Ro6nik 9. - Ft.Tul.cz - Technical University of Liberec

Ro6nik 9. - Ft.Tul.cz - Technical University of Liberec

Ro6nik9.
2002
a
I
It
tssilt 335-0617
lnderedin:
Chemical
Abstracts,
(
Worldlextile
Abshacls
EMBASE
Elsevier
Biobase
Elsevier
GeoAbstracls
Vl6kna a textil (4) 2OO2
Fibres and textiles (4) 2OO2
CONTENTS
OBSAH
FIBRE.FORMINGPOLYMERS
VLAKNOTVORNEPOLYMERY
KriStofi| M., Murdrovd A., Karabcovd N.:
Polyamide6-copolyamideblendedfibres
KriStofi| M., Murdrovd A., Karabcovd N.:
Zmesn6 vldkna PA6-kopolyamid
TEXTILEMATERIALS
TEXTLNE MATERIALY
Murdrova A. KriStoti| M., Jambrich M.
The influenceof PET fibrescross-sectiongeometryon dyeing
Murdrovd A., KriStofi1 M., Jambrich M.
Vplyv geometriepriednehoprofiluPET vldkienna vyfarbenie
Sodomka L., Vargovd H.
Connectionbetween structure,symmetry and anisotropyof
mechanicalpropertiesof woven fabrics
Sodomka L., Vargovd H.
S0vislost Strukt0rys anizotropioumechanickfch vlastnostl
tkanin
Hes L,, Balcaiikovd V.
Objective evaluation of thermal efficiency of protective
garmentscontainingPCM particles
Hes L., Balcailkovd V.
Objektivnihodnoceni0dinnostitepelne ochrannich textflii
obsahujiciPCM d6stice
Janypka P., Suriovd V.
The plasma surface activationof aramide reinforcement
materialsfor rubber industry
Janypka P., Suriovd V.
Aktivilcia povrchov aramidovfch vfstuinfch materidlov
plazmoupre gumdrenskf priemysel
TESTTNG
SXUS0BN|CTVO
HuStavovdM., Polldtk.
Determinationof hazardousarylaminesin textilesand textile
products
H1SfavovdM., Polldk M.
Sledovanienebezpednfcharylamlnovv textilidcha textilnfch
vyirobkoch
NEWS FROM DEPARTMENTS
Z VEDECKO.VYSKUMNVCH
A WVOJOVVCHPRACOViSK
DubnickdA., SlddekD.
lmplementationof the eco-label
friendly
"Environmentally
product'in conditionsof the SlovakRepublic
DubnickdA., Sl{dek D.
Realiz6cia ekologickej znadky
vhodnf
"Enviromentdlne
vfrobok"v podmienkachSR
Abstractsof Student master thesis defendedat Department
of chemistryand technologyof polymersand textilesFIT TnU
in P0chov after 5 year's graduatestudy in 2O01|2OO2
S0hrny diplomouich pr6c obh6jenyichna Katedrech6mie a
technol6giepolym6rova textilu,FPT TnU v P0chovev r6mci
inZinierskehoSt0diav Skolskomroku 20Q112002
NEWS FROM MAGAZINES
ZO ZAHRANIENVCHCASOPISOV
Vtdknaa textit9(4) 129(2002)
129
POLYAMIDE
BLENDEDFIBRES
6 - COPOLYAMIDE
N.,
Kri5tofid,
M., Murdrovd,
A., Karabcova,
Department
of Fibresand TextileChemistry,Facultyof Chemicaland Food Technology,SlovakUniversityof
Technology
in Bratislava,Radlinskdho
9, 812 37 Bratislava,SlovakRepublic
[email protected]
e-mail:[email protected]
.stuba.sk.
[email protected].
copolyamide,blend of polyamides,isophtalic
Key words: polyamide,PA 6, poly-e-caprolactam,
e ,-bi s(3-ami nopropyl )pi perazi ne
ac id, 1-(2 -a m i n o e th y l )p i p e ra z i1n,4
n f fi b re fo r mi ngpol yami de(e.9. P A 6) i s w el l -know nposi bi l i tyto preS um ma ry : M o d i fi c a ti o o
pare fibreswith improvedproperties.By comonomerchemicallymodifiedPA 6 can be used as a
modifierfor non modifiedPA 6. Preparationand propertiesof blendedfibres PA 6 + copolyamides
) perazi neor 1-(2
bas ed o n th e r-c a p ro l a c ta m,i s o p htal i caci d and 1,4-bi s (3-ami nopropylpi
respectivelyare describedin this paper. Blendedfibres have betterelecaminoethyl)piperazine,
elasticity,elasticdegreeand orientationfactor as well.
trical propertiesand higher hydrophilicity,
1. Introduction
Nowadaysmixingof polymersand theirspinningis a
commonmethodto preparemodifiedfibreswith better
properties.Many researchworks and papers about
mixingof commercialpolymerswere publishedand a
modificationof commercialfibre-formingpolymerswith
differentotheradditivesis describedas well.
Propertiesof PA 6 fibrescan be improvedby chemical or physicalmodification.The physicalmodification
consistsof PA 6/additiveblendpreparation.For fibreweightor high-molecuformingPA 6 bothlow-molecular
larweightcompoundscan be usedas additivesand fican be prepared.
breswith M/F configuration
Some propertiesof PA 6 fibres such as sorptionof
watervapourand electricalpropertiesare not satisfied.
atom(s)
Polymeradditivescontainingcertainhydrophilic
likeoxygen[1,2],nitrogen[3] or SO2groups[4]are very
hygroscopicor evensolublein water.Theirintroduction
polymere.g.PA 6 improveshydrophiintofibre-forming
licityand electricalpropertiesof blendedPA 6 fibres[5].
Introduction
of a copolymerscontainingsome derivapiperazine
fibresincreases
into polypropylene
tivesof
vapour
of
water
and
dyestuffs
and electhe absorption
properties
trical
of the blendfibres[6,71.
lntroduction
containingsome addiof copolyamides
tionalringstructures
couldhavea positiveinfluenceon
sorptionpropertiesand as a consequenceon electric
propertiesas well.Copolyamidescontainingpiperazine
and benzenestructures[8] couldbe additiveswithsuch
an effect.
- lN2 or 1,4-bis(3-aminopropyl)
piperaethyl)piperazine
zine INBwere used:
from86 wt. % of CL+ 14wt. 0/o
lN2 | - copolyamide
of nylonsalt lN2
from 75.4wL % of CL + 24.6
lN2 ll - copolyamide
wL.% of nylonsalt lN2
from83.2wt. % of CL + 16.8tul.Yo
INB- copolyamide
of nylonsaltINB
The mixturesconsistingof 70, 80 and 90 wt % of
driedPA 6 and 30, 20 and 10 wt, % of driedcopolyribbonextruderat
amideweremeltedin a single-screw
of zonesTr = 200-210 "C, T2 = 210the temperatures
245"C,andT3 = 225-245"C. The blendedribbonwas
cooledin the coldwaterand cut intogranules.The airdriedblendwasfinallyvacuumdriedat 105"C andused
f o rs p i n n i n g .
The spinningof modifiedPA 6 granuleswas performedon the laboratorymodelequipmentat the temperaturesof its three zones T : T = T = 250 "C (13
fibrils)with and withouta lubricant.
Afterspinning,the fibresweredrawn(l-a= 120 'C) to
t h e d r a w i n gr a t i ol r : 3 ( b o t hl u b r i c a t e da n d n o n fibres), L2: 4 and 1"3:4,5 (onlylubricated
lubricated
fibres),respectively.
2.2. Evaluationof the fibres properties
fibers()"t:
The electricalpropertiesof nonlubricated
Polystat
1.
The
fiber
sample
3.0)were measuredby a
1-1.4
cm'was
chargedup to the
witha surfaceof about
the time
maximumpotential,Uru. and simultaneously
of achievingthe zero potential,tou,was recorded.From
thisdependenceit was possibleto obtainthe half-time
Resultsare shownin Table1.
t172.
of discharging,
2. Experimental
The contentof low molecularcompounds(oligomers
solublein the hotwater)was determinedgravimetrically.
of modifiedPA 6 fibres
2.1.Preparation
M o d i ife d P A 6 f i b r e s c o n t a i n i n g n o n e x t r a c t e d
were extractedin the boilingwaterdur(CL) copolyamides
frome-caprolactam
Copolyamides
[8]prepared
acidand 1-(2-amino-ing 3h, driedand the masslossas a portionof the fibre
anda nylonsaltfromisophtalic
130
vldkna a textil I (4) 130-134 (2002)
Table 1 Electrostaticpropertiesof PA 6 and blend fibres
Pofymer,WL %
PA6
l N 2|
10
20
30
tN2 il
10
20
30
INB
10
20
30
Table 4 Tensilestrength,TS, elongation,E, elasticdegree,e0,
()"3= 4,5) and orientationfactor, f, (tr2= 4.0) of PA 6
and blended nonextractedfibres
Uru'V
tt/2,s
tou, s
520
9 .0
120
500
455
490
6 .0
5.0
6,5
130
50
40
560
500
490
9 .5
8 .5
3.5
100
110
50
40
340
330
4 .0
2,0
2 .5
30
20
30
Table 2 Extractionof low molecularcompoundscalculatedto the
fibre weight (EF) and to the former total amount of
comonomers(EA)
Polymer,wt. %
t N zI
tN2tl
INB
EF, wt.o/o
10
20
30
10
4,0
5.5
3.5
9.1
8.0
4.3,
13.5
12.0
6.7
40
55
35
EA, wt. %
20
30
46
40
22
45
40
22
mass,EF, and as a portionof the formertotalamount
of comonomers,EA,was calculated(Table2).
for extractedand nonThe fibres'hydrophilicities
extractedfibres(SE and SN valuesrespectively)were
evaluatedgravimetricallyat the temperatureT5 =
21.7"C and at the 65 % relativehumidityusinglubricatedfibreswith a drawingratio1,1= 3.0. Resultsare
listedin Table3.
(SE)
extracted
Table3 Watervapour
sorption
of PA6, blended
and nonextracted(SN) fibres
Polymer,wt.%
t N 2|
tN2 tl
INB
SE, wt. %
0102030
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.5
4.5
4.4
4.5
4.5
4.7
SN, wt. %
10
20
30
4,6
4.5
4.7
4.6
4.6
4.7
5.2
5.3
4.9
5.8
6.2
5.2
The fibres'orientationfactor,t, ()"2=4.0) was calculatedaccordingto the equation:
f=1-C'JC'
whereCn is the speed of sound in the absolutely
nonoriented
fibrebeingequalto 1.25 x 103m/s and C
is the speedof soundin the relevantfibremeasuredby
a PPM-SDynamicModulusTesterPPM-S(H.M.Morgan Co. Inc.,Norwood,USA).
The tensilestrength,TS, elongation,E, and elasticity
= 4.5)were obtained
degree,e0,of tubricated
fibres(1.3
usingthe apparatusInstron1112.They are listedin
Table4.
Vldknaa textil9 (4) 130-134(2002)
Polymer
wt. %
To,
dtex
TS
cN/dtex
E
Yo
so
%
PA6
l N 2|
10
20
30
tN2 il
10
20
30
INB
10
20
30
214
4.85
22
62
0, 62
211
208
213
4.09
3.94
3.59
21
25
25
76
65
70
0. 70
0. 68
0. 72
213
210
200
4.16
4.09
3.63
26
26
25
69
77
72
0.70
0.70
0.71
215
219
218
4.42
3.55
3.47
24
25
26
69
80
65
0.71
0.68
0.65
|
3. Discussion
Forthe spinningof all fibresthe sametemperatures,
througputof materialand rateof spinningwereapplied.
C o o l i n gb y a n a i r - s t r e a mc o u l d b e a p p l i e do n l y f o r
in PA 6. Melt
sampleswith 10 wt. % of copolyamides
flow indexof modifiedPA 6 duringspinningwas onlya
g.min-'in comparison
littledifferent(i.e.14.1-14.2
with
PA 6 equalto 13.95g.min-l)so conthatof nonmodified
ditionsof spinningfor all sampleswere almosttl're
same.
For the evaluationof electricalpropertiesthe three
All thesevalvaluesUr*, 1172
and touwere determined.
ues must be taken into consideration
to obtaina real
view of the fibresbehaviourin this domain.A general
tendencyis that higheramountof copolyamideimproveselectricalcharacteristics.
Higherconcentration
of the nylonsaltof lN2 is not as importantas it couldbe
s u p p o s e da n d c o p o l y a m i d e lsN 2 | a n d l N 2 l l a r e
aproximatelyequallyeffective.Betterelectricalproperthoughthe contiesare obtainedwithINBcopolyamide
higherin
centrationof INB nylonsaltis not significantly
with
lN2
in
comparion
the concentration
of
salt the lN2
(i.e.16.8wt. % INBand 14 wt. % lN2).
I copolyamides
improvementof electricalpropertiescan
Substantial
b e r e a c h e d w i t h 3 0 w t . % o f l N 2 | a n d IN 2 ||
and with 10 wt. % of INB copolyamide
copolyamides
( T a b l e1 ) .
The hydrophilicity
of modifiedfibresis positively
influencedespeciallyby an introduction
of nonextracted
lt is causedbasicallyby a presenceof
copolyamides.
lowmolecular
compounds(LMC)as it is shownin Table
2 and demonstratedby diferencesbetweenwater
and extractedmodified
vapoursorptionof nonextracted
PA 6 fibres.PA 6 blendspreparedfrom PA 6 and
by a
copolyamideslN2 | and lN2 ll are characterized
higherpartof LMC.Valuesof LMC amountfor relevant
(8)(lN2| equalto 14.2w1.o/0,lN2
ll equal
copolyamides
131
to 55.5wL.% and INBequalto21.5wt. %) confirmstheir
relativelyhighamountof extractible
fractionswhatmanifestsin the modifiedPA 6 fibresas well.Generally4055 % of all amountof copolyamideAN2 | and AN2 ll is
removedby extractionfrom modifiedfibres.ln the case
o f I N B t h e s i t u a t i o ni s b e t t e r a n d t h e a m o u n t o f
extractibleadditivesis 22-35 % (Table3).
Tensilestrength,TS, of modifiedPA 6 fibresis negativelyinfluenced.The lowermolecularweightof copolyamides,higheramountof LMC and higheramountof
c o p o l y a m i d ei n P A 6 c a u s e a d e c r e a s ei n t e n s i l e
strengthof PA 6 fibresmodifiedwith all three copolyamides.The additionof 10 and 20 wt. % of any lN2
copolyamide
leadsto a decreaseof tensilestrengthto
82-86% of nonmodifiedPA 6 tensilestrength.30 wt. %
of lN2 copolyamidecausesthe reductionto the level
7+75 %. Additionof 10 wt. o/oof INB copolyamide
causesa decreaseto the levelof 91 % while20 and
30 wt. % reduceTS to the level 72-79 % of pA 6 tensilestrength.
Elongation,
E, is practicallynot changed,elasticdegree,e0,and orientationfactor,f, of modifiedPA 6 fibres
are positivelyinfluenced.lt couldbe explainedby the
effectof low-molecular
compoundspresentin the system. LMC functionprobablyas an internallubricant
helpingin the orientationof macromolecules
during
spinninganddrawing.
4. Conclusions
1. Processability
of PA 6 fibresmodifiedby 1f3O wt. %
132
o f c o p o l y a m i d e sb a s e d o n t h e e - c a p r o l a c t a m ,
isophtalic
acid and 1-(2-aminoethyl)
piperazineor
1,4-bis(3-aminopropyl)
piperazinerespectively
is
good.
2. Electricalpropertiesof modifiedPA 6 fibresare better especiallyby usingINB copolyamide.
3. Hydrophilicity
is basicallyimprovedonly for nonextractedmodifiedPA fibres.
4. Elongationof the modifiedPA 6 fibresis not influenced.
5. Tensilestrengthis negativelyinfluenced.
6. Elasticdegreeand orientation
factorof modifiedpA
fibres
6
havehighervaluesin comparisonwith nonmodifiedPA 6 fibres.
5. References
t1l
I2l
t3l
t4l
t5l
t6l
I7l
t8l
U S p a t .4 1 1 3 7 9 4
R . A . L o f q u i s te, t a l . , T e x t i l eR e s .J . , J u n e , 3 2 S ,l g g s
US pat, 2 914 427
Encyclopedia
of PolymerScienceand Technology,Vol. 10,
PhenolicResinsto Polyelectrolytes,
John Wiley and Sons,
N e w Y o r k ,1 9 6 9
M. KriStofid,
A. Marcindin,
A. Ujhelyiovd,
A. Murdrovd:Chem.
P a p e r s ,5 4 ( 1 ) , 5 3 - 5 8 ,2 0 0 0
CS pat. 234 251
CS pat. 236 152
M. KriStofi6,
N. Karabcovd:
Vl6knaa textil,9 (3),gg-91,2002
Acknowledgement:The presentwork was sponsored by the research grant VEGA 1/9147/02.
Recieved:November2002
Vldknaa textil I (4) 130-1 34 (2002)
6 - KOPOLYAMID
ZMESNEVLAKNAPOLYAMID
Translation
of article:
Polyamide6 - copolyamideblendedfibres
polyamidov(napr.PA 6) je zn6my sposob pripravyvl6kienso zlepModifik6ciavldknotvornyich
Senfmi vlastnostami.Komonom6romchemickymodifikovanfPA 6 mOZebyt pouZitf ako modifikdtor pre nemodifikovanfPA 6.
V tejto prdci s0 popisan6pripravaa vlastnostizmesnfch vldken PA 6 + kopolyamidyna bAze
nu
ebo 1,4-bi s(3-ami nopropyl )pi e- k apr o l a k td m uk ,y s e l i n yi z o fta l o v e aj 1-(2-ami noetyl )pi perazial
perazinu.Zmesn6vl6kna maju lep5ieelektrick6vlastnosti,vy5Siuhydrofilitu,a vy55istupefipruZnosti i orientadnffaktor.
Uvod
V sfcasnostijemie5aniepolym6rova ich zvldkhovavl6kienso
nie beZnoumetodoupripravymodifikovanfch
projektov
Vela vyiskumnyich
zlepSenfmivlastnostami.
a publikdciisa zaoberAmie5animpolym6rova modifipolym6rovroznymi
kdcioukomercnychvldknotvornyich
aditivami.
VlastnostiPA 6 vldkenmoZebyt zlep5en6chemickou
alebofyzikdlnoumodifikdciou.Fyzik1lnamodifik6cia
spoclvav prlpravezmesi PA 6/aditivum,(pricomsa
m0ZupouZitaditfvanizko-6i vysokomolekulov6)
a ich
zvldknenina vldknotypu M/F.
Niektor6vlastnostiPA 6 vldken napr. sorpciavody
(vodnlichpa| a elektrick6vlastnostinie su vyhovujfce.
Polym6rneaditivaobsahujricehydrofiln6atomy ako
kyslik[1,2],dusfk[3] alebo SO2skupiny[ ] s{ vel'mi
hygroskopick6
ci dokoncarozpustn6vo vode. Zavedepolym6runapr.
nie takfchto aditfvdo vldknotvorn6ho
zmes6
zlep5uje
hydrofilitu
a
elektrick6
vlastnosti
PA
PA
vldken
Kopolymery
derivdty
nfch
6
obsahuj0ce
[5].
piperazinuako aditivado polypropyldnovfchvl6ken
zlep5uj0ich sorpciuvodnfch par a farbiv,ako aj elektrick6vlastnosti[6,7],
idov obsahujricichkruhovdStrukZavedenie kopolyam
tury mdZemat vplyvna sorpdn6i elektrick6vlastnosti.
a benz6nov6
Kopolyamidy
obsahujucepiperazlnov6
Strukt0ry[8] mOZubyt v tomtozmysledcinn6.
I N B- k o p o l y a m i2d8 3 , 2 h m . %C L + 1 6 , 8h m . %l N B ,
moldrnypomer16/1
zo 70, 80, 90 hm.%vysu5en6Zmes pozostdvajtica
kopolyamidu
ho PA 6 a 30, 20, 10 hm.%vysu5en6ho
extruderipri teplote
bola roztavendv jednozdvitovom
jednotlivlichzon Tr = 200-210 oC,Tz = 210-245 "C
d Ts = 225-245'C. Zmesndstrunabolachladendvozmesnf
dou a porezandna granuldt.Vzduchosuchli
granuldtbol vdkuovovysuSenfpri 105"C a zvldkneny.
Zvldkneniemodifikovan6ho
PA 6 granuldtubolovykonan6na laboratornom
zariadenipri teplotdch3 zon
T = T = T : 250 "C (13 fibril)s prepardcioui bez nej. Po
zvl6kneniboli
vlaknavydlZen6(To= 120"C) na dlZiace
pomeryIr = 3 (vldknas prepardciouibez nej), Lz= 4
€rIs = 4,5 (ibavldknas prepardciou).
2.2 Hodnotenie vlastnosti vl6ken
Elektrick6
vlastnostivl6kenbez prepardcie(),1:3,0)
bolizmeran6na prfstrojiPolystat1. Vzorkavl6knas plochou asi 1-1 ,4 cm2bolanabit6na maximdlnypotencial (U,", ) a sledovalsa poklespotencidluv dasena nulov0 hodnotu(teu).Z tejto zdvislostimoZnostanovit
poldasvybijania(t'rz). Vfsledkys0 v Table 1.
ldtok(oligom6rov
Obsahnizkomolekulo4ich
rozpustnfch v hor(rcejvode bol stanovenfgravimetricky.Modifikovan6PA 6 vldknaobsahujuceneextrahovan6
kopolyamidyboli extrahovanevo vriacejvode pocas 3h
a vysu5en6.Z pOvodnejhmotnostivlAknaa jej ubytku
po extrakciia su5enibol vypocltanffbytok hmotnosti
2 . E x p e r i m e n t 6 l n ad a s f
vzhladomna vldkno(ED i vzhl'adom
na celkov6povodn6 mnoZstvo(EA)komonom6rovlN2 di INB (Table2).
2.1 Pripravamodifikovanfch PA 6 vl6ken
Hydrofilita
aj neextrahovanfch
extrahovanyich
vldken
gravimetricky
pritepPre pripravuzmesnfchvlaken PA 6 + kopolyamidy s prepardciou
a Ir = 3 bolastanovend
s0 v Table3. OrienbolipouZit6kopolyamidy[8] pripraven6z e-kaprolaktd- loteT5= 21,7"C a 65 % RH.Vyisledky
mu (CL)a nylonovejsoli kyselinyizoftaloveja 1-(2-ami- tadnyfaktorf (Iz = 4,0) bolvypocitanfpodlhvztahu:
(lN2)alebo1,4-bis(3-aminopropyl)pinoetyl)piperazfnu
f=1-c1lc',
perazinu(lNB) nasledovn6hozlolenia:
lN2 | - kopolyamid
z 86 hm.%CL + 14hm.%lN2,mo- kde Cn je ryichlostSireniazvuku v tiplne neorientovanom vldkne - 1,25.103
m/s, C je ryichlostSirenia
l6rnypomer16/1
lNz ff - kopolyamid
2o75,4hm.%CL + 24,6hm.%lN2, zvuku v meranomvldkne,obe stanoven6na prfstroji
PPM-SDynamicModulusTester.
mol6rnypomer8/1
Vtdknaa textil9 (4) 130-134 (2002)
133
Pevnost(TS),taZnost(E) a stupenelasticity1e0;vla- hu nylonovejsoli
lN2v kopolyamidoch
lN2 I a lN2 ll. Poken s prepardcioua 1,3= 4,5 boli stanovendna pristroji citan6na hmotnostmodifikovan6ho
vldkna(EF)je to
lnstron1112.Vfsledkysu uveden6v Table4.
+14 hm. %. V prfpadeINBje situdcialep5iaa podiel
extrahovanyich
frakcifEA je 22-35 hm. % a EF hodnoty su v rozsahu3-7 hm. % (f able2).
Diskusia
PevnostTS modifikovanlichPA 6 vldkienje negatlvne ovplyvnend.
NiZ5iamolovdhmotnostkopolyamidov,
Zvldkneniev5etkrichvldkenbolovykonan6pri rovna- vy55iobsah LMC a vy55fobsah kopolyamiduv PA 6
kej teplote,ddvkovanii nichlostizvldkfiovania.Chlade- sp6sobujezniZeniepevnostiu PA 6 vldkienmodifikovanie vzduchombolo moZn6pouZitlen pre vzorkys ob- nyichvSetkfmitromiaditfvami.Pridanie10 a 20 hm. %.
s a h o m 1 0 h m . % k o p o l y a m i d o v P A 6 . I n d e xt o k u fN2 | 6i lN2 ll kopolyamidudo PA 6 spOsobizn[Zenie
pevnostina 82-86 % pevnostinemodifikovan6ho
taveninmodifikovan6ho
PA 6 boltakmerrovnakri(4,1PA 6
pevnostina7f75 %.
1 4 , 2g . m i n - 1a) k o u n e m o d i f i k o v a n 6 hPoA 6 ( 1 3 , 9 5 vldkien.30 hm.%sposobizn%enie
g.min-1).
Z uvedenehovyplfva,2e podmienkyzvlaknoPridanie10 hm. % kopolyamidu
INBvediek zniZeniu
pevnostina 91o/0,zalialco 20 a 30 hm. % tohto kopovania boli pre v5etkyvzorky rovnak6.
Hodnotenieelektrickfchvlastnostimodifikovanfch fyamiduspdsobijej znlleniena72-73 % povodnejhodvl6kienvyZadujepre redlnezhodnotenietejto oblasti, nojy.
i tsu.VSeuvdZitv5etkytri zfskan6hodnoty- Ur"", t112
TaZnostE sa praktickynemenl,hodnotystupnapruLobecndtendenciaje takd,Ze vy55iobsahkopolyamidu nostie0a orientadn6hofaktoraf modifikovanyich
PA 6
zlep5ujeelektrick6vlastnosti.VyS5iakoncentrdcia
ny- vlakiens0 vyS5ie.MoZnoto vysvetlitvplyvomnfzkomolonovejsoli lN2 nie je rozhodujucaa kopolyamidylN2 lekulor4ichzludenlnprftomnfchv syst6me,ktor6pravI a lN2 lls0 pribliZne
rovnakotlcinn6.Lep5ieelektrick6 depodobnefunguj0ako vnutorn6mazadloul'ahdujuce
vlastnostisa zfskaj0u PA 6 vldkienmodifikovanfchko- o r i e n t d c i um a k r o m o l e k f lv p r i e b e h uz v l d k n o v a n i a
polyamidomlNB, hocikoncentrdcia
nylonovejsoli INB a diZenia.
nieje podstatnevy5Siaako koncentr6cianylonovejsoli lN2v kopolyamide
lN2 I (t.j.16,8hm.%INBa 14hm.%
lN2).Podstatn6zlepSenie
elektriclqich
vlastnostlmoZno
4. ZAvery
dosiahnutmodifik6ciou
s 30 hm.%lN2 | aj lN2 ll kopolyamidua s 10 hm. % kopolyamidu
INBfl-able1).
1. Spracovatelhost
PA 6 vldkienmodifikovanlich
10-30
vl6kienje pozitivneovplyvHydrofilita
modifikovanyich
hm. % kopolyamidov
na blze e-kaprolaktdmu,
kysenen6 pouZitimneextrahovanfchkopolyamidov.
(lN2)aleJe to
linyizoftalovej
a 1-(2-aminoetyl)piperazlnu
(lNB)je dobrd.
sp6sobenenajmd pritomnostou nizkomolekulovyichIabo 1,4-bis(3-aminopropyl)piperazinu
tok (LMC)ako to vidnoz Table2 a potvrden6rozdiel- 2. Elektrick6
vlastnostimodifikovanlchPA 6 vldkiens[
mi v hydrofiliteneextrahovanfcha extrahovanlichmolep5ie,najmdv pripadekopolyamidu
lNB.
je podstatnezlep5endlen v prfpadeneexdifikovanfchPA 6 vldkien.ZmesiPA 6 s lN2 | aj lN2 ll 3. Hydrofilita
s0 charakteristick6
vysoloimobsahomLMC. KoncentrdtrahovanfchPA 6 vldkien.
cie LMC pre prislu5n6kopolyamidyI8l (lN2 | - 14,2 4. TaZnostmodifikovanfchPA 6 vldkiensa nemen[.
h m .% , l N 2 l l - 5 5 h m .% a I N B- 2 1 , 5 h m . % ) s a p r e - 5. Pevnostje negativneovplyvnend.
javuj0 i vysokyimobsahom extrahovatel'n;ich
frakciI 6. Stupei pruZnostia orientadnffaktormodifikovanfch
v modifikovanfchPA 6 vldknach(hodnotyEA). ExtraPA 6 vldkienmaj0vySSiehodnotyv porovnanisnepodieldosahuje40-55 o/c;
hovatefhyi
zp6vodn6hoobsamodifikovanyimi
PA 6 vldknami.
134
Vldknaa textil9 (4) 130-134 (2001)
THEINFLUENCE
OF PETFIBRESCROSS.SECTION
GEOMETRY
ON DYEING
M.
Murdrovd,
A., Kri5tofic,
M.,Jambrich,
Department
of Fibresand TextileChemistry,Facultyof Chemicaland Food Technology,
in Bratislava,Radlinskdho
9, 81237 Bratislava,SlovakRepublic
SlovakUniversityof Technology
ziI: murarova @chelin.chtf. stuba.sk
Summary: Light dispersionconditionson geometricallymodifiedfibres are various and this
phenomenonis relatedto optical and color propertiesof dyed fibres.The paper evaluatesthe
influenceof geometricmodificationof PET fibres on their color strength.The fibres were geom et r ic a l l ym o d i fi e dd u ri n gs p i n n i n gu s ing profi l edspi nni ngnozzl esw i th Y , (-),
openi ngs.Li near density,ramificationdegree,formingfactor and fibres measuringsurfaceare the properties
defininggeometricmodification- change of cross-sectionprofileof fibres.These propertiesof
profiledfibres with differentprofilediffer and they significantlyinfluencecolor strength.
Key words: PET fibres, cross-sectionprofile,measuringsurface,formingfactor, ramification
degree,color strength
1. Introduction
cordingto Malinowskaand many more.The ramificationdegreeR is definedby quotientof perimetersquare
physical
profilesurface.The formingfactorq,
Oneof possible
modifications
is changing and cross-section
profile
fibresgeometry
in cross-section
throughmedia accordingto Malinowska,is definedas follows(1):
of profiled
nozzles
witha profileotherthancirspinning
q = (O/nd)- 1
(1)
cular. Consideringrheologyand fibre profile
reproductivity,
fibres O - cross-section
fibre profileperimeter,nd - equivatheprocess
of spinning
of profiled
is verydemanding.
The advantage
fibres lentcircleperimeter.
of physical
geometry
modification
by changing
The q : 0-0,07 is for circularfibre profile.All higher
cross-section
of fibresprofiles
duringtheirpreparation
usingprofiled
spin- valuesof q at the same finenessof fibresexpressdifpro- ferencesfromcircularprofilein directionof fighterlevel
ningnozzles
isthelackof requirements
throughout
whencompared
duction
withtypicalspinning. of configuration.
ecology
Profiledfibresreportchangesin physicalproperties Measuringsurfacea, definedas (2):
whencompared
to typicalcircular
fibres.lt is causedby
(2\
a = 2p't'(1+q)/(p,T)1/2
changeof fibremacrostructure
andrelatedproperties.
Influence
is significantly
mani- q - formingfactor,p - PET fibresdensity,T - unit linof fibresmacrostructure
festedon opticalproperties
andin caseof dyedfibres ear density.
oncolorperception.
Mutualarrangements
of elementaryfibresinsideof
2. Theory
band profiledfibresis randomand the profileof such
bandof fibreshas diversifiedgeometryin cross-section
and longitudinal
directioncontraryto elementaryfibre
profilerelatedwith levelof filling.Elementaryfibrescreate conditionsfor creationof capillaries
of differentsizes
and subsequentlyrelateddemonstrationsof surface
and transportproperties,[4,5].Shapeof cross-section
fibre profileand size of surfacesof elementaryfibres
influenceopticenvironmentrelatedto dyeingproperties
of profiledand dyed fibres,[6,71.Colorstrengthis determinedby Kubelka-Munk
equation(3):
Aftermeetingcriteriaof fibrescreation,
fibresareobgeometry
tainedhaving
diversified
depending
onshape
of profiled
spinning
nozzle.
Usingthisprocess
of modiprofileof elementary
fication,
fibresin cross-section
and
preserves
longitudinal
ln
direction
thesamegeometry.
profileof
orderto expressgeometryof cross-section
fibres,different
indicators
andtheirequivalents
areused
whichmoreor lessexpressdifferences
fromtypicalcirK/S= (1- il?z1
(3)
cularprofile,
[1,2,3].
The methodof cross-section
fibresprofilepicture K - absorptioncoefficient,S - scatteringcoefficient,
properties.
geometric
Apart B - reflectance
value.
analysis
is usedto evaluate
perimeter
fromrealandequivalent
andcross-section AbsorptioncoefficientK is a functionof spectral
insideof fibre.Scatcutsurfacethereareothercriteriasuchas measuring propertiesand dye concentration
surfacea, ramification
degreeR, formingfactorq ac- tering coefficientS is a functionof structureand geovldkna a textil I (4) 135-141 (2002)
135
metryof fibre.Amongstructuralinfluencesare mainly
molecularstructureof fibresand dye structure.Linear
proand longitudinal
density,geometryof cross-section
geometric
fileare among
influences.
Duringlightimpacton dyedfibresurface,partof light
is absorbedand part of it is reflected.The biggerthe
diffractionindex at fibre - air borderthe more light is
beingreflectedand less absorbedinsideof fibre.The
resultof less light being absorbedis a lighterdyeing
effectof the fibre.Such lightreflectioncan be repressed
by specialtreatment
of sur.facethat makesthe dye perceptionof the dyedfibredarker.
Arkanand Eastexpressedrelationbetweenfibrefineness and scatteringcoefficientS (a):
g)
S=a+b.tex-1/'
Scatteringcoefficientincreasesby transferringto
moresegmentedfibreprofiles.Becausetheremustbe
morecriteriain orderto evaluatea complexcross-sectionprofile,thereis nota simplerelationthatwouldgenerallyexpressinfluenceof size,shapeand configurationof profiledfibresto theiropticaland colorproperties.
The goal of the paperis to evaluateinfluenceof some
PET fibreprofilesto theircolorstrength.
3. EXPERIMENTAL
The experimental
is dividedto:
- determininggeometricparametersof PETfibreprofiles
- dyeingof profiledPET fibres
- determining
colorstrengthof profiledPETfibres.
a - scatteringconstant,b - fibres surface properties
constant.
3.1 Determininggeometric parametersof PET
Accordingto the relation(4) less light penetratesto
fibre profiles
moleculesof dye insideof finerfibresand morelightis
beingreflectedback by so-callednoncolorfulreflection, Geometricparameters,
formingfactorq accordingto
Malinowska
R-ramification
degreewere assedin a set
t8l.
The colorstrength,fibresthicknessand fibresmea- of sevensamplesof PET fibreswith a unit lineardensuringsurfaceare relatedas follows(5):
sityTd,= (2,3;3,0;3,5;4,6 dtex)and cross-section
pro(Y,
(-),
profile
file
analysis
picof
cross-section
l).The
(K/S),/(K/S)z= dtldz = dzl4
(5)
ture was used to determinethem. The picturewas
KS - colorstrength,d - fibrediameter,a - fibresmea- caughtby electronmicroscope.Picture1 showsthree
suringsurface.
typesof cross-section
fibreprofilesfromthe set of seven
Relatedrelationsare validfor fibreswith circularpro- samplesof PET fibres,that were analyzedby proper
fileand samestructuralproperties.Theserequirements methodof pictureanalysis.Measuringsurfaceof fibresa
forfibresareverydifferenttoobtainin reallifeconditions [kg/m']wascalculatedaccordingto the relation(2).
and that is why the relatedrelationsare only approximatelyvalidduringtheirusage,[8]. Dye concentration
3.2 Dyeing fibres
neededto reach color saturationis proportionalto
square-root
of lineardensities(6):
All samplesof profiledPETfibresweredyedusingthe
s
a
m e d y e i n gp r o c e s s- d y e e x h a u s tm e t h o d .T h e
(6)
c1 = c2(TrlT.,)'t'
TerasilBlau3RLmadeby CibaGeigy- dispersedyewas
cr, e - dye concentration
on fibres,Tr, Tz- linearden- usedcontaining1,5 o/oof dye in bathrelatedto fibredensityof fibres.In otherwords,finerdyedfibreswith same sity.The temperatureof dyeingbathduringfibredyeing
dye concentrationas thickerfibresare seen lighterby was 100"C. The dyeingprocesswas madein presence
humaneye. Logically,profiledfibrescreatebettercon- of dyecarrier.All remaining
conditions
duringthe dyeing
ditionsfor diffraction
than circularfibres.
wereconformedwithformulasfor dyeingPETfibreswith
dispersedyes.ln orderto avoidinfluenceof otherfactors
whileevaluating
dyeing,the sametime-temperature
dyeing
regime
for
was
all
samples.
used
properties
Table 1 Geometric
of smoothtexturedPET fibres determinedby the method of picture analysis
Fibres
profile
84 dtex f 36 Y
84 dtex | 24 Y
84 dtex t 24 L
84 dtex t 24 (-)
'110
d t e xt 2 4 L
110 dtex t 24 (-')
1 1 0 d t e xf 3 6 Y
136
Equivalent Equivalent Forming
perimeter
factor
surface
q
of picture of picture
of fibre,cm of fibre,cmz
29,5
36,0
3 6 ,0
46,5
32,0
70,0
3 9 .0
50,0
76,0
74,0
77,5
62,0
130
8 6 ,0
0,182
0 ,173
0,190
0,495
0 ,147
0,725
0 ,182
3.3 Determiningfibre color strength
l(S colorstrengthof all dyedsamplesof profiledPET
fibreswas set by spectrofotometer
Datacolor3890 using standardlightresourceDuJ1Odeg.
4. Results and discussion
Figure1 showsthe maintypesof cross-section
fibre
profiles.Their geometrywas analyzedby methodof
Vl*kna a textil9 (4) 135-141 eA02)
16
l(/S
15
01
01
14
t1
13
5-f'.',
ffiiji
12
'*,'rr.i,,.,.'f
#effi.
11
t2
03
10
2.5
1.5
a2
03
33.544.55
Td,,dtex
1-Y
2-(-l
3-,l.
Fig.2 Dependenceof color strengthKS on unit lineardensityTd;
profiles,c = 1,5 g of dye/1009of fiof differentcross-section
bre
16
01
KS
15
01
14
01
13
12
profilesof fibres
Fig. 1 Cross-section
11
cross-sectionprofilepictureanalysisbased on REM
)2
10
l2
o3
photographs,
Table1 evaluatesgeometricpropertiesof
03
analyzedpicturesof smoothtexturedfibres.
The geometricpropertiesstatedin table 1 were used
10
15
to calculateR - ramification
degreeof fibresand a R
measuringsurfaceof fibre.
1-Y
2-(-l g-,1.
Figures2-5 showgraphicdependencies
of KS color
Fig.3 Dependence
of colorstrengthK/Son ramification
degreeR
geometric
parameters
strengthfrom
profiles,
of ditferent
cross-section
c = 1,5g of dye/1009
of
- unitlineardensity,Td,
fibre
- ramification
degree,R
- formingfactor,q
- measuringsurfaceof fibre,a.
16
l(s
01
4.1 Influenceof fineness on color strength
The influenceof finenessof elementaryprofiledfibres
withshape
on KS colorstrengthmanifestsin interaction
of cross-sectionprofileexpressedby formingfactor.
E v e n t h o u g ht h e f i b r e sw i t h p r o f i l ep r e p a r e do n Y
shapedspinningnozzlereportlowerlineardensitiesin
the set of profiledfibresthey reportthe highestK/S
value,accordingto picture2, table1. Diffraction
on surfacesof fibreswith profiletype illustratedon picture1a)
table 1 is relativelylower and that correspondswith
lowerformingfactorof thesefibres.Type of fibreson
picture1c) reporthigh formingfactorand relatedhigh
diffraction
on theirsurfaces.Theseare the reasonswhy
thickfibreswith (-) profileshow low colorstrength.
vl{knaa textilI (4) 135-141(2002)
15
o1
14
01
13
12
11
)2
10
03
03
l2
0
0.1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0.9 0, 9
q
1-Y
2-(-l
3-
Fig. 4 Dependenceof color strengthKS on formingfactor q of difprofiles,c = 1,5 g of dye/1009of fibre
ferentcross-section
137
andthickfibreswithprofiledandcircularprofiledwells
in interaction
of influenceof formingfactorand linear
densityon colorstrength.
16
KS
15
01
01
14
01
13
4.4 Influenceof measuringsurfaceon color
strength
Valueof colorstrengthl(S decreases
withincrease
Fibremeasuring
offibremeasuring
surface.
surface
can
11
duringgeometric
modification
be increased
eitherby
t2
03
decrease
of lineardensityof basicfibresor by fibres
03
10
l2
- changing
profilating
geometry
cross-section
of fibres.
profiled
picture,
fibres
In
of
the
set
evaluated
on
mea410 430
370
350
390
310
in direction
fromY -+ A ->
a, m2.kg-r suringsurfaceis increased
(-). Colorstrengthdecreases
2-(-)
in thisdirection
in accor1- Y
3- ,^.
profiled
measuring
dance
with
surface
of
fibres.
Fig. 5 Dependenceof color strength1(S on measuringsurfacea of
12
ditferentcross-sectionprofiles,c = 1,5 g of dye/1009of fibre
5. Conclusion
Basedon resultsreachedafterevaluatinginfluence
of geometricparametersof profiledfibreson theircolor
strengthwe can say that they highly influencediffraction
and accordingto Kubelka-Munk
equationcolor
prepared
Profiledfibres
on spinningnozzleswithY
Influences
of
interactions
lineardenstrength.
between
and l profiledopeningshavea verycloseramificaprofiled
fibres
and
criteria
forming
sity
of
cross-section
prepared
tiondegree.Fibreswere
withalmostdouble
degree.
nozzleof profile- formingfactorand ramification
the ramification
degreeon profiledspinning
4.2 Influenceof ramificationdegreeon color
strength
(-) type.When
influence
evaluating
of ramification
degreeoncolorstrength,
figure3, interaction
of influences
becauseon one handfibreson
mustbe considered
degreelevel(Y ahd | ) havediffersameramification
entcolorstrengthon the otherhandfibreson different I1l
ramification
degreelevelhaveclosecolorstrength(A
inth.iscaseaswithlineardensity, [2]
and(-)).Supposedly,
t3l
degreeto interact
the samereasonsleadramification
withformingfactor.
l4l
4.3 Influenceof formingfactoron color
strength
whenit comesto the
factorq is significant
Forming
lt highlyinfluences
diffracinfluence
on colorstrength.
Whenvaluesof formingfactorare
tionon fibreprofile.
low,diffraction
on fibressurfaceis low anddyedfibre
reportshighvalueof colorstrength
andviceversa.Picof q. Fibreswith
ture4 listsl(S valuesin dependence
Y and I profilehavecloseformingfactorsandtheir
lineardensity,
withincreasing
colorstrength
decreases
intheoryof colorfulness
tablel.Thiscontradiction
offine
138
6. References
Bla2ej,A., Sut6, S.: Vlastnostitextilnfchvl6kien,
Alfa, Bratislava,SR (1982)
Neckai,B.: Piize, SNTL, Praha,CZ (1990)
Revil6kov6,J., Jambrich,M., Murdrov6,A.: Vl6kna a textil
1 (2) 92-e6 (1ee4)
Mur6rovd,
A., Jambrich,M., Zamboj,1.,Revil'dkovd,
J.: Chem.
Papers47 (6) 356-358 (1993)
15] Murdrovd,A., Jambrich,M.: Textil48 (5-6) 83-85 ( 1993)
Polymers,
t6l Murdrovd,A., Hodul,P., Jambrich,M.: Fibre-Grade
ChemicalFibresand SpecialTextiles,CEC MonographSer i e s 1 , 1 3 3 - 1 4 3 ,L o d i , P L ( 2 0 0 1 )
17) Mur6rovd,A., Kri5tofid,M., Hodul, P., Jambrich,M.: FibreGradePolymers,ChemicalFibresand SpecialTextiles,CEC
MonographSeries2,260-263, Bratislava,SR (2001)
t8l KrySt0fek,J., Wiener,J.: In zbornlk,Strukturaa strukturni
mechanikatextilif',8. N6rodn6konferenciaStrutex,351-356,
Liberec,CZ (2001)
Acknowledgement:The presentwork was sponsoredby the researchgrant VEGA 1/9147/02.
Received:November2002
vldkna a textil I (4) 135-141 (2002)
PRICCruCNO
PROFILUPETVLAKIEN
VPLYVGEOMETRIE
NA VYFARBENIE
Translation
of article:
The influenceof cross-sectionof PETfibres on dyeing
vldknach s0 rozdielne
Sfhrn: Rozptylov6podmienkysvetla na geometrickymodifikovanyich
a s tfm s0visiaoptick6a koloristick6vlastnostivyfarbenfchvldkien.V prispevkusa hodnotfvplyv
geometrickejmodifik6ciePET vldkienna ich silu vyfarbenia.Vldkna sa geometrickymodifikovali
pri zvldfrovanls vyuZitim profilovanyichzvl6kiovacich hubic s otvormi Y, (-), I . Charakteristiky
vyjadruj0cegeometrick0modifikiiciu- zmenu priednehoprofilu vldkien s0 dlZkovd hmotnost,
stupei rozvetvenia,tvarovf faktor a mernf povrch vlakien.Tieto charakteristikyu profilovanfch
vldkiens rOznymprofiloms0 rozdielnea ich vplyv na silu vyfarbeniaje vfznamn5i.
Klucov6 slov6: PET vl6kna, priednyprofil,tvarovyifaktor,stupefrrozvetvenia,merny povrch,
sila vyfarbenia
1. Uvod
q : ( O / n d-) 1
(1)
profiluvldkna,ndje obvodekkdeO je obvodpriecneho
fyzikalnych
modifikaciije
Jednouz moLnych
zmena
profiluvldkna.
vivalentn6ho
kruhov6ho
geometrie
vldkienv priecnomprofilecestouvyuZitia
Prekruhovfprofilvl6knaje q = 0-0,07.V5etkyvySprofilovanfch
zvlakfiovacich
hubfc,ktor6maj0profilinf
q prirovnakejjemnostivl6kien
Siehodnoty
vyjadrujfodprofilovanfch
neZkruhoui.Proceszvldkfiovania
vldkien
profilu
li5nostiod
kruhov6ho
vy55iemu
smerom
k
stupje n6rodnfz hl'adiska
reologiea reprodukovatelhosti
iu
clenitosti.
profilov
vldkien.Prednostou
fyzik6lnej
modifikdcie
vldMernfpovrchvl6kienje definovanfpodl'avztahu(2):
profilov
geometrie
kienzmenoupriecnej
vldkienpriich
profilovanfcfr
tuorbevyuZitim
zvldkiovaclch
hubfcje,2e
a = 2ntr(t + q)/(p.T),t,
e)
nevyZaduje
d'alSie
n6rokyprinirobnejekologii
v porovnanlsklasicklim
zvldknovanim.
Profilovan6
vlSknavy- k9" q je tvarovffaktor,p je hustotaPETvl6kna,T je
kazuj0zmenyvo fyzikdlnych
vlastnostiach
v porovna- dlZkova
hmotnost
vldkna.
ni s klasickfmi
kruhovymi
vldknami.
Je to sposoben6 Vo zvdzkuprofilovanyich
vldkienje vzdjomn6usporiazmenenou
makro5trukturou
vldkiena s iou s0visiacimidanieelement6rnych
vl6kienndhodn6
a profiltak6hoprofilu
vlastnostami.
Vplyvmakro5truktfry
vldkiensav5eobec- to zvdzkuvldkienna rozdielod
elementdrneho
nevfznamneprejavuje
na optick6vlastnosti
a v prfpa- vldknamd v priednom
a pozdllnomsmerenerovnak0
geometriu,
de vyfarbenfch
vldkienna farebnfvnem.
do s0visiso stupiomzaplnenia
vldkien.
predMedzielementdrnymivldknami
satotiZvytvdraju
poklady
prevznikkapildrrdznejvelkosti
a ndsledne
s ni2.Teoretick6casf
mi sfvisiacerdzneprejavypovrchovfch
a transportnychvlastnosti,
[4,5].
prituorbevldkiensa ziskajri Tvarpriecneho
profiluvldkiena velkostpovrchov
Pozvl6dnutipodmienok
elegeometriou
vlAknas najrozmanitej5ou
v zdvislosti
vldkienovplyvfiuj0
od mentdrnych
optick6prostredie,
do
profilovanej
tvarupouZitej
zvldkfrovacej
hubice.Profil kore5pond
ujes koloristidcf
mivlastnostamiprofiIovanfch
elementdrneho
vldknav priecnom
aj v pozdlZnom
sme- a vyfarbenfch
vldkien,
[6,7].
pritomtospdsobemodifikdcie
re si zachovdva
podlhKubelka-Munkovej
rovno- Silavyfarbenia
savyjadruje
geometrie
prie6neho
profiluvld- rovnice(3):
mernost.
Navyjadrenie
kiensa pouZivaju
r6znevelicinya ichekvivalenty,
ktor6
K/S = (1 - B)'lzp
(3)
viac-menej
vyjadrujIodli5nosti
od klasick6ho
kruhov6geometrichich
hoprofilu,
Nastanovenie
charak- kdeK je koeficient
absorpcie
svetla,S je koeficient
roz[1,2,3].
teristfksa vyuZivametodaanal,fzaobrazupriedneho ptylusvetla,Bje stupefiremisie.
profiluvldkien.
Okremskutocn6ho
a ekvivalentn6ho
Koeficient
K je funkciouspektrdlnych
obabsorpcie
chavodua plochypriedneho
rezusa vyuZfvajti
dhl5iekrite- rakteristfk
farbivavo vl6kne.Koeficient
a koncentrdcie
ria,akos0 mernfpovrchvldkiena, stupefirozvetvenia rozptyluS je funkciouStruktfrya geometrie
vldkna.
R,Warovffaktorq podl'aMalinowskej
a in6.Stupefiroz- K Struktrirnym
vplyvompatrinajmdnadmolekulov6
vetveniaR je danlipodielomStuorca
obvodua plochy Strukt0ra
vldkiena Strukt0ra
farbiva.Kugeometrick;im
priecneho
profilu.Tvarovffaktorq podl'aMalinowskej vplyvom
patrinajmai
geometria
priecdlZkova
hmotnost,
je definovanf
podlavztahu(1):
profilu.
nehoa pozdlZneho
vldkna a textil 9 (4) 135-141 (2002)
139
Pri dopadesvetla na povrchvyfarben6hovldknasa
6astsvetlaodrazia 6astpohltf.Cimje indexlomusvetla
na rozhranivl6kno-vzduchvi65f, tim viic5iacast svetla
sa odrazfa men5ia6ast svetla sa pohltivo vldkne.
V dosledkumenSiehopodielupohlten6hosvetlasa jaOdrazsvetlana povrchu
vivyfarbenievldknasvetlejSie.
vldknaovplyviuje vfznamne geometriapovrchuvldkna. Takfto odrazsvetlasa m62epotladitSpecidlnoupovrchovouupravbu,6fm sa dosiahnetmav5ifarebnyi
vnem vyfarben6hovldkna.
Zdvislostjemnostivl6knaa rozptylov6hokoeficientu
S vyjadriliAkar a East vztahom(4):
S=a+b.tex-1/'
gl
- stanoveniegeometriclaich
parametrovprofilovanfch
PETvldkien
- farbenieprofilovanyich
PET vldkien
- stanoveniesilyvyfarbeniaprofilovanlich
PETvldkien.
3.1 Stanoveniegeometrickfch parametrov
vl6kien
V s0boresiedmichvzoriekPETvlakiens jednotkovou
dfZkovouhmotnostouTdi = (2,3: 3,0; 3,5; 4,6 dtex)
a priednymprofilom(Y, (-), A) sa stanoviligeometrick6bezrozmerov6parametretvaroni faktorq podt'aMalinowskeja stupefirozvetveniaR. Na ich stanoveniesa
pouZifametodaanalyzyobrazupriecnehoprofiluvldkna, ktoryisa ziskalzaznamenanimna rastrovacomelekNa obr. 1. s[ zaznamenan6
tronovommikroskope.
tri
druhy priecnychprofilovvldkienzo suborusiedmich
vzoriekPETvldkien,ktor6bolianalyzovanlpodl'avlastnej metodyanalfzy obrazu.Merny povrchvldkrena,
[kgim'] sa vypoditalpodl'avztahu (2).
rozptylvo vl6kne,
kde a je kon5tantacharakterizujr.rca
je
povrchuvldkkon5tanta
vlastnosti
b
charakterizujuca
na.
Podl'avztahu (4) k molekuldmfarbivav jemnej5ich
vldknachsa dostdvamen5iemnoZstvosvetlaa vdc5ia
dastsvetlasa odrazispdtod vl6knatzv. nefarebnoureflexiou,[8].
Medzisilouvyfarbenia,hr0bkouvldknaa mernfm
3.2 Farbeniegeometricky modifikovanfch
povrchomvldknaplativztah(5):
vl6kien
= dtldz= dzJ4
(K/S).'/(K/S)z
(5)
V5etkyvzorkyprofilovanfchPET vldkienboli farbeje
je
je
priemer
(K/S)
vl6kna, a
n6 rovnakfmfarbiacimpostupom- vytahovacimposkde
sila vyfarbenia,d
povrch
tupomfarbivaz farbiacehok0pela.Na farbeniesa pomernf
vldkna.
proplatia
pre
vldknas kruhovfm
uZilodisperzn6
farbivoTerasilBlau3RL od firmyCiba
Odvoden6vztahy
vlastnostami.
V redlnych Geigy s obsahom1,5 0/ofarbivavo farbiacomkupeli
filoma rovnalqTmi
Strukturnymi
podmienkach
na hmotnostfarben6hovldkna.Teolota
sa tieto poZiadavkyna vldknadosahuj0 vztahovan6ho
kupelaprifarbenlvldkien
bola100"C. FarobtiaZne,a pretomaj0'odvoden6vztahyiba pribliZn0 farbiaceho
prendsacafarbiva.bal5iepodmienplatnostpri pouZfvani,
bilosa v pritomnosti
[8].
Koncentrdciafarbivapotrebndna dosiahnutieurditej ky prifarbeniboliobvyklepodl'arecepturprifarbeniPET
Prev5etkyvzorkybol cadruhejodmocnine vldkiendisperznyimifarbivami.
farebnejsftostije nepriamo0mernd
sovo-teplotnfreZimfarbeniarovnakf, aby sa vylucil
dlZkouichhmotnostipodl'avztahu (6):
faktorovpri hodnotenfvyfarbenia.
vplyvd'al5ich
(6)
cr : c2 (Tfr r)'t'
farbivavo vl6knach,T',.T2su
kdec.,,c2s0 koncentr6cie
vldkien.Infmi slovamivyjadren6,
vy- 3 . 3 S t a n o v e n i es i l y v y f a r b e n i av l 6 k i e n
dlZkov6hmotnosti
farfarben6vldknajemnej5ies rovnakoukoncentr6ciou
Datacolor3890 sa stanovilafaSpektrofotometrom
bivaako majf vldknahrub5iesa javia oku svetlej5ie.
vyfarbenfchvzoriekprofilovavldknavytvaraj[lep5iepod- rebndsila KS v5etkyich
Je logick6,Ze profilovan6
zdrojiosvetlenia
mienkypre rozptylsvetlaneZ kruhov6vldkna.Rozpty- nfch PET vlakienpri Standardnom
lov! koeficientvzrastds prechodomk dlenitej5impro- DuJ1Odeg.
filomvldkien.Vzhladomk tomu, Ze na komplexnej5ie
vyjadreniepriecnehoprofiluvldknasa vyZadujeviacej
4. Vfsledky a diskusia
krit6rii,neexistujejednoduch! vztah, ktory by obecne
vyjadrovalvplyvvelkosti,tvaru a 6lenitostiprofilovvl6Hlavn6druhy priecnychprofilovvldkien,ktorfch
kien na ich optick6a koloristick6vlastnosti.
prdceje zhodnotitvplyvniekto- geometriabola analyzovandmetodouanalyzyobrazu
Cielbmpredkladanej
priecnychprofilovna podkladeREM obrdzkovsu zobrfch profilovPET vldkienna ich silu vyfarbenia.
razenf na obr. 1. Stanoven6geometrick6charakterisobrazovhladkfchdfZenfchvldkien
tiky analyzovanlich
su uveden6v tabulkel.
3. Experiment6lnacast
uveden6v tabulke1 sa
charakteristiky
Geometrick6
Experimentdlnerie5enietematick6hozameraniasa pouZilipre vypoditaniestupna rozvetveniaR vldkien
a mern6hopovrchuvldkiena, [m27kg1.
delina:
140
VlLknaa textil 9 (4) 135-14.1(2002)
farebnej
Na obr.2-5 s0 uveden6grafick6z6vislosti
parametrov
sily(S od geometricklich
- jednotkovej
hmotnosti,
Tdj
dlZkovej
- stupnarozvetvenia,
R
- tvarov6ho
faktora,q
- mern6ho
povrchu
vldkien,
a.
a.3 Vplyv tvarov6ho faktora na silu vyfarbenia
Tvarovf faktorq je z hl'adiskavplyvuna silu vyfarbenia vfznamny.Vysokoovplyviuje rozptylsvetlana povrchuvldkien.Pri nizkychhodnotdchtvarovehofaktora je rozptyldopadajfcehosvetla na povrchuvldkien
hodnotusilyvyfarnizkya vyfarben6vl6knom6 vysokrjr
naopak.
Na
obr.
4
s0
uveden6
hodnotyK/S
benia a
jemnosti
q.
profilom
Vldkna
Y
s
4.1Vplyv
na silu vyfarbenia
v zdvislostiod
a Amaju blizke
faktorya ich sila vyfarbeniaklesdso vzrastaj0tvarov6
profilovanfch
Vplyvjemnostielementdrnych
vldkien
cou dlZkovouhmotnostou,tab.1.Tentorozporv zmysle
nasiluvyfarbenia
v interakcii
s tvarom
rySsa prejavuje
a hrubfchvldkiens profilote6rieo farebnostijemnfch
priedneho
profilu,ktoryvyjadruje
tvaro4ifaktor.Najvy5profilom
kruhouim
spo6ivav interakciivplyvu
vanlima
SiuhodnotuKS podlaobr.2.maj0vldknas profilom,
tvarov6hofaktoraa dlZkovejhmotnostina silu vyfarbektor6bolipripraven6
nazvl6kfiovacej
hubicitvaru
Y, honia.
vldkienniZci majftietovldknav s0boreprofilovanich
hmotnosti,
SiedlZkov6
tab. 1. Rozptylsvetlana povrchochvl6kiens profilom
typu,ktoryje naobr.1a),tab.1 4.4Yplyv mern6ho povrchu na silu vyfarbenia
je relatlvneniZ5i,co koreSponduje
s niZ5imtvarovfm
povrchuvl6kiensa zniZuje
je uvedenf So zvy5ovanim'mern6ho
faktorom
tfchtovldkien.Vldknatypu,ktoryi
hodnotasily vyfarbenia1(S. Mernli povrchvldkiensa
naobr.1c),majf vysokftvaronifaktora s nlms0visiaci
moZe.zvy5itpri geometrickejmodifikdciibud' znilovavysokfrozptylsvetlana ichpovrchu.
Z tfchtod6vodov
nfm dlZkovejhmotnostielementdrnych
vldkien,bud'
vykazujri
aj hrubevldknas profilom(-) nizkusiluvyfar- profilovanim
vldkienzmenouprie6nejgeometrievldkien.
benia.
profilovanfch
vl6kien,obr.5, sa zvyV s0borehodnotenfch
Sujemernyipovrchsmeromod profiluY + A -->(-). Tfmto
4.2Yplyvstupnarozvetveniana silu vyfarbenia smeromklesdsilavyfarbeniav dobrejzhodes mernlm
vldknapripraven6
Profilovan6
na zvldkfrovacich
hu- povrchomprofilovanfchvl6kien.
biciachs profilovanlimi
otvormiY a I maj0vel'miblizprofilovanfch
kystupeirozvetvenia.
Nazvldknovaclch
hubiciach
5. Zfver
typu(-) sa pripravili
vldknatakmers dvakrdt
vySSrm
stupiomrozvetuenia.
Pri posudzovani
vplyvu
stupiarozvefuenia
nasiluvyfarbenia,
obr.3, trebabrat
Na zdkladedosiahnu\ichvfsledkovpri posudzovani
do fvahy interakcie
vplyvov,pretoZena jednejstrane vplyvugeometrickychcharakteristikprofilovanfchvl6(Y kien na ich siluvyfarbeniamdZemekon5tatovat,2eWvldknana rovnakejurovnistupia rozvetvenia
a A) majf r6znusiluvyfarbenia,
nadruhejstranevldk- sokoovplyviuj0rozptylsvetlaa v zmysleKubelka-MunnanardznejurovnistupnarozveNenia
majublizkuhod- kovej rovnicesilu vyfarbenia.Vfznamn6 s0 vplyvy
((-)a l). Pravdepodobne
notusilyvyfarbeni.a
i v tomto interakciimedzidlZkovouhmotnostouprofilovanfchvldpripadeakopri dlZkovejhmotnosti
z rovnaloich
d6vo- kiena krit6riamivyladruj0cimi
tvar priednehoprofilutvadovvstupuje
do interakcie
so stupiomrozvetvenia
tva- rouim faktorom,stupiom rozvetveniaa mernfm povrrovf faktor.
chom.
Vtdknaa textil9 (4) 13ts141(2002)
141
BETWEENSTRUCTURE,
CONNECTION
SYMMETRY
AND
PROPERTIES
ANISOTROPY
OF MECHANICAL
OF WOVEN
FABRICS
L.,Vargovd,
Sodomka,
H.
TU Liberec
In the paperthe connectionbetweenstructure,symmetryand anisotropyof mechanicalproperties especiallythe Young modulusand drape of the woven cottonfabricsof the three main bonds
plain,twist a satin are being presented.The anisotropyof the structureis representedthrough
the new quantitylinear density of the bond points puttingin the polar diagrams.The polar diagrams are being plottedfor the structure,Young modulus,for the coefficientof drape and their
anisotropyare being compared.
Key words: Structure,symmetry,anisotropy,elasticmodulus,drape, drapemeter
l.lntroduction
It is the effortof the theory and of the experimentto
explainthe complicatedand complexpropertiesof the
textilefabricsthroughthe basictextilecomponentsas
the fibresis. Fromthe linear,planaras well as volume
distributionof the fibresthe yarns and planarstructure
are beingcreated.In the staticstructurethe positions
of the individualfibresare beingdescribed,in the dynamicalone the movementof the fibresin the textile
fabricsis beingconsideredalso.The planarstructureof
textilesis beingcarriedout as the woven,knittingand
web fabrics.The knowledgeof the textilefabricstructure is very importantfor the technologyof the production of the textilesof the requestedproperties.In the
textilefabricspropertiesthe very importantrole are
beingplayedin the interactionforcesbetweenfibresand
their aggregates.There are the frictionforcesthat are
beingheldthe fibrestogetheras in the yarnsas well as
in the woven,knittingand nonwoventextiles.In the knitting and woven fabricsthe distributionof the fibres is
periodic,in the web fabricsaperiodicone. The objectof
our researchthereare the wovenfabricsthat havealso
the periodicdistributionof the bondingforces representedthroughthe bond points in the woven fabrics.
The bondingpointsare beingcreatedthe bond of the
wovenand they can be used also as the structureelementsof the wovenfabric.When thesebondpointsare
beingrepresented
throughthe geometricalpoints,the
complicatedwoven structureis being represented
troughthe planarpoint lattice.For the structurerepresentationand descriptionof this latticethe two-dimensionalcrystallatticecan be appliedand with it the all
mathematical
apparatus.All thiswill be donein the folpaper.
lowing
Thus supposedthe textilesstructureis
of
inducingthe basisof the anisotropyof the properties
the wovenfabricsas for instancethe mechanicalmoduli
142
and strengthof the textilesare. The furtherproperties,
which are beingexpectedthe anisotropyfrom,the frictioncoefficient
and drapeare [1],[2].All this presented
problemsare beingsolvedin this paper.
2.The objects of research interest, the structure
anisotropy
ln the paperthe objectof the studythereare the cotton of the wovenfabricsof the three bonds,the plain,
the twillandthe satin.The basicparametersof the studied wovenfabricsare followingones summarisedin the
t a b l e1 .
In the tablethe fullsquareare beingrepresented
the
warp bond pointand the whiteone are not the bond
points.lt can be recognisedthe warp and weft bond
points.
propertiesof the studiedcottonwovenfabTable 1 Fundamental
rics
plane
textile bond
area mass (g/mt)
thickness(mm)
warp thread density (n/m)
weft thread density (n/m)
warp threadshorteninSfk)
weft threadshortening(%)
pt
1
120,5
0,38
2900
2600
16
10
twill
*!r
satin
oL ^rcr
66',
122
0,52
2900
3000
7,8
12
11 6
0, 5
2900
2700
B
10
Vl*kna a textil9 (4) 142-148 (2002)
3.Thedescriptionand relationin the ideal
structureof the woven fabrics
Whentheyarejoiningthecentresofthebondsquares
thegeometriinthewovenschemeit is beingobtained
Thesearebeingrepresented
thesamegencallattice.
Fig. 2 The form of five differenttextileplanarelementaryunit cell:
eralproperties
of the wovenas the symmetryand
parallelogram,
rectangle(oblong),centredrectangle,square
textilelatticeis isoare.Thusconstructed
anisotropy
(a = b) and triangle
lattices
andalltheir
morphic
withplanarcrystallographic
properties
the symmetrycanbe transferred is in the distanceL(uv),then for the densityH(uv)can
especially
the geometricalbe written
to the textilelattice.Let us construct
latticefromthewovenof theplain,twillandsatinbonds
+ n?,v'),
H(uv) = 1/L(uv): nonr/./(n2ou2
shownin the table1. Thesethreelatticesare on the
(2\
flo = 1/a, r.lu= 1/b
fig.1 a, b, c.
withthe latticetheoryit nois the linearwarp threaddensityand n, is the werf
Fromthesefigurestogether
andthe one.
be
structure
characteristics
can deducedthe
Forthe polardiagramplottingthereis very important
symmetryof the textilelattices.Generallyit can be
through to know alsothe anglebetweenthe direction[01] and
shownthateachlatticepointcanbe expressed
generallatticedirection[uv],0. This can be calculated
relation
thefollowing
afterusingthe followingformula
(1)
r=ua+vb
cos([01
],[uv])= vn,/{(n?u'* n',v'),
r is the positionvectorof the latticepoint,? , b arethe
=
* n'rv'))
(3)
o cos-11vn/./(n2"u'
(seefig.1) andu, v arethe intelatticecellparameter
gernumber.Because
Forthe simplifying
the construction
of the structure
the a, b areforthe definedwoit is possible
of polardiagram
the squareunitlatticecellis beingsupvenconstant,
to useforthedesignation
latticepointthesymbol[[uv]land[[00]lis theoriginof posed,a = b andH(uv)= n/!(u2* v'), wheren = no= nu,
the lattice.In the textilelatticeit can be distinguished
r nrrvr))
(4).
0 = cos-11vnr/r/1n2ou2
alsothe latticedirection.
Eachof themis determined
polardiagramarebeIn thefig.3, 4, 5 thestructure
through
thetwopoints;oneis theoriginandsecondis
presented.
point[[uv]].The
thegeneral
lattice
directionsing
often-used
Fromthefig.3, 4, 5 it is seenthatthereareexisting
arebeingdenoted
simply[uv].
peaksin bondpoint
Aftertheplanarlatticetheory,the periodicstructures fourprimaryandfoursecondary
are havingthe elementsof the macro-and/or densityandthepointdensityis beinganisotropic.
The
is definedas thecoefficient
microsymmetry.
Troughthesethe fivetypeof the pla- measure
of theanisotropy
S(A)
narlattices
Therearethe of theanisotropy
[1,21 arebeinginduced.
squared,
triangle,
simpleand
simpleparallelogram,
(5)
S(A)= (P.", - Pr,^)/(P,",* Prin)
(oblong)
(fig.2). Because
thetextile
centredrectangle
planarstructureare being in the most causes Usingthe (5) it is possibleto calculatethe anisotropy
the
coefficientfor the structureanisotropypresentedin the
orthotropic,
point densityH(uv) in the
The bond (geometrical)
orthotropiclatticeis being definedas the numberof
polardiagramon fig. 3, 4, 5.
bondpointsin the lenqt
3'r=:
b)
1
T_S
6
r,m
1
s6/4/
Fig. 1 Latticesof a) plain,b) twilland c) satinstructuresrespectively
vldkna a textil9 (4) 142-148 (2002)
143
l0'
l5'
34J"
330'
255"
27-.
2t5.
c)
b)
a)
points
=
plainwovena) all bond pointsof; b) warp bond points;c) weft bond
Fig.3 The polarstructurediagramH(uv) H(q)for the
-L-
-a.L\ ...^-^
l-^h,.. ,
il;
a)
bond points
diagramH(uv)= H(q)for the twillwovena) warp bond points;b) weft
Fig.4 Thepolardtructure
rooT i
140
80
ll5'
\
/,,
210'
b)
a)
points;b) weft bond points
bond
warp
=
a)
woven
satin
for
the
H(q)
H(uv)
diagram
Fig. 5 The polarstructure
S(A) warp
weft
plain
wovenbond
twill
satin
0,56
1
0,89
1
0,79
1
Allbondpoints:0,56.
For the mathematical
ingthe in general3D anisotropy.
dJscriptionof the anisotropythe tensorsare using.The
tensoifor the elasticmodulushas the forth orderand
These are beinglowered
in general81 components.
with symmetryand 2D dimensionfor the orthotropic
symmetrytothethreecomponents[3],[4]'Thussuchan
tensorE,,canbe expressedin the matrixform
eiasticity
AS
4. Anisotropyof elasticmodulusof woven
fabrics
=Ez, (6)
E,z
llr,ll=
ll;,, ;;ll,
r rr t l l E . , E , l l
of textilesis beingimpliedthe
anisotropy
Thestructure
planartex'
From(6)it is seenthatforthe orthotropy
of the
properties
especially
textile
the
of
anisotropy
to knowonlythreetensor
propertyfromthe tile fabricsit is necessary
ones.Themostimportant
mechanical
of thepolardiagram,
construction
the
For
onesis theelastic(Young)modulusshow- components.
mechanical
1M
VtLkna a textil I (4) 142-148 (2002)
270"
90o
I 900
I 80"
b)
Fig. 6 Polardiagramof elasticmodulusa) plainstructure;b) twillstructure;c) satinstructure
the dependenceof the elasticmodulusE on the polar
angle0, E(q),it is necessaryto transformthe tensor
formwiththe
expression(6)to the moreadvantageous
following
result[5,6]:
* (sin4e7E,;
+
1/E(0)= 1sos40/Eo)
F (Eos+ 1l4Eo- 1/4E,)sin22o (7)
Fromthe relation(7) it is seenthat for the constructionof the wholepolardiagramthereare necessaryto
know the threevalue of the elasticmodulusEois the
modulusin warpdirectionEu, is the modulusin the weft
directionand Eo,is the modulusin the 45 degreedirectionin polardiagram.The threeexperimental
obtained
modulusvaluesare sufficientto calculateafter(7) valin the polardiaues of elasticmodulusin all directions
gram.Thiswill be madefor the plainbondin the fig.6
a),forthe twillbondin the fig.6 b) andforthe satinbond
i n t h ef i g .6 c ) .
Fromthesefiguresit is beingobservedthatonlymaximal valuesin the axis directionhave been shownand
the secondarypeaksappearingin the structureanisotropyhavebeenlost.Considering
thisfact it is possible
to introducethe new quantity,the orthotropycoefficient
S(O)throughthe followingdefinition
t h e i n t e r v a l< 0 , 1 > .T h e v a l u e 1 i s r e s e r v e df o r t h e
s q u a r e o r t h o t r o p ya n d t h e v a l u e 1 f o r t h e l i n e a r
orthotropy,when the textilefabricsare createdonly
troughthe parallelthreads.The S(O) valuesfor the
three types of the woven fabricsare being calculated
and are as follows: for plainstructure0,04,for twill
structure0,14 and for satinwovenfabrics0,33.
5. Anisotropy of the drape of woven fabrics
The drapeis definedas the deformation
of the textile
fabricsmadethroughthe gravitational
force.Therefore
for the drape measurementsthe differentset up and
techniquecan be used.In the firsttechnique(1950)the
circletextilesampleof the known radiusR is being
coaxiallysituatedon the solidcirclebaseof the radius
r. The actionof the gravitational
forceis deformingthe
textilecircle.The projectionof the deformedtextilefabricstroughthe parallellightbeamin the symmetryaxis
directionof the set up is leadingthe creationon the bed
areaA. The drapecoefficientS(S) is definedas
S(S) : (A - nr'111nR'-nrl
(9)
Nowthe areameasurement
is beingmadeusedthe
program
Lucia
video
camera
and
for the evaluating
of
S ( o ) : ( E [ 1 0 -] E [ 0 1 ] ) / ( E I 1 +
0E
l [01]) (8)
the S(S).This methodhas been carriedout for the
whereE[10]is denotingthe elasticmodulusin the direc- drapemeasurements
in [5],[6].The measurements
of
tionof warp[10]and E[01]in weft [01]threads.
the drapeof the threewoven structureare presented
The valuesof the S(O) can achievethe valuesfrom o n t h e t i g . 7 .
Fig. 7 The projectionarea in drapemeasurementof the a) plainstructure;b) twillstructure;c) satinstructure.
Vldknaa textil9(4) 142-148(2002)
145
Fig. 8 The set up of the drapemeterafterSodomka[7], [8]
On the borderof this projectedarea the so called
wavesare beingobserved.This is the expressionof the
drapeanisotropy.Also their numberis its characteristic. In the fig.7 b) and 7 c), the 8 wave numberis being
shown;on the tig.7 a) only7 wavesare beingobserved.
Number8 can be probablycoheredwith the structure
anisotropy.
By the first author one fast and simple method of
drapemeasuring(drapemeter)
has beenproposed.lts
principleis beingexplainedusingthe fig. 8. The textile
fabricbandof the lengthL (200mm)and the breathB
(50mm)is puttingbetweentwo planarwall and letting
to createthe waves.The textilefabric is in the contact
withthewallsat the heightsL,, L, , L3, ... L,, ... Ln. The
drapecoefficientis definedas UL orlandS (UnL)where
n is the numberof the waves.The theoryof this deformationtypeis in the beginning.
Anotherdrapemeteris beingbasedon the measuring
of the sag of the textilefabricbend.The drapeanisot-
ropyis measuredin dependence
of the bandaxisdirection in the textilefabrics.The anisotropymeasurements
of the drapefor the all threebondtypesthroghthe textle
bendingare beingpresentedon the fig. 9. Thesetwo
lasttypesof the dynamometersare in the development.
The somedetails
6 . R e v i e w ,c o n c l u s i o n sa n d f u t h e r d e v e l o p t m e n t
In the paperthe connectionbetweenstructureand
anisotropyof the mechanicalpropertiesof woventextileshas beenstudied.Forthe structuredescription
the
crystallographic
analogybetweenthe 2D crystallattice
and 2D woventextilehas been borrowed.The lattice
p o i n t si n w o v e nt e x t i l e sa r e t h e b o n d i n gp o i n t s .O n
thesesuppositions
the structureanisotropy
of the three
typesof woventextileshavebeendesignedon the fig.
3 , 4 , 5 . T h e s ec a n b e c o m p a r e dw i t h t h e m e a s u r e d
\
2&'
lm.
210.
Fig. 9 Anisotropyof the drapeabilitymeasuredthroughthe textilebendingof the samplepreparationand measurements
can the
readerfind in [9] and [10].
146
vldkna a textil I (4) 142-148 (2002)
anisotropy
of theYoungmodulusof woventextileson
it is evident,that only
fig.6. Fromthis comparison
The subsidorthotropy
symmetryis beingconserved.
polar
on the mechanical
iarybondingpointdirections
havenotbeenobserued,
diagrams
In the paperit is beingalsoshownthatall mechaniThe
cal propertieshave been shownanisotropy.
withclassical
drapeability
of woventextilesmeasured
methodcannotbe directlymeasured.Forthesepurposesthetwo newmethodshavebeenproposed
and
applied.
The connection
betweenstructureand mechanical
properties
of woventextilesis not beingeasyto solve
as thefirsstep, beandthispapercanbe understood
pointshasbeen
ofthebonding
causeonlythegeometry
considered
andthe forcesbetweenthencan be neglected.
This publication is being granted from the GACR under the grant
number 106/01/0387.
vldknaa textilI (4) 142-148(2002)
References
l 1 l Sodomka,L., et al.: Strukturatkanina jejivztah k anizotropii
modulupruZnostia splyivavosti,
Strutex2001 TU LiberecCR
p. 147
I2l Sodomka,L., et al,: Anizotropiesoudiniteletienl zdkladnich
vazeb bavlnEnfchtkanin. Strutex 2001 TU Liberec p. 141
t3I Lonsdale,K.: Internationaltabled for X-ray crystallography.
Kynoch Press BirminghamEngland 1952, p. 50-60
t4l Kelly,A., Groves,G. W.: Crystallographyand crystaldefects.
Longman,London1970, p.20-30
I5l Agarval , B. D,, Broutman,L. J.: Analysisand performance
of fiber composites.Wiley New York 1980, p. 124
t6l Sodomka, L.: in Teorie netkanyichtextilif.Cvi6en[,VSST
Liberec198 p. 112
171Sodomka,L., K0s,Z.:Pozn6mkyk nEktenimcharakteristik6m
textilii.Strutex 1999 TU Liberecp.269
l8l Richterovd,A.: Anizotropiemechanickfchvlastnostitkanin.
Diplomovdprdce FTTU Liberec 1996, p. 84
lel Stard, K.: Diplomov6prdce FTTU Liberec,2001, p 36-45
[10]Sodomka,L., Stard,K., Vargov6,H.: Strukturatkanina jeji
vztah k anizotropiimodulu pruZnostia splfvavosti. Strutex
2001 TU Liberecp. 147
Recieved:March 2002
147
SOUVISLOST
STRUKTURY
S ANIZOTROPII
MEcHANrcKVcn
vlAsTruosri
rrnruiru
Transtation
of article:
Connectionbetweenstructure,symmetryand anisotropyof mechanicalproperties of wovenfabrics
V dldnkuje pojedndnoo vztahu struktury,soumdrnostia anizotropiemechanickfchvlastnosti
zvld5tdmoduluv tahu, tieni a splfvavostibavlnenlichtkanintii z6kladnichvazeb : pl6tnov6,keprov6 a atlasov6.Anozotropiestrukturytkaninje kvantifikovdna
soustavouvazbovfch bod0, kter6
tvoif dvojrozmdrnoumifZku.Z ni je tak vytvoien soumdrnliftvar pro vazn6 body osnovnla 0tkov6. Ty vytvdieji poldrni diagramy ve tvaru r02ice s vfraznfmi osmi maximy se dtyidetnouosou
j akou maj i pol 6rnidi agramymodul 0v tahu. V 5echny
s ou md rn o s tis,e s te j n o uo s o u s o u m6rnosti
zaveden6charakteristikyuvaZovanfchtextiliivykazujfanizotropii.
Klicovd slova: Struktura,soum6rnosta anizotropietkanin,elastickyimodul v tahu, splyivavost.
Uvod
ny zdkladnichvazeb:pldtnov6,keprovda atlasov6.Jejichz6kladnftextilnicharakteristiky
jsoushrnutyv tabuljakteorietakexperimentu,
Je snahou,
vytvoiitstruk- ce a jejichstrukturnfzobrazenfje na obr. 1. Textiliejsou
prvk0,jakojsouvldkna chApdnyjako dvojrozmdrn6
periodick6struktury,kter6
turutextilifz jejichzdkladnlch
plo5n;ich
a vytvaieni
textiliiz linedrnich
Zddanfch
vlast- tvoii p6t elementdrnich
dvojrozm6rnfchbun6kuvedenostf.Orientace
arozlolenivldkena jejichorientace
vy- nfch na obr.2. Jako strukturnicharakteristika
bylazvoperiodickou
tvaiejivtkanindch
statickou
stavbutkanin, lena hustotavazbovyich
bodu H(uv),definovan6vztajejichgeometrickou
Vazbov6sily,kter6drZi h e m ( 2 ) . J e j f m u Z i t l mb y l y z k o n s t r u o v 6 n yp o l d r n i
strukturu.
vl6knapohromade
vytv6iejipakjejichfyzikdlnistruktu- strukturnidiagramypro zdkladnivazbypldtnovou,kepru.Je snahoujak experimentu,
tak iteorieodvoditze rovou a atlasovou.Poldrnfdiagramytdchtostruktur
vlastnosti
struktury
uiroby. H(uv): H(6)majidtyidetnounebodvojcetnouosu soutextilifprojejichtechnologii
geometrick6
Z vychozi
a fyzikalni struktury tkanin vyply- m6rnostia jsou uvedenypro lfc a rub na obr. 3, 4 a 5.
jakojsou Jim piislu5n6poldrnidiagramymodul0v tahujsou na
vajijakod0sledek
v5echny
vlastnosti
textilif,
pruZnost,
pevnost,
soucinitel
Je proto obr. 6. Anizotropiijevilatak6 splfvavostvSechtif typ0
tieniasplfvavost.
r4izkumu
snahoutextilnfho
vztahymezistruk- tkanin,jak ji znazorfiujeobr. 7. Prdce ukAzalana souobjevovat
V5echnytytovlastnosti
turoua vlastnostmi.
sdruZuje visloststrukturya vlastnostitri typ0 tkanin,pldtnov6,
anizotropie
Piedmetem
textilii.
cldnkuje hledatffto sou- keprov6a atlasove.V dlankuje rozliSena
celkov6(v5esvislosti.
m6rovd)a jednosm6rovd
spllvavosta uvedenajednoduchdmetodak hodnocenfjednosm6rov6splyivavosti
Strukturni anizotropie
spolus jednoduchfmmdifcimpiistrojemjednosmeroJakopiedm6tvfzkumubylyvybr6nybavlnen6
tkani- v6 splyivavosti.
148
vldkna a textil I (4) 142-148 (2002)
OF
OF THERMALEFFICIENCY
EVALUATION
OBJECTIVE
PCMPARTICLES
CONTAINING
GARMENTS
PROTECTIVE
LuboS Hes, L., Balcaiikovd, V.
hotmail.com
TechnicalUniverzityof Liberec,e-mail:/uboshes@
This paper brings concise explanationof the function of fabrics and clothes which provide
increasedthermal protection(insulation)on principleof dynamic thermal resistancegiven by
accumulationof heat in PCM particlesintegratedinto protectivetextilelayer. Besidesdescription
funcmodel of their thermo-protective
of structureof the fabrics,a simplifiedthermo-mechanical
t ion is g i v e n .
In the second part of the paper, new methodof thermalefficiencyevaluationof the protection
'time of at leasttwofoldthermal
layersin time coursetime is described.This methodis based on
protection"and an originaldevice for applicationof this easy method is introduced.ln the end,
first findingsfound by the new method which emphasizenecessityof relativelyhigh amount of
the PCM elementsfor sufficientlygood protectioneffectare given.
parametercatledthermalabsorbtivityb [Ws1t'1m'K1introducedby Hes in [2] can be determinedwith commerin the worldoffersportclothes cialapparatusAI-AMBETAdescribedin [3].
Severalcompanies
withhigherthermalcapacity,whichprovidetemporary Thermalcapacityof clotheshas to defendthe body
protection
whethercausedby stay fromsuddentemperaturechangesin the environment,
againstoverheating
space and
in hotsurroundings
or by higherproduction
of metabolic for examplewhen leavingair-conditioned
func- enteringto tropicalatmosphere.
heatduringhighsportor workstrain.Protective
In fact,this balancingeffectis weak and short.Wool
durtionof thoseproductsis basedon heatabsorption
ingphasechangein so called"phasechangemateri- clothesprovidemuch higher"buffer"effectdue to valayerof the porizationheat of absorbedwater, but only in case if
als"(PCM)whichareputinsideprotection
high temperatureof surroundingair comeswith low
specialclothes.
marketing,
Dueto intensive
theseclothesareknown humidity.Yet this is not a usualcase.That is why fabpro- rics basedon heat accumulationby meansof phase
However,
to publicandtheyfoundtheircustomers.
the changeappearedon the market.
ducersof the fabricsare not ableto characterize
in simpleman- This principlewas firstusedin civilengineering- unheatprotection
effectof theproclaimed
housestherewere put closed
ner.Thereis growingsuspicion
amongtextilespecial- der roofsof "intelligent"
proportional
iststhattheprotection
is notnecessarily
to containerswith PCM materials.The heataccumulated
fabricsandgarments. duringhot days warmedthe whole houseduringcold
highpriceofthese"performance"
analysisof nights.Dr BarbaraPausepublishedthis principlefirst
Objective
of this paperis a simplified
PCM - see in [a] afterthe suitableway of applicationof these
mechanism
of fabricscontaining
thermoprotective
proposal
m a t e r i a l si n f a b r i c sw a s s o l v e d .T h e m o s t l yu s e d
new
method
and
related
and
a
of
elements
of thermaleffi- materals- alkens- are productsof organicchemistry
deviceswhichalloweasyevaluation
clothesof the "outlast" and theirmeltingtemperaturelies usuallybetween15
ciencyof the thermoprotective
and 40 "C. As an example eicosancan be used,with
type.
36,1 'C.
meltingtemperature
1. lntroduction
2. Dynamicsof fabricheating
3. A theory of using of phase change materials
in thermo-protectivegarments
withtemperaWhiledressing
especially
of underwear
we feeleffectof
turedifferentfrombodytemperature
intheclothes,
whichis givenbyarea Thesewax-likematerialsare enclosedin smallcapheataccumulation
relatedthermalcapacityof clothingC U/mzlcalculated sulesof diameter5 to 15 micrometersand can be inas a productof specificheatc [J/kg]andsurfaceden- put and fixed insideany textilestructure(e.9.in nonThermalconductivity
of tex- woven fabric)or on the surfaceof textilefabric by
sityof thefabricM [kg/m2].
meansof a resin.Recently,the PCM elementswere
tilematerial
takesshareontheoverallthermal-contact
perception
first successfully
builtinsideacrylicfibres.ThesePCM eleofthefabric.WellknownProf.Kawabata
pointed
of dynamics
of thermal-con-ments are characterizedby relativelyhigh phase
outtheimportance
tactperception
as a partof feel or hand[1].Resulting changeheat L [cca250 J/kg]which is takenoff the fabVldknaa textil9 (4) 149-154 (20021
149
in consequence
of higherexric duringits heating-up
teriortemperaturetg,or when coolingit down from
meltedstate. In both cases in the courseof phase
changetr6 [sec],PCM elementskeeprespectivetextile
layerwiththermalresistanceRp6at the phasechange
tp6 for timeof fractionsto multiplesof mintemperature
utes.
lf the userof the protectionclothesis exposedto high
exteriortemperaturetg,then protectiveclothesconsisting of two textilelayerswith innerand exteriorthermal
resistanc€Rpnord Re,and PCM layerwhichis laidbetweenthe textilelayers,shouldguaranteethatthe skin
temperaturet, of the wearer does not exceed at least
for certaintimethe temperaturelimitlevelwhichbrings
thermalcomfortfeeling.With certainsimplificationand
for Rrselt;' Rr the abovementionedmechanisms
can
be quantifiedin the followingway:
Heatflowqo[Wmt] to the skin (ts ,, 33"C)withoutprotection:
Qo= (te- ts)/(Re+ Rpc+Rr*or)
(1)
Heatflow qo [Wm'] to the skin with protection(tpc=
35-38'C):
+ Rr*ot)
Qp= (tpc- ts)/(O,sRpc
(2)
lf PCMprotection
appears,thenqp.( go,
Heatflow to PCM layerduringthe time of protection
tocH:
: (tE- tpc)/(0,5Rpc+ Re)
Qpcra
(3)
TotalheatL U/m'l necessaryfor completemeltingof
PCM layer:
L = Qpcu'tpc
g)
Time of thermalprotectionprovidede. g. by protec(in the praction glovedeterminedunderprecondition
ticeonly hardlyfeasible)that temperatureof PCM layer
is for certaintime in the whole PCM layerconstant:
= L.RE/(te- tpc)
tpc : L/qp61,,1
(5)
Fromthissimplifiedanalysisfollowsthat levelof protectivefunctionof PCM is stronglyaffectedby the level
Fig. 1 Schemeof the PC Testerinstrumentfor evaluationof
efficiencyof thermal protectivefabrics
150
of phasechangetemperatureand the levelof thermal
resistance,and that the most importantfactoris mass
of PCM elementsinsertedinto activelayerof clothes.
lf theirweightportionis low (lowerthan 30%),the outsidepenetratesthroughthe PCM layerto insidelayers
whichare in contactwithskinand the secondparl of the
equationis invalid.To get reallyeffectivePCM heatprotection, we haveto use thicktextilelayers,whichare
lessflexibleand consequently
lesscomfortable.
4. New method for evaluation of thermal
efficiency of PCM protection
New instrumentcalledPC Testeris basedon commercialequipmentALAMBETAfor the measurentof
thermal-contact
and thermal-isolation
characteristic
of
flattextiles.The schemeof thisequipmentis shownon
F i g .1 .
The instrumentconsistsof two blocks- boxeswith
The temperatureof the firstone,
differenttemperatures.
so calledSKINBOX,is kepton skintemperaturetri by
meansof classicalcirculationthermostat2. The second
one is HOTBOX3; it is heatedor cooledelectrically.
The
temperaturein this case is kept by digitalregulatoror
computer4 on differentlevelts. Testedfabric5 containing PCMelementsis locatedbetweensensingareasof
bothboxes,and in the courseof the testingproccessit
is surrounded
by two flat textiles6 and 7 whichsimulatebotheffectof thermalresistanceof undenryear
with
respectiveair gaps Rrrorand effectof totalthermalresistanceRu betweenPCM layerand the environment
withtemperature
tg.
Whenevaluatingeffectof PCM layersit is necessary
to preparethe PCM layerwith thermalresistanceRps
as well as the simulationlayerwith the same thermal
resistanceRsrru,
but withoutPCM elements.
Evaluationof the efficiencyis startedby allocationof
layers4, 5 (SlM)and 6 betweensensingsurfacesof
bothboxesandtheirbringingintomutualthermalcontact.The computerbeginsto registerlevelof heatflow
q [ W m z ) p a s s i n gt h r o u g h s e n s i n g s u r f a c e o f t h e
SKINBOX.As it is evidentfromfig. No 2.,the heatflow
reachesits maximUffigmaxo
in shorttime tonot exceeding severalseconds,becauseeffectivesurfacethermal
capacityof fabrics,givenby productof specificheat c
[J/kg]and surfacedensityof fabric[kg/mt]is very low.
Thefinalvalueof thermalresistance
is thengivenby the
(1).
relation
In nextstepthe textilefabric5(SlM)replacesprotectivelayerS(PCM)in the measuredassmblyand measurementis repeated.In this case the increaseof the
levelof heatflow is slower,becauseof the effectof heat
accumulationneededto accomplishingof the phase
change.In theory,the abovementionedaccumulation
of heat shouldbe constantfor some time and consequently,the heatflowshouldnot changein the meanvldkna.a textil I (4) 149-154 (2002)
ing of the relation(3).Time of protectionshouldbe characterizedby the time of protectionaccordingto the relation(5). In reality,there is no "plateau"with constant
of the heatflowgoingthough
valueq at the registration
the systemwith PCM layers,becausePCM layeris not
continuousin usualapplicationin textiles.A non refibresfrom outside
ducedheatflow penetratesbeWveen
layer,and as a result of it the curve of heat flow is
smoothand continuousand remindsagainan exponential one. How can we then simplyevaluatetimeof protection?
a lot
ln physics,the exponentialcurvescharacterize
of naturalprocesses,as e.g. radioactiveisotopedecay.
Forsimpleexpressionof the radiationintensitydrop,the
whichis givenby
halftimewas introduced,
radioactive
time necessaryfor drop of radiatelevelintensityto half.
This parameteris useful,becauseit is clearfor understanding.Similarly,analogyof this parameterwill be
usedfor evaluationof the thermalprotectiveefficiency
of fabricscontainingPCM elements.
As the timeof protectiontps will be appointedthe time
in whichheatflow will be loweror equalto one halfof
the maximumrate of heat flow qr"",o achievedwhen
measuringthe fabricsimulatingthe protectivelayer,but
withoutPCMelements.
BecausethermalresistanceR of fabricsis givenby
the knownrelation
The resultswere publishedat a conferencein Portugal
in 2001, but there was no detaileddescriptionof the
deviceand methodgiven [5]. Duringthe preliminary
t e s t st h e P C M l a y e r( m e l t i n gp o i n t2 8 ' C ) w a s s u r roundedby textileswiththe samethermalresistanceR
(about0,1m2K/VV)
and the quantityof PCM elements
was raisedfrom 0 to 50% of the sampleweight.Time
with raising
necessaryto reachthe 50% level of q,n"r,o
proportionof PCMwas increasingalmostlinearlyto 620
sec, whichin some extendprovesthe validityof relation(5).
Anotherprototypeof the devicePCM testerwas build
recentlyin theTextileResearchlnstitutein Taipei,Taiwan,
andthe methodwasoncemoreverified,by providing
similar results.A priorityof the describedmethodof evaluationof thermalefficiencyof PCM fabricsis coveredby a
patentapplication
since2001.The theoretical
analysisof
heat transferin protectivetextilewas completedat the
TechnicalUniversityof Liberecin 2002.
6. Conclusion
fabricscontainingPCM
Functionof thermo-protective
in thisworkand a
elementswas analysedtheoretically
function
new methodfor evaluationof thermo-protective
of thesefabricswas proposed.This methodprovides
of realboundaryconditions
at wearingof
the simulation
and
to
characterize
fabrics
enables
thermaleffithese
(6)
R = (tE- t".J/g
parameter
PCM
fabrics
by
the
only
which
of
the
ciency
protection
in
at
least
rise
thermal
in
reality
is
time
of
twofold
resistance.
means
alsothe time
the
thenthe timeof
testscarriedout on the firstprototypeof the
for what effectivethermalresistanceof protectivefab- Preliminary
instrument
showed,that in orderto reachthe
ric is at leasttwofoldin comparisonwiththe samelayer related
protection,
time
of
thermal
it is necessaryto
meaningful
withoutPCMelements.
high
of
PCM
amount
applyrelatively
elements,when
s e v e r eb o u n d a r yc o n d i t i o n s( i n p r a c t i c ef r e q u e n t l y
5. Experimentalresults
occuring)of wearingof the protectiveclothesare set
on the device.
Firstprototypeof the equipmentwas made in coop7. Literature
erationwith Prof.R. Gomesat the Universityof Minho.
I1l Yoneda M., KawabataS.: Analysisof TransientHeat Conductionin Textilesand lts Applications,Part ll, Journalof
TextileMachinerySocietyof Japan 31, 73-81 (1983)
12) Hes L,:ThermalPropertiesof Nonwovens,in: CongresslND€X 87, Geneva 1987
l3l Hes L., DoleZall,:New Methodand Equipmentfor Measuring Thermal Propertiesof Textiles,J.Text. Machinery Soc.
of Japan 42, T12+-128 (1989)
I4l Pause B.: Developmentof the first protectiveclothingwith
microencapsulated
PCM, in: TextextilSymposium,Francfort
1995
of the PCM MicrocapsuI5l Gomes,J.N.,Lima,C. J,: Application
les to Textilesfor ThermalInsulation.ln: lst AUTEX Technical TextilesConference,Povoa de Varzim, Portugal2001
l,s
Fig.2 Time courseof heat flow passingthroughthe simulatedskin
duringthe evaluationof thermalefficiencyof the PCMfabrics
in the PC Tester
Vldknaa textil9 (4) 149-154(2002)
Acknowledgements:Researchwork presented in this paper as
partiallysuppoftedby the grant No. 1N008090offeredby the Czech
Ministry of Education.
Recieved:November2002
151
HODNOCETI
TEPELNE
OBJEKTIVNI
UEINNOSTI
TEXTILII
PCMEASNCE
ocHRANruVcn
OBSAHUJ1C1
Translation
of article:
Objectiveevaluationof thermalefficiencyof protectivegarmentscontainingPMC
particles
V prdcije strudn6
vysv6tlena
funkcetextilila od6v0poskytujici
zvfsenou
tepelnou
ochranu
(izolaci)na principu dynamick6hotepelndhoodporu vytvoien6hoakumulacftepla v tzv. PCM
ddsticfch,kter6jsou integrovAnydo ochrann6textilnivrstvy.Krom6popisustrukturyt6chtotextilii
je tel uveden zjednoduSenftermomechanickfmodeljejich tepelnE-ochrann6
funkce.
Ve druh66dstipiisp6vkuje popsdnanovd metodahodnocenitepeln6
ri6innosti
tdchtoochrannfch
vrstev pomocitzv. doby nejm6nddvojndsobndtepeln6ochranya je uvedeni p0vodnipifstrojpro
aplikacit6to jednoduch6metody.V z6v6rujsou zmindnyi prvnivfsledkyziskan6novou metodou,
kter6 zdtrazfiujf nezbytnostaplikace relativndvysok6ho mnoZstviPCM 6dstic, aby ochrannf
efekt byl dostatedn6vyrazny.
prostora
okoll, napi. kdyl opouStimeklimatizovanyi
vstupujemedo tropick6hoprostied[.
Nekolikfiremna sv6t6v poslednidobdnabizisportov- Ve skutecnostije
v5aktentokompenzacniefekt
slabli
nl od6vyse zui5enoutepelnoukapacitou,kter6posky- a krdtkodobf.Dalekovy55itzv.,,buffer"efektyposkytujf
tujfdo6asnoutepelnouochranuproti piehidti,al jil zpit- dfky 4iparn6muteplu sorbovandvody vlneneod6vy,
soben6hopobytemv hork6mprostiedi,nebozr4i5enou av5akjen tehdy,je-li vndj5fvysokdteplotaokolniho
jeho nizkouvlhkostf.Toto vSak
produkcfmetabolick6ho
teplapii vy,sokesportovninebo vzduchudoprovdzena
pracovnizat62l Tyto odevy se diky intensivnfmumarke- neni b6Znf piipad. Protose na trhu objevilytextilie
tingu staly znAm6veiejnostia na5ly sv6 zdkazniky. zaloleni na akumulacitepla pomocffazov6zmeny.
Nicm6n6,r,nirobci
tdchtood6v0nejsouschopnijednodu- Tento principbyl nejdiivepouZivdnve stavebnictvichyimzp0sobemcharakterizovatucinnost proklamovan6 pod stiechami,,inteligentnich"
dom0 byly umist6ny
tepeln6ochrany.Mezi textilnimiodbornfkyproto klidi rozlehl6uzavien6nddobyobsahujiciPCM materidly.
podezienf,Ze tato ochrananemusfbft vZdy 0mdrnd Teploakumulovan6b6hemhork6hodne pak ohilvalo
vysok6cen6 t6chto"performance"
textilifa z nich zhoto- celf d0m bdhenchladn6noci.Jako prvnipublikovala
venyicfroddv0,zaloZenfchna pohlcovdnfteplapiifdzove tento principDr. BarbaraPause- vizl4l pot6,co bylo
zmdndtzv. ,,phasechange"materidl0(PCM)uloZenyich vyie5enavhodn6formaaplikacetechtomateri6l0v texuvnitiochrann6vrstvyt6chtospecidlnlchoddv0.
tiliich.NejdastdjipouZivan6materialy- alkenyjsou
Cilem tohoto piispdvkuje zjednodu5en6, analyza produktyorganick6
chemie,a jejichtavn6teplotabeZne
tepeln6ochrann6homechanismutextiliiobsahujicich leZi mezi 15 a2 40 "C. Jako piikladuved'meeicosan,
PCM ddstice,a ndvrhnov6 metodya souvisejlclhozai[- s teplotoutAzov6zm6ny36,1'C.
jednoduch6hodnocenitepeln6
zen{,kter6by umoZnily
06innostitepeln6ochrann;ichoddv0typu,,outlast".
3. Teorie pouiiti t{zov6 zm6ny materi6lu
v t e p e l n 6o c h r a n n f c h o d 6 v e c h
2. Dynamika ohievu textilii
jsou zapouzdieny
Tytovoskupodobajlcisemateridly
Pii oblekdnioddvu,zejm6napak spodnihoprddlao v mallichkapslfcho pr0m6ru$-15 mikrometr0a tyto
teplotdodli5n6od teplotypokoZkyvnimdmevliv akumu- mohoubft uloZenya zafixovdnyuvnitijakekolitextilnI
lace teplav od6vu,danyiplo5noutepelnoukapacitou struktury(napi. v netkan6textilii)nebo povrchulatky
V poslednidob6
od6vuC [J/m2]danousoudinemm6rn6hoteplac U/kgl textiliepomocipryskyiice.
se podaiilo
plo5n6
piimo
hmotnostitextilieM [kg/m2].Na celkov6m zabudovatPCM cdstice
a
do hmoty akryl6tovlch
tepelnd-kontaktnim
vjemuse pak podflfi tepelndvodi- vl6ken.Tyto PCMjsou charakterizovdny
relativn6vysovosttextilie.Na d0leZitost
dynamikytepelnd-kontaktnihokou fdzovouzm6nutepla L [asi 250 J/kg] odebfranou
vjemucobysoucdstiomakujako prvniupozornilznamf z textiliepiijejim ohievuv d0sledkuvy55iteplotyokoli
Prof.Kawabata[1]. Vfslednf parametrzvanytepelnd t5,flebo kdyl dochdzlk chladnuliz roztaven6hostavu.
jfmavostb [Wsu2762K]
zavedenf Hesem v [2] lze pak V obou piipadech,bdhemdasutazovdzm6nytps[sec],
m6iit pomocfkomerdnfhopiistrojeALAMBETApopsa- PCMddsticeudrZujfpiislu5noutextilnfvrstuus tepelnfm
n6honapi.v [3].Tepeln6kapacitaod6vupak by nAsdo odporemRr" na teplot6tAzov1zmeny tpc po dobu
jiste miry m6la chrdnitpied n6hllimizmdnamiteploty zlomk0a2 ndsobk0minut.
t. Uvod
152
vldkna a textil I (4) 149-1 54 (2002)
Zkou5endtextilie5 obsahujfciPCM cdsticese pak pii
m6ienf nachAzimezi snimacfmiplochamiobou box0,
av5akpii testovanijeobklopenadvdmaplo5nyimitextil i e m i6 a 7 , k t e r 6s i m u l u jjia k v l i v t e p e l n 6 h oo d p o r u
spodnfhoprddlaa souvisejicichvzduchovfchmezer
Ro.r, tak celkov6hotepeln6hoodporu R=mezi PCM
vrstvoua vn6j5improstiedimo teplotdtE.
Pii mdieni 06innostiPCM vrstevje zapotiebimit
k dispozicijak vlastniPCM vrstvuo tepeln6modporu
5(SlM)se stejnfmtepelRp6,tak tzv. simulacnivrstvu
nyimodporemRs;y,avSakbez PCM cdstic.
Hodnocenifcinnostipak za6{nAumist6n[mvrstev4,
(1)
9o = (te- ts)/(Rr+ Rpc+Rocr)
5(SlM)a 6 mezisnlmaclmiplochamioboubox0a jejich
uvedenimdo vzdjemn6hotepeln6hokontaktu.Pocitac
tok teplaQpdo pokoZkys ochranou(tpc= 35-38 "C):
pak zadneregistrovat0rovefitepeln6hotoku q [Wmt]
+Roctr)
(2)
9p = (tpc- ts)/(O'sRpc
prochdzejiciho
m6iiciplochouSKINBOXU.Jakje patrno
<<
projevuje,
pak
gp
z
t
e
p
e
l n ytio k d o s 6 h n es v 6 h o m a x i m ag m a x o
obr.2,
JestliZese PCMochrana
Qe,tok
krdtke
b6hem
doby tenepievy5ujicin6koliksekund,
PCM
vrstvy
b6hem
doby
ochrany
tesx:
teplaQpcdo
plo5ndtepelndkapacitatextiliidand
protoZe
efektivni
= (te- trc)/(O,SRpc
+Re)
(3)
Qpq,,r
soucinemmdrn6hoteplac [J/kg]a plo5ndhmotnosti
celkov6teplo L U/m2lnutn6pro 0pln6roztavenlPCM textilie Ikg/mt] je velmi nizkA. Konecnd hodnota
vrstvy:
tepeln6hoodporuje pak ddnavztahem[1].
V dal5imkrokuse textilie5(SlM)v prom6iovan6m
L = gpcu.tpc
@ souborunahradiochrannouvrstvous(PCM)a meieni
Cas tepeln6ochranyposkytnutfochrannourukavicf se zopakuje.V tomto piipadev5ak froven tepeln6ho
piedpo- toku vzr0stdpomaleji,nebot se projevujeakumulace
stanovenyza (v praxiobtiZndrealizovateln6ho)
je
jistou
po
kladu,ZeteplotaPCMvrstvy skutecn6
dobu teplapotiebndk dosaZenitlzovf zmdny.Teoretickyby
z m f n 6 n 6a k u m u l a c et e p l a m 6 l a b V t p o j i s t o u d o b u
v cel6 PCMvrstvdkonstatni:
konstantni,a ndsledndi tepelnf tok by se ve smyslu
- trc)
(5)
tpc = UQpcu= L.RE/(IE
rovnice(3) nemel menit.Doba ochranyby pak byla
jednoznacn6
jednoduch6
charakterizovdna
6asem ochranydle
Jak vyplyva z t6to
analyzy,Irovei
v5akpii registracitepelneho
ochrann6funkce PCM je silnd ovlivnenazvolenyimi vztahu(5).Ve skutednosti
syst6mems PCMvrstuoupraktick6
teplotamifAzovdzm6nya hladinoutepeln6hoodporu, toku prochdzejicfho
je
nejd0leZitej5im
faktorem pak hmotnostPCM ddstic 26dne,,plato"
s konstantnihodnotouq nevznik6,a to
je
jejich
proto,Ze PCMvrstvapii beZneaplikaciv textiliichnenf
vloZenfchdo aktivnivrstvyod6vu.JestliZe
hmotnostnizkl,(niZSlneZ
30 %),teplopiivdddnezvendi souvisld.Mezivldknypronikdneomezovanftepelnytok
pronikdskrz PCMvrsUudo vnitinichvrstevdohikajicich z vn6j5ivrstvy,drjsledkemdehoZje kiivka tepeln6ho
se pokoZky,a druhdrovnicet6to analfzy je neplatnd. toku hladkda spojitaa piipomfn6op6t exponencidlu.
hodnotitdobuochrany?
N 6 s l e d n 6 ,p i i p o Z a d a v c l c hn a 0 c i n n o u t e p e l n o u Jak tedyjednoduSe
exponencidlni
kiivkymnoho
Ve fyzicecharakterizuji
ochranupomociPCM casticje nutno pouZivattlust6
textilnfvrstuy,kter6jsou m6ndflexibilni,tudiZtak6 m6nd piirodnichddj0,jakfm je i napi. rozpadradioaktivnfch
komfortn[.
i z o t o p 0 .P r o j e d n o d u c h ev y j a d i e n ip o k l e s uu r o v n 6
intenzityzdienfbyl zavedentzv. polocasrozpadu,danli
dobou potiebnouk poklesuintenzityradioaktivniho
4. Novd metoda pro hodnoceni tepeln6
zAienina polovinu.Tento parametrse vZil,protoZeje
u d i n n o s t iP C M o c h r a n y
s n a d n o p o c h o p i t e l n f .P r o t o b u d e a n a l o g i et o h o t o
p a r a m e t r up o u Z i t ai k h o d n o c e n u
I d i n n o s ttie p e l n e
PCM cdstice.
Novf piistroj PC Tester je do jist6 mfry zalolen na ochrannlichtextiliiobsahujicich
Pr0behtepeln6hotoku simulovanoupokoZkoupii
komer6nimpilstrojiALAMBETApro m6ieni tepeln6textilifv piistroji
kontaktnicha tepeln6-izoladnich
vlastnostfplo5nfch ov6iovdni06innostitepeln6-ochrann;ich
PC Testerje na obr.2.
textilif.Schemapiistrojeje uvedenona obr. 1.
Piistrojsestdv6ze dvou teplotndse odli5ujicich Jako doba ochranytp6 bude stanovenadoba, po
blok0- box0,z nichl prvnitzv.SKINBOX,posice1, je kteroutepelnlitok qr"" budeniZSfneborovenpolovine
pomociklasick6hoob6hov6hotermostatu2 udrloviln maximdlnlhodnoty
tepeln6hotoku qn,,"*,o
dosaZenepii
na koZniteplot6ts6.Druhf tzv. HOTBOX3 je vytapen prom6iovdnitextiIie simulujici ochrannou vrstvu,avSak
resp.chlazenelektricky.
Teplotaje udrZovdnadigit6lnim bez PCM cdstic.ProtoZetepelnf odporR textiliijedan
reguldtorem,
resp. pocitacem4 na odli5n6teplot6ts. zndmlimvztahem
Je-linapi.nositelochrann6hooddvuvystavenvysok6
teplot6okolftr, pak ochrannf od6v,sest6vajicize dvou
textilnichvrstevo vnitinima vndj5fmtepeln6modporu
Rp€rRE,a z PCM vrstvy,um[st6n6mezitdmitovrstvami, md zajistit,aby teplotapokoZkynositelets tohoto
oddvualespofipo ndjakoudobu nepiestoupilamezni
frovefr, kterd poskytujepocit tepeln6hokomfortu.Po
jist6mzjednoduSeni
a pro Rptt' Re lze vf5e popsan6
mechanismykvantifikovatndsledovn6:
Tok tepla Qo[Wm2] do pokolky (ts = 33 "C) bez
ochrany:
vldkna a textil I (4) 149-1 54 (2002)
153
R = (tE- tsr)/q
(6) podruh6ov6iena.Popsandmetodamdienia hodnoceni
tepeln6 udinnostiPCM byla v roce 2001 navrZena
tak6dobu,po
znamend
dobaochranyve skutecnosti
k patentovdnf.Teoreticka analyza pienosu tepla
je
kterou efektivnitepelnf
odporochrann6
textilienejv ochrann6textiliibyladokon6enana Technick6univerm6n6dvojndsobnf
ve srovn6nfs stejnouvrstvoubez
s i t 6 v L i b e r cvi r . 2 0 0 2 .
PCMddstic.
6. Zdvilr
5. Experiment6lni
vfsledky
prdci
V
byla teoretickyanalyzov6nafunkce tepelnd
Prvniprototyppiistrojebyl realizovdnna MINHO
ochrannfchtextiliiobsahujicichPCM ddstice,a byla
universit6
v Portugalsku,
a to ve spoluprdci
s Prof.R.
navrZenai novd metodam6ienia hodnocenitepelneVyisledky
na konferenci
Gomesem.
bylypublikovdny
ochrann6funkcet6chtotextilii.NovdmetodaumoZnuje
popisu
v Portugalsku
v r.2001,av5akbezpodrobn6ho
simulovatredln6okrajov6podmfnkypii noSenitdchto
piistrojea metody[5].Priprunfch
piedbeZnfch
testech
textiliia charakterizovat0cinnostt6chtotextilifpomoci
bylaPCMvrstvao tavn6teplotd28oCobklopena
texti- jedin6hoparametru,
je dobazvj5enfefektivniho
ktery7m
=
liemio shodnfchtepelnfchodporechR (piibliZnri)
tepeln6hoodporuna nejm6n6dvojndsobek.
Na prvnim
piidemZ
mnoZstvi
PCMd6sticsez nulov6ho prototypupiistroje
0,1m2(flrV,
bylo ov6ieno,Ze k dosaZenldoby
podilupostupnd
zvy5ovalo
aZna 50%hmotnosti
PCM
vliznamnedobyochranyje zapotiebiaplikovat
relativne
vzorku.Dobanabdhuna 50%gr", se zvySujicfm
se
vysok6 mnoZstvi PCM 66stic, pokud na pirstroji
podlfem
rostlaa2 na 620s, coZ
PCMzhrubalinedrn6
nastavimenepiizniv6(av5akv praxi se vyskytujicf)
potvrzuje
platnostvztahu(5).
okrajov6podminkyjejichno5enf.
Podobnfch
vfsledk0bylodosaZeno
ve Vyizkumn6m
0stavutextilnim
v Taipeina Tajvanu,kdebylsestaven Poddkovdn[:Tatopublikaceddsteind vzniklaza podpory grantu
druhfprototypPCMtesterua kde nov6metodabyla uSur c. LNooBogo.
154
vldkna a textil I (4) 149-154 (2002)
ACTIVATION
THEPLASMASURFACE
OF ARAMIDE
FORRUBBERINDUSTRY
REINFORCEMENT
MATERIALS
P.,Suriovd,
V.
Janypka,
RubberResearch
Institute
8.s.,P0chov,
Slovakia
of Matador,
j anypka @matador.sk
peter.
The adhesionpropertiesof reinforcement
materialsfor rubberindustrytreatedin nitrogenplasma
was measured.The plasmawas generatedby a pulsedelectricvoltageon the yarn surface.The
adhesionbetweenrubber blends and aramidetire cord was evaluatedand comparewith standmeasurements
w ere done on
ar d c h e m i c a tre
l a tme n t(R F L c o a te d)materi al s.The experi mental
the standardtyre cords materialswith static and dynamicadhesiontest methods.
1. INTRODUCTION
way for surfaceactivationof aramidetyre
the alternative
cord by the low temperaturenitrogenplasmaat atmosphericpressure.
ln the rubberindustry,the "conventional
technology"
activationof surfacetextilereinforcementmaterialsis
used most of all, in which the chemicaltreatmentof
greigematerialis the lastoperationof dippingprocess.
The standardprocessof manufacturing
textiletyrecord
fabricconsistsof the followingsteps:
The textilereinforcing
materialsfor the rubberindustry likerayonand nylonpossesspolarsurfaceresulting
in strongphysicalor evenchemicalbondingto resorcinol-formaldehyde
resin.The RF componentpromotes
adhesionto the textilefabricvia polarcovalentinteractions,whilethe driedlatexrubber(L) covulcanizes
with
the rubbermatrixensuringadhesionto thatmaterial[1].
The optimization
of treatingprocesswas publishedby
manyauthors,becausethe treatmentof advancedpqlyestertyre cord,whichis usedas conventional
carcass
materialsfor radialpassengertyresand alsofor all other
rubberapplications
[2,3].The influenceof prolonged
periodsof storagecan have detrimentaleffecton the
adhesioncharacteristics
Dippingand Hot Stretch
of dippedcord[4]and alsothe
influenceof temperatureand time on cord stiffnessis
studiedin [5].All theseinfluences
on the adhesionof
For the aramideand polyestertyre cord,as the wide
- rubberare reducedusing usedmaterialsfor radialpassengertyres,the "convenlayersaramidefibres-RFL
tionaltechnology"doubledippedprocessis usedduring the finalstep of the productionof tyre cord fabric.
Predrp
The chemicaltreatmentconsistsof the predippedand
dippedprocessfor bondingwithrubbermatrix(Fig.1).
The comparisonof adhesionbetweenrubberblends
i]{ii:;f;:t.1:l
''
and standardaramidetyrecordchemically
treatedand
RFL
surfaceactivatedby atmospheric- pressureplasmais
evaluatedin this paper by staticand dynamictesting
Chemrcaltreatrnent
tlreige cord
methods.
i,#l;s.+,
x.t.wp
Rubber
2. EXPERIMENTAL
F I B R E SA N D R A W M A T E R I A L SU S E D
RF resin
Latex
Primer: predip
Aramide fiber
Fig. 1 The principleand systemsof adhesionof reinforcement
materialsfor the rubberindustry- "conventional
technology"
vldknaa textilI (4) 155-159(2002)
The propertiesof commercialtypes of aramidecord
1100 D tex 1x 2 twist 4201460
usedas reinforcingmaterialsin car tyreswereevaluatedduringthe experiment.
The firsttype of aramidecordwas treatedby chemical surfacetreatmentbased on RFL and the second
typewas withoutany chemicalsurfacetreatment.
The rubbercompoundA waseusedfor fabriccoating
materialscontainednaturalrubof alltestedreinforcing
polybutadiene
rubber.
ber,SBR and
155
propertiesof aramidetyre cord
Table 1 The physical-mechanical
1 1 0 0D t e x1 x 2
Specification Breaking Elongation Elongation Thickness
of aramide Strength at Break at tension[%]
lmml
45 N eoN
cord
t%)
INI
1 1O O Dtxex
1x 2 3 5 0
4 ,7
0,9
1,5
0,56
TEST METHODS
The staticadhesionof the testedcordsto rubberwas
in the standardH-pulltest (ASTMD 2138characterised
83) by the forcerequiredto drawout the filamentbundle
of a rubberblock.
The adhesionbetweenaramidecords and rubber
blend after dynamicstrain was characterisedby dynamicadhesion(Henleytestmethod)according
to STN
Fig. 2 The principle
of HenleyTest Method,1 - Compound
,2-Tyre
621464.The principleand conditionsof stressusingthe
Cord,3 - Clamps,4 - Positioningof Deformation,
5 - Fixed
HenleyTest Method:
Anvil.6-MovedAnvil
The testing method is used to evaluate adhesion
propertiesof textilereinforcingmaterialsand thoseof
methodof the mercuryporosimetry.Measurements
metalreinforcingmaterialscuredin a rubbercompound
were performedon the apparatusPorozimetro1500,of
test sampleof cylindricalshape.The test sampleis
CarloErba,MilanwithattachedevaluatedunitCW 960.
stressedin its centralpart applyingdynamicpressure
With the maximumused pressureof the mercury150
The
and bendingforcein the Henleytestingapparatus.
Mpa,we can achieveporesof 5 nm in size.
sampleis compressedbetweentwo anvil stakesin a
speedof 450 cyclesper minute(Fig.2). Consequently,
the adhesionof cordto rubberis measuredin the cen- TEST DEVICE
partsof
tral (deformed)and in the edge (non-deformed)
Our patenteddevicewas usedfor this surfacetreatthe testsample.The frequencyof anvilstakesis 7.5 Hz.
ment [6] and the informationaboutit was publishedin
The standardconditionsof measuringvariouskindsof
morearticleson reinforcing
materials[7-11].The device
cordsare givenin Table2.
the
surface
treatment
of reinforcing
simplifies
materials
improved
adhesion
levels
withoutRFL.Acto
required
Table 2 StandardConditionsof Measuringfor HenleyTest
tually,onefromthe mostwidelyappliedtechniques
for
Deformation[%]
Kind of Tyre Cord Time [hours]
the surfaceactivationof polymersis the plasmatreatmentin whichthe polymericsurfaceis exposedto low12
Rayon Cord
37,41,45
12
NylonCord
3 5 ,4 3 ,51
temperatureplasma. The vast majorityof applications
12
PolyesterCord
35,39,43
were made at reducedpressureswithin 10-5-10Torr
12
AramideCord
3 5 ,4 3 ,51
[12-15],wherethe plasmacaneasilybe generatedand
broughtintodirectcontactwith the fibersurface.High
Note: Conditionsapply to constanttemperatureof 80 "C
powerconsumption,
longprocessingtimesand difficulty
The changesin the chemicalstructureof the fiber to scale-upof an experimental
set-upto a largeproducof the techniques.
surfacewere investigatedby infraredspectroscopy tion reactorare disadvantages
The plasmareactor(Fig.3) consistedof two on-axis
using an attenuatedtotal reflection(ATR-|R)method.
Absorptionspectrawereobtainedby FTIRspectroscop arrangedelectrodeshousedin a glasschamber.Nitrogen of a technicalpuritywas introducedintothe chamMATSONwith KRS-Scrystal.
The changesin the surfacemorphologyof reinforc- ber with a flow rate on the orderof 1 cm3per second.
ing aramidefibresafter surfaceactivationby low tem- The groundedstainless-steel
tubularanode(Fig.3 - 1)
peraturenitrogenplasmaat atmosphericpressurewere was 1 mm in innerdiameter.The cathode(Fig.3 - 2)
analysed by scanning electron microscopy.The was a 15 mm diameterhemispherically
cappedbrass
sampleswere sputteredwith Au layerusinga Sputter rod with a 2 mm diameterhole in its axis.The treated
Coaterof Balzers-SCD050. The surfacemorphology cords (Fig.3 - 3) movedon the axis of the electrode
was evaluatedby scanningelectronmicroscopeTesla systemwith a speedfrom 1.5 to 60 m per minute.The
distancebetweenelectrodeswas adjustedto 15 mm.
BS-300withattacheddigitalunitTescan.
The totalvolumebetweenfibresin the cords,even- The cathodewas connectedwith a tyratronsourceof
tuallyof poreson the surfaceof treatedcords and the pulsedhighvoltage.The HV pulseratewas maintained
25 kV.
distribution
of size of the poreswere analysedby the at 100Hz andthe peakvoltagewas approximately
Tlzn
156
F\-$'.
Vldknaa textil 9 (4) 155-159 (2002)
- the influenceof plasmatreatmenton the structural
propertiesof aramidetyre cord
- evaluationof adhesionbetweenthe N, plasmaand
RFLtreatedaramidecord.
The resultsof the influenceof the aramidecordssurface treatmentobtainedby mercuryporosimetryare
summarizedin Table3.
Fromthe comparisonof the valueof the volumepores
of untreatedaramidecord and aramidecord treatedby
RFL is evidentdecreasingof totalvolumeporesfrom
l!
u
0,538cm3/gb 0,229cm3/g.Afterapplication
of plasma
,!\ \ ___-+_
J..
t r e a t m e n tt h e v a l u e o f t o t a l v o l u m e o f p o r e s i s
32.S
0,452cm3ig.The volumeof the poreswas reducedin
Fig. 3 The Principleof surfaceactivationin Plasmareactor;1 - steel the case of application
of chemicaltreatmentby RFL,
anode,2 - brasscathode,3 - treatedcord/time/
becausethe poreswere filledwith RFL resin.The resultsconfirmthatthe aramidecord afterchemicalsurfacetreatmenthas reducedthe volumeof pores,which
are availablefor rubbercompoundpenetration(the
poresof sizegreaterthan 10 mm).
The resultsof dynamicadhesionof aramidecordsto
rubbercompoundmeasuredby a methodof Henleytest
are shownin Table4.
In the caseof untreatedaramidecord,adhesionwas
measuredalso after washingof acetonewhich the
preadhesionsurfacetreatmentappliedby the producer
of cordswas removedfromthe surfaceof cords.From
resultsin table4 is evidentthatthe valuedof staticand
dynamicadhesionto rubbercompoundincreasedafter
surfaceactivation.
ln the case of treatedaramidecord by low temperapressure,
turenitrogenplasmaat atmospheric
the 90 %
level
adhesion
of
static
and
60
%
level
of
dynamic
adFig. 4 Plasmareactor
hesionin comparisonwithsurfacetreatedcordby RFL
was obtained.
Thesechangesin adhesionof aramide
3. RESULTS
are connectednot only with chemicalchangesof the
cord surface,but also with changesof morphologyof
Theexperimental
wasconcentrated
on thefollowing the cordsurface,whichis illustrated
in Fig.5.
t
areas:
Table 3 The influenceof surfacetreatmenton the structuralpropertiesof aramidecords 1100 Dtex 1x2
Specification
of aramide
cord
Untreatedcord
Untreatedcord + N2 plasma
Cord treated by RFt
Hot rubberizedcord treated by RFL
Total
porosity
I%l
Total volume
of pores (Vt),
Icm'/g]
Volume of pores (V.,0)
with diameter10 pm,
Icm'/g]
Ratio
vlo / vt,
l%l
M,O8
39,66
24,01
9,01
0,538
0,452
0,229
0,084
0,198
0,176
0,067
0,014
36,8
38,9
29,3
16,6
Table 4 The influenceof surfacetreatmenton the staticand dynamicadhesionof aramidecord to rubberblend (compoundA)
Specification
of aramide
cord
Untreatedcord
Untreatedcord
Untreatedcord
Untreatedcord
Treated cord by RFL
Vldknaa textil I (4) 155-159 (2002)
Method of sudace treatment
wash activation
in acetone
by plasma
?
?
T
T
Adhesion
by HENLEYtest
sTN 62 1464
Static,[N]
Dynamic,
[N]
69 t 2,5
1 0 8t 8 , 5
74 x 7,1
117x 4,2
126 t 4,2
55 t
86 x
60 t
83 t
1 3 5t
6,0
2,2
9,3
3,1
6,5
157
Table 5 The influenceof surfacetreatmenton the adhesionol
reinforcingmaterialsto rubberblends
4. DISCUSSION
The resultspresentedin the paperconfirmedthatthe
application
of lowtemperature
nitrogenplasmaat atmosphericpressureon the surfaceof aramidecordsimprovesadhesionbetweencord and rubbercompound
Aramide u n t r e a t e d 3 5 t 1 , 9
69 t 2,5 55 t 6,0
in comparisonwith untreatedcord.
N 2p l a s m a 5 2 x 1 , 7
1 1 8t 5 , 0 9 3 x 7 , 4
coro
The valuesof the volumeof pores,whichare availtreated
ablefor rubberpenetration(poresizesgreaterthan '10
102 1 3,8
1 3 0 t 3 , 1 1 3 8i 8 , 3
treated
ptm)obtainedby mercuryporosimetryare differentfor
by RFL
individualsurfacetreatmentsused.
T h e p l a s m as u r f a c et r e a t m e n to f a r a m i d ec o r d ,
based on these obtainedresults,is more advantaln the experifmental
work, it was also interestingto g e o u s f o r f a b r i c c o a t i n gi n p r a c t i c a lu s e t h a n t h e
comparethe levelof dynamicadhesionand staticad- chemicalsurfacetreatment.
hesionto rubbercompoundafternitrogenplasmatreatThe changesin the surfaceof aramidecordaftersurment or chemicaltreatmentby RFL.The resultsare face treatmentwere evaluatedby scanningelectron
in table5.
summarized
microscopy.
The obtainedfiguresof chemicaltreated
positiveinfluenceof cordsdemonstrate
Resultsin table5 demonstrated
unevennessof the RFLcoatcreated
surfacetreatmentby nitrogenplasmaon the adhesion by the treatmentin comparisonwith the surfaceof
plasmatreatedaramidecord.
of aramidecordto rubber.
Type
of cord
Method
Static Adhesionby HENLEY-test
(STN 62 1464)
of surface adhesion
treatment H-test,[N] Static,IN] dynamicIN]
Fig. 5 The morphologyof surfaceof the aramidecord;a - treatedcord by the nitrogenplasma;b - chemicalsudacetreatmentby RFL
158
Vl{kna a textil 9 (4) 155-159 (2002)
The valuesof the staticand dynamicadhesionof mentand alsothe surfacecoatingof plasmatreated
wasmoreuniform.
u n t r e a t e da r a m i d ec o r d s a n d t h e n i t r o g e np l a s m a cordby rubbercompound
treatedcordsdemonstratepositiveinfluenceof plasma
surfacetreatmenton the adhesionof aramidecord to
rubberblend.The staticadhesion(by Henleytest)af6. LITERATURE
ter plasmasurfacetreatmentof aramidecordsis at 90
% levelof the chemicalsurfacetreatmentin this time l1l M. A., Doherty- B. Rijpkema-W.Weening:
Promotingaramid - Rubber adhesion without epoxies-an alternative
andthe staticadhesion(by H-test)afterplasmasurface
World, September,1995
approach,Rubber
treatmentis at the 50 % level of the chemicalsurface
F. J.,Vander Pol - P. E., Papegaaji-1.J.
De Vos: Aramidfit2l
treatmentin thistime..
bers and adhesion to elastomers:Application
and perforln the next measurementswe want to achievethe
mance,RubberWorld, November1996
comparable
levelof adhesionwiththe levelof adhesion l3l H. Janssen:InterfacialAspectsRelatingto the Adhesionof
P o l y e s t e ra n d A r a m i d t o E P D M a n d H N B R R u b b e r ,
afterchemicalsurfacetreatmentand simultaneously
to
KautschukGummi Kunsttsoffe,9/95
eliminatethe imperfections
of the chemicalsurface
Z. Efes: Ageing of RFL dippedcord fabA. Vatansaver-M.
l4l
pores
(the
treatment
volumereduction,
whichare availrics, Tyre Technologylnternational,
1998
penetration
ablefor
of rubbercompound,the uneventsl T. Craig-F.Pomi6s,Treatmentoptimisationof advancedpolyness of the BFL coat, the low value of adhesionbeester tyre cord, Tyre TechnologyInternational,
June 1998,
p, 30-34
tweenthe cord and the RFL coatinglayer,etc,).lt will
be alsonecessary
to studythe influenceof the lowtem- 16] M. ierndk, K. Fusek,J. Starigazda,l. Hudec,P. Janypka:
, p p l . 1 7 + 9 8 ,( 1 9 9 8 )
SK PatentA
peratureplasmaapplicationat atmosphericpressureon
tu.
stetedxa,
J. RAhel"M, cerndk, L Hudec, M. Mikula,M.
the dimensionaland stiffnesscharacteristics
of aramide l7l Maz0r,J.Mater.Sci. Letters,18, (1999),p. 2007-2008
tyre cordsin moredetail.
StetedXa,
J. Rdhel',l. Hudec,P, Janypka,M. Cerndk,M.
l8l tr,rt.
5. CONCLUSION
The obtainedresultsof the surfacetreatmentby low
temperaturenitrogenplasmaat atmosphericpressure
demonstrate
thatthis methodof the surfacetreatment
of aramidecord introducesa suitableand technologicallyapplicablesystemfor the improvementof adhesion
of aramidereinforcingmaterialsto rubber.
By optimisingthe conditionsof the plasmasurface
treatmentwe can improvethe dynamicadhesionthree
timesin comparisonwith untreatedcord in the case of
aramidecord.
The hydrophilicity
and basicgroupsdensityon the
surfaceof treatedcoid were improvedby plasmatreat-
Kando,J. Mater.Sci. Letters,19, (2000),p. 1869-1871
tgl L Hudec,P, Janypka,M. Cerndk,M, Stefebka,J. Rdhel':Surface Treatmentof ReinforcingMaterialsby Atmospheric-Press u r e P l a s m aP r o c e e d i n gS
s R C ' 9 9 ,P 0 c h o v ,( 1 9 9 9 ) ,p . 1 1 2 115
110lL Hudec, H. Krump, P. Janypka,V, Reksovd,M. Cerndk,
M. Simor,Plastya kau6uk,37, (2000),p. 260-263
, .
, . R e k s o v 6 l, . H u d e c ,H . K r u m p ,J . R d h e l ' M
[ 1 1 ] P , J a n y p k aV
Cern6k:SurfaceTreatmentof ReinforcingMaterialsfor Tyre
Constructionby Atmospheric- pressure Plasma, Proceedings 13'hSymposiumon Applicationof Plasma Processes,
January 15-21, Tdle, Low Tatras, 2001, p. 23-26
l12JF. Poncin- Epailard,B, Chevet,J. C. Brosse,J. Appl.Polym.
S c i , ,5 2 , ( 1 9 9 4 ) ,p , 1 Q 4 7
[ 1 3 ] S . C a r l o t t iA, . M a s ,J . A p p l . P o l y m .S c i . , 6 9 , ( 1 9 9 8 ) ,p . 2 3 2 1
, . C a r l o t t iA, . M a s ,A n g . M a k r o m o lC. h e m . , 2 7 1 ,
[ 1 4 ] F . M a n e n gS
( 1 9 9 9 )p, . 1 1
, . S t B e r n d t ,W . O p p e r m a n nT, e c h .F e x l . , 4 2 ,
[15]D. BechterR
N o 1 , ( 1 9 9 9 )p, , E 2
Received:October2002
AKTIVACIAPOVRCHOV
VYSTUZNYCH
ARAMIDOVYCH
MATERIALOV
PLAZMOUPREGUMARENSKV
PRIEMYSEL
Abstractof article:
The plasma surface activation of aramide reinforcementmaterialsfor rubber
industry
elenof sa zaoberAhodnotenim
kordovpovrchovo
adhezivnych
vlastnosti
aramidovyich
upravepregum6rskfpriemysel.
plazmouku gumArskej
nfch dusikovou
zmesipouZfvanfch
Plazmabola
na povrchvldknagenerovand
striedavfm
elektrickfm
nap?itim.
Adhdziamedzigumovoumatricou
plazmoubolaporovndvand
a aramidovlimkordomupravenfmdusikovou
s adh6zioumedzigumovou matricou
a aramidovlmkordomupravenlim
beZnouchemickou
0pravou(RFLimpregndciou).
pre meranieadh6zie
Experimentdlne
meraniabolipreveden6
dynamickfmi
a statickyimi
metodami
textilnfchvfstuZnlichmateridlov
ku gumdrskej
zmesina Standardnom
aramidovom
korde.
Vtdknaa textitg(4) 1s5-1ss (2002)
1 59
ARYLAMINES
IN
DETERMINATION
OF HAZARDOUS
TEXTILES
ANDTEXTILEPRODUCTS
H[Stavove,
M.,Polldk,
M.
VUTCH-CHEMITEXspo/. s r. o., Zilina, Slovak Repubtic
AuthorizedBody SKTC-I19
1. lntroduction
mentand Councilof the EuropeanUnionon July 19,
2002.Arylaminesreleasedby reductivecleavageare
classifiedintotwo groupsdesignatedas:
MAK- lll A1 - arylaminesdemonstrably
carcinogenicfor a man
MAK- lll A2 - arylaminessuspectedto be carcinogenicfor a man on the baseof
demonstrable
carcinogenic
effecton
animals.
goods
Safetyof textileproducts
andotherconsumer
possibility
is an important
factorinfluencing
of increasingexportof the articles
to EU-countries.
Onlymanuwiththe mostadvanced
onesin
facturers
comparable
Protection
of
EU-countries
havea guaranteed
success.
playsat least
livingandworkingenvironment
consumer,
Today
thesameroleasfashionin textilemanufacture.
labelstryingto present
therearemanyenvironmental
A classof so-called Listof arylaminesprohibitedin EU
healthsafeproducts
to consumers.
was
created
as well.Latextiles
or
eco-textiles
,,gree.p"
Arylamine
100,
TOXPROOF
and
eco-tex N o .
belsOKO-TEX
Standard
1
4-aminobiphenyl
among
the
most
important
environbelongundoubtely
2 benzidine
TheEumentallabelsin Germany
butalsoin Europe.
4-chloro-o-toluidine
well-known
flower
ropeaneco-label
as the European
4 2-naphthylamine
inthisconnection
aswell.lt willcut
should
bementioned
5 4-chloroaniline
numberof environmental
labelsin
downtheimmense
b
2,4-diaminoanisol
7 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane
thetextilesector.
J
I
9
JA
2. Arylamines
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
CAS number
92-67-1
92-87-5
95-69-2
91-59-8
106-47-8
615-05-4
101-77-9
3.3'-dichlorobenzidine
91-94-1
3,3'-dimethoxybenzidine
119-90-4
3,3'-dimethylbenzidine
11 9 - 9 3 - 7
iphenylmethane 838-88-0
3,3' -dimethy14,4'-diaminod
p-cresidine
(2-methoxy-S-methylaniline) 120-71-B
101-14-4
4,4'-methylene-bis-(2-chloroaniline)
101-80-4
4,4'-oxydianiline
139-65-1
4,4'-thiodianiline
95-53-4
o-toluidine
2.4-diaminotoluene
95-80-7
137-17-7
2,4,5-trimethylaniline
2-amino-4-nitrotoluene
99-55-8
o-aminoazotoluene
97-56-3
o-anisidine(2-methoxyaniline)
90-04-0
4-aminoazobenzene
60-09-3
(2,4-dimethylaniline)
2,4-xylidine
95-68-1
2,6-xylidine(2,6-dimethylaniline)
87-62-7
Newregulations
arebeingadoptedintheframeof EU
knowledge
aboutdemononthebasisof newscientific
properties
of certainchemicalsubstrablehazardous
Azodyesusedfor dyeingof textileproducts
stances.
goodsarethemostfrequently
discussed
andconsumer
Theyhavethecaandthebestregulated
substances.
pacityto releasecertainarylamines
by reductive
cleavprocesses.
The
ageandin thecourseof physiological
weredefinedas demonstrable
hazardous
arylamines
whichmayposecancerrisk.Azodyesare
substances
released
froma textilesurfaceon humanskinby perspiration.
Findingsof testsdemonstrate
that the aromatic
3. Analytical methods for evaluation
resorbed
through
theskin
aminescanbesubsequently
o f a r y l a m i n e sa c c o r d i n g
riskof cancerexists
intohumanbody.Considerable
to the Directive 76l769lEEC
whencontact
withthehumanskinis repeated.
Observationof the prohibition
againstusethe dyescan be
Use of azodyeswhichmay releaseone or morearohoweveranalytical maticamineslistedabovein detectableconcentrations
testifiedsimplyby a declaration,
is necessary
verification
as wellto inspectcompliancei.e.above30 ppm (mg.kg't)in finalproductsor in the
withtheregulation
on themarket.
dyed parts thereof must not be used in textileand
761769/EEC
relating
to re- leatherarticleswhich may come into direct and proTheCouncilDirective
on the marketing
and useof certainhazard- longedcontactwiththe humanskin or oral cavity(e.g
strictions
(azodyes)was toys).
ous substancesand preparations
forthenineteenth
timeandadoptedas Direc- A maximumconcentrationof 70 ppm is allowedfor
amended
Parlia- textilearticlesmadeof recycledfibresif the aminesare
on a sessionof the European
tive2002/61/EC
160
Vldknaa textil I (4) 160-164 (2002)
I
I
roundtest
fromthe international
Fig. 1 A samplecontaining
benzidine
Fig.2 Typicalmass spectrumand structuralformulaof benzidine
released
dyeing The moststringentandthoroughlyelaboratedcriteria
by residuaderiving
fromtheprevious
perioduntil for use of certainazodyesin textilemanufactureare
Thisisthecasefora transitional
ofthetextiles.
January
1,2005.Thisprovision
willenableto recycle
tex- validin Germanyat present.A test methodfor proofof
prohibitedazodyeshas beenworkedout by the German
tiles.Themeasure
is beneficial
to theenvironment.
A prerequisite
is Federallnstitutefor ProtectingConsumerHealthand
to implementation
of this Directive
harmonization
fordetermination
of testmethods
of the VeterinaryMedicine.lt was publishedin the Federal
Thetestswillbe developed
substances.
by the Euro- Gazetteof test methodsin accordancewith $ 35 of the
peanCommittee
(CEN)preferen- GermanLawrelatingto foodstuffsand consumergoods.
for Standardization
level.Member
of the above-mentioned
methodsenablesto
tiallyontheEuropean
Statesshalladopt Publication
provi- proveresultsof analysesin all testinglaboratories
andpublish
laws,regulations
unandadministrative
sionsnecessary
to complywiththisDirective
notlater der the same conditionsand in the same mannerin
(TLC,
11,2003.
thanSeptember
spiteof the existenceof a numberof applications
Vldknaa textil 9 (4) 160-1 64 (2002)
161
HPLC,GC/MS).This methodis usedalsoin the frame cise and clear analyticalresultsare requiredincreasof analysisof arylaminesin
of OXO-TEX Standard100. Practicalproof limitis 30 ingly.Thus, possibilities
ppm.The limitmustnot be confusedwiththe absolute textileshavebeenextendedconsiderably.
prooflimitof aromaticamineswhichcan be even1 ppm.
Capabilityto determinearylaminesby GC/MS was
The aim of the limitset up this way is to preventfalse checkedin the frameof international
roundtestsorgapositivefindings.
AssociationOfO-ffX in the
nizedby the International
firstquarterof the year 2002.TwentyEuropeantesting
Test resultsare expressedas follows:
- if contentof an amineis < 30 mg.kg-'(ppm),thenno laboratories
participated
in the tests.Benzidinewas
prohibitedazo dyes have been determinedin the provedand determinedin a textilesample.Resultof the
roundtestsconfirmedclearlythatthe testinternational
sampletestedundergivenconditions
- if contentof an amineis > 30 mg.kg-t(ppm),thenpro- ing laboratories
of SKTC-119 havemanagedsuccesshibiteddyes havebeen usedin manufactureand fin- fully proceduresfor analysisof arylaminesin textiles.
The resultscan be seen in Figuresas follows:
ishingthe textiletest sample
A positiveresult must be confirmedby anotheralterProhibnativemethodfor determination
of arylamines.
4. Conclusion
ited azodyeswhich have the capacityto releaseby
cleavageof their azo groups amines:o-aminoazoare provedby this
Prohibiteddyesare usedfor dyeingof textileproducts
tolueneand 2-amino-4-nitrotoluene
When importedmostlyfrom countrieswith cheaplabourforce
methodas o-toluidineand 2,4-diaminotoluene.
>30 ppm is found,fur- and cheapraw materials.Low priceof the productsis
concentration
of 2-naphtylamine
qualitycontroland low
ther information(e.9.about chemicalstructureof the oftena resultof non-consistent
levelof environmental
standards.Manufacturers
dyesetc.)is necessaryto be obtained.
and
Processof determinationof arylaminesconsistsof importersare awarethat environmentalsafetyof prodstepsas follows:
ucts is an inevitableconditionof successfulexportto1. Samplepreparation
day.
An indirectproofthroughaminesis the onlypossible
2. Extraction- methoddependingon materialcompositionof the sample
and correctway regardinggreat numberof azodyes
capableof decomposingby potentialcleavageinto
3. Reductivecleavageof azodyes
of amines
4. Separationand concentration
arylaminesthat are knownor suspectedcarcinogens.
(TLC,GC/MS).
Occurance
of 123dyes,couplingingredients
anddevel5. Detectionand determination
on the market.An authorized
Methodsfor determination
of arylaminesin textilesby opersis stillaniticipated
qualifiedstaff
thin-layerchromatography
and gas chromatography testinglaboratorywith an appropriately
with FID detectorwere tested and adopted by the ac- and properequipmentis able to carryout successful
of VUTCH-CHEMITEX, determination
of all hazardousarylaminesin the applied
creditedtestinglaboratories
in 1999.Presence azodyesusinga suitabletime-undemanding
analytical
spol.s r. o., SKTC-119, Zitinaalready
of the healthharmfularylamineswas testedand proved methodwithoutneedto have all referencesamplesof
in textilesamplesdyed in the laboratoryfor coloristics azodyesat disposal.
of SKTC-119 and subsequently
alsoin textitesamples
obtainedin the frame of roundtests organizedon an
5. Literature
international
level.The substanceswere provedalsoin
a sampleof MidlonRed.Arylamines:3,3-dimethoxy76l769lEEC
were in- I1l Directive
benzidine;3,3-dimethylbenzidine
benzidine;
2002161
IEC
tzl Directive
volved.
Standard
100
6XO-reX
I3l
with massdetectorwas added
A gas chromatograph
to instrumentation
of the analyticallaboratoriesas preRecieved:October2002
162
Vldknaa textil I (4) 160-1 64 (2002)
ARylAlvtittov
NEBEzpEeruVcn
SLEDovANTE
vVnoBKocH
v rExrilncH A TEXTU-ttYcn
Translationof article:
Determinationof hazardousarylamines in textiles and textile products
MAK lll 41 - arylaminypreukdzatelhe
rakovinotvorne
pre cloveka
Bezpecnosttextilnyich
vfrobkov a ostatnlichspotreb- MAK lll A2 arylaminy,u ktor;ichsa predpokladdrakovinotvornyi
m faktorompre z4i5enieich
0cinokna dlovekana zaknyichpredmetovje d6leZihi
lade preukazatelh6ho
karcinog6nneho
exportuschopnosti
do krajinEU.Zarudenf 0spechmaj 0 len vyirobcovi
0cinkuna zvieratdch
a.porovnatel'nI s najvyspelej5imi vyirobcamiv StdtochEU.Ochranaspotrebitel'a,
ochranaZivotn6ho a pracovn6hoprostrediahraj0 pri vfrobe textilif
minimdlne
takf d6leZit0roluako m6da.V s06asnostije 3. Analytick6 metody na hodnotenie arylamfnov
podl'aSmernice 6. 761769/EHS
k dispoziciivelk6 mnoZstvoekoznaciek,ktor6sa snaprezentovattzv. zdravotnene5kodn6
Ziaspotrebitelbm
ktor6m02uuvolnovat1 aleboviacaromavfrobky.Bolavytuorendaj tzv.triedatextiliipomenova- Azofarbivd,
nlichako,,zelen6"
textiliealeboekotextflie.K najdoleZi- tickyichaminov,ktor;ichzoznamje uvedenf v predtej5imekologicklimzna6k6mv Nemeckua aj v Eur6pe chddzaj[cejcasti prispevku,v zistitel'n1ich
koncentrdpatriaurditeznacky6XO-f fX Standard100, TOX- cidch,t.j.nad 30 ppm (mg.kg-t)vo finSlnych
vfrobkoch
PROOFa eco-tex.V tejto srivislostitrebaspomen{t aj alebov ichfarbenfchdastiachsa nesm0pouZivatv texeuropskuekoznackuzn6mu ako europskykvet,ktor6 tilnfch a koZenfchvfrobkoch,ktor6 m0Zuprichddzat
obmedzineprehladnevelk6 mnoZstvoekologickfch do priamehoa dlhodob6hokontaktus I'udskoupokoZkou alebos 0stnoudutinou(napr.hracky).
oznadeniv textilnomsektore.
Na textilnevfrobky vyroben6z recyklovanyich
vldkien
je povolendmaximdlnakoncentrdciaaminov70 ppm
2. Arylaminy
docasnedo 1. 1. 2005,ak sa aminyuvol'nuj[zo zvySkovz predchddzajuceho
farbeniatlichtotextilif.Tfm sa
Vdakano4im informdcidmo preuk6zatelhe
zistenf- umoZnlrecykldciatextilii,co je prospe5n6pre Zivotn6
ch nebezpecnfchvlastnostiachniektonichchemickfch prostredie.
ldtoksa v rAmciEU pristupujek schvalbvaniunovlich
Podmienkou
implementdcie
tejtoSmerniceje harmolegislatfvnych
opatreni.Jednouz najviacdiskutovanlich nizdciask0Sobnfchmetodpre ich stanovenie,ktor6vya legislativne
najviac,,oSetrenych"
latoks0 azofarbivd, pracujeEuropskynormalizacnfvyibor(CEN),najlepSie
pouZivan6prifarbenItextilnfch4irobkova spotrebnfch n a e u r 6 p s k e 0
j r o v n i .C l e n s k eS t d t ys u p o v i n n 6d o
predmetov.Redukcnyim
Stiepenimazofarbiva v priebe- 11. 9. 2003schvdlita zverejnitzdkony,nariadenia
a adpochodovmoZuvznikatarylaminy, ministrativne
hu fyziologickyich
opatreniazabezpedujrice
suladndrodnej
ktor6boli preukdzatelhe
definovan6ako nebezpecn6 legislativy
s toutoSmernicou.
prepracovan6
latky.P6sobenimpotudochddzak uvolhovaniuazofarNajprisnejSie
ale aj najdOslednejSie
kribiv z povrchutextiluna povrchI'udskejpokoZky.
vybranyich
t6riana pouZfvanie
druhovazofarbivpre 4iSk05kyukdzali,Ze ndslednesa aromatick6aminy robutextiliimajuv sfdasnejdobev Nemecku.NemecmoZuresorbovatcez pokoZkudo vn0traludsk6hote- kym spolkovyim0stavom pre ochranu zdravia
la. Pri opakovanomkontaktes pokoZkouexistujeneza- spotrebitelbv
a veterindrnu
medicinubolavypracovand
nedbatelh6nebezpedenstvo
vznikurakoviny.DodrZia- testovaciametoda urdend na d6kaz zaklzanych azovanie zAkazuich pouZfvaniaje sice moZn6 splnit farbiv.Bolazverejnendv Uradnejzbierkesk05obnlich
jednoduchou
deklardciou,
aleje nevyhnutna
aj moZnost metod podl'a$ 35 Nemeck6hozakonao potravindch
prevereniav rdmcikontrolyplnenialegis- a spotrebnfchpredmetoch.
Zverejnenie
analytick6ho
uvedenejmelatfvnehoopatreniana trhu uvedenyich
vfrobkov.
tody umoZfiujepreveritvisledky analyzvo v5etkfch
parlamentu
pri rovnakyich
podmienkach
Na zasadnutfeuropskeho
laboratoridch
a radydha 19. sku5obnyich
jula2002bolaopdtovnenovelizovand
napriek
Rady
a
rovnaklim
extistencii
viacenichapSmernica
sposobom
predaja
pouZivania
76l769lEHSo obmedzeniach
a
likAcii[ILC, HPLC.,GC/MS).lde o met6dupouZivanu
prfpravkov
(azofarbfv) aj v rdmci normy OKO-TEXStandard100. Prakticke
niektoryich
nebezpecnlchldtoka
ako Smernicad.2002161/ES.
Arylamlny,ktor6vznika- hranicadokazuje 30 ppm.Td sa nesmiezamiefiats abj0 ich redukcnyim
Stiepenimsu rozdelen6do dvochsku- sol0tnouhranicoudOkazuaromatickyich
aminov,ktord
pin,oznadenychako:
moZebyt aj na 0rovnihodnoty1 ppm.Cielbmtaktosta1. Uvod
VlLknaa textil I (4) 160-164 (2002)
163
ndle- Vzhl'adomna zvy5ujUcesa ndrokyna presnosta jednovenejhraniceje zabrdnitchybnfmpozitlvnym
noznadnostanalytickfch{sledkov, boloprlstrojove
vyzom.
laboratoriidoplnen6
sposo- bavenieanalytick)tch
Vfsledkysk0Skysa vyjadruj0nasledovn;im
o plynovfchromatograf s hmotnostnyimdetektorom, cim sa
bom:
- akje obsahjednotliv6ho
amfnu< 30 mg.kg-t(ppm), moZnostianalyzyarylamfnovv textilidchpodstatnerozpotompri danfchpodmienkach
sk05anianeboli Sirili.
azo- SchopnoststanovovatarylaminypomocouGC/MS
v sku5anej
vzorke4irobkustanoven6zakAzanf
farbivd.
bolapreverendv r6mcimedzindrodnfchporovndvacich
- akje obsah> 30 mg.kg-t(ppm)jednotliv6ho
aminu, testov,ktor6organizovalomedzindrodn6zdruZenie
potompri vyirobealebo0pravesku5anejtextilnej OKO-TEXv prvom Stvrtrokur. 2002 a ktor6hosa zuvzorkybolipou2it6zakAzan6
azofarbivd.
6astnilo20 europskychsku5obnfchlaboratorii.V texqisledokje potrebn6potvrditprostrednic-tilnejvzorkebol dokdzanyia stanovenfbenzidin.VlisPozitivny
metody
ledokMPSjednoznacnepotvrdil,Ze metodikyanalyzy
alternatlvnej
tvomd'alSej
stanovenia arylaminov. Zakdzanfazotarbiv6,kto16by arylamlnovv textilidchbolivfaSobnfchlaboratoriAch
azoskupfn
vyWdrat
aminy:oSKTC-119uspe5nezvlddnut6.Vfsledky sn znAzormohlipriStiepenisvojich
obrdzkoch1 a2.
a 2-amino-4-nitrotolu6n
sa dokdZu
tou- nen6na nasleduj0cich
amfnoazotolu6n
Prizisakoo-toluidfn
a 2,4-toluyl6ndiamin.
to met6dou
> 30 ppmje potrebn6
v koncentrdcii
tenf2-naftylamfnu
(napr.o chemickej
4. ZAver
informdcie
z(skatd'alSie
doplnkov6
StruktfrepouZitlchfarbfva pod.).
pozostdva
Postupstanovenia
arylaminov
z nasledov- ProblematikapouZfvaniazakazanfchfarbivje v s[dasnostizamerandna textilnenirobky, ktor6su impornfch krokov:
1. Prlpravavzorky
tovan6 zkrajin s lacnoupracovnousilou a vyuZivanlm
- sp6sobpodl'amateridlov6ho
2. Extrakcia
zlolenia lacnfch surovinovfchvstupov,uich je nizkacenadasto
nisledkomnedoslednejkontrolykvalitya nizkej0rovne
vzorky
noriem.Environmentdlna
vhodnost
enviromentdlnych
3. Redukcne
azofarbiv
Stiepenie
je v sfcasnej dobe pre vyirobcova import6vyirobkov
4. Separdcia
a koncentr6cia
aminov
predpokladom
rov nevyhnutnyim
uspe5nejrealizdcie
5. Detekcia
a stanovenie
OLC,GC/MS)
laboratoridch
VUTCH- exportu.
V akreditovanyich
skriSobnyich
potencidlktoryich
Vzhladomna velkripocetazofarbfv,
CHEMITEX,
spol.s r.o.,SKTC-119,
ZilinaboliuZv r.
metodyna stanovenienym StiepenimmoZuvznikatrakovinotvorn6
a podoz1999odskfSand
azaveden6
v textilidch
arylaminov
tenkovrsWovou
chromatografiouriv6 arylaminy(ide o 132 farbiv,kopuladnfch zloliek
Prftom- a vyvrjadov,o ktorfch sa predpokladA,2esa e5tevyschromatografiou
s FIDdetektorom.
a plynovou
bolaodsk05a- kytuj0na trhu)je ich nepriamydokazcez aminyjedinf
nostzdraviunebezpecnyich
arylaminov
v textilnfchvzorkdch
modelo- moZnfa sprdvnyspdsob.Pri zvolenivhodnejanalyticnda ndsledne
dokdzand
19, kej metody,pri ktorejnie je potrebn6mat k dispozicii
vyfarbenfch
v
laboratoriu
koloristiky
SKTC-1
vo
v
rdmci
v5etkyreferendn6vzorkyazofarbiva ktor6je naviaccavzorkdch
ziskanyich
ndsledneaj v textilnyich
porovndvacfch
vhodne
medzilaboratornych
sk0Sokrealizova- sovo nendrodnd,sa v rdmci kompetentn6ho,
persondlne
vybaven6ho
sku5obn6ho
laboakoaj vo vzorkefarbia technicky
nfch na medzinArodnej-0rovni,
nebez3,3-dime- ratoria,zabezpeci0spe5n6stanoveniev5etkyTch
va Midlonova
deruend.
Sloo tietoarylamfny:
pednfch arylamlnovv pouZitfchazofarbiv6ch.
fn.
in; 3,3-dimetyl
benzid
toxybenzidfn
; benzid
164
Vldknaa textil I (4) 160-1 64 (2002)
IMPLEMENTATION
OF THEECO.LABEL
..ENVIRONMENTALLY
FRIENDLY
PRODUCT''
IN CONDITIONS
OF THESLOVAKREPUBLIC
Dubnickd,
, .
A., S l A d e k D
VUTCH-CHEM\TEX,
spo/. s r. o., Zitina, StovakRepubtic
assessmentand
Protectionof the environmentplaysan increasingly Basic documentsfor environmental
importantrolein developedcountriesand it becomesa labellingof a productgroupare a technicalreportand
decisiveconditionof sustainabledevelopmentof the a directive.The technicalreportjustifiesselectionof a
managementof in- given group of productsfrom environmentalpoint of
society.Systemsof environmental
dustrialand manufacturingactivitiesare being intro- view and it is a basisfor workingout a draftdirective.
duced,enhancedattentionis paid to the influenceof The directiveis a technicaldocumentfor assessment
productson the environmentand on humanhealth,prin- of the groupof products.lt includesdefinitionof terms,
with exact specificationof the group of productssubjectto
and principles
of voluntariness
ciplesof prevention
participation
as wellas
of publicare beingimplementedincreas- the directive,basicand specificrequirements
way of verification.
ingly.
properties
Basic requirementsreferto environmetal
Tendenciesof propagationof indirecttoolsare apparpolicy
performance
product.
of
characteristics a
They are
ent in the environmental
besidesthe nationalleg- and
islation.They are basedto considerable
extenton vol- to ensurethat the productis comparableregardingits
with competitiveproducts
untary activitiesof manufacturersand increasing performancecharacteristics
purpose
(environmental
properenvironmental
awarenessof citizens.Systemsof envi- designedfor the same
quality).
ronmentalevaluationand labellingare being imple- ties havenot beenachievedat the expenseof
mented.Theydeclarethata productmeetsin conformity S p e c i f i c r e q u i r e m e n t sa r e h i g h e rt h a n t h a t c o n with presentstage of knowledgeselectedparameters tainedin generalbindingregulations
andtechnicalstanreducingor eveneliminating
adverseeffectson the en- dards.They are set up with regardto presentlevelof
vironment
and/orhumanhealth.At the sametime,there scienceandtechniqueandtheymustbe achievable
for
Methodof verification
is apparentan effortto assessproductin the wholelife a manufacturer.
of propertiesincycle,i.e.fromraw materials,
throughmanufacture,
ap- cludingtest methodsis givenin a separatepartof the
plicationup to itsdisposalor recycling.lntroduction
Testmethodsaccordingto STN,EN and ISO
of the Directive.
systemsfollowsnot only from the effortand require- standardsare usedpreferentially.
mentsof stateenvironmental
bodies,but alsofrom inCoordinatorof the Programmeis Ministryof the Environment
terestsof manufacturers
and customers.
of the SlovakRepublic.Ministerof the EnviLabellingof environmentally
friendlyproductswith a ronmentapprovesdirectives,awardsandwithdrawsthe
guaranteedeco-labelis a recognizedand motivating applicantsauthorization
to use the labelon the baseof
policy.Thus,custom- recommendation
indirecttoolof the environmental
of the Commissionfor environmental
ers obtainpositiveinformationabout"cleaner"products assessmentand productlabelling.
pointof view.
acceptable
fromthe environmental
The Commissionfor environmental
assessmentand
evalua- productlabellingis a collectiveauthority.lts members
Somecountries,carryingout environmental
of industry,trade,customerorgation and eco-labelling
of products,implementa unified and representatives
systemaccordingto the Directiveof the European nizations,environmental
organizations
on levelof govUnionEEC880/92as amendedby the Directiveof the ernmentalbodiesand voluntarynon-stateorganizaEuropeanUnionNo. 1980/2000and No. 76112001lEC tions.The Commissionis established
by Ministerof the
concerninga schemefor awardingeco-labelof the Environment
and it is boundto followthe Organizational
Community.The SlovakProgrammeof environmental Manualand Ruleof Procedure.
labellingfollowsfromthe scheme.The Programmewas
The Commissioninspectsfairnessof the activities
of the Programme,sets
adoptedby the Governmental
Ordinanceof the Slovak connectedwith implementation
Republicon February6, 1996as a NationalProgramme up courseof worksconcerningpreparationand revision
and recommends
theirfinalwordingfor
and Labellingof Products of the directives
of EnvironmentalAssessment
lt prepares
in the SlovakRepublic(furtherProgramme)withvalid- approvalby the Ministerof the Environment.
to use the label "Environi t y f r o m A p r i l 1 5 , 1 9 9 7 .T h e l a b e l" E n v i r o n m e n t a l l yproposalsfor authorization
FriendlyProduct"( EFP) becomesan importantinfor- mentallyFriendlyProduct"for the Minister.
by
mativetool of environmentaland customer-oriented The Programmeis safeguardedorganizationally
policyas a resultof implementation
Agency- Centrefor waste
of the Programme. the SlovakEnvironmental
Vtdknaa textil I (4) 165-170 (2002)
165
InstitutionalElementsof the Programme
ffiffiffiffiw
T-----------1
tl
tl
and environmental
management(SAZP- COHEM),
Department
of environmental
managementin Trnava.
Feespaidfor awardingand use of the label"Environmentallyfriendlyproduct"depend also on the output.
They are not too high and belongto the lowestones
a m o n gn e i g h b o u r i n g
c o u n t r i e sT
. hey are destined
mainlyfor publicitycampaignin supportof the label.
bed linenmadefrom 100%cotton- Ty & Ja and Sheets
'1997
- Ty & Ja with authorization
to use the labelfrom
to 2003.
A decisivestageof bed linenis that of manufacture
andthat of use- directlong-termcontactwith a manfromviewpointof its influenceon the environment.
Bed
linenTy & Ja is offeredin a wide gamut of coloursin
spiteof the factthat use of suitableauxiliaries
and dyestuffsfor its manufacturewas ratherlimitedto meet reyear 1998
from the year 1999
annual
quirementsfor protectingthe environmentand human
rate
output
rate max. fee
max. fee
o/o thousand Sk
o/o thousandSk
m il.S k
health(contentof heavymetals,formaldehydeetc. in
product).
Application
the
of biologically
non-degradable
1,5
0,02
u pt o 1 5 , 0
0,01
3,0
formaldehyde,
agents
containing
chlorine,
volatileor15, 0- 50, 0
0 ,0 1
5 ,0
0 ,0 2 u p to 0,0
ganic
substances
in
amounts
exceeding
limits,dyethe
1
0
,0
0 ,0 2 u p to 20,0
50, 0- 1oo, o
o ,o t
pigments
and
cleaving
carcinogenic
stuffs
aromatic
1 5 ,0
0 ,0 2 u p to 30,0
100, 0andm or e 0 ,0 1
aminesand heavymetalsin amountsexceedingthe limits is banned.
havebeenadoptedin theframe The DirectiveNo. 0001 Bed linen,validuntilnow,is
Nineteen
directives
of implementation
oftheProgramme
upto now.Thefirst beingamendedon the baseof EU DirectionNo. 1999/
wasadopted
forbedlinen.Thelabel"Environ- 178lEC(settingup environmental
directive
criteriafor awarding
mentallyFriendlyProduct"was awardedfor several eco-labelEC for textileproducts).The evaluatingcritetimesonlyto thecompanyBZTexicoma.s.fora Setof ria concernparticularkindsof textilefibresand chemiThe EuropeanDirective
calsusedin theirmanufacture.
Steps for awarding authorizationto use the label "EnvironmentallyFriendly Product"
Step
Participant
1 . Manufacturer/importer
applicant
Result
Activity
Application
Obtaininginformationmaterialsand/or consultations
in the Centre for waste and environmentalmanagement
fee
Sendingcompleteapplication,paymentof registration
2 . Centre for waste and environment. Assessmentof conformityof the products
management+ qualifiedcorporate with requirementsof the Directive
bodies and natural persons
Registeredapplication
Report about resultsof
conformityassessment
3. Commission
Clearanceof the report about resultsof
conformityassesment
Proposalto award or not
to award authorization
to
use the label EFP
4.
Ministryof Environment
of the Slovak Republic
Authorization
to use the label EFP
Decisionof Ministerof the
Environment
Ministryof Environment
of the Slovak Republic
Agreementabout conditionsof the contractand about
authorization
to use the label EFP
Contract and acceptance
of the authorization
to
label the product
166
Vldknaa textil 9 (4) 165-170 (2002)
A list of directives on environmentalassessment of products approved up to now
Name of the directive
Bedlinen
Toiletpaperfrom 100% recycledfibres
Paper handkerchieves
from recycledfibres
Plasticproducts containingrecycled plastics manufactured
by intrusionand extrusionfor outdoorapplication
Water dilutablepaints
Water dilutableadhesivesand putties
Electricautomaticwashingmachinesfor household
Number
Validity
0001
0001/2000
0002
000212000
0003
0003/2000
0004
A p r i l 1 9 9 7 - A p r i 1l 9 9 9
September2000-September2003
0005
000s/2000
0006
0006/2000
0007
April 1997-April1999
September2000-September2003
April 1997-April1999
September2000-September2003
A p r i l 1 9 9 7 - A p r i 1l 9 9 9
Directivewas held up temporary
April 1997-April1999
September2000-September2003
April 1997-April1999
September2000-September2003
April 1997-April1999
Directiveunder revision
Radialtyres for passengercars
Electricrefrigerators
and freezersfor household
Heatingboilersfor gas fuels with atmosphericburner
Heatingboilersfor gas fuels with overpressureburner
Meansfor winterservice
Biodegradableplastic packagingmaterials
Washingagentsfor textiles
will be takenover beforethe end of 2002on the base
of recommendation
of the authorizedbodies,The environmentalcriteriaare expectedto be extendedusingthe
methodof life cycleassessment(LCA,e.g. according
to ISO 14040series)similarlyas when awardingecolabelEU withthe flower.
Althoughthe Programmeof Environmentally
Firendly
Productgoesalreadyon for over5 years,it is not possibleto evaluateit as verysuccessfulone becauseonly
32 productsfrom 9 manufacturershave been awarded
the labeluntilnow.Onlytwo textileproductshavebeen
labelled.Lowereconomicefficiencyof the Slovakenterprisesis givenas the main reason.However,the
reasonis morelikelyon the sideof manufacturers
and
partlyalsoon the sideof publicin our opinionbecause
thereare also economically
strongerenterprisesthan
BZ Texicomwhichdid not show interestin the labelfor
the present.On the otherside it is necessaryto emphasizethat particulardirectiveshavenot beenadoptedfor
manygroupsof productsyet and besidessufficientprofessionalcapacitiesare not availableto establisha valuationcommissiondue to complexityof the matter(e.g.
lifecycleassessment).
vtAknaa textit9 (4) 165-170 (2002')
0008
February1998-February2000
Directiveunder revision
0009
0010
0011
0012
0013/2000
001412000
September1999-September2001
September1999-September2001
September1999-September2001
September1999-September2001
September 200O-September 20A2
September2000-September2002
lntensivecommunication
betweentestinglaboratories, researchinstitutesand environmentalorganizations and associations,
self-administration
and state
administration
is aimedat extensionof technicalpossibilitiesand information
sources.The above-mentioned
Programmeis not self-funding
one and it is not promotedsufficiently
for the present.The situationmight
improvein the near futuredue to legislationadopted
lately(mainlythe Act No.469/2002Coll.on environment a l p r o d u c tl a b e l l i n gw i t h v a l i d i t yf r o m D e c e m b e r1 ,
2002).lt anticipatesalso accessionof the SlovakRepublicto the EuropeanUnionand possibilityof certificationand eco-labelling
with EU flower.
***
in i
%1p
*[*
167
A list of products authorized to bear the label "Environmentallyfriendly product"
Productname/ Manufacturer
DirectiveNo.
Validity
Set - Ty & Ja bed linen made f rom 100% cotton
Bavlndrskez6vody - TEXICOM, s. r. o RuZomberok
0001
1997-1999
0001/2000 2000-2003
Sheets - Ty & Ja bed linen made f rom 100% cotton
BavlndrskezAvody- TEXICOM, s. r. o RuZomberok
0001
1997-1999
0001/2000 2000-2003
EKOKRYL-MATV 2045 disperse acrylate paint, matt
C h e m o l a k ,a . s . S m o l e n i c e
0005
1997-1999
0005/2000 2000-2003
EKOKRYL-LESKV 2062 disperse acrylate paint,
lustre, Chemolak,a.s. Smolenice
0005
19 9 7 - 19 9 9
0005/2000 2000-2003
FARMAL V 2073 interiorpaint Chemolak,a.s. Smolenice
0005
19 9 7 - 19 9 9
PAMAKRYLlN disperse acrylate paint PAM, s.r.o. Bratislava
0005
1999-2002
SADAKRINdisperseacrylate paint for plaster cardboard PAM, s.r.o. Bratislava
0005
1999-2002
DUVILAX LP, disperseadhesivefor parquetsand cork, Duslo, a.s. Sala
0006/2000 2000-2003
DUVILAXLS-50, disperseadhesivefor wood, Duslo, a.s. Sala
0006/2000 2000-2003
DUVILAX L-58, disperse adhesivefor wall tiles and flooring,Duslo, a.s. Sala
0006/2000 2000-2003
TENTO ECO, 3-ply paper handkerchievesfrom recycledfibres, Tento, a.s. Zilina
0003
1998-2001
TENTO - BUTTERFLY,toilet paper up to 25 g/m2,Tento, a.s. Zitina
0002
1998-2001
T E N T O - L U X U S ,t o i l e t p a p e r u p t o 2 5 g l m 2 ,T e n t o , a . s . Z i l i n a
OOO2
1998-2001
TENTO - STANDARD,toilet paper up to 25 g/m2,Tento, a.s. Zitina
OOO2
1998-2001
TENTO - MAXI, toilet paper up to 25 glmz,Tento, a.s. Zilina
OOO2
1998-2001
TENTO - ECONOMY,toilet paper up to 25 g/m2,Tento, a,s, Zitina
OOO2
1998-2001
T E N T O - J 0 l i u s M e i n l ,t o i l e t p a p e r u p i o 2 5 g l m 2 ,T e n t o , a . s . Z i l i n a
0OO2
1998-2001
T E N T O - E K O , t o i l e t p a p e r u p t o 2 5 g l m z ,T e n t o , a . s . Z i l i n a
0002
1998-2001
TENTO - JOKER, toilet paper over 25 glmz,Tento, a.s. Zilina
0OO2
19 9 8 - 2 0 0 1
HARMASAN- SOLO SOFT, toilet paper over 25glm2"Z'Hatmaneck6 papierne,a.s. Harmanec0002
19 9 7 - 19 9 9
H A R M A S A N- M V V A L ,t o i l e t p a p e r o v e r 2 5 g l m z ' 7 " H a r m a n e c k 6p a p i e r n e ,a . s , H a r m a n e c
OOO2
19 9 7 - 19 9 9
HARMASAN- ENCIAN,toilet paper over 25 glmz "7" Harmaneck6papierne,a.s. Harmanec
OOO2
19 9 7 - 19 9 9
HARMASAN- DIVV MAK, toilet paper over 25 glmz"2" Hatmaneck6papierne,a.s. Harmanec 0002
1997-1999
HARMASAN- LEKNO, toilet paper up to do 25 glml'Z', Hatmaneck6papierne,a.s. Harmanec0002
19 9 7 - 19 9 9
HARMASAN- BREdTAN, toilet paper up to 25 glmz"7" Harmaneck6papierne,a.s. Harmanec 0002
1997-1999
0008
1998-2001
tistav,a.s.Budany
0013
Vfskumnfa Sl'achtitel'skf
VF- H 108808,
SELEKT,
Water-soluble
PVAfoilSELEKT
2001-2004
Radialtyre for passengercars 165/70 R 13 ECOFLEX-T,Matador,a.s. Puchov
Stbel enamelledshower basin ESTAP, FESTAP, s.r.o. Bratislava
168
0017
2001-2004
Vldknaa textil I (4) 165-170 (2002)
zNAcrv
REALI
zfucrA
EKoLocrcKEJ
vYRoBoK"
vHoDruY
,,ENVTRoNMENTALNE
SR
V PODMIENKACH
lranslation
of the article:
friendlyproduct"in conditions
lmplementation
of the eco-label"Environmentally
of the SlovakRepublic
OchranaZivotn6hoprostrediasa vo vyspelfchkraji- nickdsprdvaa smernica.TechnickdsprAvazdovodnundch svetadynamickyvyvijaa stdva sa rozhoduj0cou je, pre6oboladandskupinavfrobkovvybrandz hl'adisrozvojaspo- ka vplyvuna Zivotn6prostrediea je zakladomna vypsfdastoupodmienoktrvaloudrZatelh6ho
. m e r n i c aj e t e c h n i c k f
l o d n o s t iR
. e a l i z u j 0s a s y s t 6 m ye n v i r o n m e n t d l n e h or a c o v a n i en d v r h us m e r n i c e S
prislu5nej
posudzovanie
priemyselnfch
skupinyvyirobriadenia
a vyirobnfchdinnosti,zvli5end dokumentna
pozornostsa venujevplyvusamotnfchvfrobkov na Zi- kov. Obsahujedefinfciupojmov,presn6vymedzenie
votn6 prostrediea zdravieI'udfa dastejSiesa zacfnajti skupiny4irobkovna ktorusa smernicavztahuje,zdkuplatnovatzdsady preventfvnostia principydobrovol- ladn6a Specifick6poZiadavkya spdsoboverovania.
Zflkladn6 poZiadavkysa vztahujtik environmentdlnostiaj s [dastou verejnosti.
politike
popri
V environmentdlnej
sa
ndrodnejlegisla- nym a k funkcnlm vlastnostiamuirobku a maj0 zabezpovlastnostami
tfve prejavujI aj tendencieroz5irovanianepriamych pedit,Zeuirobokje svojimifunkdnyimi
nAstrojov,zalolenychv nemalejmierena dobrovolhfch rovnatel'nfs konkurencnlimivyirobkamisltrZiacimi
po- rovnak6mufcelu (environmentdlne
vlastnostinebolidoaktivitdchuirobcov a rastfcom environmentdlnom
vedomiobdanov.Uplatnuj0sa syst6myenvironmentdl- siahnut6na Ikor kvality).
nehohodnotenia
ktor6deklaruj0
Specifick6poiiadavky s0 vySSie,
akoje ich uroven
a oznadovania,
,2evyrobokspiia v sulades aktudlnymstavompoznania vo v5eobecnezfvazn'ich predpisocha technicklich
s prihliadnutfm
na sudasnf0rovybran6parametre,minimalizuj0ce
alebodokoncavy- normdch.Su stanoven6
lucujucenepriazniv60cinkyna Zivotn6prostrediealale- ven vedya technikya musiabyt pre nirobcu prakticky
bo zdraviel'ud[.Je pritomsnaha posudzovatvyirobok dosiahnutelh6. SpOsoboverovania vlastnostivyrobkov,
v celom Zivotnomcykle,t.j. od suroviny,cez vyirobu, vrdtanesku5obnlichmetodje uvedenyiv samostatnej
pouZitiea2 po jeho zne5kodnenie
sa pouZivaj0
ci recykldciu.Uplat- 6astismernice.Prednostne
skri5obn6menovanietakychtosyst6movvypllva nielenz 0siliaa po- todyv zmyslenoriemSTN,EN a lSO.
ZiadaviekStdtnychorgdnovZivotn6hoprostredia,ale aj
Gestoromprogramuje Ministerstvo
2ivotn6hoproszo zdujmovna straneqirobcov a spotrebitel'skej
verej- tredia(MZPSR). MinisterZP SR schvalujesmernice,
nosti.
udel'ujea odoberdZiadatelbmprdvopouZivatznadkuna
a motivujricim
nepriamymndstrojomen- zAkladeodporucania Komisie environmentdlneho hodUzndvanyim
politikyje oznadovanie
vironmentdlnej
vfrobkovmenej noteniaa oznadovania
4irobkov.
hodnotenia
znedistujricich
2ivotn6prostrediegarantovanou
Komisiaenvironmentdlneho
a ozna6ovaenvironmentdlnouznackou.Spotrebitel'skd
verejnosttak dos- nia 4irobkovje kolektivnaautoritapozostdvajfcaz 6lezainteresovan6
tdva pozitivneinformdcieo vfrobkoch,pouZfvanfm
kto- nov zastupujucich
zdujmov6skupiny:
priemysel,obchod,spotrebitel'sk6
rfch prispievak ochraneZivotn6hoprostredia.
organizdcie,
organiNiektor6zkralin, v ktoryichprebiehaenvironmentdl- z6cieZivotn6hoprostrediana 0rovnivlddnychorgdnov
ju mine hodnoteniea oznadovanie
4irobkov uplatnujtijed- a dobrovolhfchne5tdtnychorganizAcil.Zriad'uje
notnli syst6m podl'anariadeniaEuropskej0nie EEC nisterZP a riadisa Organizadnfma rokovacimporiad880/92,ktor6 bolo revidovan6nariadenimEuropskej kom.
fnie 6. 1980/2000
a 6.761\%OjUEC
o sch6meSpoloKomisiakontrolujenestrannostvlikonovspojenyich
denstuana udelbvanieenvironment6lnej
znacky.Z ne- s realizdciouprogramu,odporucavytvoritnov6skupiho vychd dzaaj slovensk1iprogram e nvironmentdlneho ny vfrobkov,urdujepostuppri tvorbeareviziismernic
znadenia.Ten bol prijatf uznesenimvl6dySlovenskej a odporfcaichkone6n6zneniena schvdlenie
ministrovi
republikydria6. februdra1996a vyhldsen;iako Ndrod- ZP SR. Pripravujepre ministrandvrhrozhodnutia
o udeni programenvironmentdlneho
hodnoteniaa ozna6o- leni prdvapouZivatznackuEW.
ie programu realizujeSlovania4irobkovv Slovenskejrepublike(d'alejprogram)
Organizacn6zabezpecen
- Centrumodpaprostredia
programu venskdagenturaZivotn6ho
s fcinnostouod 15.aprila1997.Realizdciou
a environment6lneho
mana26rvhodn;ivfrobok (d'alej dov6hohospoddrstva
sa znadkaEnvironmentdlne
ndstrojomen- s t v a ( S A Z P- C O H E M )O d b o r e n v i r o n m e n t d l n e h o
EW) zaradujek doleZitiminformativnym
politiky.
v Trnave.
vironmentalnej
manaZ6rstva
a spotrebitel'skej
Zaziskaniea pouZivaniezna6kyEW sa platiapoplatZAkladnymdokumentomna environmentdlne hodnoprodukcie.Tie nie
teniea ozna6ovanieurditej4irobkovejskupinyje tech- ky zdvisl6aj od objemurealizovanej
Vldknaa textil I (4) 165-170 (2002)
169
Postup na udelenie priva pouiiva( znadku EVV
Udastnik
1. Vfrobca/dovozcaZiadatel'
e innost
Visledok
Podanie Ziadosti
Ziskanie intormadnlchmateridlova pripadn6konzult6cie
na COHEM/OEM
Zaslanie kompletnejprihldSky,zaplatenie
registradn6hopoplatku
Zaregistrovan6prihl:i5ka
2.
COHEM/OEM+ sp6sobil6
prdvnick6 atyzickf osoby
Pos0deniezhody prihliisenfchvfrobkov
s poZiadavkamismernice
Spr6va o nisledkoch
pos0deniazhody
3.
Komisia
Prerokovaniespr6vy o vfsledkoch pos0deniazhody
N6vrh na udeleniealebo
neudeleniepr6va pouZfvat
znaCkuEW
4.
MZP SR
znadkuEW
UdelenieprdvapouZivat
Bozhodnutie
ministra
2P
5.
MZPSR
Ziadatel'
Dohodnutiezmluvnfch podmienoka uzavretiezmluvy
o prdve pouZivatznadku EW
Zmluva a prevzatiepr6va
oznadovatnirobok
s0 prili5vysok6a v remciokolihichkrajinpatriak naj- du ISO 14040)podobneako je to pri udelbvaniznacna propagdciu
znadky ky EU kvetu.
niZ5fm.
ShiZiapredov5etkyim
medziverejnostou.
Hoci programEW trvd uZ vy5e 5 rokov,nie je moZprogramuboloprijatrich n6 ho v plnej miere hodnotitako fspe5nf. Predov5etrealizdcie
V rdmcidoteraj5ej
urdeneprepos- klm z toho d6vodu,Ze doterazziskalozna6kulen 32
19smernfc.
Z nichbolaprvdsmernica
telh0bielizen.
Najej zdklade
bolaznadkaEnvironmen-vfrobkovod 9 vfrobcova z toho len2 na textiln6vfrobzatial'len
spo- ky. Ako dovodsa uvddzapredov5etkfmniZ5iaekonot6lnevhodnfuirobokviackr6tpridelend
BZTexicoma.s.za Supravupostelhej
bielizne mickdrnikonnostslovenskfchpodnikov.NakolkovSak
locnosti
- Ty & Ja o znadkue5teneprejavilizlujem ani ekonomickysilnejzo 100o/o
bavlny- Ty & Ja a Prestieradl6
pouZfvat
znackunaobdobie
od Siepodnikyod BZ Texicom,vidimedovod sk6r v neoprevnenia
s platnostou
r. 1997do roku2003.
zdujmea nepochopenisitudcie
4irobcamia ciastocne
vplyvuna2P pri aj verejnostou.Na druhejstranev5aktrebazd6raznit,
Rozhoduj0cimi
etapaniiz hl'adiska
postelhejbieIizni je fazani robya f6zapouZfvan
ia - pria- 2e premnoh6skupinyuirobkove5teneexistuj0prfslu5Postel'n6bielizen n6 smernicea dokonca,vzhl'adomna zloZitost(napr.
my dlhodobfkontakts dlovekom.
v Sirokej
farebnejSkalenapriekto- posudzovaniaLCA) ani dostatodn6odborn6kapacity
Ty&Jaje pon0kan6
prfprav- pre zostaveniehodnotiacejkomisie.
pouZitia
vhodnfchpomocnych
mu,ZemoZnost
kov a farbfvna ich vfrobu bolazna6neobmedzen6 V s0casnostisa zintenzivfiuje
vzdjomndkomunikacia
'
poZiadaviek
z hl'adiska
na ochranu
2ivotn6ho
splnenia
niskumnfmi 0stavmi,podnikmi,enmedzisku5obframi,
prostredia
a zdraviacloveka(obsahtaZhichkovov,for- vironmentdlne zameranymi organizdciami a zdruleniaje pouZivaniemi, samosprdvoua Stdtnousprdvous cielbm rozSfrit
maldehydu
a pod.vo nirobku).Vyl06ene
pripravkov,
obsahuj0cichtechnick6moZnostia informa6n6zdroje.Zatial'v5ak
biologicky
nerozloZitelhlch
prchav6organicke
l6tkynadstano- uvedenliprogramnie je samofinancovatelhyi
chlor,formaldehyd,
a dostauvol'- todnespropagovan;i.MoZnoaj z pohlhduneddvnopriven6limity,d'alejs[ vyl06en6
farbivda pigmenty
aminya taZk6kovy jatej legislativy(predov5etklmz6konae. 469120022.z.
nujrlcekarcinog6nne
aromatick6
prekraduj
Iimity.
0cestanoven6
zna6eninirobkovs ridinnostouod
o environment6lnom
platnasmernica
bielizen
sa 1. decembra2002)by sa situ6ciav blfzkejbud0cnosti
Doteraz
c. 0001Postelhd
EUd. 1999/ mohlazmenitk lep5iemu.Td predpokladd
roz5iruje
a dopffra
na z6kladerozhodnutia
tieZpripojekrit6ri6preudelbvanie nie Slovenskak EU a moZnostcerrifikacie
pod znackou
17&lEC(ustanovuje
ekologick6
pretextilne4i- EU kvetu.
znadkyspolodenswa
environmentdlnej
najednotlive
robky).Hodnotiace
krit6rids0 zameran6
pouZfvadruhytextilnfchvldkien,procesya chemikdlie
Nazdkladeodporfcaniaautorizova- Uveden,imateridlodznelako prednaSkana medzindn6 priichrryirobe.
prevezme
smernica
do konca rodnej konferencii,,ECO-hbiling of textilesin Central
nfch os6bsa europska
roz5irenia
environmen- European Countriesin the perspective of integrationto
roku2002.Je tieZpredpoklad
Zi- EU", poriadanejv dfioch 15.-16. 10. 2002 v Ustroni,
metodyposudzovania
tdlnychkrit6rifaplikovanlm
Pol'sko
podla
(LCA,
ranapr.
noriem
votn6hocykluvfrobkov
170
VlAknaa textil I (4) 165-170 (2002)
Suhrnydiplomovlichpr6c na
Katedrech6mie a technologiepolym6rova textilu,FPTTnU
Studia
so sidlomv Puchovev rdmciinZinierskeho
v Skolskomroku 200112002
M6riaMarkechov6:
LAYOUTOF A CLOTHESMEDELAND RESPOADIG
FARBENTE
vLNENVoH
crsnrucov REAKTivruvurQUALITYOF TEXTILEMATERIALS
FARBIVAMI
Buducnostoufarbeniavlny vo v5etklichodtienochsri
reaktfvnefarbiv6,ktor6by mohliv Merinaa.s.nahradit
pouZivan
farbivd.Diplomovitpr66 1:2 kovokomplexn6
ca je zalolenanavykonaniradusku5ok,kde konkr6tne
vyisledkypoukdZuna 4ihody, ci nevyihodyreaktfvnych
a 1:2 kovokomplexnlichfarb[v.
D Y E I N GO F T H E W O O L L O O S E S T O C KW I T H A
REACTIVEDYE
The futureof dyeingwool in alldifferentshades,is with
reactivedyes,which could replacethe 1:2 metalcomplex dyes currentlyused in Merina,d.s. Trenbin.The
thesisis basedon a numberof tests and experiments
and
in whichthe resultsshouldpointoutthe advantages
dyes.
disadvantages
of reactiveand 1:2 metalcomplex
The diplomawork is aimedat the qualityassessment
of selectedtextiles,designatedfor the proposedmodel
of warmth- humiditycomfort,
of clotheswithevaluation
propertiesof consuptionqualitiesand assessmentof the
suitability.
employedmaterialsapplication
Anna Jurikov6:
ZLOZENIAPRIADZENA
VPLW MATERIALOVEHO
VLASTNOSTI
HRUEVCHPANEUCHOWCH
Wnoexov
diplomovdprdcabola zamerandna priPredloZend
pravuhrublch pancuchovyich
vlirobkovzo zmesivldkien PP, ba, vl, ln, VSs. a hodnotenieich fyzikdlnovlastnosti.V diplomovejprdci
mechanickyich
a uZitkor4ich
je spracovanliprehl'ado rozvojiPP vldkiena o odevnlich
ulrobkoch.Vlastnostipripravenych
vldkienbolihodnoten6 pomocoulaboratornychmetod a 0Zitkov6vlastvyirobkovnosenima hodnotenim
Alena Zold6kov6:
nosti pancuchovlich
probantkami.
Ziskan6vyisledkybudu sl0Zit
PRiPRAVABIOSURFAKTANTOVKARBOXYMEryL- vybranlimi
pre
podklad
vWoj d'al5ieho
sortimentu.
ako
Sxnoeu
vlastV tejto prdci sa Studovalifyzikdlno-chemickd
MATERIAC
L O M P O U N DF I L A T U R E
z INFLUENCE
AT
nostiderivdtovpripravenfchchemickoumodifikdciou
rdznymipostupmi.Stanovilisa PROPERTIES
ROUGHTSTOCKINGPRODUCTS
O-karboxymetyl5krobu
ich povrchovo-aktivne
vlastnosti:emulgacndfdinnost,
The diplomaworkhas beenaimat preparation
rought
praciaa antiredepozicnd
povrchov6
napdtie. stockingproductsof the compoundfibresPP, cotton,
0dinnost,
wool,VSs, flax and evaluationphysical- mechanical
PREPARATION
OF BIOSURFACTANTS
OF
and usingproperties.
Withinthe diplomawork is numPP fibresand clothesproduct.
CARBOXYMETHYLSTARCH
ber reviewdevelopment
fibreshas beenthe evalual n t h i s w o r k p h y s i c o - c h e m i c apl r o p e r t i e so f O - The propertiespreparation
carboxymethylstarch
derivativesperformedchemical tion laboratorymethodand usingpropertieswear and
modification
variousprocedurewas studied.The sur- evaluation
choicea man.Obtainresultshallhas basic
propertieswas determine:emulsifyingper- for evolutionnext assortment.
face-active
performance,washingperformance,
antiredeposition
formanceand surfacetensionof water.
IvanaCmikov6:
MoZNOSTIVYUZITIAWPOETOvE.I TECHNIKYPRI
DankaHanec6kov6:
T V O R B ES T R I H O V E JD O K U M E N T A C I E
V ODEV.
ruAvnHODEVUA ZoDPoVEDAJUcA
KVALITAN O MP R I E M Y S L E
TEXTILNVCH
MATERIALOV
Diplomovdprdcasa zaoberdmoZnostamivyuZitia
prdcaje zamerand
DiplomovA
na hodnotenie
kvality vfpoctovejtechnikypri tvorbestrihovejdokumentdcie
prenavrhnu\imodel v odevnompriemysle.Analyzujev s[casnostinajrozvybranyich
druhovtextiliiurden;ich
poZiadavkami,
odevus konkr6tnymi
na Sfrenej5i softwaresvetovlch 4irobcov CAD/CAM syst6s ohl'adom
oblastpouZitia.
Zaober6,sa
najmdhodnotenim
tepelno- mov pouZivanfchv technickejpr(pravevfroby. Porovvlhkostn6ho
systdmova uvddza4ihody
komfortu,
ostatnfmivlastnostami
fZitko- ndvamoZnostijednotlivyich
vfch ukazovatelbv
a pos0denfm
vhodnostiaplikdcie oprotipripravevfroby klasickfmspdsobom.VyhodnopouZitfch
druhovmateridlov.
tenlm moZnostfjednotlivylch
syst6movprdca prin65a
ndvrhyna komplexn6vyuZitiesyst6muInvestronica
Sistemasv spolocnostiOzeta,a.s.Trencin.
Vldknaa textil 9 (4) 171-175 (2002)
171
STRATEGIES
OF THE SUCCESSFUL
APPLICATION
OF COMPUTER.CON-INNOVATION
POSSIBLE
TROLLEDTECHNIQUEAT THE CREATIONOF CUT CLOTHINGCOMPANY
INDUS. This registeredlabordealswith abilitiesof the appliIN CLOTHING
EVIDENCE
DOCUMENTARY
cationsinnovationschangesin successfullclothing
TRY
diplomaworktreatstheapplication
of business.Representsthe entityof the termsinnovation,
Thesubmitted
- controlled
at thecreation
of cut assortmentand marketingas an importantcomponent
computer
technique
evidence
in clothingindustry,
analysing of the innovationstrategy.The goal of this laboris to
documentary
the presentmostspreadsoftwareof the world- wide analyseinnovationchangesat businessMakyta,a.s,
procedural,
organizasystemsusedinthetech- P0chovin spheremanufactural,
knownproducer
of CAD/CAM
Thediploma
workis tionaland to vote the sale innovationstategy,concrete
nicalpreparation
of manufacture.
sys- creationof the Fashionclub,,Makyta"
designfollowing
tryingto compare
the possibilities
of theindividual
oppositeto the marketinginquiry.
temsand introduces
the advantages
preparation
according
to the classical
of manufacture
the possibilities
of the respective Zuzana Lavorov6:
way.By evaluating
H
fora NAVRHSYSTEMU SLEDOVANIA KVALITATIVTVC
systems
thediplomaworkif offering
suggestions
if theInvestronica
Systemas
system UKAZOVATETOVPRI SPRACOVANiPOTruEJVLNY
complexutilization
Trendfn.
NA VLNEIVV
OCSNNEC
withintheOzetajoint- stockcompany
prdceje navrhnuta na vzorkevlny
Cielbmdiplomovej
ElenaKim6kov6:
urditejpartieodsk[Satsyst6msledovaniakvalitativnfch
IEWROEXOVA.S.
I{IAUTATIVTC
HODNOTEN
ukazovatelbvpri spracovanipotnej vlny na vlneny
MERINA,
Z HI}DISKAMECHANICK/CH
VLASTNOSTI desanec.Na vzorkevlnypartie43 196s jemnostou66/
prAca
hodno- 64 s' sa sledujriparametrev laboratoriuprddovnevlny
DiplomovA
sa zaoberdkvalitatfvnym
po- a v laboratoriuUster.
vytypovanlich
vyrobkov
Merinaz
tenim
vzoriek
a.s.
vlastnosti.
casti
hl'adumechanickfch
V teoretickej
sa
prehl'ad
poznatkov
o prirodnom
vldkne- vlne THE CONCEPTOF THE SYSTEMOF THE QUALITY
nachddza
- polyester,
vlAkne
USEDWITHWOOLMANUFACTURING
a o chemickom
ktor6s0 spracovan6 INDICATORS
(tkanin).
ON
A SPECIFICWOOLTOP
vyrobcu
do
findlnych
nirobkov
ExperimenEXECUTED
u
popis
rnisledmetodiky,
The aim of this studyis to make conceptionand untdlna6astobsahuje
sk05obn6
a
ky experimentov,
ktor6s0 spracovan6
tabulkovou
a dergothe experimenton the systemof the qualityindipouZlvanom
grafickou
formouv obvyklom
rozsahu,
vo cators used with wool manufacturingexecutedon a
procese
vfrobnom
a.s.Merina.
specificwool sample.The parametersare examinedon
the sampleof wool (lot 43 196, softness66/64)in the
FROM laboratoryof a wool scouringmill and in the Uster
EVALUATION
PRODUCTS
QUANTITATIVE
MERINA,
a.s.HAVING
ONTHEIR laboratory.
CONCENTRATED
MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES
of Lucia Vargov6;
Thethesisdealswiththe quantitative
evaluation
products
NA
selected
samplesfromMerina,a.s.having TEXTILNEPOMOCNEPROSTRIEDKY
properties.
BpZE
In the OLEOCHEMICKEJ
on theirmechanical
concentrated
partthereis an overviewof knowledge
of a
Studovalisa fyzikdlno- chemick6vlastnostiaviva2theoretical
naturalfibre wooland a chemicalfibre polyester nych a mfikciacichtextilnfchpomocnychprostriedkov,
intothe final pripravenychz produktuOLEO l, ktorf je technicky
whichare workedby the manufacturer
partcontains
products
(textiles).
Stanovilisa:
Theexperimental
test- cistli,svetlofarebnfa biodegradabilnyi.
poresults
fur- dislakyslosti,viskozitapripravenyich
textilnlTch
ingprocedures,
description
andexperiments
bod samovznietenia
in the formof chartsandgraphsto the mocnychprostriedkov,
emulzie
therprocessed
process. Techazil- 31 V.
a.s.manufacturing
ussualextent
usedinMerina,
ON OLEOCHEMICAL
BASE
LenkaJancikov6:
TEXTILEAUXILIARIES
The physico- chemicalproperties
of fabricsofteners
INOVAENE
STRATEGIE
USPESNEJ
ODEVNEJ
FIRMY
prdcasazaoberdmoZnostami
TAtodiplomovd
aplika- obtainedfromthe OLEOl productwereexamined.The
Vysvet- productOLEOI is technicallyclean,light- coloured,and
zmienv rispeSnejodevnejfirme.
cieinova6nfch
The followingindicatorswereset:the acidI'ujepodstatupojmovinovdcia,sortimenta marketing biodegradable.
ako doleZitris0castinovadnejstrat6gie.Cielbmtejto ity number,viscisityof fabricsofteners,the pointof sponprdceje analyzovat
of the Techazil-31 V emulsion.
inovacn6zmenyvo firmeMakyta, taneouscombustion
procesnej,
organizada.s.P0chovv oblastiuirobkovej,
nej a navrhn[tinovacnfstrat6giupredaja,konkr6tne
na zAvytvorenie
koncepcie
Modneho
klubu,,Makyta"
kladeprieskumu.
172
Vldknaa textilI (4) 171-175 (2002)
SALTINFLUENCE
ON DYEINGCOTTONTWIST
ZuzanaKuimov6:
Wsrn vHoDNEJpADsrRrZEpREKUSovEFAR- PIECEGOODSBY REACTIVEDYES
BENIEDAMSKYCH
PIASiOV MANTPULOVANVCHAn aim of my task was the researchof changesof
dyeingcottontwistpiecegoodsmainlyfrom the colour
zo zMESrVUPAD
prdceje ndjsta posuditvhodn0 shade move and fastnes properties, when the
Ulohoudiplomovej
pld5tovmani- reconnendedelectrolyteamount is relativeradical
PADstriZprekusov6farbenieddmskych
pulovanyich
zo zmesivUPADpomocour6znychrezer- raisedand reduced.Basedon theseresultsSlovenka
vacnfchpripravkov.
Na zdkladeekonomickej
analfzy a.s. shouldregulateits dyeingproceduressor should
prfpravkami limitusinglesssuitabledyes.
farbiacich
recept0rs r6znymirezeruadnfmi
PADstriZ.
budenavrhnutd
ekonomicky
najuihodnej5ia
Dorota Kocmanov6:
THESELECTION
OF SVITABLE
PADSTAPLEOF ANALVZAPROCESUPRIPRAVYWNOAY
PIECE- DYEING
OF WOMENS'
MA. ODEVNEJFIRMYMAKYTA,a.s.PREPODMIENKY
OVERCOATS
BLEND
NIPULATED
MADEOFWOOUPAD
V N U T O R N E HT
OR H U
Thetaskof the diplomathesisis to findandassess T6to diplomovApr6capojedn6vao procesepripravy
PADstapleforpiece-dyeingof womens'over-vfroby odevnejfirmyMakyta,a.s. pre podmienkyvn0svitable
coatsmadeof wooUPAD
blend,withthehelpof various torn6hotrhu.Ndvrhopatrenfna odstrdnenienedostatblocking
agents.On thebasicof economic
analysis
of kov vznikolna zdkladepodrobnejanalyzypredvlirobdyeingformulas
withvariousblocking
agents,
themost n6ho procesu a komunikdcie so softwarovyimi
svitable
PADstapelis goingto be suggested.
spolocnostami.
EvaBenkov6:
ANALYSISPROCESSOF PRODUCTIONS
PREPAR.
VPLW MATERIALOVEHO
ZLOZENIA
PRIADZE
NA INGOF CLOTHESFIRMMAKYTA,a.s.PUCHOVFOR
VI-ASTNOSTI
PONOZIEK
SLOVAKMARKETCONDITION
prAcaje zamerand
Diplomov6,
na pripravua hodno- The followingwork dealswith processof productions
prirdznom preparingof clothesfirm Makyta,a.s Puchovfor Slovak
ponoZiek
tenieuZitkonich
vlastnostf
tentcfch
materidlovom zloZenI priadze. Zdtkladnou surovinou marketcondition.My improvingsuggestionsstandson
je polypropyl6n
ponoZiek
hodnotenfch
v zmesisprirod- concreteanalysisof preparingprocessand communinfmiaj syntetickfmivl6knami,
akobavlna,lhn,viskozo- cationwith softwarecompanies.
v6 vldknaa lycra.V experimentdlnej
6astidiplomovej
prdcesa hodnotia:
fyzkdlno- mechanick6
vlastnosti Alibeta Vr6blbv6:
priadzi,0Zitkov6
ponoZkor4ich
pletenin
vlastnosti
v labo- ESTERIFIKACIAXYUITIOV,CHARAKTERIZACIA
podmienkach
ratornych
a nosenfm.
n SrUoIuM ICHVLASTNoSTi
Studovalisa fyzikdlno- chemick6vlastnostinovfch
THEINFLUENCE
OF MATERIAL
COMPOSITION deriv6tovpripravenlichparciAlnouhydrofobiz6ciou
YARNONTHEPROPERTIES
OFSOCKS
xyldnovs vinyllaurdtom,
s chloridmivy55ichmastnfch
Thisworkis directed
on preparation
andvalution
of kysel[n(stearoylchloridom),
a s vinyllaurdtom
za vplyvu
gualities
utilitarian
of thinsockswithvariousmaterial ultrazvuku.
Stanovilisa povrchovo- aktivnevlastnosti:
composition.
Basicraw materialof testedsocksis emulgadndIdinnost,povrchov6napdtie,kritickdmicepolypropylen
praciau6innost,antiredepozicnd
in themixtureby naturalandsynthetic
fi- lovd koncentrdcia,
bres,suchas cotton,flax,viscoseyarnandlycra.The udinnosta penivost.
partof this registered
experimental
workthereare
physical
evaluated:
and mechanical
characteristics
of E S T E R I F I C A T I OO
NF X Y L A N S ,C H A R A C T E R I Z A .
yarnapplicated
for production
of socks,evaluation
of TIONAND STUDYOF THEIRSPROPERTIES
properties
socksin the laboratory
term,evalution
of wornsocks.
The physico- chemicaland performance
of newly synthesisedderivatespreparedby partial
MiroslavaMozolov6:
hydrophobization
of xylanswithvinyllaurate,
withchloVPLW SOLINAFARBENIE
BAVLNEruVCH
ridesof higherfattyacids(stearoylchloride),with vinylUPLETOV
BEAKTIVTYUI
FARBIVAM
I
laurateunderinfluenceultrasound
werestudied.Emulpr6ceboloskfmatakosa zmeni sifying power, surfacetension, critical micelle
Cielbmdiplomovej
qyfarbenie
npletovpredovSethim
bavlnenfch
z hl'adiska concentracion,
waschingperformance,
antiredeposition
posunuodtiefiaa st6losti
vyfarbenia,
ked'sapomerne efficiencyand foamabilitywere determined.
radikdlne
zvf5i a znftidoporuden6
mnoZstvo
elektrolytu.Na zdkladedosiahnutfch
vyisledkov
si Slovenka
prfpradne
a.s.upravfreceptdry,
obmedzlpouZfvanie
menejnihodnyich
farbiv.
VlAknaa textil 9 (4) 171-1 75 (2002)
173
ZuzanaBorotov6:
polypropylene
fibresfrom Zigler-Nattaand metallocene
polypropylene,
evaluationof structureparametersand
physical-mechanical
propertiesand an experimental
V PODMIENKACH
TRECOfU,
s. r.o,TRENOIN
Tdtodiplomov
6 prilcasazaoberdSpecifikami
uiroby apparatursdescription.
Specrrrxn
Wnoey DAMSKYcH
NoHAVic
nohavlc
v podmienkach
damskych
zaddvatela
Trecom,
prdce
r.
Trencfn.
V
s. o,
experimentdlnej
dasti
sa stano- ludmila Balogov6:
parametre
vilimechanick6
tkanin,priadzfa mikrosko- SLEDOVANIEVPLWU VPICHOVACICHIHIEL,INpick6anal'iza odevnyich
textilii pouZlvanfch preddmsku TENZITYVPICHOVANIAA ZAKLADITIVCH
PARA.
- organi- METROVPPSA PESSNA WSLEDNU UCINNOSi
konfekdu.
V d'alSej
6astiprdcarie5itechnicko
zalnyprojektddmskych
nohavica jehovyhodnotenie.FILTRACIE NETKAITIVCH
TEXTILIi
Cielbmtejtodiplomovejprdcebolosledovanievplyvu
SPECIAL
CHARACTERISTICS
OF LADIESPANTS vpichovacichihiel,intenzityvpichovaniaa zdkladnyich
MANUFACTURE
IN CONDITION
WITHTRECOM, parametrovPPs a PESsna vfsledn00dinnostfiltrdcie
Lmt.,
TRENCIN
netkan;ichtextilii.Hlavnoudastou bolo stanovenie
Thisthesisanalyzespecialcharacterictics
of ladies priedu5nostinetkanyichfiltradnfchmaterialovv zdvispantsmanufacture,
in condition
withTrecom,Lmt, losti od druhu pouZitejihly, intenzityvpichovaniaa
partaresetmechanical
pa- zdkladnfchparametrovPPs a PESsvldkien.
Trencin.
ln theexperiment
rametersof fabric,yarnand microscopical
analysisof
fabricusedfor ladiesclothingindustry.
Thenextpartof O B S E R V A T I OO
E F NEEDLING,
NF I N F L U E N C O
- organizational
thisthesisdealswithtechnical
design ITS INTENSIryAND BASICPARAMETERS
PPs
of ladiespantsanditsevaluation.
AND PESsON THE RESULTING
FILTRATION
EFFICIENCY
OF THE NON- WOVENTEXTILES
LuciaPetrociov6:
The intentionof my diplomawork is to observethe
VPLW GEOMETRIE POLYPROPYLENOWCH
influenceof needling,its intensityand basic PPs and
VUqXICT
NAUZTKOVEVLASTNOSTI
TEXTILII
PESsfiberparameterson the resultingefficiencyof the
prdcabolazamerand
Diplomovd
na hodnotenie
vply- non - woventextiles.The aim of the main bodyof my
procesuPPvl6kiena na 0Zitko- work is to inspectand find out the permeabilityof the
vu zmenytuarovacieho
v6 vlastnostiich textilii.Posudzuje
vplyvpriecneja non- wovenfiltrationmaterialsin relationto the kindof
pozdiZpej
geometrie
a fyzikalno mechanicke
vlastnosti needleused,intensityof needling,as well as PPs and
PPvl6knanauZitkov6
vlastnosti
ichtefiilnfchuirobkov. PESsfibresparameters.
THEINFLUENCE
GEOMETRY
POLYPROPYLENE
Lenka Koristov6:
FIBRES
ONUTILITY
OF PRODUCTS NAVRH
QUALITIES
zufSTruIA
PRODUKTIVIry
A
Thethesisanalyzes
the influence
of changeof the EFEKTiVNOSTI
PRACE
V ODEVNEJ
FIRME
formingprocess
on utilityqualities
of textile.lt appreci- M- S,s.r.o.,Zlt-lrun
geom- Cielbm
prdcebolorozpracovanie
atestheeffectof cross- sectionandlongitudinal
diplomovej
ndvrhu
etryon utilityqualities
of productsandit alsoeValuates projektunovejvfrobnej haly z technick6hoa technolo- mechanical
physico
qualities
gick6hohl'adiska.Prestahovanimcastiuiroby z podlanatureof PPfibres.
Liana prfzemiesa zlep5fkomunikdcia,znlli sa dasovd
Folvardikov6
Katarina:
ndrodnosttransformacn6hoprocesua skvalitnisa
SrnurruRA A vt-ASTNosl vLqrNltnlcH MATE- kontrola.
RIALoVZ NoVEJGENERACIE
PoLYoLEFiNoV
prAcaje zameran6na pripravuvldkien T H EC O N C E P TO F T H E I N C R E A S I NO
DiplomovA
GF T H E P R O .
- z metalocenov6hoDUCTIVIryAND EFFECTIVENES
z novejgenerdciepolyolefinov
OF WORKIN THE
polym6ru.
V experiment6lnej
castiprdcesd uveden6 TEXTILEFIRM
postupyprfpravy
polypropyl6no4ich
striZor4ich
vl6kien The aim of diplomaworkwas elaboratesa suggestion
polym6rov
z Zigler- Nattovyich
a metalocenov6hoof a new productionhallprojectfrom the technicaland
polypropyl6nu,
parametrov technological
hodnotenie
ichStrukt0rnych
standpoint.The movingof a partof pro- mechanicloich
a fyzikdlno
vlastnostf
a popismetodpri ductionfrom the floorto the groundfloorimprovesthe
anal'izevldkien.
reducesthe time pretensionof the
communication,
processand improvesthe qualityof the
transformation
THESTRUCTURE
ANDPROPERTIES
OF FIBRES control.
MATERIALS
FROMTHENEWGENERATION
POLYOLEFINS
Ingrid Put5kov6:
Thepurposeof thisworkis the preparation
of fibres VPLW TECHNOLOGICK/CH PARAMETROV
- frommetalloceneTERMICKEHOSPEVNOVAN
polyolefins
fromthenewgeneration
IA NETKANYCH
polymers.
process
Thisworkcontains
of preparation
of TEXTILII
NAICHSEPARACIIu
uEIruNoSi
174
Vldknaa textil I (4) 171-1 75 (2002)
prdces0 netkan6textiliepoull- INFLUENCE
OF THE TECHNOLOGICAL
PARAM.
T6moudiplomovej
THERMIC
ETERS
HARDENING
na
nedist6t
OF
NON.WOVEN
filtra6n6
materidly
separdciu
van6ako
- FABRIC
FORTHEYSEPARATION
EFFICIENCY
Predmetom
srlzmenyfyzikdlno
v ovzdu5i.
sk0mania
plo5nd
(hr0bka,
work
non
woven
hmotnost,
Theme
of
diploma
are
fabricapplivlastnosti
mechanickfch
pevnostv tahu,taZnosf)a funkcnfchvlastnosti
(prie- cableasfiltermaterialfor
separation
impurities
in atmopouZit6ho
physico-mechaniv zdvislosti
od
sphere.Objectof searcharechange
filtracnyich
materidlov
du5nosf)
jednostran- calproperties
(roughness,
arealweight,tensilestrengh,
vfchodiskov6ho
materi6lu
a od intenzity
properties
povrchov6ho
(air-perelongation
at break)andfunctional
n6ho
natavenia
textilie.
meability)
at relationof usedbasicfibrousmaterial
and
intensity
superficial
smelting.
unilateral
FORAUTHORS
INSTRUCTIONS
The journal,,Vl6knaa textil"is the scientificand professionaljournal
with a viewto technologyof fibresand
textiles,with emphasisto chemicaland naturalfibres,
processesof fibrefinishingand dyeing,to fibrousand
textileengineering
and orientedpolymerfilms.The original contributions
and worksof backgroundresearches,
new physico-analytical
methodesand papersconcerning the development
of fibres,textilesand the marketing of thesematerialsas well as reviewpaperswill be
published
in thejournal.
The figureswould have been drawn at the tracing
paperor Bristol,drawn roundby blackink, numbered
by Arabicnumeralsand titledbeneaththe figure.
The tableswould have been writtenat an individual
'paper
pieceof
with numberand titleabovethem.
Photosand schemeshave to be sufficientlycontrastive at a photographicpaper or to be drawn at a white
paper.
Equationsand schemesare statedrightin the text.
Numbersof the figuresand tablesshallbe statedin
the text at the left margin.
Manuscript
Physicaland technicalpropertieshaveto be quantiThe originalresearchpapersare requiredto be writ- fiedin Sl units,namesand abbreviations
of the chemit e n i n E n g l i s hl a n g u a g e( m a x i m u m1 0 t y p e - w r i t t e n cal materialshaveto be statedaccordingto the IUPAC
pages)with summary(abstract- maximum10 lines). standards.
Text of contribution
Referencesin the text haveto be in squarebrackets
from Slovakand Czech Republic
haveto be in Slovakor Czechlanguageas well.
and literaturecitedat the end of the text has to respect
The otherpartsof thejournalwill be publishedin Slo- the international
conventions.
vak language,the advertisements
will be publishedin
The manuscripttogetherwith the tablesand figures
are demandedas hardcopy.
a languageaccordingto the mutualagreement.
Authorsare kindlyrequestedto deliverall papersto
The firstpageof the manuscripthas to contain:
o The titleof the article.
be publishedon PC disks3,5" in WINWORDand by
r The initialsof the firstname(s) and alsosurnames e-mail.
of all authors.
o The completeaddress(es)of the workingplaceof Address of the Editor Office:
the authors,(e-mailif it is possible).
,,Vldknaa textil"
The manuscripthas to be type-writtenat the size A4
Doc. lng. MichalKri5tofid,Ph.D.
in standardform,30lineswith65 beates,at a page.The
FCHPTSTU
totalnumberof figuresand tableswouldhavebeenless
Radlinsk6ho
9
t h a n1 0 .
81237 Bratislava,SlovakRepublic
Allfigures,tables,schemesand photoshaveto have
chelin.chtf.stuba.sk
e-mail: murarova@
theirown numberand title.
e-mail: [email protected]
vldkna a textil 9 (4) 171-175 (2002)
175
ZO ZAHRANICI.IYCNCNSOPISOV
vldknos absorp6nouschopnostbu enzlimov.NezrdZavdripravazlep5ujebelostvlny,zniPolyesterov6
porovnatel'nou
s bavlnou
Zujejej Zmolkovitosta zlep5ujejej miikkost.
ADVANCES
/N TEXTILES
TECHNOLOGY,
2002,
6. 2, s. 2-3
Spracovaniev nadkritickom oxide uhlicitom
US Patent6 258 309 udelenf korejskejfirme ADVANCES/N TEXTILESTECHNOLOGY,2002,
polyesterov6c. 2, s. 5-6
SAEHANINDUSTRIES,
lNC.popisuje
striZov6vl6kno,modifikovan6anorganickfmi zl[6eninaMetodazariadeniafarbiva infch chemikdlifdo hadporovnatelhlimi
pr[mi,s absorpdnfmi
schopnostami
s
kritick6hokvapaln6ho
oxiduuhlicitehoza udelomuprarodnfmimateridlmi.
Casticeanorganickfch
zl0cenin, vy textiliijepopisandv patenteUSA 6 261 326.V nanapr.oxiduv6penat6ho,
hore6nat6ho,
manganidit6ho,
vrhovanomsyst6mesa farbivo pred [pravou rozpusti
prid6vajf
resp.ichzmesisa
medzistupnom v rozpu5tadle,6imsa rie5iprobl6maglomerdciedastic.
dotaveniny
polymeriz6cie
a zvldkhovania.
Ostatn6aditivaakosta- Farbivosa ddvkujedo uzatvorenejnadrZes cirkulacbilizdtory,
absorb6ry
UV-Ziarenia
sa pri- nfm okruhom,derpadlom,filtroma rozvodnfmiventilantioxidanty,
po
podas
po- mi, naplnenejnadkriticlgim
ddvajfbezprostredne esterifikdcii
kvapalnyim
alebo
oxidomuhli6igim.
lykonden
zdcte.Upravanezvy5uj
e vyraznevyirobn6 V procesezmie5avaniasa moZepridatpovrchovoaktivnaklady.
vldknazostdvaj0 ny prostriedokalebodispergdtor.ObsahnAdrlesa ndsOstatn6fyzikdlne
vlastnosti
plnenah- lednezohrievatak, aby sa dosiaholtlak rovnakyT
v podstate
nezmenen6.
NovfmateriSl
mOZe
ako
raditbavlnuv odevnyich
textflidch.
v tiprav6renskomsyst6me.lzol6ciasyst6muprfpravy
tipravarensk6ho roztoku je zabezpedend prostrednictvomventilov.
Textilieodoln6voci prerezaniua prepichnutiu
ADVANCES
/N TEXTILES
TECHNOLOGY,
2002,
c. 2, s. 3-4
Zdokonalenf podklad z netkanej textilie pre v5iFirmaJHRGLLC(USA)patentovala
sp6sobvyiroby van6 koberce
vociprerezaniu
ktor6zd- ADVANCES/N TEXTILESTECHNOLOGY,2002,
textiliiodolnlich
a prepichnutiu,
rovehneprepfStaju
vzducha kvapaliny.
Natextfliuob- 6 , .2 , s . 7 - 8
patentWO 00/12800bol udelenyihosahuj0cu
viacako25 % vl6kienpren6rodn6
aplikdcie, Medzindrodnli
napr.polyetylen
s vysokfmmodulom
alebos vysokou landskejfirme AKZONOBELBV. Popisujepodkladpre
pevnostou
v tahu,sa laminuje
film.Po- v5fvan6koberce,ktorutvoritkaninaz termoplastick;ich
termoplasticlqi
vo filmemusfbytminimdlne
dieletylenu
20 %.Filmsa vldkien,spojends netkanoutextfliouprostrednictvom
polym6rua termoplasticklich
spolus textiliounavljav napdtomstavea zohrievasa, termopojiv6ho
vl6kien.
ku zrazeniu
textiliea lamindcii Netkandtextiliaje vyrobendz bikomponentnych
vldkien
abyzmdkol.Dochddza
popisa- so Strukt0roujadro/pla5ts jemnostou5-20 dtex. Jadvrstievza pdsobenia
tlaku.Jednfmz variantov
pldSttvoripolyamid
nfch v patenteUSA6 280546je lamindts vonkaj5ou rom vldknaje polyetylentereftal6t,
pren6rodn6
polym6ruje o 15-20
vrstvou,
ktorftvoritextilia
a vn0- 6. Teplotataveniatermopojiv6ho
aplikdcie
tornouvrstvouvo formefilmuz polyetyl6nu
s nizkou % nillia ako teplotataveniaostatnychvldkien.Patenhustotou,
mrieZka.
medziktor6je vloZend
tovanf podkladmd zlep5enustabilitua mechanick6
vlastnosti.
Nezr6iav6vlna
ADVANCES
/N TEXTILES
TECHNOLOGY,
2002, Transplant6ts antimikrobi6lnymprostriedkom
d. 2, s. 4-5
ADVANCES/A/ TEXTILESTECHNOLOGY,2002,
Ddnskymvliskumnfkom
zfirmy NOVOZYMES
bol c . 2 , s . 1 0 - 1 1
nezrAla- FirmaAgioTechnologiesLLCvyvinulatransplantdtudelenfUSpatent6 258 129naenzymaticku
v0 fpravuvlny.Na vlnusa najprvp6sobiv plynnom textiliupovrstven0anorganickfma antimikrobidlnym
prostredf
plazmou.
Dalejsa upravuje
vo prostriedkom,
ktoryisa na nu nandSarozpra5ovanim.
nizkoteplotnou
vodnomroztokuperoxidu
nei6no- Textilianapriekpovrstveniuzostava porovitA,prulnA
vodfkaza pritomnosti
prostriedku
v6hozmdcacieho
Popldkani a prepfStakvapalinu.Upravujesa za mokrav napdtom
a katalyzdtora.
nasleduje
fpravav kyslom,neutr6lnom stavea ndslednesa na ilu posobistlacenfmvzduchom.
enzymatickd
prostriedok
pritomnyv poprostredf
povrchovoaktfv-PrisuSenisaantibakteridlny
alebozdsaditom
s prldavkom
Predenzymatickou
nychprostriedkov.
upravoualebo rochtextilieodstr6ni,dimdochddzak zachovaniuporoprostriedoks0 vhodpodasnejjevhodn6navlnukrdtkop6sobitultrazvukom.vitejStruktfry.Ako antibakteridlny
n
a
j
v
i
a
csa v5ak osvedcil
z
e
o
l
i
t
y
,
Zivoci5neho
rasn
6
Proteolyticky
mOZe
byt
alebo
a
n
t
i
b
i
o
t
i
c
k
d
enzfm
je
priklade
pouZitie
p6vodu.
V
uvedendreceptura
aj
mikrobi6lnych
dusidnan
striebornyi.
tlinn6ho
Overen6
bolo
176
Vldknaa textil9 (4) 176-179 (2002)
upravypolyesterovejpleteninyurcenejna cievnetransplantdty.
S06asn6trendy vlikien pre netkan6textilie
T E X T I L I E N4, 4 , 2 0 0 1, 6 . 4 , s . E 1 8 0
TECHNISCHE
Priemyselnetkanfch textiliije vliznamnfm odbytiskom chemickfchvldkien.lch svetovdspotrebav roku
2000 predstavovala
3 mili6nyton a predpokladdsa, Ze
do roku2005sa zvf5i na 3,7 mili6novton.Z uveden6ho mnoZstva2,1 mili6naton pripaddna polypropyl6n
vldkna(PP, PET)a 750
250 000 ton na bikomponentn6
000 ton na polyesterov6vldkna.V bud0cnostisa odak6va vyraznyrast spotrebySpecidlnychPES vldkien,
bioaktivnychvldkienalebo ko-ponapr.kopolym6rov,
lyesterouichvldkienpodliehajfcichrozkladu.Perspektivu maj0 vl6knavyroben6na bAzekyselinymliecnej,
Zivotn6prostredie.Vldknapre ndrodktor6nezataZuj{r
n6 aplikaciezatial'v priemyslenetkanfchtextfliinehraj0 vfznamnej5iutilohu.Viskozov6vldkna sa v tomto
sektorevyuZivajfnajmd pre hygienick6aplikdcie,hoci
ich podielna svetovomtrhuje pomernemalyi(8 %).
re pleteniny,ktordzodpoveddpredpokladanej
oblasti
pouZitia.Tieto 0pletysa pouZfvajtiako substrdtybiologickfchfiltrov,biofunkcn6textiliev zdravotnicNe,
moZu
byt s0castouvyhrievacicha chladiacichprvkov,kolektorov, izoldcif,absorb6rova pod. S0 vhodne aj na vfrobu kompozitov.V prispevkus0 uvedene4isledky
skti5okabsorpcnfcha tepelnfch vlastnost(vybranfch
vzoriekosnovnyichripletovzpriadz{ z du\ich vldkien.
V sfdasnejdobe sa overujumoZnostidalSichStrukturdlnychmodifikdciitfchto materidlov.
Pouiitie termopojivfch produktov firmy Ems pri
virobe textilii do automobilov
TECHNISCHETEXTILIEN,44,2001,d. 4,
s. E 190-194
Na spevnenietextiln6hosubstr6tuponfka Svajdiarska
vldkna
firmaEms-Griltech
termopojive
bikomponentn6
s teplotouspracovania115-170 'C. Teplomtavitel'n6
adh6znegranulea prd5kysa pouZivaj0na lamindciu
dvoch alebo viaceryichvrstiev materidlu.UmoZnuju
spevfiovaniea spdjanienetkan;ichtextiliibez pouZitia
rozpu5tadla a zatalovania Zivotn6ho prostredia prchaTietonetkan6textiliesi
Firma Honeywell rozSirujevfrobu vl6kna Spectra 4imi organickfmizl0ceninami.
vyborneodvddzajuvlhkost
TECHNISCHETEXTILIEN,44, 2001, e. 4, s. E 183 zachovdvaj0priedy5nost,
kladen6na materidlypre nov6kliFirmaHoneywell,USA zvf5i kapacituvfroby polye- a splnajupoZiadavky
tyl6nov6hovldknaSpectras vyso$im modulom.Vlek- matizovan6Strukturysedadiel.Vyirobkyvyroben6s poproduktovfirmy Emssplnaj0predno ma najvy55ipomer pevnost/hmotnostzo v5etk;ich uZitimtermopojivych
vldkien.Je I'ahk6,md 4ibornti odolnostvo- pisy EU pre recykldciu.Polyesterov6netkan6Strukt[ry
synteticloich
teplompouZivan6
vodea UV Ziareniu
v lacichemikdlidm,
a vysok0schopnost spojen6adhezlvamitavitelhylmi
polykon5trukcidch
vhodnou
PouZiva
na
minovanfch
su
ndhradou
energiu.
sa
Specidlnych
absorbovat
4irobu
pracovnfchodevov,ochrannychpomocok,ldn a pov- uretdnovejpeny.
r azov,nepriestrelnyichviest,pancierovvozidiel,5portoWch vfrobkova pod.Vl6knoje zdkladnfmmateri6lom Skri5ky vyuiitia odpadovfch vl6kien z kobercov
v ar- v netkanfch geotextili6ch
na vfrobu kompozitovSpectraShieldvyuLivanych
T E X T | L | E N , 4 4 , 2 0 0,1e . 4 , s . E 1 9 5
mdde,policajnlchzborocha v ndrocnfchpriemysel- T E C H N I S C H E
Legislatfva
o odpadevyZadujespracovanietextiln6nfch aplikdcidch.
ho odpadudo uirobkov zodpovedajucejkvalitys co najprojektuvykopolyesterovfch
Novd linka na virobu
netkanich vy55imindkladmi.V rdmcivyiskumn6ho
nal STFI Chemnitzsk0Skyspracovaniaodpadu zo
textilii spod trysky v Berline
TECHNISCHETEXTILIEN,44, 2001, e. 4, s. E 184 v5fvanfchkobercovs penovoufpravou do netkanfch
Pretentofcel bolanavrhnutdoptimdlnatechFirmaJohns ManvilleEuropeGmbH vyvinulanovf geotextilii.
netkanutextiliuz jemnlichvldkienvhodnf na vfrobu fil- nologiatrhaniakobercova ndsledn6ho
cisteniatkaniny.
vldkienbolivyroben6netkan6textitrov.Filtracn6m6diumCombi Fil ma vrstvenI Struktri- Z regenerovanlich
ru tvorenuz ultrajemnyich
a hrubfch polyestero4ichvla- lie spevnen6mechanickyvdzbovounitou.Optimalny
je
kien. Ultrajemn6filamemtyna povrchufiltravyirazne podielregenerovanfchvldkienv tfchto vyirobkoch
pripade
polypropyl6nu
a 50 % v pripadevlzlep5uj0separacnufunkciu,hrub5ievldknana zadnej 10-15 % v
minimdlnutlakov0stratu.Filterje pev- ny.Z materidlovs obsahompolypropyl6novej
druhotnej
stranezabezpecuj0
ny, m6 vysokriefektivnost,dlhriZivotnosta I'ahkosa cis- surovinysa vyrdbaj0geotextllieplniaceseparacn6
vlSknasa
tf. Namiestotradidnyicfr
spojilvsa prijehouirobe pouZfvajf a ochrann6funkcie,vlnen6regenerovan6
pouZivaj0
rohoZiazatrdvnovacich
ekologickyvhodnej5iepolyesterov6kopolym6ry.
do protieroznych
materidlov.
Spracovaniepriadzi z dutfch vl6kien do osnovSikoplast: novf syst6m recykl6cie odpadu z PP
nfch upletov pre technick6 aplik6cie
netkanich textilii
TECHNISCHETEXTILIEN,44, 2OO1
, d. 4, S.
TECHNISCHETEXTILIEN,44, 2001, 6. 4, s. E 2Q7
E 1 8 7 - E1 9 0
NoW Hybridsystem
nemeckejfirmySikoplastGmbH
etanof predstavujenov6typy osnovnyichupletovvyrobenyich
s pouZitimpriadzlz dutfch vldkienv Struktti- umoZfiujerecyklovatodpadz PP netkanfchtextiliitak,
vl'kna a textil9 (4) 176-179 (2002)
177
Zesa vraciapriamodo procesuvytlSdania.
Odpadovf
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TECHNICAL
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Vldknaa textil I (4) 176-179 (2002)
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