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Aircraft Landing Gear
Aircraft Landing Gear The Evolution of a System Gerd Roloff Systems General Airbus-Deutschland GmbH EYDC , GR , April 2002 Contents • Review of Landing Gear History • Struts and Shock Absorbers • Tyres, Wheels & Brakes • Landing Gear Systems • Test & Certification • Landing Gear Design • Special Purpose Undercarrige • Discussion EYDC , GR , April 2002 Landing Gear Data Weight: Cost: Maintenance: Loads: Speeds: Rolling distance: Life time of: In-Service cycle: EYDC , GR , April 2002 2,5 … 5 % of the MTOW 1.5 to 1.75 % of the Aircraft 20 % of the Airframe DMC up to 30,000 kg/wheel over 300 km/h up to 500.000 km 60.000 hours / 20 years 20.000 hours (overhaul) History The Beginning - Wright Brothers , 1903 EYDC , GR , April 2002 History Etrich , 1914 / Albatros , 1918 EYDC , GR , April 2002 History Messerschmitt Me 20 , 1928 EYDC , GR , April 2002 History Junkers Ju-52/3m , 1932 EYDC , GR , April 2002 History Retractable Landing Gear , 1911 EYDC , GR , April 2002 History Hydraulic powered Landing Gear , He-70 , 1932 EYDC , GR , April 2002 History Tail Wheel - Type , Focke Wulf Fw 200 , 1936 EYDC , GR , April 2002 History Overview of Landing Gear Types EYDC , GR , April 2002 History Advantages of the NLG-Type: • Improved rolling characteristics • Horizontal floor • The Pilot has better visibility • Easier ground handling (e.g. towing) EYDC , GR , April 2002 History Nose Wheel-Type Landing Gear , Jatho IV , 1908 EYDC , GR , April 2002 History NLG-Type with Twin Wheels , B-29 , 1939 EYDC , GR , April 2002 History NLG-Type with Single Wheels, Me 262 , 1942 EYDC , GR , April 2002 History Single Wheels , Convair XB-36 , 1946 EYDC , GR , April 2002 History 8-Wheel MLG , Bristol Brabazon , 1946 EYDC , GR , April 2002 History Overview Wheel Arrangements EYDC , GR , April 2002 History Tandem Gear , Boeing B-52 , 1954 EYDC , GR , April 2002 History Convair B-58 , 1956 EYDC , GR , April 2002 History North American XB-70 , 1964 EYDC , GR , April 2002 History Lockheed C-5 Galaxy , 1968 EYDC , GR , April 2002 History Boeing B747-100 , 1969 EYDC , GR , April 2002 History Concorde , 1969 EYDC , GR , April 2002 History McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30 , 1972 EYDC , GR , April 2002 History Airbus A320 , 1987 EYDC , GR , April 2002 History Antonow An-225 , 1988 EYDC , GR , April 2002 History Airbus A340 , 1991 EYDC , GR , April 2002 Landing Gear General Requirements: • • • • • • • • Comfortable shock absorption Short stopping distance (braking) High rolling stability during ground manoeuvring Small storage volume Low drag (specially for fixed landing gears) High reliability and safety Low maintenance Low weight EYDC , GR , April 2002 Struts and Shock Absorbers EYDC , GR , April 2002 Struts and Shock Absorbers NLG (Nose Landing Gear) , Airbus A300 EYDC , GR , April 2002 Struts and Shock Absorbers MLG (Main Landing Gear) , Boeing B767 EYDC , GR , April 2002 Struts and Shock Absorbers Overview Strut-Types EYDC , GR , April 2002 Struts and Shock Absorbers Telescopic-type MLG , Fokker F-28 EYDC , GR , April 2002 Struts and Shock Absorbers Lever-type MLG , BAe 146 EYDC , GR , April 2002 Struts and Shock Absorbers Semi-lever-type MLG , TU 154 EYDC , GR , April 2002 Struts and Shock Absorbers 4 Wheel MLG , Caravelle EYDC , GR , April 2002 Struts and Shock Absorbers MLG , A300 EYDC , GR , April 2002 MLG , A310 MLG , A340 Struts and Shock Absorbers SCT - Supersonic Commercial Transport MLG with Steering , B777 EYDC , GR , April 2002 Struts and Shock Absorbers A400M Aermacchi / Embraer AMX EYDC , GR , April 2002 Struts and Shock Absorbers A400M EF 2000 - Typhoon EYDC , GR , April 2002 Struts and Shock Absorbers A400M Lockheed Martin F-16 EYDC , GR , April 2002 Struts and Shock Absorbers A400M Boeing F-18 EYDC , GR , April 2002 Struts and Shock Absorbers Rubber Shock Absorber EYDC , GR , April 2002 Struts and Shock Absorbers Rubber EYDC , GR , April 2002 Spring Oleo Struts and Shock Absorbers Oleo-Types EYDC , GR , April 2002 Struts and Shock Absorbers EYDC , GR , April 2002 Struts and Shock Absorbers Active Control EYDC , GR , April 2002 Semi-active Damping Tyres, Wheels & Brakes Brake Brake Discs EYDC , GR , April 2002 Tyre Wheel Tyres, Wheels & Brakes Bias Tyre EYDC , GR , April 2002 Radial Tyre Tyres, Wheels & Brakes NZG = Nearly Zero Growth NZG Tyre EYDC , GR , April 2002 Tyres, Wheels & Brakes NLG MLG Wheels EYDC , GR , April 2002 Tyres, Wheels & Brakes Pre-rotated Wheels EYDC , GR , April 2002 Tyres, Wheels & Brakes Brake Hook , Albatros , 1918 EYDC , GR , April 2002 Tyres, Wheels & Brakes Palmer - Brake Tube EYDC , GR , April 2002 Tyres, Wheels & Brakes Drum Brake EYDC , GR , April 2002 Multi-disc Steel Brake Tyres, Wheels & Brakes 4 Rotor and 5 Stator C/C Wear Pin Temperatur Sensor Piston Housing Brake Piston Carbon Brake EYDC , GR , April 2002 Braking system Dunlop Maxaret , 1948 EYDC , GR , April 2002 Braking system SCT - Supersonic Commercial Transport Brake Failure EYDC , GR , April 2002 Braking system Braking Parachute , Lockheed SR-71 EYDC , GR , April 2002 Braking system Aircraft Carrier Operations EYDC , GR , April 2002 Braking system Aircraft Carrier Operations EYDC , GR , April 2002 Steering system Steering Mechanism EYDC , GR , April 2002 Actuation system Landing Gear Retraction, Boeing 747 EYDC , GR , April 2002 Tests and Certification • Landing Gear Certification is part of the Aircraft Certification • Test are performed at the Suppliers facilities • Normally 4 Prototypes are simultanously used for: 1. Performance Test 2. Fatigue Test 3. Strength Test 4. -Drop Test Commercial Transport SCT Supersonic EYDC , GR , April 2002 Tests and Certification Fatigue Test EYDC , GR , April 2002 Strength Test Tests and Certification SCT - Supersonic Commercial Transport Drop Test , MLG , A310 EYDC , GR , April 2002 Tests and Certification Rejected Take-off , B777 EYDC , GR , April 2002 Tests and Certification SCT - Supersonic Commercial Transport Dynamometer EYDC , GR , April 2002 Tests and Certification Over-load Tyre Test EYDC , GR , April 2002 Tests and Certification SCT - Supersonic Commercial Transport Tyre Failure EYDC , GR , April 2002 Tests and Certification SCT - Supersonic Commercial Transport Normal Landing , A330 EYDC , GR , April 2002 Tests and Certification SCT - Supersonic Commercial Transport Landing under adverse Conditions , B747-400 EYDC , GR , April 2002 Tests and Certification SCT - Supersonic Commercial Transport One Engine out Take-off, A340 EYDC , GR , April 2002 Landing Gear Design Airbus A380-800 EYDC , GR , April 2002 Landing Gear Design Airbus A380-800 EYDC , GR , April 2002 Landing Gear Design Airbus A380-800 EYDC , GR , April 2002 Landing Gear Design A380-800 Airbus A380-800 EYDC , GR , April 2002 Landing Gear Design Airbus A400M EYDC , GR , April 2002 Future Trends • • • • • Smart Shock Absorbers Integrated Control Units Improved Materials for Struts and Brakes Maintenance-free components More electrical Actuation EYDC , GR , April 2002 Special Purpose Undercarrige Otto Lilienthal , 1895 EYDC , GR , April 2002 Special Purpose Undercarrige EYDC , GR , April 2002 Special Purpose Undercarrige Multi-wheel arrangement , Ar 232 EYDC , GR , April 2002 Special Purpose Undercarrige Air Cushion Aircraft Ground Contact Devices EYDC , GR , April 2002 Special Purpose Undercarrige Skid , EC-135 EYDC , GR , April 2002 Special Purpose Undercarrige Take-off trolley , Ar 234 EYDC , GR , April 2002 Special Purpose Undercarrige Tracked Gear EYDC , GR , April 2002 Special Purpose Undercarrige Skies EYDC , GR , April 2002 Special Purpose Undercarrige Aircraft Ground Contact Devices EYDC , GR , April 2002 Special Purpose Undercarrige Ekranoplan EYDC , GR , April 2002 Special Purpose Undercarrige Seaplane - Amphibian EYDC , GR , April 2002 The End EYDC , GR , April 2002