been taken into account. Let’s say you owe company A £500; company B £300; company C £200; and company D £100. If you have £10 a fortnight left after all other expenditure, you need to offer £5 to company A, £3 to B, £2 to C, and £1 to D. This principle – “equitable distribution” – should always be accepted, but it of course means treating all creditors this way, and not entering into separate deals with others. It also means not entering into any more credit debts once these arrangements have been set up. We have financial statements here at The Passage for clients to use. Thankyou for your questions. I hope other readers of “Writes” will be encouraged to come forward if they are experiencing similar problems. 17 18 Education Training & Employment The Education, Training, & Employment Service has the following courses and groups that you can join. All are free and can help you improve your existing skills and learn new ones. Computer Training Monday—Friday 9.00 - 10.45 Session 1 (Rough Sleepers only) 10.45 - 12.30 Session 2 • Internet access for job search and course information using our specially designed ETE web site • Introduction to computer basics in- er t u p C om y c a r e L it A nd ion t a m r I n fo y g o l o n T h Anna CLAIT & Literacy Tutor cluding typing, word processing, speadsheets & databases • Graphics & page layout packages • Web page design using Flash & Dreamweaver Magazine Group 12.30 - 1.00 Tuesdays Weekly meeting aimed at producing “The Writes of Passage” magazine. Help put this magazine together. Vocational Guidance and Job Search 11.30 - 12.30 Mondays with Nana Learning Coach. 10.30 - 12.30 Tuesdays with Glenn from City of Westminster College. Please book in advance. Business In The Community (BITC) / Freshfield Work placements available. Mentoring Someone to talk to if you are moving into your own accommodation or at a period of change in your life. Times to suit you. Speak to Anne-Marie, Mentoring Coordinator. Literacy Sessions Improve your reading and writing skills every Monday 10 - 12 noon & Tuesday 9.30 - 11.30 with Anna from City of Westminster College. Three individual slots each session. Please book in advance. Plater College Links to an adult residential college in Oxford which specialises in courses for mature students. Financial Exclusion Worker A big cheer for the commencement in post of Mr John Hirst. John will be working on the creation of bank accounts for clients and the management of their benefits whilst they attend work placements Welcome back to Bev from A&R Farewell to Bill. We’ll miss you Want to learn to use a computer? This course is part time and free, and does not affect benefits. It takes place in the ETE room. It enables students to achieve CLAIT Level 1 (or New CLAIT), which is a qualification awarded by the OCR. What can I learn? Using a Computer - how to start up a computer and find files Word Processing - writing text and changing it Spread Sheets - setting out numerical information and doing calculations Graphs and Charts - making graphs and charts from numerical information Databases - setting out and organising information Desktop Publishing - setting out text and pictures on a page, as if for a magazine or poster Electronic Communication - using email and the internet Presentation Graphics - using Powerpoint to produce slides BBC Web Wise - learn how the internet works Computer Art - creating a layout with pictures Web Pages - designing your own web pages You can get a certificate for each unit.When you pass five units (including Using a Computer) you get the full New CLAIT Level 1 qualification. Requirements You need to be able to use a keyboard and a mouse and be familiar with icons and menus but nothing more. If you need to get these skills then see a member of the ETE team, it will only need a few days practice. How does the course work? You work at your own pace. You will work with me and on your own to learn each unit. There is as much practice material as you need, you can take your time to work through this. When you are ready you will work through an Assessment Assignment, which I then mark, ask a colleague to mark and then send away to the OCR who will also mark it and then send back the certificates. If you do not pass an assessment, you can try again as there is another that you can complete. Thinking about Volunteering? Our Jobsearch Advisor, Glenn, takes a look at the things you might consider if you are thinking about voluntary work Positive Reasons for Volunteering • Testing out job ideas - if you have little experience of the world of work, are considering a career change, or are deciding which course to do at college, voluntary work can give you an insight into what you might like • Work experience - you can gain valuable experience that could help you secure a job in the future, or generally improve your CV. Some professions, such as social work and youth work, require voluntary experience before accepting training entrants • Gaining skills and knowledge - whatever you do, it is likely that you will learn something new. For some types of voluntary work, proper training is provided because you couldn't do the work without it. For example, the Samaritans have a thorough training programme and some conservation organisations train people in things like dry stone walling • Permanent work - volunteering could lead to a permanent paid position in an organisation. You not only learn the job but when paid jobs come up you might just find yourself in the right place at the right time • Self-esteem and friendship - at the very least, being a volunteer is a chance to feel good about yourself. It can also be a good way of finding new friends who may share common interests or outlooks on life • Travel - some volunteering activities can be a great way of seeing different places and learning about different cultures Possible Drawbacks of Volunteering • Pay - you are only likely to be paid travel expenses and possible incidental expenses. If you are thinking about volunteering abroad, you may have to pay for it. If, however, you are claiming Jobseekers Allowance, Income Support or Incapacity Benefit, you will continue to receive these (see later for some other points on welfare benefits) • Monotony - some volunteer work can be boring and repetitive, with little contact with the people that the organisation is helping • Commitment - some organisations will ask you to commit yourself to work at certain times or for a certain period Different Ways of Volunteering One of the advantages of volunteering is the amount of choice you have, not only in terms of what you do, but when, where and how you do it: • During the day - almost anything from shop work to environmental research • At night - for example, telephone support lines • Part-time - from an hour a week upwards • Casual basis - fairly common with fundraising activities • Regular basis - in terms of acquiring skills and making friends, this is likely to be more rewarding • Locally - there should be something you can do within walking distance • Further afield - this can include overseas work • Indoors - offices, shops, workshops, classrooms, or hospitals • Outdoors - anything from taking people shopping to surveying the local hedgehog population • Manual work - you could learn a skill such as gardening, cooking or decorating. If you already have a skill you could teach it • Administrative work - perhaps running a shop or working in an office Volunteering and Welfare Benefits In general, you can do as much voluntary work as you like, and your claim for Jobseekers Allowance, Income Support or Incapacity Benefit will not be affected. This is subject to the following rules: • You must not receive any payment, other than for reasonable expenses, such as travel or special clothing • It must be reasonable for the organisation you are doing the work for not to pay you (otherwise a notional amount of income may be attributed to you) • Jobseekers Allowance only - you must still be actively seeking work • Jobseekers Allowance only - you must be willing and able to start paid work within one week Glenn is available in the ETE Room on Tuesdays from 10.30am - 12.30pm. If you would like to make an appointment to see him please speak to a member of ETE staff. Amir, who last issue wrote about Java applets, explains how to create professional looking documents in Microsoft Word Documents with Styles For more professionally created documents you can define new styles or change existing styles in Word. For example, you can change the Normal style so that you would not need to press Enter twice each time you start a new paragraph. Pressing Enter once would be enough and the style itself leaves sufficient space between paragraphs. Proceed as follows. • Choose Format > Styles • Choose Normal and press Modify…. • Now press Format and select Paragraph. Type in or scroll to 12 in the Spacing After text box. • Now click OK, then another OK, and then click Apply • Now whenever you finish a paragraph press Enter once. The new paragraph starts with a space equivalent to a blank line of font size 12 from the previous paragraph (or you could enter a larger or smaller number if you wanted more or less spacing) 19 20 Pre-tenancy Training Programme Courses for people with a history of homelessness who are moving or have recently moved into their own flat Viewing an Offer and Expectations • What you are likely to get offered • What to expect when offered a flat • What to take with you on a viewing • Prepare in advance of viewing a flat • What to look for when viewing a flat • Refusing an offer/case studies: clarifying procedures Furnishing your flat • Look at priorities (essential and non-essential furniture) • Move of the Century Game CD ROM • What to take into account when buying furniture • Community Care Grants Dealing with Bills • What the main bills are • Bedsit Bonanza Bills Game CD ROM • Information on different payment methods • Deal with gas and utility companies • Understand meters and bills: tips and quiz • Important elements of bills that need to be understood Dealing with welfare benefits • Test your knowledge of benefits and deal with them • What needs to be done and when • Discuss the main procedures and the importance of a quick claim • Look at some of the problems and difficulties which could arise when dealing with the benefit system and strategies for dealing with them • Deal with the housing benefit office Managing Change and the Move-On Process • Compare your situation, responsibilities and how you feel about moving on • Identify what changes happen between ‘homelessness’ and managing a tenancy • Identify factors that may help or hinder your move • Be ready for move-on • The benefits and disadvantages of independent living Dealing with Debts and Creditors • Identify ways of staying out of debt and of dealing with debt if you get in that situation • Learn the difference between priority and non-priority debts and identify strategies for dealing with creditors Dealing with Rent Arrears • Look at the ways in which rent arrears can develop and how to deal with rent arrears once in debt • Understand the range of consequences of rent arrears and look at some strategies for managing the problem Money planning and saving • Pick up some skills and tips on different ways to plan and budget money and why this is important Managing on a low income • Look at ways to manage on a low income e.g. cooking on a budget, energy saving tips, maximising income Improving communication skills • Look at different types of communication skills and practice communicating clearly and assertively through role plays and case studies Confidence building and assertiveness • Look at levels of confidence and identify ways of increasing it in order to manage a tenancy • Find out about assertiveness techniques and practice being assertive in dealing with problems Dealing with neighbours • Identify ways of dealing with neighbour problems and disputes • Identify the rights and responsibilities as a neighbour Living on your own • Discuss ways to occupy time once living in a flat • Identify the barriers to getting involved in activities and how to overcome them Attention Conservationists Lucy, the Life Skills Tutor, explains about her group’s involvement in conservation work T hese photographs were taken at Stave Hill Ecological Park in Rotherhithe. It is managed by the Trust for Urban Ecology as a nature reserve, educational facility, research area and place of recreation. The Park has been designed and managed to form a mosaic of grassland, woodland, shrub and wetland habitats which support a wide variety of wildlife. The Passage Life Skills Group has been volunteering there for over two years and has made a great contribution to the park. We have been involved in a variety of projects such as bench making, fencing, building planters and clearing ponds. We still visit every Thursday, (weather permitting) 10am - 2/3pm, travel expenses are paid and a packed lunch is provided. Please speak to staff if you are interested in joining us for a day of conservation. Referrals through Housing. For further information speak to any member of ETE or Life Skills Gainful Enjoyment London’s museums and galleries are arguably the best in the world. What’s inside them comes from every corner of the earth, but the vast majority of the earth’s population will never look inside any museum, let alone London’s. Does it matter? We only know if we go. It takes time to visit a museum or gallery, mainly because you need to change gears – like you might when you enter a church. God may not inhabit museums, but humanity does – the cares, the labours, the frustrations, the triumphs and the loves of humanity went into these objects in concentration – and comes out too. Looking in a museum or gallery is looking at ourselves: a wider and more far-reaching version of ourselves than we usually notice. Education departments in museums offer tours and practical workshops that help us understand more about their collections and how they relate to us. Joining one of these is a good way to share the experience of a museum – communicating not just with human makers of another time and space but with the one standing next to you! Capital A is a programme of workshops that aims to make museums and galleries more accessible to everyone in London. The workshops are led by artists and tutors who are relaxed and friendly and also experts in their fields; they last anywhere from an hour to a week - usually a morning, an afternoon or a day. They usually involve looking at some form of art (paintings, photographs, videos, sculpture, fashion, crafts) and making some of your own. They are open to everyone, no experience is necessary and beginners are especially welcome. Interested? Get in touch and come along – we look forward to meeting you! E-mail: [email protected] Tel: 07985 411 458 Capital A Please note - the Women’s Group has resumed. Please join us every Friday morning 9 until noon in the Life Skills room 21 Day Centre Manager H ello! My name is Helen Standen and I am writing to introduce myself as the new Day Centre Manager at the Passage. I have been in post since January 2004, taking over from Fiona Nelson, who is now Assistant Director, Client Services. I first came to the Passage in 1993 as a volunteer for a year. Around that time I worked as a locum project worker in the night shelter, now known as Passage House. After this I worked in different residential projects, completed social work training and gained experience in other areas of social care including mental health, children and families and substance misuse. I was delighted to return to the Passage in December 1999 in the role of Deputy Day Centre Manager. For the first three years I was also responsible for managing the Assessment and Referral team who are the front line workers in the Day Centre. Last year the team was restructured and now have a Team Leader whose sole responsibility is to manage and support the team. There have been many changes in the Day Centre in the last four years. The staff team are constantly looking at how best to deliver services effectively. The teams in the Day Centre are; Outreach, Assessment and Referral, Pastoral Services, Primary Services and Volunteer, Health, Education, Training and Employment/ Mentoring, Housing and Advice, and the Weekend team The biggest challenge that the team encounter is responding to the demand for services in the Day Centre which has always been high. However, even if we doubled the size of the Day Centre and the staff team we would still not be able to meet all the requests for services that come in through our doors. That is why we need to prioritise our services. Two years ago we prioritised access to rough sleepers for the early morning session and last September we introduced the duty service to try and ensure that new service users have a chance to meet with a member of the Assessment and Referral team to work out a plan to meet individuals’ needs. Referrals are then made to appropriate specialist teams within the Centre or to outside agencies. However, we also recognise that the Day Centre provides a safety net for individuals who are insecurely housed and still very vulnerable. For this reason the Day Centre is open to everyone over the age of 25 after 10.30 am. In my new role, I supervise Team Leaders, ensuring that they and their teams are supported in their work and to look at their service, how it is being delivered and how it can be developed. Recently, I have written reports to some of the authorities and organisations that provide us with funding to carry out the work in the Centre. As an organisation we need to be accountable for the work that we do and the service that is provided to clients. In the last year more information is being recorded on our database. This will show us how many people visit the Centre. The Day Centre D team work closely with the Outreach team to support the work that is carried out with clients outside the Centre. We are always looking to improve and develop services that are provided by outside agencies in the Centre. These include Health services, Benefits Outreach, Homeless Persons Unit Outreach service, City of Westminster College, Employment services to name but a few! I am looking forward to working with the new Deputy Day Centre Manager, the Team Leaders and the staff team to develop and consolidate services offered in the Centre and to take steps to improve our facilities and the Day Centre environment. 2 3 1 A warm welcome to Peter Baxendale who is our new Deputy Day Centre Manager own at the Passage medical room the nurses Charlotte, Victoria, David and Nicky, are available every weekday from 09.30 ‘till 13.00. We’re a good first point of contact for anyone with ongoing health problems, new/undiagnosed problems or anyone who is homeless or sleeping rough. A Doctor is present between 9 am and 10 am Monday, Wednesday and Friday but if you miss the Doctor we’ll try our best to solve the problem or refer you on to somewhere else. However we’ll try to help on the spot and can provide services like blood pressure checks, dressings etc. Health is about anything to do with being human. We see people with all sorts of problems and complaints from headaches and rashes, Diabetes, Nicky in the Nurses’ Treatment Room drug/alcohol addiction. After initial contact you don’t have to come back regularly (although you can if you want to) and you can always return when you’re ready and we’ll be happy to see you. An important part of a nurses job is to promote health through the different seasons, so now at the beginning of summer, we are giving homeless people advice on staying safe in the sun. Come and see us if you want to know more. Medical 22 6 4 5 Artwork by; 1 Uve Prinz 3, 4 & 6 Anna Ward 2 & 5 Havroy Williams 23 COMPETITION 24 PAGE Poetry Page WIN a trip to the cinema. Enter one or all three of the quizzes below. Send your answers along with your name and contact details to Mike or Matt in ETE by 3rd September, 2004. Answers will be published next issue * The hills of life * One prize only per person. A draw will be made from all the correct entries received. Management decision is final. A Walk in the Park OLYMPICS Lord of the Rings. Q. How many Summer Games have there been? Q. To the nearest hundred how many athletes will be taking part at Athens? Q. When and where were the first Olympic Games held? Q. Where will the next Games be held? Q. When were the Games held in London? Q. Which of the following have never been olympic sports? *Bungee Jumping *Rugby *Croquet *Tug of War *Golf *Water skiing *Extreme Ironing *Polo *Darts Q. For how many days do the Games last? W O R D S E A R C H By Tony Persad Q. How many Hobbits went up Mount Doom? Q. What was the name of Bilbo’s home? Q. Who cut the One Ring from Sauron’s hand? Q. Why did Sam particularly want to go to Rivendell? Q. How old was Bilbo at his farewell birthday party? Q. How many Black Riders assailed Frodo on Weathertop? Q. What colour was the door at Bag End? Q. Which member of the Fellowship demanded the Ring from Frodo? Q. How did Bilbo know that Sting was an Elvish Blade? Q. What part of Frodo became best aquainted with the Crack of Doom? Q. What was Legolas’ preferred weapon? Q. How did Frodo usually carry the One Ring? Q. What sort of trees flanked the west door of Moria? BENEFITS EDUCATION EMPLOYMENT ETE HOMELESS HOUSING KEYWORK MEETING NEWSLETTER OUTREACH PASSAGE HOUSE PILGRIMAGE PROGRAMME RESIDENTS SUPPORT TRAINING P I L G R I M A I P R A G N I S U O H M N R O I A O S U A S S J C M E O L H D H I S D S I G A A T T I G N O I T A C U D E R T S C W A G H I T G A E R G R T T A T K R O W Y E K T O O N R T S S E L E M O H U R P E A S I T V A P M G T O P P D I S E L I L I I N O U U U I N R V L O F R R I C H Y S S I E O Y F R E T T E L S W E N B M I L T O N E O P A S R G M E M Y O L P M E V O I W T N S A E O M B R P G E Q U L F Walking through our local park Just as eve was falling, it was getting dark We saw a woman without her shoe Saying hello, goodbye, how are you We just kept on walking doing more talking For this was just an everyday scene Not the first time this woman we had seen We kept walking through the park As eve was falling getting darker than dark We turned, and saw a man Drinking out of a paper covered can But we kept on walking still doing more talking We knew this man,sober,once had been But today again this was just another typical scene The adventures in “Middle-earth” of Frodo, Sam, Gandalf, Aragorn and the rest of the fellowship have captivated the minds of the young and old alike. See how you fare. Image courtesy of New Line Cinema © 2003 NLC Poetry written by clients of the Passage W A L M We kept on walking through the park Eve had fell it had no light it was darker than dark We saw a child all dressed in white Crying please don’t leave me, alone again, not tonight But we kept on walking kept on talking For we didn’t believe at what we’d seen Or this was really how things had been First three poems written by Jamie McCoy Jesus is our Saviour Written by Adrian D’Cunha I walked and walked Climbed to the top Looked back, surveyed from whenst I came Looking straight ahead I spied another hill Taller than the one before But still I walked and walked Climbed to the top to the crest Reached the top to rest Looking back, I spied the path from which I’d strayed The reason why my journey Had been dramatically delayed But looking forward, straight ahead Another hill to climb So much taller than the one before So I walked and walked I had to reach the summit of this hill Tired, played out, I’d reached the summit Surveying what I saw Just another hill to climb Higher than the one before But now with friends I laughed I joked I didn’t notice how high the hills Just kept on walking walking walking Straight into my destiny Jesus is our Saviour He was born in a manger Yet died on a cross But He was no stranger To suffer and loss So why did He suffer And feel so much pain It must be another Day He will reign And can we remember The price that He paid It was late in December His spirit was made Is love the real answer To all who feel grief We love one another Though life is a thief And all those who pray to Him Will surely survive An age to remember I spoke with Shakespeare One night I went to sleep Dreamed a dream so deep Then while waiting for a bus There was a commotion such a fuss William Shakespeare had wandered in to view So I shouted hiya Will I’m a writer too He stopped, turned and stared and said You are Jamie your poems I have read I like the one about the rascal child And the one about the river wild I shouted have you read the one about death Then he said why’d you think I wrote Macbeth He shook my hand Says together we must band We talked and talked as we walked Exchanged ideas Spoke of all our fears Then we made a wager a parting bet He told me I could write a story Better than Romeo and Juliet I just wondered if I could Then remembered Will had said I should But as I sit here my pen in hand This dream remembered but still don’t understand The words no longer flow But there’s an awful lot of me I’ve got to show So now I’m writing an autobiography Guess what? It’s about William Shakespeare Wordsworth Keats And me For He is alive 25 26 Crossing the Divide was a contemporary ditty like Three Coins In A Fountain or the overture to Wagner’s epic opera The Flying Dutch Man. The world of classical organ music is renowned for being stuffy and sternly traditionalist. Yet, Virgil Fox (1912-1980) not only was one of the finest American organists of the 20th century; he is considered one of the most flamboyant classical organists of the USA. At the height of his career his playing technique was astounding. Desirous to introduce the public to good music, A rather uninspired performance, of a chart hit, by a famous he was eclectic in his choice of works and unorthodox in preoperatic tenor, reminded me of advice I received as a young stu- senting them. While he was organist of the Riverside Church, dent at the conservatoire. My piano professor, a fine pedagogue New York, thousands of tourists came to hear him play. He with decades of experience as a teacher, had noticed a subtle undertook many energetic tours of the USA, travelling with a deterioration of my technique, undoubtedly as the result of my large electronic organ at a time when such instruments were heavy gigging and playing of “pop” music as I thought it ought uncommon and rejected by most classical organists. He did to be played. what few recitalists do – Virgil Fox talked to his audience. Even more shocking, certainly to purists, was the dazzling light show “When you play popular music”, my professor said, “use the normally found at pop concerts, that he would bring with him same technique that you’d use for any classical work”. as an aid for setting the mood for the works he performed. In 1954, Fiedler, the Boston Pops Orchestra and Virgil Fox teamed I was not convinced that a professor of classical piup for a concert that shook the foundations of ano, who was in her fifties already when Bill Haley Symphony Hall in Boston. Another of Fox’s sins and his Comets rocked around the clock in 1954, in the traditionalists’ mind was a highly successwould know how to play contemporary “pop”. Realful recital he gave on the archenemy of snobbish ising my doubts, she instructed me to bring to her classical players: the Mighty Wurlitzer cinema orsome sheet music of pop tunes and jazz standards gan. For this heinous deed Fox had a particularly that she may demonstrate the correctness of her fine specimen of a theatre organ at his disposal: advice. As we worked on them, my playing of ‘nonthe famous Wurlitzer pipe organ formerly at the classical’ music improved in every way. I also realParamount Theatre, New York. He certainly knew ised that a close link exists between classical, popuhow to play it, as his fine renditions of Londonderlar music, and jazz. ry Air, Scott Joplin’s The Entertainer and Richard Handel Roger’s Slaughter On Tenth Avenue proved. I could never see myself on just one side of that great divide that, apparently, no status-conscious musician dares to cross. What Virgil Fox was in the world of classical organ music (and Performers and lovers of classical music tend to view those on in the eyes of those resisting all progress), Liberace (1919the other side of that imaginary border with contempt. The ex- 1987) was in the realm of piano music. His outrageous stage ponents of ‘pop’ and jazz with their fans often feel that classical costumes amazed audiences years before Elton John surprised music is irrelevant and elitist. fans with his kind of dress sense. Liberace would play anything in any order – be it Chopsticks or a finger-breaking virtuoso piNowadays, the excursions into alien territory by famous per- ano piece by Franz Liszt. formers are rarely a heart-felt desire to explore new music. Usually, the artist’s manager tries to increase the popularity Looking back at my own career, both as a classical organist and of the performer – and thereby the revenues from record sales a theatre organist, I confess that I was happiest at the old Gauand live appearances by capturing “new markets”. Executives mont State Theatre in Kilburn, North West London. I was its of record companies are known to resort to what is known as resident organist for nearly twelve years. It was a magnificent “branching out” when sales figures of leading artists slump. A movie palace, the largest of its kind in Europe, with a famous manager’s forceful persuasion, or the executive’s reference to a Wurlitzer Theatre Pipe Organ that was featured by many welllegally binding contract with his recording company, is unlikely known British and American recitalists. During my tenure I to produce heart-felt renditions of music the artist is unhappy was required to play a wide range of music. Rousing marches to perform. and popular songs of the 1940s for the premiere of Yanks, a film set at the end of World War II. I was called upon to play Fortunately, a number of gifted musicians have been equally at dramatic classical music for the screening of Romeo & Juliet and home on both sides of the great divide. a selection of Elvis Presley hits when the “King of Rock’n’Roll” died in August 1977. Twenty-seven excerpts from pop songs George Gershwin (1898-1937) wrote innumerable successful about pretty girls gave every entrant of a beauty contest her popular songs. He was also a fine composer of ‘serious music’. own walk-on tune. When I gave theatre organ recitals, the audiHis Rhapsody in Blue, Cuban Overture, the opera Porgy and Bess ence expected me to talk to them. When the venue was a theaand several preludes for piano reveal what his ‘other side’ was tre (many preserved theatre organs reside elsewhere now) the capable of creating. projectionist and his team would provide the light show. By Anthony R. C. Crawford The American conductor and violinist Arthur Fiedler (18941979) achieved word-wide fame with the Boston Pops Orchestra. His association with that versatile assembly lasted for over forty years. Fiedler enjoyed the music he conducted, whether it I am in favour of a dividing line that must never be crossed. It is the one between good and bad music. Unfortunately, there is, in all categories, more bad music then good music written these days. It seems that audiences have become less critical, for certain works, that should have never seen the light of day, enjoy undeserved acclaim and there are performers who are apparently prepared to lower their standards and play them. The imaginary division between classical, popular, and jazz, I have never been able to understand or to accept. Those who sanctify it - status conscious performers and their snobbish fans – ignore historical facts. They show ignorance and narrowmindedness. Classical composers, such as Mozart and Haydn, earned a very good living from writing popular music. Their aristocratic employers expected them to provide dance music in the fashionable styles for their splendid social and formal events. The famous Strauss dynasty of composers, recognised as classical masters, wrote waltzes, polkas, quadrilles and other dances that once were popular in Vienna but have long been forgotten. Indeed, the composing and performing members of the Strauss family raised popular music to a new expressive level in the 19th century. Chopin, whose works every concert pianist has studied and performed, wrote popular music for himself and played it in the salons of the affluent. Handel, who undoubtedly is a heavy-weight among classical composers, wrote diverse music. Church anthems with titles such as Have Mercy Upon Me, O God, and oratorios like his famous Messiah. He composed instrumental concertos, dances like Minuets, Sarabandes and Bourreés. He provided Music for the Royal Fireworks and his Water Music was written for a royal entertainment on the River Thames. well-known composition of his’ is Move On Up A Little Higher. Gospel groups influenced rhythm & blues, doo-wop, and the explosion of black soul music in the 1960s. Aretha Franklin (1942- ) made her first records in her father’s church. He was a Baptist minister known throughout Black America for his fierce sermons. The great Sam Cooke (1931-1964) came out of the Soul Stirrers, a group who performed religious songs. The artist credited with being the first soul singer, Ray Charles (1930- ) brought the passion and the vocal technique called melisma to rhythm & blues; he sang secular songs in a ‘sanctified’ manner. A few centuries ago, when the Courante was a dance that was all the rage, ordinary people had few opportunities of hearing music. Sound recording became possible in 1877 with the invention, by Edison, of the Phonograph. But the phonographic industry did not exist until the early 1900s. Radio was not generally available until the 1920s. Nowadays, the diversity that radio, television, the World Wide Web, and recordings offer, makes listening to new kinds of music easy. What valid reason could there possible be for not eavesdropping on the other side of that great imaginary divide between classical, popular music and jazz – regardless of what kind of music is presently the favourite? Schubert Something exciting may be waiting to be discovered and enjoyed. Admittedly, 18 century popular music bears little resemblance to the kind of music featured on Top Of The Pops. But that is to be expected. All forms of art constantly evolve; new styles are born out of older forms, which may eventually become obsolete. © 2004. Copyright by Anthony R. C. Crawford, London. The history of popular music is long and intricate. An article about it, in Grove’s Dictionary of Music takes up many pages. It highlights the influences classical and popular music have always had on each other and the many significant links that still exist. Anthony R. C. Crawford studied classical piano, pipe organ and composition in Germany. He was active in classical music, popular music and jazz as a composer, arranger and performing artist. His favourite instruments are the electric Hammond organ and the Wurlitzer Theatre Pipe Organ. th Within popular music apparently unrelated genres often have common roots. Gospel music originated from church hymns. The Protestant revival in the USA, at the beginning of the 19th century produced the spiritual, mainly for rural meetings. Black slaves adopted Christian hymns and invented their own songs in the now familiar form. The blues has associations with spirituals and hymns in the use of religious imaging. “Blind” Willie Johnson (c.1902 - c.1949) made records for Columbia in the late 1920s, which are entirely religious yet highly prized by blues collectors. It was Dr. William Herbert Brewster Sr. (1897-1987) who introduced the term ‘gospel song’ as he accompanied religious singing on a piano outside the church where his father was a Baptist minister. Dr. Brewster is the architect of the modern gospel sound. He wrote over 200 songs for his church services, his renowned gospel drama extravaganzas, his radio ministry, his performing groups, and for the top names in gospel music. A About the author: This Magazine needs YOU! If you would like to become involved with Writes of Passage then speak to ETE staff or come to one of the meetings Tuesday 12.30 - 1 pm ETE Room 27 28 The BIG Interview In March the Magazine Group was fortunate to get an exclusive interview with Rowan from Streetwise Opera. In a very informative half hour she discussed all aspects of her work with this wonderful charity which gives clients a chance to become involved with theatre and opera Rowan with members of the Magazine Group When was Streetwise Opera formed? Streetwise Opera was formed in January 2002 but before that they did a pilot project, called “The Little Prince Project”, with The Passage. It was performed at Covent Garden Opera House in February 2002 (there was a review in Issue 5 of Writes of Passage). Because it was such a success Matthew Peacock decided to set it up properly. How was it started and are you a founder? Matthew was working at The Passage as a volunteer and was a critic for “Opera Now” magazine. When he was at The Passage people wanted to know more about opera, and when he was at the Opera people would say “you go to The Passage, that’s interesting, tell us more about it.” So he put them both together. My first project was the Canticles Project which was performed in Westminster Abbey in May 2002. Dominic Harlan also started at the same time. He was the piano player. After the performance Sr.Ellen asked if Streetwise Opera could continue working at The Passage, so both Dominic and myself said we would. And we are still here. The founder members are some of the people who support us, people from the arts etc. (see the website for a list). But Matthew started the whole thing. Where is Streetwise Opera based and is it nationwide? It is based very much in London at the moment. There is an office in Battersea. Most of the work happens in Westminster. It is involved with The Passage, Queen Mary’s Hostel, Connection and St.Martin’s. However, it is starting to branch out now and become more nationwide. We have workshops in Oxford and Luton, and we are hoping to set up workshops in Nottingham within the next twelve months. When we do a big project in a city we aim to leave workshops behind. We hope it will become more nationwide but at the same time we don’t want it to become too big. What projects do Streetwise Opera get involved with? The main criteria are always to work with opera and music, to use professional singers and musicians who are really skilled in their fields so that when groups come to work with us they are not just learning quite good music, they are learning really good music and really good skills. We bring in professional electricians to do the set and the electrics and there’s a whole body of professional people involved to put on an opera. Secondly we want to work with people that might not have everyday access to this kind of art form. We work with homeless/ex-homeless, and all sorts of people that don’t generally come into contact with opera. Have you a particular favourite project? Definitely the Canticles in Westminster Abbey. It was so special to be in Westminster Abbey with all its history, and for the public to come and watch an opera in there – the first time it’s ever been done. Normally they have concerts or church services, but never an opera. The lighting, the scenery, and the staging were so special. Yes, that’s definitely my favourite. Where do Streetwise Opera perform? We try and perform in two different types of place. Once a year we try and perform in a really big high profile venue like Westminster Abbey or, like last year, in New College, Oxford, which some people from The Passage came to see. It was fantastic. If we go to Nottingham we’ll probably perform in their City Hall. All the rest of the year we do much smaller performances. For example in April we will perform in a church called the Union Chapel, in Islington (see end of article). Last year we performed in the open air, at Embankment Gardens. These type of events are more frequent. When did the workshops start at the Passage Day Centre? March 2002, for 3 months, to do the Canticles. At the end of May we decided to start them properly. They now take place once a week, at 2pm on a Tuesday. What is Streetwise Opera’s next project at The Passage and how long does it last? The next projext won’t actually be at The Passage but it will be using The Passage group. In April there is a big festival at the Union Chapel in Islington which runs for four days. People are invited to go and see various groups. There will be art, painting, singing, all sorts of musical things. One of the days, Streetwise Opera is organising the events. The group from The Passage will be there all day – singing, performing etc. I went to see the venue recently and there is a modern theatre where we will be performing. There will probably be some people from Crisis Skylight and London Connection, and maybe the group from Luton, but the main group will be from The Passage. Do you know what will you be performing? We are going to do a little show called “Sparks from the Ashes”. The festival is called “Ten Feet Away”. The whole idea is to look at things you don’t immediately notice and see if you can find something wonderful in them. We have chosen songs that reflect that. One of the songs is about being in New York where it’s really cold, miserable and grey. The person really hates it – but they’ve fallen in love with somebody, and it’s wonderful. And there’s another song like that, about London. It’s really foggy and the person just can’t be bothered. They meet someone and suddenly everything becomes sparkly again. It’s all about how little tiny things can suddenly come along and change your day. sing it and everyone else in the group will do backing vocals. We play around with songs. We don’t normally sing them in their traditional form. A general session will have some warm ups, some rhythm work, some interaction games and then we’ll play around with some songs. We do a bit of movement, maybe do a bit of staging, decide how a song might look – how an audience might like to see the song – and what people might be doing. Then there are usually a few extraverts who will want to get up and do a solo. Who can be involved with Streetwise Opera and what is the age range? Anybody can come who is in one of the centres when Streetwise Opera are performing. The age range is governed by the centre they are in. The youngest person will be 16 (from Connection, St Martin’s). I think there is someone at Queen Mary’s hostel in her 90’s. The main group is probably 20-50. People can come once or as often as they want. We try to make each session worthwhile in its own right so if you’ve never been to Streetwise Opera before and you can’t come back again, at least in that one day that your with us you might walk away humming something great or feeling that you’ve learnt something about music. We don’t really expect people to come along and sing opera. We just want people to come and listen to music, learn a bit about music, and hopefully sing a little bit. Are there any backstage opportunities? Yes, definitely. That’s a really important part of what we do. Lots of people don’t want to get up and be in the spotlight. We don’t have so much of that during the year, at the weekly workshops, but when we do a big project there is lots of scope for backstage work. What we tend to say is “we’re going to spend 12 weeks putting the project together, and in week 7,8, and 9, if you want to do backstage work come and join us then”. We give people special dates that we do backstage work. Three or four people might help the lighting designer, the same helping the set designer, different people shadowing etc. Also during actual performances people might be required to work backstage and help out there. They are vital in making sure the show runs properly on the day. So what would a normal session be like? We generally plan it by term. If we have a show at the end of it we start preparing for that show pretty much right at the beginning of term. Dominic and I choose the music and then we’ll do some improvisation and play around with some of the notes. For example I’ll Have Streetwise Opera performed for any famous people? I think Cherie Blair was at the AGM. At our show in Westminster Abbey we found out later that loads of famous people had attended. Where did you study opera? I went to the Royal College of Music which is next to the Albert Hall. I studied singing for four years. I didn’t specialise in opera. I did all sorts of different singing including some opera which was part of my course. I now do lots of different styles. In my work as a singer I do a lot of session work – I sing on the radio, a bit of television work. I sing in churches – all sorts of different stuff. But obviously Rowan performs with the group opera is a big part of what I do with Streetwise Opera. That’s my training. I started singing when I was 12. I remember I always wanted to be a singer. I did play the violin and the piano. What have you done before joining Streetwise Opera? Lots of singing for different groups of people. I went to Moscow and Germany on tour. I sang in the Covent Garden Festival and the Handel Festival - singing jobs that would last 6-8 weeks. I did Christmas shows, lots of things like that. I can still do lots of these things because I don’t work full time for Streetwise Opera. What is envisaged for the future development of Streetwise Opera? To continue to take opera to all sorts of different groups of people within different communities that wouldn’t normally see it. Last week we took a group to go and see a modern opera called “Family Matters” – it was brilliant. That’s another of our aims. To make sure we can get people out to see opera. We want to do more projects, all over the country hopefully and to carry on with our weekly workshops. We want to keep it accessible and clear cut. We thank Rowan very much for so generously giving up her time to come and talk to the Magazine Group. If you would like more information about Streetwise Opera and what they do then why not visit their website www.streetwiseopera.org.uk Ten Feet Away “Sparks from the Ashes” Union Chapel, Islington Friday 16th April, 2004 Look out for the next performance: ‘The Handel and Hendrix Experience’ at Trinity Buoy Wharf, Docklands 16th - 20th August 29 30 Stacey McPhall is a Vincentian Volunteer from Michigan, USA. She writes about her experiences over the last year at The Passage. She is also famous for her banana bread so check out her recipe first of September. I was ushered into the dining room of the Provincial House, the home to the Daughters of Charity, to meet the other volunteers. arefooted, I’m standing in front of the X-ray machine trying Sweaty and tired, I’m The volunteers relaxing on Holy Island hard to remain patient. “Last call for McPhall to board sure I didn’t make as flight 738 at Gate B7…last call.” “Did you hear that?” I ask the great a first impression as they made on me. As soon as I met complacent woman as she slowly ransacks through my travel them, I had forgotten about my flight and being so far from bag. So much for neatness; I had spent a good amount of time home. They instantly felt like my second family as they still do organising everything in my bag. now. Never have the Vincentian Volunteers gotten along so “Hear what? You tend to block everything out after working well and yet we represent countries from all over the world: here for awhile.” Indonesia, Slovakia, the United States and all over England, “Well, am I going to miss my flight?” from “Geordie Land” to Ipswich. We “I don’t know,” she said in a dismissive were told that the twelve of us were to tone that meant she didn’t care either. Ingredients be divided into four houses of three each After removing everything embarrassing 1 cup sugar in London, Liverpool and Manchester. from my backpack to display as comic ½ cup butter Each of us would be assigned a particular relief for all the other wardens of her 3 bananas job to help the poor and others in need meticulous inspections, it was sent ½ tablespoon hot water of care or help once we were settled in through the machine one last time. At 1 teaspoon soda bicarbonate our new places. I was assigned to stay in last the culprit was revealed: two pen 1 teaspoon vanilla extract London with Rachel, a creative soul from refills still in their packaging. My sister 2 cups flour Yorkshire and Stephen, a gentle bloke had given them to me as a last minute 2 eggs beaten from Manchester with a great listening present along with a journal and a pen. So ½ teaspoon salt ear. I had spent the last twenty-five minutes Cream butter and sugar together. Mix Our first week together went by quickly being delayed for my flight all because soda and water together in a separate and soon it was time for my new friends of pen refills? Did I really look like the container; then add to butter and sug- to load into a van on its way to different type of person to carry weapons to slit ar mixture. Add salt, eggs and vanilla. houses in Manchester and Liverpool. As someone’s throat? With no time to think Alternatively add small amounts of Terri, the driver pulled onto the street, about the answer, I quickly grabbed my flour and bananas; mix well. Pour into Stephen, Rachel and I waved goodbye. shoes and bag and ran precariously to two loaf pans and cook at 350º F/180º Our home was here in London and gate B7, my bare feet smacking loudly on C/Gas Mark 4 for 45 minutes. tomorrow, we were to start our new jobs. the hard tiled floor. I had just made my It was a night of restless sleep as I flight. thought about my new placement at the As I was putting on my shoes safely in Passage. So far, the other volunteers my seat on the plane, I began to wonder and Sister Pauline had made me feel that if I was doing the right thing. Am I really coming here was the right choice, but meant to come to London for a year? Am would my new job? If everything else was I supposed to be a Vincentian Volunteer? Maybe I look more going along so well, something was bound to go wrong. Maybe like a terrorist than a warm-hearted, selfless person ready to it was going to happen at the Passage. do anything that Sister Pauline asks of me and the other eleven However, all proved well once again. Richard, Mike, Matt volunteers. Have I made the right choice? Even my family tried and Bill wasted no time putting me to work, but also made me to talk me out of coming. Anyway, it was the wrong time to feel right at home in the ETE room. Along with little weekly make a decision now as the plane made its way from the United jobs, I also help the clients on the computers when I can in the States. I had the next morning sessions and I am Anna’s helper during the CLAIT 6,000 miles to London to course on Thursday afternoons. I even get to see my roommate, realise there was no way Stephen working in the kitchen every now and again. of backing out now. After all that worry, I have come to the conclusion that getting After twenty hours of on that plane from America was the best decision I have ever layovers and bad movies, made. Working at the Passage as a Vincentian Volunteer has been I had finally arrived to the a great experience and I am sorry to see it end. However, I believe place of my destination: that all good things must come to an end. From now on, because Mill Hill, London. The of all the great people I have met and the fun times here at the weather was beautiful Passage, my life can only get better. I will be sorry to leave, but A trip to Edinburgh. From left to right: Me, - unusually warm for the maybe Providence will have me miss my flight on the way home. Sylvia, Ann, Erin B Banana Bread D.I.Y. Project Photos (starting at top and working down) 1 Busy, Busy, Busy 2 Walls plastered & painting started 3 Doing paperwork (it doesn’t take long!) 4 Early on in the project before plastering began 5 Building partition walls 6 Erecting partitioning 7 Job description board 8 Joshua working on the door 9 Jon sawing 10 Michael making and hanging new cupboard doors 11 Office window before removal 12 No 43 Bell Street 13 Completion certificate 14 Attendance forms 15 Enrolement form It is well worth a try. The 43 Bell St Project with City of Westminster College, that is. And, who knows it may just be the opening you need for the skilled job you’ve been aiming at for quite a while. The poster advertising the project lists painting and decorating, carpentry and plumbing. I made my enquiries at 43 Bell St with those items in mind but to my surprise I found they are offering a lot more than that. I picked four items; painting, woodwork, wall papering, and tiling. I was looking forward to just knowing a little bit about this but the with the tools and equipment available I discovered I could pick up a professional skill here leaving the rest to practice and practice. The project gives enough scope for the participants to really handle, at first under instruction Bell Street NW1 I did there is also plastering, carpentry, plumbing and bricklaying available for those who want them and just like in the painting and any other sector of the project there were more than enough tools for everyone. I learned how to handle various tools I had never used before and that was an advantage. More importantly on finishing the thirteen week course I corrected the notion I had had all along that DIY is just do it anyway you like but now I realise DIY can really get as professional a finish as the work of a contractor. Bell St trains along the lines of good professional finish not just slipshod work and that is the big advantage. Give it a try.You may discover that all you need to become a professional in whichever area you choose is just practice and practice and practice. By Joshua Jeboda and later on ones’ own, any chosen item, any chosen skill one wants to learn about. I had plenty of practice of wall papering both plain and coloured, patterned paper. What is interesting about the project is to discover by practice what a professional job really involves. Before I got to Bell St my knowledge of painting wasn’t anything more than dipping a brush into paint and splashing it on but through the expert guidance of Stuart and Jonathan I was able to see that painting is a skilful job requiring specialised techniques. Once I had picked up the technique I really came to enjoy painting be it walls or Staff will be happy to provide referrals and the means to visit the project if you are interested - see below for details. Bell Street D.I.Y. Project Do you want to gain a broad range of D.I.Y. skills? Woodwork, Painting & Wall Papering, Glazing, Dry Wall Lining & Plastering, Tiling The course runs Monday to Friday 10am - 3pm Travel and lunch are provided woodwork. Apart from the professional tools available the homely environment created by the two instructors made learning some fun. I had the privilege of a visit by two experts, who make a living out of painting and decorating. Carol and Nicky added a few tips for one to pick up; hints from those working and schooled in their field was a tremendous advantage and I really came to start enjoying painting and could make it a career now. I had always wondered about tiling but within a few days of practice, using real tilers tools I was able to do some tiling myself and have now added tiling to the list of things I can do. Apart from the things If interested either; • Speak to Lucy or a member of the ETE staff • Contact Stuart or Jon on 020 7706 7847 Tartan: original artwork by Peter Graham with a Matt Finish 31 32 Olympics - The First Hundred Years The Marathon The burning desire of one man brought about the revival of the ancient athletic games performed in honour of the Greek god Zeus. It created the most prestigious event in international sports: the modern Olympics. In 1996 the Games were one century old. Anthony Crawford writes about the Games’ colourful history B aron Pierre de Coubertine (1863-1937) had a vision: he wanted to revive the ancient contests held in honour of the 12 deities of mount Olympus in Greece. The realisation of his plan inaugurated a new era in international sports. During the 19th century many initiatives were taken to introduce sport into the educational system, to create sports associations and to organise large-scale events. There were even some unsuccessful attempts of reviving the Olympic Games. Coubertine had his vision at the right time and he was in a position to transform it into reality. The baron proclaimed his desire for an athletic contest with participants from all over the world in November 1892, at a meeting of the Union des Sports Athlétiques in Paris. The French Capital and the year 1900 were chosen for the first Olympic Games in modern times. Then the interval of six years was felt to be too long and that Greece, as the birthplace of the contests, was a more appropriate location. The King of Greece opened the first modern games in April 1896. In ancient Greece, the athletic contests on Mount Olympus achieved importance among at least four sporting events regularly held by about the 6th century B.C. The contests took place every four years until abolished by the Roman emperor Theodosius I in 393 A.D. probably because of their association with paganism. The games on Mount Olympus honoured the god Zeus who ruled the sky and the group of twelve gods whom the Greeks believed to be residing on the mountain. Until 472 B.C. all the contests took place on one day. Later they lasted four days with the fifth allocated to the closing ceremony and a banquet for the champions. There are no records of female competitors or spectators. A possible reason may be that in most events the athletes participated in the nude. The first Olympiad of the new era centred on the Panathinaiko Stadium in Athens. The events in 1896 lasted for ten days. A total of 311 male athletes from 13 countries participated. The International O l y m p i c The 1896 Olympic Stadium Committee (IOC) had decided to ban women from competing. The success of the 1896 Games moved Greece to declare itself the rightful host of all future Olympics. Baron de Coubtertine and the IOC insisted on organising the event each time in a different location. The 1900 Olympics in Paris achieved merely the status of a sideshow. The Paris Exposition and the brand new Eiffel Tower attracted more public interest. Women took part for the first time. The first prize consisted of a silver medallion with bronze for second place. The 1904 Olympics had been scheduled for Chicago but St. Louis hosted them in conjunction with the centennial celebrations of the Louisiana Purchase. Merely 13 nations sent athletes. Of 687 competitors, 500 were American. The Olympics returned to Athens in 1906. The Greek authorities and Baron de Coubertine desired to re-create the spirit of the 1896 games. This led to an agreement that Greece would host interim games every four years between the Olympics. The Intercalated Games had to be cancelled in 1910 due to political unrest. They never re-appeared. In 1908 the Olympics came to London. A newly built stadium in Shepherd’s Bush seated 68,000 spectators. Officials from Britain and many other participating countries, especially from the United States, argued frequently. The event earned the nickname “The Battle of Shepherd’s Bush”. In 1916, Berlin should have hosted the Olympic Games but the Great War of 1914-18 made this impossible. Less than two years after armistice, The Olympics resumed in Belgium. The 1928 Olympics in Amsterdam marked the return of Germany after a 19 year probation for its “aggressiveness” in World War I. For the 1932 Olympics in Los Angeles a village was built that accommodated the athletes. The idea wasn’t new. The ancient Greeks used to house the competitors in hostels on Mount Olympus. Berlin was chosen as the venue for the 1936 Games before the Nazis came to power. The government spared no costs to provide the finest facilities. Jesse Owen, the black sharecropper’s son, won 4 gold medals which angered Hitler, the German Chancellor. The Summer Olympics scheduled for 1940 and 1944 did not take place. IOC decided to cancel the Games due to global conflicts. In 1948 The Olympics came to London. Germany and Japan received no invitations. The Soviet Union, although invited, chose not to send competitors. The USSR participated in the 1952 Olympics in Helsinki. They had not sent athletes for 40 years. The performance of the team surprised everyone. At the 1960 Olympics in Rome Cassius Clay won the Olympic light heavy weight crown. Clay changed his name to Muhammad Ali and held the world heavy weight title 3 times. The 1968 Olympics held in Mexico City was staged at 7,349 feet above sea level. The thin air helped shatter records in every men’s and women’s race up to 1,500 metres and may have facilitated the US long jumper Bob Beamon’s incredible gold medal leap of 29 feet 2½ inches, beating the existing world mark by nearly 2 feet. The 1972 Olympic in Munich will always be remembered more for the death of the Israelis contestants than for the athletic achievements. The Olympics had now become a vehicle for making political statements and 64 nations boycotted the 1980 Games in Moscow. The first Olympics held in a Communist country still featured 80 competing nations. For the third consecutive Olympiad a boycott kept many invited nations away from the 1984 games in Los Angeles. Sebastian Coe of Britain became the first repeat winner of the 1,500 metres since Jim Lightbody of the USA in 1906. Another repeater was Briton Daley Thompson in the decathlon. The L.A. Olympics made history as the first privately financed games ever. A record 10,563 athletes from 172 nations gathered for the 1992 Olympics in Barcelona. No country boycotted the event. The IOC allowed professional athletes to compete after 96 years of high-minded opposition. For the 1996 Atlanta games 197 nations competed, which made this the largest Olympics ever. The feat began joyously with Muhammad Ali igniting the Olympic couldron. The modern Olympics were now one hundred years old. During the first century the Olympic Games evolved from a contest of gentlemen-amateurs towhomparticipationwasmoreimportantthan winning, to a sophisticated and highly profitable commercial operation, a superb public-relations exercise for the host country, a world-platform for political statements, a terrorist target – and more. What changes and challenges will the second century bring? Indeed, will there still be Olympic Games in 2096? Legend, Mythology, and Reality “The Highlight Of The Olympic Games’” Silver is Gold and Gold is Silver (and Subsequent Events) Review by Peter Graham A ccording to history, in 490 B.C. an army from Persia landed on the Plain of Marathon, which is about 25 miles from Athens, intending to capture and enslave that city state. It may be an apocryphal story that while the landing was in progress, the Athenians sent a messenger called Philippides (or Pheidippides) to Sparta to ask them for help in the forthcoming battle. The distance he is purported to have covered, in less than two days, is 150 miles! (not 26 miles 385 yards - 42,195 metres, that distance did not occur until the London Olympic Games of 1908). Apparently the battle started before the Spartans arrived and the Athenians remained unconquered. Some 600 years later it is recorded and claimed by “writers” that a runner was sent to Athens to let that city know of the victory. Whereupon he said with his last (or latest) breath “Rejoice we conquer” and fell dead. The modern Olympic Games commenced in 1896 when, among other events, the marathon was run over a distance of 40,000 metres, about 25 miles. The winner is recorded as Spiridon Louis, when on 10th April he ran the race in 2 hours 58 minutes 50 seconds from 16 other entrants. Prior to this event on 15th February 1896 G.Grigorou is shown to be the winner of the first marathon in a time of 3 hours 45 minutes, at the original race of the Greek Marathon Trials. It is reported that a French delegate to the International Congress of Amateurs, in 1894 Michel Brèal had the idea to establish such an event and he provided a silver trophy for this race of endurance to the Athens Olympics Organising Committee. Spiridon Louis, the eventual winner, apparently spent the night of 9th April 1896 at the village of Marathon and on the morning of the 10th he is purported to have completed two laps of the village square “to stretch his legs”. Between the inaugural event at Athens and 2000 A.D. at Sydney the event has been run 25 times, (including 1906 when the race was won, at the “interim games” but it was not recognised by The International Olympics Committee, by William Sherring of Canada in 2 hours 51 minutes 23.6 seconds). Times have improved dramatically, particularly since 1908 when the distance was increased to 26 miles 385 yards – (42,195 metres) and the winner, John Hayes of U.S.A., completed the race in 2 hours 55 minutes 18.4 seconds. Dorando Pietri of Italy was first across the line but he was disqualified for being helped on the final lap. He was, however, suitably rewarded for his endeavour the next day when Queen Alexandra presented him with a silver trophy. Apparently Queen Alexandra had requested that the organisers arrange to start the event under the windows of the Royal Nursery at Windsor, at the London Olympics in that year and thereby increased the length of the Marathon race by more than a mile (the longest mile is the last lap home!). The fastest time ever recorded at the Olympics is 2 hours 9 minutes 21 seconds, when Carlos Lopez of Portugal ran the race at Los Angeles in 1984. Only two athletes, Abebe Bikila (of Ethiopia) the winner at Rome in 1960, when he ran barefoot, and at Tokyo in 1964, and Waldemar Cierpinski (German Democratic Republic) victor at Montreal in 1976 and at Moscow in 1980, have retained the Olympic Marathon title. Bikila, when barefoot at Rome, ran 7 minutes 47 seconds faster than the previous best time of 2 hours 23 minutes 2 seconds by Emile Zatopek of Czechaslovakia at Helsinki in 1952. Subsequently in 1976 Cierpinski reduced the time to 2 hours 9 minutes 55 seconds, which is still the second fastest time recorded at the Olympic Games Marathons since 1896. The Ladies Marathon was not an official event until 1984 at Los Angeles, when Joan Benoit of the U.S.A. completed the course in 2 hours 24 minutes 52 seconds (which compares favourably with the times of the winners of most men’s event’s throughout) which is 15 minutes 31 seconds slower than the fastest time ever recorded at the Olympic Marathon by Carlos Lopez at the same Olympiad. Lopez was followed “home” by John Treacy of Ireland and Charles Spedding, of Ferryhill, County Durham, representing Great Britain. In the year 2000 (the Millenium) at Sydney, Naoko Takahashi of Japan ran the quickest time for a lady of 2 hours 23 minutes 14 seconds, which is about 11 seconds slower than the time recorded by Emile Zatopek in 1952. Zatopek had, of course, also won the 10,000 metres track race, prior to that Marathon and after witnessing his wife win the gold medal in the Ladies Javelin event! Initially, for the Greatest Prize(s) In Sport, the athletes were awarded a silver medal (gold came later) and a laurel branch. The winner of the Marathon also received a silver trophy. The expression “Egine Louis” “Become like Louis” or “Take off like Louis” apparently became “coined” and was commonly used at Greece thereafter. Only 4 British athletes have achieved second place in the event since 1896, the most recent is Basil Heatley of Coventry at Tokyo. According to information the commencement of the Boston Marathon (Mass. U.S.A.) in 1897 followed the first Marathon at the Modern Olympic Games and the event has taken place annually thereafter. Other marathons throughout the world are widely competed for (including those “run” for a charitable purpose) and the fastest time recorded is at Berlin in 2003, when Paul Tergat of Kenya won in 2 hours 4 minutes 55 seconds (his fellow countryman Sammy Korir, followed a second later). Whereas Paula Radcliffe of Great Britain has recorded the two fastest times in the ladies event at London in 2003 in 2 hours 15 minutes 22 seconds and previously at Chicago (U.S.A.) in 2002 in 2 hours 17 minutes 18 seconds (she has also recorded the fourth fastest time also in 2002 at London). There are large official financial incentives for those professional athletes who are successful in these widely sponsored events. However the laurel rests with the messenger, by whatever name called! 33 34 We bring you more of Michael Pratt’s amazing designs. If you would like to have a go yourself there is blank grid on the opposite page. Send your designs to us and the best will be published next issue 35 © Uve Prinz