03AIR626-Ind.GasData Bk_04

Data Book
www.us.airliquide.com
Industrial
& Specialty Gas
Data Book
CONTENTS
Absolute Temperature Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35–36
Air Pressure Drop in Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Ambient Vaporizer Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Ammonia and Dissociated Ammonia Conversion Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Area Conversion Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Argon Conversion Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Carbon Dioxide Conversion Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Carbon Dioxide Cylinder Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Carbon Monoxide Conversion Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
CGA Valve Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Combustion Constants of Hydrocarbon Gases (Volume) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Combustion Constants of Hydrocarbon Gases (Weight) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Combustion Requirements of Typical Fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Compressed Gas Cylinders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71-75
Densities at Various Saturation Pressures (O2, N2, Ar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Density Conversion Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Dewpoint to PPM/Percent Conversion Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22–24
DURA-LINE Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Electric Vaporizer Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Energy Conversion Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Flammability Characteristics of Common Gases and Liquids . . . . . . 27–29
Flash From Saturated Pressurized Liquids Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Gas Conversion Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Gas Turbine Capacity Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57–58
Generic Vessel Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Helium Conversion Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
High Pressure Aluminum Cylinder Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
High Pressure Steel Cylinder Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
How to Purge With Nitrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54-55
Hydrogen Conversion Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Krypton Conversion Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Length Conversion Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Medical Cylinder Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Metered Gas Conversion Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2
CONTENTS
Methanol and Dissociated Methanol Conversion Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Minimum Safe Distance for Liquid Hydrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Minimum Safe Distance for Liquid Oxygen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Minimum Safe Distance for Liquid Petroleum Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Miscellaneous Conversion Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Neon Conversion Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Nitrogen Refrigeration Conversion Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Oxygen Conversion Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Ozone Conversion Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Physical Properties (English) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Physical Properties (Metric) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Power Conversion Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Pressure Conversion Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Pressure, Temperature and Density Relationship Charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Propylene Conversion Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Purging Efficiency Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Refrigeration Conversion Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Refrigeration Values for Expendable Refrigerants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
SCFH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Specific Energy Conversion Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Steam Table (Saturation:Pressure) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62–64
Steam Table (Saturation:Temperature) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59–61
Superheated Vapor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65–70
Tonnage Conversion Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Tonnage Conversion Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Tube Trailer Volume Capacities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Typical CO2 Vessel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Typical Liquid Customer Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Vapor Release Liquid Hydrogen Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Velocity Conversion Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
VGL Parts Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Volume Conversion Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Weight Conversion Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Xenon Conversion Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3
INTRODUCTION
This book is designed to provide a convenient source of information
for anyone who works with or studies industrial gases. It is published
by Air Liquide America, a subsidiary of Air Liquide, the world’s largest
industrial gas company. Through Air Liquide America, Air Liquide
markets tonnage and merchant gases to industrial, commercial, and
public facilities throughout North America. Air Liquide is active in more
than 60 countries around the world.
The data is based on sources using standard industry references. It is
believed to be accurate, but is recommended for use as a guideline
only. More detailed information can be obtained by contacting your
Air Liquide America representative.
Put Safety First!
In handling industrial gases or working in environments where they are
present, beware of confined spaces where there is a limited oxygen
supply. Confined spaces that may present a danger include:
• Tanks on railroad cars and highway vehicles, storage tanks,
mixing tanks
• Air separation cold boxes and similar insulated cavities, silos,
furnace boxes, combustion chambers, etc.
• Pits and deep depressions, sewers, etc.
• Reaction kettles, stills, receivers, steam drums
• Acetylene generators and gas holders
In situations where atmospheric air is not provided or where breathing
equipment is not available, you should follow the Tank Procedures of
Air Liquide America or other organizations.
All data set forth herein is provided for general information only
and is based on generally accepted tests and on published data
from standard technical reference works. The accuracy or
completeness of any such information, test, or data is not
warranted in any way.
4
5
NITROGEN CONVERSION DATA
OXYGEN CONVERSION DATA
6
NEON CONVERSION DATA
ARGON CONVERSION DATA
7
HYDROGEN CONVERSION DATA
HELIUM CONVERSION DATA
8
XENON CONVERSION DATA
KRYPTON CONVERSION DATA
9
CARBON MONOXIDE CONVERSION DATA
OZONE CONVERSION DATA
10
PROPYLENE CONVERSION DATA
CARBON DIOXIDE CONVERSION DATA
11
AMMONIA AND DISSOCIATED AMMONIA CONVERSION DATA
METHANOL AND DISSOCIATED METHANOL CONVERSION DATA
12
TONNAGE CONVERSION FACTORS*
13
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
10
20
TONNAGE CONVERSION CHART
Scf/Mo (millions)
30
40
60
Tons Per Day
50
70
80
Nitrogen
90
Oxygen
100
14
VOLUME CONVERSION FACTORS
AREA CONVERSION FACTORS
15
WEIGHT CONVERSION FACTORS
LENGTH CONVERSION FACTORS
16
PRESSURE CONVERSION FACTORS
DENSITY CONVERSION FACTORS
17
SPECIFIC ENERGY CONVERSION FACTORS
ENERGY CONVERSION FACTORS
18
REFRIGERATION CONVERSION FACTORS
POWER CONVERSION FACTORS
19
NITROGEN REFRIGERATION CONVERSION FACTORS
REFRIGERATION VALUES TO +40ºF FOR EXPENDABLE REFRIGERANTS
20
VELOCITY CONVERSION FACTORS
21
MISCELLANEOUS CONVERSION FACTORS
22
DEWPOINT TO PPM CONVERSION TABLE
23
DEWPOINT TO PPM CONVERSION TABLE
24
DEWPOINT TO PPM CONVERSION TABLE
25
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES (ENGLISH)
26
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES (METRIC)
27
FLAMMABILITY CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMON GASES AND LIQUIDS
28
FLAMMABILITY CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMON GASES AND LIQUIDS
29
FLAMMABILITY CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMON GASES AND LIQUIDS
30
COMBUSTION CONSTANTS OF HYDROCARBON GASES (WEIGHT)
31
COMBUSTION REQUIREMENTS OF TYPICAL FUELS
COMBUSTION CONSTANTS OF HYDROCARBON GASES (VOLUME)
32
METERED GAS CONVERSION FACTORS
33
GAS CONVERSION FACTORS
AIR PRESSURE DROP IN PIPE
Air pressure drop in pounds per square inch
per 100 feet of Schedule 40 pipe
for air at 100 psig and 60°F
Compressed
Air at
60°F &
60°F &
14.7 psia 100 psig
1/4"
3/8"
1/2"
3/4"
1
2
3
4
5
0.128
0.256
0.384
0.153
0.641
0.083
0.285
0.605
1.04
1.58
0.018
0.064
0.133
0.226
0.343
0.020
0.042
0.071
0.106
0.027
6
8
10
15
20
0.769
1.025
1.282
1.922
2.563
2.23
3.89
5.96
13.0
22.8
0.408
0.848
1.26
2.73
4.76
0.148
0.255
0.356
0.334
1.43
25
30
35
40
45
3.204
3.845
4.486
5.126
5.767
7.34
10.5
14.2
18.4
23.1
50
60
70
80
90
6.408
7.690
8.971
10.25
11.53
100
125
150
175
200
12.82
16.02
19.22
22.43
25.63
0.029
0.044
0.062
0.083
0.107
0.021
0.028
0.036
225
250
275
300
325
28.84
32.04
35.24
38.45
41.65
0.134
0.164
0.191
0.232
0.270
350
375
400
425
450
44.87
48.06
51.26
54.47
57.67
475
500
550
600
650
1"
1-1/4"
0.037
0.062
0.094
0.201
0.345
0.019
0.029
0.062
0.102
0.026
2.21
3.15
4.24
5.49
6.90
0.526
0.748
1.00
1.30
1.62
0.156
0.219
0.293
0.379
0.474
0.039
0.055
0.073
0.095
0.116
0.019
0.026
0.035
0.044
0.555
8.49
12.2
16.5
21.4
27.0
1.99
2.85
3.83
4.96
6.25
0.578
0.819
1.10
1.43
1.80
0.149
0.200
0.270
0.350
0.437
0.067
0.094
0.126
0.162
0.203
0.019
0.027
0.036
0.046
0.058
7.69
11.9
17.0
23.1
30.0
2.21
3.39
4.87
6.60
8.54
0.534
0.825
1.17
1.58
2.05
0.247
0.380
0.537
0.727
0.937
0.070
0.107
0.151
0.205
0.264
0.045
0.055
0.666
0.078
0.090
10.8
13.3
16.0
19.0
22.3
2.59
3.18
3.83
4.56
5.32
1.19
1.45
1.75
2.07
2.42
0.331
0.404
0.484
0.573
0.673
0.313
0.356
0.402
0.452
0.507
0.104
0.119
0.134
0.151
0.168
25.8
29.6
33.6
37.9
6.17
7.05
8.02
9.01
10.2
2.80
3.20
3.64
4.09
4.59
0.776
0.887
1.00
1.13
1.26
60.88
64.08
70.49
76.90
83.30
0.562
0.623
0.749
0.887
1.04
0.187
0.206
0.248
0.293
0.342
11.3
12.5
15.1
18.0
21.1
5.09
5.61
6.79
8.04
9.43
1.40
1.55
1.87
2.21
2.60
700
750
800
850
900
89.71
96.12
102.5
108.9
115.3
1.19
1.36
1.56
1.74
1.95
0.395
0.451
0.513
0.576
0.642
24.3
27.9
31.8
35.9
40.2
10.9
12.6
14.2
16.0
18.0
3.00
3.44
3.90
4.40
4.91
950
1,000
1,100
1,200
1,300
121.8
128.2
141
153.8
166.6
2.18
2.40
2.89
3.44
4.01
0.715
0.788
0.948
1.13
1.32
20.0
22.1
26.7
31.8
37.3
5.47
6.06
7.29
8.63
10.1
1,400
1,500
1,600
1,800
2,000
179.4
192.2
205.1
203.7
256.3
4.65
5.31
6.04
7.65
9.44
1.52
1.74
1.97
2.50
3.06
34
2-1/2"
0.019
0.023
3"
1-1/2"
2"
11.8
13.5
15.3
19.3
23.9
ABSOLUTE TEMPERATURE CHART
Kelvin
Celsius
°C
K
373.15
100°
Human Body
310.15
37°
Water Freezes
Fahrenheit Zero
Celsius = Fahrenheit
273.15
255.37
233.15
0°
–17.78°
–40°
Bitter Cold Weather
CO2 Sublimes
227.59
194.68
–45.56°
–78.47°
Coldest on Earth
180.38
–92.77°
Xenon Boils
165.04
–108.11°
Krypton Boils
119.81
–153.34°
Oxygen Boils
90.18
–182.97°
Argon Boils
87.28
–185.87°
Nitrogen Boils
77.36
–195.79°
Cryogenic Region
Water Boils
K =°C + 273.15
°C = 5/9 (°F – 32°)
Neon Boils
27.09
–246.06°
Hydrogen Boils
20.27
–252.88°
Helium Boils
4.22
–268.93°
Absolute Zero
0
–273.15°
35
ABSOLUTE TEMPERATURE CHART
Fahrenheit
Rankin
°F
°R
212°
671.67°
Human Body
98.6°
556.27°
Water Freezes
Fahrenheit Zero
Celsius = Fahrenheit
32°
0°
–40
491.67°
459.67°
419.67°
Bitter Cold Weather
CO2 Sublimes
–50°
–109.25°
409.67°
350.42°
Coldest on Earth
–135°
324.67°
Xenon Boils
–162.59°
297.08°
Krypton Boils
–244.01°
215.66°
Oxygen Boils
–297.35°
162.32°
Argon Boils
–302.57°
157.10°
Nitrogen Boils
–320.42°
139.25°
Cryogenic Region
Water Boils
°F = 32°+(°C x 9/5)
°R =°F + 459.67
Neon Boils
–410.90°
48.77°
Hydrogen Boils
–423.19°
36.48°
Helium Boils
–452.08°
7.59°
Absolute Zero
–459.67°
0°
36
37
DENSITIES AT VARIOUS SATURATION PRESSURES
PRESSURE, TEMPERATURE AND DENSITY RELATIONSHIPS
Pressure Over Liquid Oxygen, Nitrogen and Argon
Compared with Temperature at Which Liquids Boil
800
600
500
yg
Ox
Ar
go
n
Ni
tro
300
en
n
400
ge
Pressure – PSIG
700
200
100
0
-180
-200
-220
-240
-260
-280
-300
-320
Temperature °F
Density–Temperature Relationships
for Liquid Oxygen, Nitrogen and Argon
Density of Liquid – Pounds Per Gallon
12
11
Ar
10
go
Ox
9
n
yge
n
8
7
6
Nit
rog
en
5
4
3
2
-160
-180
-200
-220
-240
-260
-280
-300
-320
-340
Temperature °F
38
FLASH FROM SATURATED PRESSURIZED LIQUIDS
N2 *
70
60
O2*
50
Ar*
N2 †
40
O2 †
Ar†
30
20
10
0
40
80
120
160
200
240
PSIG
*Flash gas as a percentage of liquid after depressurization to
atmospheric pressure.
† Flash gas as a percentage of saturated pressurized liquid.
Example: Estimate how much vapor is released when 1000 gallons
of liquid nitrogen at 80 psig is withdrawn from a vessel into a
transport trailer at atmospheric pressure.
Solution: From the chart above, using the lower line with the
storage tank pressure of 80 psig, the vapor released in 18% of
the liquid discharged.
39
VAPOR RELEASE LIQUID HYDROGEN
50
45
Liquid vaporized
measured as a percent
of liquid in receiver
at 1 ATM pressure
40
35
Percent – %
30
25
Liquid vaporized
measured as a percent
of liquid discharged
from storage tank
20
15
10
5
0
20
40
60
80
100
Pressure In Storage Tank – PSIG
40
120
140
41
60"
55"
50"
45"
40"
35"
30"
25"
20"
15"
10"
5"
M
Water Capacity (volume)
Service Pressure
Nominal Weight
Dimentions
DOT Spec
22.04
liters
E
1345
138.9
bars
cu. in.
2015
27.8
kg.
psi
61.3
D
178 x 109.2
7 x 43
lbs.
cm
inches
3AA 2015
M
MEDICAL CYLINDER SPECIFICATIONS
Cylinder Model
E
4.84
295
138.9
2015
4.76
10.5
D
2.95
180
138.9
2015
3.39
7.5
10.6 x 42.5
4.18 x 16.75
3AA 2015
Medical B
10.6 x 65.4
4.18 x 25.75
3AA 2015
1.44
88
138.9
2015
1.89
4.18
8.4 x 33.3
3.31 x 13.125
3AA 2015
Medical B
42
60"
55"
50"
45"
40"
35"
30"
25"
20"
15"
10"
5"
50 LBS.
Water Capacity (volume)
Service Pressure
Nominal Weight
8.625 x 45.38
20 LBS.
7.75 x 23.25
3AA 1800
35.4
liters
20 LBS.
2160
cu. in.
1800
124.1
psi
38.5
bars
84.9
kg.
15 LBS.
13.77
840
124.1
1800
14.95
31.2
15 LBS.
10.55
644
124.1
1800
13.61
30
5 LBS.
17.78 x 58.115
7.0 x 22.88
3AA 1800
10 LBS.
21.908 x 115.2 19.685 x 59.0
lbs.
cm
inches
DOT Spec
Dimentions
50 LBS.
3AA 1800
Cylinder Model
CARBON DIOXIDE CYLINDER SPECIFICATIONS
10 LBS.
5 LBS.
5.73 x 14.0
3AA 1800
10 OZ.
3.62
221
124.1
1800
4.58
10.1
13.385 x 35.6
2.5 LBS.
8.11
495
124.1
1800
10.43
23
17.78 x 45.72
7.0 x 18.0
3AA 1800
2.5 LBS.
10 OZ.
1.94 x 11.88
3E 1800
1.77
108
124.1
1800
2.38
5.25
0.418
25.5
124.1
1800
1.04
2.3
9.042 x 37.135 4.928 x 30.175
3.56 x 14.62
3AA 1800
CGA VALVE SPECIFICATIONS
43
VGL PARTS DESCRIPTION
8
6
1
4
5
9
2
3
7
1 Gas Use Valve with Fitting
2 Liquid Valve with Fitting
3 Pressure Building Valve
4 Vent Valve with Fitting
5 Pressure Building Regulator
6 Pressure Gauge
7 Economizer
4
3
2
1
1 Liquid Valve
2 Economizer Regulator
3 Vent Valve
4 Burst Disc
Dura-Cyl: 400 Psig
Dura Max: 500 Psig
5 Pressure Gauge
7 Pressure Building Regulator
8 Pressure Building Valve
9 Liquid Level Gauge
10 Vacuum Casing Burst Disc
11 Gas Use Valve
44
Vaporizer
Pressure
Building
Coil
5
7
8
9
10
11
45
DURA-LINE SPECIFICATIONS
46
TUBE TRAILER VOLUME CAPACITIES
47
GENERIC VESSEL INFORMATION
TYPICAL LIQUID CUSTOMER STATION
Perlite Insulation
Evacuation to a
High Vacuum
Lifting
Lugs
Vapor Space: 250 psig,
Working Pressure
Liquid Product:
Argon, Nitrogen, Oxygen
Inner Tank: 9% Nickel Steel,
Aluminum, or Stainless Steel
Outer Tank,
Carbon Steel
Liquid Level and
Pressure Guages
High Pressure
Ambient Air
Vaporizer
Final Line
Regulator
Relief Valve
Gaseous Product
to Customer
Bottom Fill Valve
Trailer Fill Connection
Top Fill Valve
48
Concrete Pad
49
STEAM VAPORIZER SPECIFICATIONS
ELECTRIC VAPORIZER SPECIFICATIONS
50
MINIMUM SAFE DISTANCE FOR LIQUID PETROLEUM GAS
AMBIENT VAPORIZER SPECIFICATIONS
MINIMUM SAFE DISTANCE FOR LIQUID OXYGEN
51
MINIMUM SAFE DISTANCE FOR LIQUID HYDROGEN
52
53
C
Refrigeration
Unit
Concrete Pad
Liquid Level and
Pressure Guages
TYPICAL CO2 VESSEL (HORIZONTAL)
Fill
Connections
Vaporizer Return
A
B
Liquid Supply (Vaporizer)
AN AIR LIQUIDE GROUP COMPANY
BIG THREE
Inner
Steel Vessel
Vapor Supply
Insulation
Outer Fiberglass
Shell
Safety Relief Valve
TYPICAL CO2 VESSEL (VERTICAL)
5'
Liquid
Connections
7'4"
HOW TO PURGE WITH NITROGEN
Nitrogen purging is easily adapted to any process installation. Different
methods are used depending on the type and shape of the equipment
to be purged and on the location of the purging inlets and outlets.
1. Displacement Purging
This method is used for equipment with simple cross sections such as
pipelines. The volume of nitrogen required corresponds to the physical
volume of the pipe. In many pipelines, a rubber scraping piston, or
“pig,” is introduced and propelled through the pipe by the nitrogen
pressure to clean the line.
The nitrogen volume required to purge equipment with a simple cross
section is determined using the following formula:
V = VoP/14.7
Where:
V = Total nitrogen volume required (scf)
Vo = Water volume of pipeline (cf)
P = Absolute pressure of nitrogen in the pipeline
during purging (psia)
2. Pressurization Purging
This method is used when conditions do not permit a sweeping action
of nitrogen through the vessel. The vessel is repeatedly pressurized
and mixed with nitrogen gas and then the mixture is exhausted. The
total volume of nitrogen depends on the number of pressurizing purges
required to reduce the contaminant to an acceptable level and can be
determined by using this formula:
V = 1.2nVoP/Pa
Where:
V = Total nitrogen volume required (scf)
Vo = Water volume of pipeline (cf)
P = Absolute pressure of nitrogen in the pipeline
during purging (psia)
Pa = Absolute pressure after exhaust (psia)
n = Number of purges = (log C – log Co)/(log Pa – log P)
Co = Initial content of gas to be removed
C = Final content of gas to be removed
54
3. Dilution Purging
This method is used for equipment cross sections such as distillation
columns, kilns, reactors, etc. Nitrogen partially mixes with the gas to
be purged out, and then the mixture exits through an outlet located as
far as possible from the inlet. The nitrogen required to reduce a contaminate to a desired level can be found using the graph below and
the total volume of nitrogen needed can be computed from the following formula:
V = nVo
Where:
V = Total nitrogen volume required (scf)
Vo = Water volume of pipeline (cf)
n = Number of nitrogen volumes required
1
2
3
4
Initial Impurity Content, Co
Final Impurity Content, C
5
6
7
8
9
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1
2
3
4
5
Number of Nitrogen Volumes Required – n
55
PURGING EFFICIENCY (C/Co) AS A FUNCTION OF NITROGEN VOLUME
(TANK VOLUMES) FOR VARIOUS PURGING TECHNIQUES
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
.1
9
8
7
6
5
(C/Co)
4
3
2
.01
9
8
7
6
5
4
1
2
4
5
3
3
2
.001
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Theoretical Tank Volumes of Nitrogen
Purging Technique:
1. Displacement
2. Dilution Pf = Pi = 14.7
3. Dilution Pi = 14.7; Pf = 29.4
4. Pressure Purge Pi = 19.7; Pf = 24.7
5. Pressure Purge Pi = 19.7; Pf = 34.7
Where Pf = pressure final
Pi = pressure initial
56
11
12
13
57
GAS TURBINE CAPACITY TABLE
58
GAS TURBINE CAPACITY TABLE (continued)
59
STEAM TABLE (SATURATION:TEMPERATURE)
60
STEAM TABLE (SATURATION:TEMPERATURE)
61
STEAM TABLE (SATURATION:TEMPERATURE)
62
STEAM TABLE (SATURATION:PRESSURE)
63
STEAM TABLE (SATURATION:PRESSURE)
64
STEAM TABLE (SATURATION:PRESSURE)
65
SUPERHEATED VAPOR
66
SUPERHEATED VAPOR
67
SUPERHEATED VAPOR
68
1.4751
0.7947
1215.7
1.4586
(476.94) s
v
600
h
(486.21) s
0.7934
1280.6
1.5084
0.6779
1270.7
1.4863
0.5873
1260.1
1.4653
0.5140
1248.8
1243.2
1.4722
0.6154
1229.8
1.4467
0.5264
1215.0
1.4216
0.4533
1198.3
–
–
–
–
–
–
v
h
(518.23) s
v
900
h
(531.98) s
v
h
1000
800
(503.10) s
700
0.7277
1289.9
1.5323
0.9463
1.5451
–
–
–
–
1255.5
1.4990
1.5131
0.8753
1310.7
1.5701
1298.6
1.5588
1265.9
0.5350
0.6089
1275.9
1.4800
1285.4
1.5000
1294.3
1.5212
0.7006
0.8177
1302.7
1.5443
1.5568
0.9729
1.0714
1306.8
1.5845
1.1893
1.5735
1.1591
1.0431
1294.3
1.3332
1314.6
620º
1.3005
1302.8
600º
–
v
h
0.8852
1223.7
550
1266.8
1.5280
1231.3
1.4919
v
h
0.9686
1261.2
1.0800
1.2155
1272.0
1.5437
0.9927
1.1231
1238.4
1.5095
550º
v
500
h
(467.01) s
450
h
(456.28) s
v
500º
SUPERHEATED VAPOR
Abs. Press.
lb/sq in
Sat. Temp.
1281.9
0.5546
1297.0
0.5733
0.6491
1305.1
1.5066
1312.9
1.5250
1299.4
1.5129
0.6294
1209.9
1.4938
1.5449
0.7433
0.8639
1320.3
1327.4
1.5667
1.5787
1.0241
1.1259
1330.8
1334.2
1.5915
1.6054
1.2478
1.3967
1337.5
660º
1.5333
0.7223
0.8411
1307.5
1315.2
1.5558
1.5680
0.9988
1.0989
1318.9
1322.6
1.5810
1.5951
1.2188
1.3652
1326.2
640º
700º
1.5303
0.6084
1.5187
0.5912
1325.3
0.6863
1332.1
0.6680
1318.8
1311.4
1338.6
1.5476
1.5665
0.7833
0.9077
1345.0
1351.1
1.5875
1.5991
1.0732
1.1783
1354.0
1357.0
1.6115
1.6250
1.3044
1.4584
1359.9
1325.9
1.5366
1.5559
0.7635
0.8860
1332.8
1339.3
1.5773
1.5890
1.0489
1.1523
1342.5
1345.7
1.6016
1.6153
1.2763
1.4278
1348.8
680º
1389.2
1.5814
0.6878
0.7716
1393.9
1398.6
1.5972
1.6147
0.8763
1.0108
1403.2
1407.7
1.6343
1.6452
1.1899
1.3038
1409.9
1412.1
1.6571
1.6699
1.4405
1.6074
1414.3
800º
900º
1448.2
1.6257
0.7604
0.8506
1451.8
1455.4
1.6407
1.6573
0.9633
1.1082
1459.0
1462.5
1.6762
1.6868
1.3013
1.4241
1464.3
1466.0
1.6982
1.7108
1.5715
1.7516
1467.7
Temperature—Degrees Fahrenheit
1000º
1505.1
1.6656
0.8294
0.9262
1508.1
1511.0
1.6801
1.6963
1.0470
1.2024
1513.9
1516.7
1.7147
1.7250
1.4096
1.5414
1518.2
1519.6
1.7363
1.7486
1.6996
1.8928
1521.0
1617.3
1.7371
0.9615
1.0714
1619.3
1621.4
1.7510
1.7666
1.2088
1.3853
1623.5
1625.5
1.7846
1.7946
1.6208
1.7706
1626.6
1627.6
1.8056
1.8177
1.9504
2.170
1628.6
1200º
1400º
1730.0
1.8009
1.0893
1.2124
1731.6
1733.2
1.8146
1.8299
1.3662
1.5641
1734.8
1736.3
1.8476
1.8575
1.8279
1.9957
1737.1
1737.9
1.8683
1.8803
2.197
2.443
1738.7
1600º
1845.0
1.8595
1.2146
1.3509
1846.3
1847.5
1.8729
1.8881
1.5214
1.7405
1848.8
1850.0
1.9056
1.9155
2.033
2.219
1850.6
1851.3
1.9262
1.9381
2.442
2.714
1851.9
69
v
h
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
2500 h
(668.13) s
v
h
v
h
3000
(695.36) s
v
h
(635.82) s
v
2000
(621.03) s
1800
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
550º
1600 h
(604.90) s
(587.10) s
v
1400
v
1200 h
(567.22) s
1100 h
(556.31) s
v
500º
SUPERHEATED VAPOR
Abs. Press.
lb/sq in
Sat. Temp.
620º
640º
660º
680º
700º
800º
900º
Temperature— Degrees Fahrenheit
1000º
1200º
1400º
1600º
1.4425
0.4222
1.4583
0.4410
1.4728
0.4586
1.4862
0.4752
1.4989
0.4909
1.5535
0.5617
1.5995
0.6250
1.6405
0.6843
1.7130
0.7967
1.7775
0.9046
1.8363
1.0101
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
1.3639
1.4079
0.2936
1.4258
0.3112
1.4419
0.3271
1.4567
0.3417
1.5177
0.4034
1.5666
0.4553
1.6093
0.5027
1.6836
0.5906
1.7489
0.6738
1.8083
0.7545
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
1.3638
0.2161
1.3855
0.2337
1.4044
0.2489
1.4765
0.3074
1.5301
0.3532
1.5752
0.3935
1.6520
0.4668
1.7185
0.5352
1.7786
0.6011
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
1.2687
1.4127
0.1760
1.4772
0.2159
1.5273
0.2476
1.6088
0.3018
1.6775
0.3505
1.7389
0.3966
1060.7
1267.2
1365.0
1441.8
1574.3
1698.0
1819.9
1.1966
1.3690
1.4439
1.4984
1.5837
1.6540
1.7163
1.3073
0.0984
0.1484
0.1686
0.2294
0.2710
0.3061
0.3678
0.4244
0.4784
1132.3
1176.8
1303.6
1387.8
1458.4
1585.3
1706.1
1826.2
1184.9
1214.8
1240.0
1335.5
1409.2
1474.5
1596.1
1714.1
1832.5
.2945
1.3300
1.3564
1.3783
1.4576
1.5139
1.5603
1.6384
1.7055
1.7660
1145.6
1.3377
0.1936
0.2407
0.2597
0.2760
0.2907
0.3502
0.3986
0.4421
0.5218
0.5968
0.6693
1185.1
1214.0
1238.5
1260.3
1347.2
1417.4
1480.8
1600.4
1717.3
1835.0
1187.8
1215.2
1238.7
1259.6
1278.7
1358.4
1425.3
1487.0
1604.6
1720.5
1837.5
1.3489
1.3741
1.3952
1.4137
1.4303
1.4964
1.5476
1.5914
1.6669
1.7328
1.7926
1.3877
0.2733
0.3174
0.3390
0.3580
0.3753
0.3912
0.4062
0.4714
0.5281
0.5805
0.6789
0.7727
0.8640
1193.0
1218.4
1240.4
1260.3
1278.5
1295.5
1369.1
1433.1
1493.2
1608.9
1723.7
1840.0
1223.5
1243.9
1262.4
1279.6
1295.7
1311.0
1379.3
1440.7
1499.2
1613.1
1726.9
1842.5
1.4052
1.4243
1.4413
1.4568
1.4710
1.4843
1.5409
1.5879
1.6293
1.7025
1.7672
1.8263
1.4251
0.4016
0.4532
0.4738
0.4929
0.5110
0.5281
0.5445
0.6191
0.6866
0.7503
0.8716
0.9885
1.1031
1236.7
1255.3
1272.4
1288.5
1303.7
1318.3
1384.3
1444.5
1502.2
1615.2
1728.4
1843.8
600º
70
550º
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
500º
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
SUPERHEATED VAPOR
Abs. Press.
lb/sq in
Sat. Temp.
v
3206.2 h
(705.40) s
v
3500 h
s
v
4000 h
s
v
4500 h
s
v
5000 h
s
v
5500 h
s
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
600º
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
620º
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
640º
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
660º
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
680º
–
–
–
0.0306
780.5
0.9515
0.0287
763.8
0.9347
0.0276
753.5
0.9235
0.0268
746.4
0.9152
0.0262
741.3
0.9090
700º
1600º
0.3703
1817.2
1.7080
0.3381
1813.6
1.6968
0.2943
1807.2
1.6795
0.2602
1800.9
1.6640
0.2329
1794.5
1.6499
0.2106
1788.1
1.6369
1400º
0.3267
1694.6
1.6452
0.2977
1689.8
1.6336
0.2581
1681.7
1.6154
0.2273
1673.5
1.5990
0.2027
1665.3
1.5839
0.1825
1657.0
1.5699
1200º
0.2806
1569.8
1.5742
0.2546
1563.3
1.5615
0.2192
1552.1
1.5417
0.1917
1540.8
1.5235
0.1696
1529.5
1.5066
0.1516
1518.2
1.4908
1000º
0.2288
1434.7
1.4874
0.2058
1424.5
1.4723
0.1743
1406.8
1.4482
0.1500
1388.4
1.4253
0.1303
1369.5
1.4034
0.1143
1349.3
1.3821
900º
0.1981
1355.2
1.4309
0.1762
1340.7
1.4127
0.1462
1314.4
1.3827
0.1226
1286.5
1.3529
0.1036
1265.5
1.3231
0.0880
1224.1
1.2930
800º
0.1583
1250.5
1.3508
0.1364
1224.9
1.3241
0.1052
1174.8
1.2757
0.0798
1113.9
1.2204
0.0593
1047.1
1.1622
0.0463
985.0
1.1093
Temperature— Degrees Fahrenheit
71
49
2990
cu. in.
44L
44
2685
44
112
51
2685
44
133
51
9
238
211
9
6740
2265
5976
2015
44H
2607
44
189
51
10
335
9487
3500
65"
60"
55"
50"
45"
40"
35"
30"
25"
20"
15"
10"
5"
49
44L
44
44H
44HH
16
* Ideal Gas at STP
** Non-returnable cylinder. Price of cylinder included in the price of the gas.
Note: LBX is an LB cylinder with a CGA valve other than 170 or 180
143
lbs.
liters
55
Internal Water Volume
inches
Height w/o Valve
9.25
Tare Weight w/ Valve
inches
285
cu. ft.
Outside Diameter
8071
liters
Approximate Capacity*
2400
psig
Service Pressure
Cylinder Size
49
COMPRESSED GAS CYLINDERS
High Pressure Mild Steel
976
2383
63
32.5
7
77
2181
16
7
16
2015
42.9
303
51
10
494
13990
6000
44HH
3
7
1**
427
7
28
18.5
6.25
33
934.6
2015
3
LB**
183
3
11
16.75
4.25
14
396.5
2015
1"
LBX**
60
0.98
6
7.25
4.2
5.2
147
2200
LB"
Med E
27
0.44
3.5
12
2
1.9
53.8
1800
27
0.44
4.5
12
2
1.9
53.8
1800
LBX"
275
4.5
14
26
4
20
566
2015
Med E
72
COMPRESSED GAS CYLINDERS
15
125
7628
cu. in.
65"
60"
55"
50"
45"
40"
35"
30"
25"
20"
15"
10"
5"
125
110
* Ideal Gas at STP
** Acetylene Cylinder with acetone
*** Non-returnable cylinder
159
lbs.
liters
Internal Water Volume
54.5
Tare Weight w/ Valve
inches
144
cu. ft.
inches
4076
liters
Approximate Capacity*
Height w/o Valve
480
Service Pressure
Outside Diameter
125
psig
Cylinder Size
Low Pressure Cylinders
420
70
70**
6712
110
73
45
4271
70
187
43..5
12
11894
1982
15
250
70**
260
110
55
55
3356
55
56
51
10
39.6
1121
300
22 LP
1342
22
21
18
12
13
368
240
22 UP
1342
22
14
21
12
13
368
240
732
12
16
17
9
7
200
240
11 LP
22 LP AL
22 LP AL
11 LP
732
12
11
16
10
7
200
240
11 LP AL
11 LP AL
71
1.16
2.5
12
3
0.7
20
240
4D***
4D***
73
COMPRESSED GAS CYLINDERS
30AL
1800
cu. in.
60"
55"
50"
45"
40"
35"
30"
25"
20"
15"
10"
5"
16 AL
29.4
liters
Internal Water Volume
* Ideal Gas at STP
** Resale Cylinder Only
48.5
lbs.
47.9
Tare Weight w/ Valve
inches
Height w/o Valve
144
cu. ft.
8
4088
liters
Approximate Capacity*
inches
2015
Service Pressure
Outside Diameter
30 AL
psig
Cylinder Size
High Pressure Aluminum
840
15.7
31
33
7 AL
360
6.6
15.6
15.6
6.9
33
83
7.25
934.6
2350
7 AL
2216
2216
16 AL
244
3.9
9.7
17.1
5.2
21
595
3 AL**
2216
3 AL**
80
1.3
4.8
9.3
4.4
6.9
195
2216
1 AL**
1 AL**
74
60"
55"
50"
45"
40"
35"
30"
25"
20"
15"
10"
5"
(volume)
413.7
bars
37.4
3600 psi
liters
2285
6000
kg.
psi
267
121.1
lbs.
cu. in.
6000 psi
Water Capacity
Service Pressure
Nominal Weight
9.28x51
9.31x51
3AA 3600
400 cf
300 cf
250 cf
220 cf
3AA 2400 3AA 2265 3AA 2015
10.51x56 9.27x55 9.04x51 8.99x51
3AA 2400
150 cf
7x46.25
3AA 2015
125 cf
7x43
3AA 2265
110 cf
80 cf
55 cf
40 cf
20 cf
7x43
7x32.38 7x22.88
7x18
5.27x14
3AA 2015 3AA 2015 3AA 2015 3AA 2015 3AA 2015
400 cf
43.3
2640
248.2
3600
81.6
180
300 cf
64.9
3960
165.5
2400
86.2
190
250 cf
48.4
2980
165.5
2400
61.2
135
220 cf
43.3
2640
156.2
2265
52.2
115
150 cf
43.3
2640
138.9
2015
51.7
114
125 cf
27.2
1660
138.9
2015
26.76
59
110 cf
22.0
1345
156.2
2265
24.94
55
80 cf
22
1345
138.9
2015
24.94
55
55 cf
16.1
985
30
20 cf
10.6
644
138.9
2015
13.61
40 cf
138.9
2015
19.05
42
8.1
495
138.9
2015
10.43
23
3.6
221
138.9
2015
4.58
10.1
cm 23.5x129.5 23.6x129.5 26.7x142.2 23.5x139.7 23x129.5 22.8x129.5 17.8x117.5 17.8x109.2 17.8x109.2 17.8x82.2 17.8x58.1 17.8x45.7 13.4x35.6
inches
3AA 6000
DOT Spec
Dimentions
6000 psi
Cylinder Model
3600 psi
COMPRESSED GAS CYLINDERS
High Pressure Steel
75
COMPRESSED GAS CYLINDERS
60"
55"
50"
45"
40"
35"
30"
25"
20"
15"
10"
5"
AL-150
Water Capacity (volume)
Service Pressure
Nominal Weight
8 x 48
AL-88
30
liters
139
1831
bars
cu. in.
2015
23
psi
50
kg.
AL-33
22 x 122
lbs.
cm
inches
DOT Spec
Dimentions
AL-150
3AL 2015
Cylinder Model
High Pressure Aluminum
AL-88
16
976
153
2216
15
32
18 x 84
7 x 33
3AL 2216
AL-33
6
366
153
2216
7
16
18 x 41
7 x 16
3AL 2216
76
Supersonic
Regime
Subsonic
Regime
Nozzle
Diameter
18 t
–
–
–
N2
29 t
51
–
32
0.89
P>0.89
45
–
40
O2
29
–
25
1.25
0.050
0.75
N2
O2
0.54
1
(mm)
Pressure
Bar
0.040
(inch)
–
–
–
N2
56 t
99
88
78
O2
1.75
0.070
O2
–
–
–
N2
73 t
130
115
101
2
0.080
–
–
–
N2
93 t
164
145
128
O2
2.25
0.090
t = P+1 for N2 and t = 0.9x(P+1) for O2
–
–
–
N2
41 t
73
65
57
O2
1.5
0.060
–
–
–
N2
115 t
202
179
158
O2
2.5
0.100
–
–
–
N2
139 t
245
217
192
O2
2.75
0.110
SCFH assist gas flow rates through a circular nozzle aperture (1 SCFH = 0.47 L/min – 1 bar = 14.7 psi)
O2
–
–
–
N2
165 t
292
258
228
3
0.120
77
Period
H
Ca
Rb
Sr
Ra
226.03
Fr
(223)
Ba
137.33
88
Cs
87.62
56
132.91
87
85.468
55
40.08
38
K
39.098
37
Mg
24.305
20
Na
22.990
19
Be
9.0122
12
4
Li
6.941
11
3
2
IIA
1.0094
s-block
1
Actinide Series
Lanthanide Series
Rare Earth Elements
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Ti
V
180.95
105
Ta
92.906
73
Nb
50.942
41
23
5
VB
183.85
106
W
95.94
74
Mo
51.996
42
Cr
24
6
VIB
186.21
107
Re
(98)
75
Tc
54.938
43
Mn
25
7
VIIB
190.2
108
Os
101.07
76
Ru
55.847
44
Fe
26
8
192.22
109
Ir
102.91
77
Rh
58.933
45
Co
27
9
VIIIB
Ni
195.08
110
Pt
106.42
78
Pd
58.69
46
28
10
Th
232.04
Ac
227.03
Ce
140.12
90
La
138.91
89
Pr
231.04
Pa
140.91
91
238.03
U
144.24
92
Nd
60
(262)
237.05
Np
(145)
93
Pm
61
Metals
(265)
62
(266)
63
(267)
Sm
(244)
Pu
150.36
94
Eu
(243)
Am
151.96
95
Gd
Cm
157.25
96
(247)
200.59
Hg
112.41
80
Cd
65.39
48
Zn
30
12
IIB
B
204.38
Ti
114,82
81
In
69.72
49
Ga
26.982
31
Ai
10.81
13
5
13
IIIA
C
207.2
Pb
118.71
82
Sn
72.59
50
Ge
28.086
32
Si
12.011
14
6
14
IVA
N
208.98
Bi
121.75
83
Sb
74.922
51
As
30.974
33
P
14.007
15
7
O
(209)
Po
127.60
84
Te
78.96
52
Se
32.06
34
S
15.999
16
8
15
16
VA
VIA
p-block
Non-Metals
(247)
Bk
158.93
97
Tb
65
(251)
Cf
162.50
98
Dy
66
(252)
Es
164.93
99
Ho
67
(257)
Fm
167.26
100
Er
68
(258)
Md
168.93
101
Tm
69
(Mass Numbers in Parentheses are
from the most stable of common isotopes.)
f-block
59
(263)
64
58
(262)
196.97
Au
107.87
79
Ag
63.546
47
Cu
29
11
IB
57
(261)
Unq Unp Unh Uns Uno Une Uun
178.49
104
Hf
91.224
72
Zr
47.88
40
22
4
IVB
s-block
Transition Metals
Atomic #
Symbol
Atomic Mass
PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS
d-block
to 103
89
to 71
88.906
57
Y
44.956
39
Sc
21
3
IIIB
s-block
1
New Designation
IA
Original Designation
F
He
Ne
10
(222)
Rn
131.29
86
Xe
83.80
54
Kr
39.948
36
Ar
20.179
18
Solid
(259)
No
173.04
102
(260)
Lr
174.97
103
Lu
71
Gas
Liquid
Yb
70
2
4.00260
Phases
(210)
At
126.91
85
I
79.904
53
Br
35.453
35
Cl
18.998
17
9
17
VIIA
s-block
18
VIIIA
NOTES
78