exercise 1 exercise 2 exercise 3 exercise 4

EXERCISE 1
1. Orthography. 2. Morphology. 3. Syntax. 4. Morphology. 5. Orthography. 6. Morphology. 7. Phonology. 8.
Semantics. 9. Orthography.
EXERCISE 2
1. iv 2. iv, x 3. iv, § 29 4. viii 5. viii 6. vii, xii 7. ix, xii 8. vii, vi, xi, xii 9. xiii, ii, § 29
EXERCISE 3
I would not hurt a living thing,
However weak or small;
The beasts that graze,
The birds that sing,
Our Father made them all;
Without His notice, I have read,
A sparrow cannot fall.
EXERCISE 4
Write answers to the following, making complete sentences, and applying the rules for punctuation:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
St. Louis, Memphis, and New Orleans lie on the Mississippi.
Mangoes, bananas, and dates grow in the tropics.
Tom Sawyer
The one flows into the Atlantic Ocean, and the other into the Gulf of Mexico.
I use Webster’s dictionary.
Don’t you think he’ll say it’s too much?
Three natural divisions of time are the day, (lunar) month, and (solar) year.
Some materials used are bricks, stone, mortar, concrete, lumber, and steel.
Mrs. Pettagog, do you enjoy teaching?
It is 8:35 a.m. on April 26, 2010
viii
viii
xiii, § 29
ix
x
xi
viii
viii
vi, iv
ii, iii
— Ima Student
EXERCISE 5
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
What is your full name?
Ima Student
In what town, county, and state were you born?
I was born in Happy, Concord, Texas.
What is your birthday?
I was born on July 4, 1999.
What is your favorite book?
My favorite book is Tom Sawyer.
What newspaper or magazine do you read?
I read Newsweek magazine.
What TV programs do you especially like?
“American Idol” is one of my favorites.
To what foreign lands would you especially like to travel?
I would love to visit China.
What rivers have you seen?
I have seen the Mississippi river.
What holidays do you most enjoy?
Christmas and Independence Day are most enjoyable.
Why are they celebrated?
The signing of the Declaration of Independence
Who is the governor of your state?
Gov. Heeze A. Goodfellow was recently elected.
EXERCISE 6
1.
A farmer works the land and raises crops to feed the nation. In the spring he furrows the land with his plow
and plants his seed with his sower. In the summer months he uses pipelines to irrigate the growing plants and hires
an airplane to spread insecticide. When autumn arrives he harvests — by both hand and machine — the grain, fruits,
and vegetables that have become fully ripe. He may raise sheep for wool and mutton and hogs for the disposal of waste
and pork. In today’s world the life of a farmer is every bit as difficult and competitive as it has ever been. Machines
have made it easier in some ways, but the economy and laws intended originally to help him out have conspired to
make it increasingly technical and challenging.
A surgeon is a medical doctor who attempts to cure illnesses and disease by invasive intervention on the
bodies of consenting patients. He or she generally works in a health care center supported by other doctors, nurses,
staff and employees. After physicians consult to assess the patient’s physical health and stamina and after diagnosing
the patient’s disease by using such instruments as X-ray machines, sonar echo scanners, magnetic resonance imagers,
and an electrocardiograph, the patient is connected to intravenous lines to control medication and to monitors to keep
track of vital signs during the surgical procedure. Anesthetics or amnesiacs are administered and the surgeon may
use retractors to hold open the wound that he makes with his scalpel, a cautery to stem hemorrhaging, and forceps to
remove the offending tumor or diseased tissue. Surgery may be capable of bringing a body back to health when other
less invasive procedures would be judged to be too risky or likely ineffective.
2.
The activities of both soldiers and sailors are very physically demanding. A soldier is forever putting his life
on the line. Because his behavior is so critical to the well being of those who fight with him, his actions must be highly
disciplined. He must also be able to use the weapons of war effectively.
A sailor who works on a vessel of the merchant marine must be well trained in the ways of the sea. Unlike
the soldier’s, his body must be able to function in the constant ebb and flow of the tides and waves of the ocean. The
enemy of a soldier belongs to an opposing political movement, but the enemy of the sailor is the tumultuous forces of
nature.
EXERCISE 7
1.
Capt. Nathan Hale was hanged as a spy during the Revolution. His last words were that he regretted
only that he had but one life to give for his country.
2.
Dr. Doddridge one day asked his little girl how it was that everybody loved her. She said that she did
not know, unless it was that she loved everybody.
3.
Heinrich Heine told how little Simson said that at Frankfort he once saw a watch that did not believe
in the existence of a watch maker. He added by the way that it had a very poor movement and a case made of imitation
gold.
4.
Ralph Waldo Emerson wrote that grandeur was so nigh to our dust, comparing it to the nearness of
God to man, that when duty whispers low that one must, the youth replies that he can.
5.
Alphonse Karr says that some people are always finding fault with Nature for putting thorns on
roses. He replied that he always thanks her for putting roses on thorns.
6.
As they were going to the well, one bucket exclaimed to the other that she looked quite dismal.
Whereupon the companion replied in surprise that she was reflecting on the uselessness of their being filled, for, no
matter how full they would go away, they always came back empty. To this the first countered in even more surprise
that the second would look at it that way. The first quite enjoyed the thought, that, however empty they came, they
always went away full.
EXERCISE 8
1.
Jimmy jumped in the swing shouting to Sally, “Push me way up high!” But Sally grabbed the ropes, saying “I
think you should push me.” “I guess you are right, Sally. Maybe if I push you, you will feel rested and strong enough
to push me.” “I will do my best,” promised Sally.
2.
“What do you think of this jacket? It’s a favorite of many women,” said the clerk as she held the pink apparel
over her arm.
With a quavering voice the dowager in black opined, “My late husband never liked pink.”
“Oh, but I would think the color should flatter you for your future husband”
3.
“What is that thing hanging around your neck, uncle Bill?”
“That’s a stethoscope, Tom. I use it in my practice, to listen to weak hearts.”
“After you practice enough, will you be able to hear mommy and daddy better?”
EXERCISE 9
1. different
4. different
7. same
2. same
5. different
8. different
3. different
6. different
9. different
10. same
13. same
11. different
14. same
12. different
15. same
EXERCISE 10
1. same
4. same
7. same
10. same
13. different
2. different
5. different
8. different
11. different
14. different
3. same
6. different
9. different
12. same
15. same
EXERCISE 11
1. g.
8. m.
2. c.
9. i.
3. d.
10. k.
4. f.
11. h.
5. b.
12. j.
6. e.
13. n.
7. a.
14. l.
5. c.
12. j.
6. d.
13. h.
7. a.
14. m.
EXERCISE 12
1. g.
8. i.
2. e.
9. l.
3. f.
10. k.
4. b.
11. n.
EXERCISE 13
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
same — diphthongized
same — diphthongized
same
different
different
different
same — diphthongized
8. same — diphthongized
9. same
10. different — diphthongized
11. same — diphthongized
12. different — diphthongized
13. same — diphthongized
14. same
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
same — diphthongized
different — diphthongized
different — diphthongized
same
different
same
EXERCISE 14
1. voiceless
2. voiced
3. voiced
4. voiced
5. voiceless
6. voiceless
7. voiced
8. voiced
9. voiced
10. voiced
EXERCISE 15
1. b.
8. f.
15. n.
2. h.
9. j.
16. k.
3. c.
10. m.
4. g.
11. p.
5. a.
12. i.
6. e.
13. l.
7. d.
14. o.
EXERCISE 16
1.
1. l.
7. c.
2. k.
8. d.
3. j.
9. i.
4. e.
10. h.
5. f.
11. a.
6. b.
12. g.
2.
1. c.
7. f.
2. c.
8. g.
3. a.
9. j.
4. b.
10. h.
5. d.
11. i.
6. e.
EXERCISE 17
1.
1. c.
2.
1.
2. c.
3. b.
/`ðə ˈlitəl ˈmæn `ən `ðə` ɹəˈmaɹˌkəb`li ˈsmal ˈboj/
2.
/`ə ˈstɹow`k əv ˌse`ɹəˈdi`pə`təs ˈlək/
3.
/ˈwən `əv ˈme`nij ˌde`məˈkɹæ`tik ˈɹe`pɹiˈsen`tə`tivz/
4.
/`ə ˈgɹejt `ən /ˈwən`dəɹ`fəl `disˈkə`vɹij/
5.
/`ə ˈfowɹˌtijn ˈθæw`zən ˈda`ləɹ ˈpəɹ`ʒən ˈkar`pət/
6.
/`ən ˈaɹ`ti`kə`ləs ˈaɹ`ti`kəl/
EXERCISE 18
1. Yes, the definite article does also participate in a similar sandhi. The indefinite article /æn/ loses its stress and final
consonant when not before a vowel in the following syllable; similarly in the case of the definite article the vowel in the
following syllable causes its naturally long vowel to be retained, /`ðij/ .
orthography of the definite article is not affected.
Unlike the sandhi in the indefinite article, the
2. Yes, the plural form of the noun knife and a number of other nouns have their plural form assimilating their
voiceless fricative becoming voiced: knives /najvz/. These particular morphemes are peculiar in being subject to this
assimilation.
EXERCISE 19
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Yesterday I watched an interesting program on TV.
a. My friend had an accident and broke her arm.
b. There was a tornado that leveled three city blocks.
c. The poppies came out in full bloom.
a. Do they ever clean the streets here?
b. What time do they usually deliver the mail?
c. Is the school expected to supply pencils?
a. When do we need to have our baggage packed?
b. Can we take our pets with us?
a. Raise your hand when you know the answer.
b. Be absolutely quiet until the test is over.
c. Put your name in the upper right hand corner.
Would you please let me use the heavy book with the red binding?
EXERCISE 20
1.
2.
Q-1.
Q-2.
C-1.
C-2.
S-1.
S-2.
Q-1.
Q-2.
C-1.
C-2.
S-1.
S-2.
How many inches did we get?
Is it still as cold as it was this morning?
Would you go shovel the walks?
Don’t shout or you could cause an avalanche.
The snow makes it so quiet all around.
The birds seem to have found shelter somewhere else.
How long is it till we reach Chicago?
Do they serve breakfast on this flight?
Hand me that pillow over there.
Can you hear the stewardess now?
The landscape is really beautiful up here.
Next time I’m going to order an in-flight movie.
EXERCISE 21
1. 1. I would like to come here every day. 2. This trail leads up to the cliff. 3. Do the birds sing in the rain? 4. Are
there any wild flowers there? 5. Listen to the rapids. 6. Come and sit under this tree. 7. The water looks very green.
8. I like sailing a lot. 9. What makes the clouds seem so low? 10. Wouldn’t you like to see an iceberg? 11. Come out
on the deck. 12. See that cruise ship in the distance.
2. To make a declaration or positive statement with some confidence in its truth
3. 3. The birds do sing in the rain. 4. There are many beautiful wild flowers there. 9. They are hovering below the
tops of the mountains. 10. I think I have seen plenty on TV.
4. 5. Yes, I hear them in the distance. 6. No, I would like to eat my lunch first. 11. Maybe. Isn’t it too wet from the
recent gale?
12. Yes, I see that it is one of my uncle’s line.
5. 1. Wouldn’t you like to come here every day? 2. Does this trail lead up to the cliff?
very green? 8. Do you like sailing very much?
7. Doesn’t the water look
EXERCISE 22
1. 1. “A fine October morning” is not a sentence, because it does not form a statement, question, or command. 2.
“The leaves are red and green” is a sentence, because it forms a statement. 3. “And some yellow” is not a sentence,
because it does not form a statement, question, or command. 4. “Here are some purplish ones” is a sentence, because
it forms a statement. 5. “None are brown” is a sentence, because it forms a statement. 6. “The trees in the swamps”
is not a sentence, because it does not form a statement, question, or command. 7. “Very few flowers remain” is a
sentence, because it forms a statement. 8. “All along the road to the pond” is not a sentence, because it does not form
a statement, question, or command. 9. “Found twenty dead trees” is not a sentence, because it does not form a
statement, question, or command. 10. “Some were girdled by mice” is a sentence, because it forms a statement. 11.
“Dry and brittle as pipe stems” is not a sentence, because it does not form a statement, question, or command. 12.
“We set them on fire” is a sentence, because it forms a statement. 13. “Oh, what a blaze! ” is not a sentence, because
it does not form a statement, question, or command; it is an exclamation, cf. § 103. 14. “The smoke filled the air” is a
sentence, because it forms a statement. 15. “A strong wind from the northwest” is not a sentence, because it does not
form a statement, question, or command. 16. “Let’s try and find some pine nuts” is a sentence, because it forms a
statement. 17. “Are there any pines on the upper slope” is a sentence, because it forms a question. 18. “Very few” is
not a sentence, because it does not form a statement, question, or command. 19. “Bring your bucket tomorrow” is a
sentence, because it forms a command. 20. “If it rains” is not a sentence, because it does not form a statement,
question, or command.
2. 1. This is a fine October morning. 3. And some of the leaves are yellow. 6. The trees in the swamps do not have
such leaves. 8. Few flowers remain all along the road to the pond. 9. We found twenty dead trees. 11. Their trunks
were dry and brittle as pipe stems. 13. Oh, what a blaze ensued! (cf. § 103) 15. The flames were fed by a strong wind
from the northwest. 18. There are very few on the upper slopes. 20. If it rains, we’ll stay at home.
3. One fine day in October Alice and I went into the woods to visit the pond. It was a fine morning that greeted us
offering leaves of green, red, and even amber. A few were purplish, but none had turned yet turned to brown. As we
looked for flowers, we avoided the trees in the swamps. Any flowers all along the road to the pond had already lost
their blooms. We watched some men stacking twenty dead trees nearby with trunks as brittle as pipe stems. They said
that some of them had been girdled by mice. One of the men set them on fire sending smoke into the air as they were
fed by a strong wind from the northwest. The aroma made me think of pine nuts. “Let’s try to find some pine nuts,” I
suggested. We asked the men, “Are there any pines on the upper slope?” “Very few, but you still ought to have
something to put them in.” As we returned home I told Alice to bring a bucket with her tomorrow. “I won’t bother if it
rains,” she replied.
EXERCISE 23
1. 1. “Have you ever heard of Australia?” is an interrogative sentence, because it asks a question. 2. “That’s a weird
question.” and “Of course I have” are both declarative sentences, because they make statements. 3. “Don’t get mad” is
an imperative sentence, because it issues a command. 4. “I’m going there next month” is a declarative sentence,
because it makes a statement. 5. “Would you like to be my travelling companion?” is an interrogative sentence,
because it asks a question. 6. “I sure would” is a declarative sentence, because it makes a statement. 7. “Are you for
real?” is an interrogative sentence, because it asks a question. 8. “Tell me” is an imperative sentence, because it
issues a command. 9. “How long will we be staying?” is an interrogative sentence, because it asks a question. 10.
“Just think how much I am going to enjoy it!” is an imperative sentence, because it issues a command. 11. “You’ll
actually take me along?” is an interrogative sentence, because it asks a question. 12. “Won’t you say yes?” is an
interrogative sentence, because it asks a question. 13. “Oh, I just have to go!” is a declarative sentence, because it
makes a statement. 14. “Stop!” is an imperative sentence, because it issues a command. 15. “Remember how far it
is” is an imperative sentence, because it issues a command.
2. ….
3. ….
4. Interrogative denotes anything that goes into the formation of a question.
EXERCISE 24
1. Possibly 6, 7, and 11, but only 10, 13 and 14 are marked as exclamatory.
2. 1. Exclamatory imperative sentence 2. Exclamatory wh-interrogative sentence (asks a rhetorical question) 3.
Exclamatory declarative sentence (predictive issues a command) 4. Exclamatory declarative sentence 5. Exclamatory
imperative sentence 6. Exclamatory declarative sentence (subjunctive expresses a wish) 7. Exclamatory whinterrogative sentence (vocative attached) 8. Exclamatory wh-interrogative sentence (asks a rhetorical question)
EXERCISE 25
There was a storm of sleet and snow yesterday. The night was very cold. Is the road on the hill smooth enough for
sledding? Bring your sleds; we will go and see. Let the wind blow. Are you well protected? Shall we run to keep
warm? Here we are at last. What do you think of this? Could I try steering your tube? Watch us go as far as the
bridge across the creek. Give us a good push to start. Look out for that old stump! This is a great ride! We came
down in less than half a minute. Shall we try it again?
EXERCISE 26
N.B.: In anticipation of the next chapter, the word “about” in the instructions to 1, 7, and 8 probably means that the
topic should be placed in subject position. Students who write a paragraph that flows by placing the topic in other
positions should probably not be penalized for their skill. It is probably also best to allow a liberal interpretation to the
question transformation requested in exercise 9.
1. 1. Much oil comes from off-shore drilling. 2. Petroleum results from the refinement process ending up in many
useful products. 3. The gasoline that fuels our cars is just one product that makes us dependent on oil.
2. 1. Mrs. Jones, do you know where they grow cotton? 2. Where did the wool in Mr. Brown’s suit come from? 3. Do
you think Ms. Taylor knows that her nylons have a run?
3. 1. Sit! Fido. 2. Please turn off the AC. 3. Show courage and make your nation proud.
4. The telescope was turned to the sky in the days of Galileo.
5. Jose, why is your skin covered all over in spots?
6. Please send me two copies of your latest best seller.
7. 1. Cell phones allow us to talk to our friends when they are away. 2. My cell phone has numbers for all my friends
in it. 3. They even take pictures of whatever you want.
8. London had a great fire in 1666, which may have hastened the end of the plague.
9. What event may have hastened the end of the plague in London in 1666?
EXERCISE 27
1. Embers. 2. Opals. 3. Fire flies. 4. Gold. 5. Dewdrops. 6. Sunsets. 7. Lamps.
10. Torches. 11. Diamonds. 12. Stars.
8. Lightning. 9. Candles.
EXERCISE 28
1. “Sparrows chirp.” In this sentence the word “sparrows” is the subject; it refers to the only thing about which
something is being said. 2. “Chickens peep. In this sentence the word “chickens” is the subject; it refers to the only
thing about which something is being said. 3. “Cocks crow.” In this sentence the word “cocks” is the subject; it refers
to the only thing about which something is being said. 4. “Owls screech.” In this sentence the word “sparrows” is the
subject; it refers to the only thing about which something is being said. 5. “Crows caw.” In this sentence the word
“crows” is the subject; it refers to the only thing about which something is being said. 6. “Larks sing.” In this
sentence the word “larks” is the subject; it refers to the only thing about which something is being said. 7. “Doves
coo.” In this sentence the word “doves” is the subject; it refers to the only thing about which something is being said.
8. “Geese cackle.” In this sentence the word “geese” is the subject; it refers to the only thing about which something is
being said. 9. “Hens cluck.” In this sentence the word “hens” is the subject; it refers to the only thing about which
something is being said.
EXERCISE 29
1. “The ocean is bitter and salty.” In this sentence the words “The ocean” are the subject, for they refer to the thing
about which something is being said. 2. “The wind was dying away.” In this sentence the words “The wind” are the
subject, for they refer to the thing about which something is being said. 3. “Large and small fish came to the surface
to breath.” In this sentence the words “Large and small fish” are the subject, for they refer to the thing about which
something is being said. 4. “Several whales were spouting.” In this sentence the words “Several whales” are the
subject, for they refer to the thing about which something is being said. 5. “Seven icebergs were drifting past.” In this
sentence the words “Seven icebergs” are the subject, for they refer to the thing about which something is being said. 6.
“What sign of life was there?” In this sentence the words “What sign of life” are the subject, for they refer to the thing
about which something is being said. 7. “A polar bear could be seen amid the ice and snow.” In this sentence the
words “A polar bear” are the subject, for they refer to the thing about which something is being said. 8. “The strongest
ships are often crushed in the ice floes.” In this sentence the words “The strongest ships” are the subject, for they refer
to the thing about which something is being said. 9. “Whale fishing was a dangerous occupation.” In this sentence the
words “Whale fishing” are the subject, for they refer to the thing about which something is being said. 10. “ ‘D’ is the
first letter of danger and of death.” In this sentence the word “‘D’” is the subject, for it refers to the thing about which
something is being said.
EXERCISE 30
1. Float. 2. Falls. 3. Drives.
12. Flow.
4. Drifts. 5. Rattles. 6. Splashes. 7. Blows. 8. Break. 9. Roar. 10. Roll. 11. Surge.
EXERCISE 31
1. “Donkeys bray.” In this sentence “bray” is the predicate, because it is used to refer to what is being said about what
“donkeys” refers to. 2. “Bears growl.” In this sentence “growl” is the predicate, because it is used to refer to what is
being said about what “bears” refers to. 3. “Wolves howl.” In this sentence “howl” is the predicate, because it is used
to refer to what is being said about what “wolves” refers to. 4. “Dogs bark.” In this sentence “bark” is the predicate,
because it is used to refer to what is being said about what “dogs” refers to. 5. “Lambs bleat.” In this sentence “bleat”
is the predicate, because it is used to refer to what is being said about what “lambs” refers to. 6. “Monkeys chatter.”
In this sentence “chatter” is the predicate, because it is used to refer to what is being said about what “monkeys” refers
to. 7. “The sea is rough.” In this sentence “is rough” is the predicate, because it is used to refer to what is being said
about what “the sea” refers to. 8. “The sails are torn.” In this sentence “are torn” is the predicate, because it is used to
refer to what is being said about what “the sails” refers to. 9. “We drop anchor.” In this sentence “drop anchor” is the
predicate, because it is used to refer to what is being said about what “we” refers to.
EXERCISE 32
1. 1. “All nature was asleep.” Here the words “was asleep” are the predicate, because they refer to what is being said
about what “all nature” refers to. 2. “Every leaf was still.” Here the words “was still” are the predicate, because they
refer to what is being said about what “every leaf” refers to. 3. “The dew was sparkling.” Here the words “was
sparkling” are the predicate, because they refer to what is being said about what “the dew” refers to. 4. “The sun had
just appeared.” Here the words “had just appeared” are the predicate, because they refer to what is being said about
what “the sun” refers to. 5. “Robins and bluebirds began to flutter about.” Here the words “began to flutter about” are
the predicate, because they refer to what is being said about what “robins and bluebirds” refers to. 6. “The fragrance
of coffee wafted from every house.” Here the words “wafted from every house” are the predicate, because they refer to
what is being said about what “the fragrance of coffee” refers to. 7. “The brakes of an early bus squealed in the
distance.” Here the words “squealed in the distance” are the predicate, because they refer to what is being said about
what “the brakes of an early bus” refers to. 8. “A parked car chirped with a press on the owner’s fob.” Here the words
“chirped with a press on the owner’s fob” are the predicate, because they refer to what is being said about what “a
parked car” refers to. 9. “Everything seemed to catch the spirit of the awakening day.” Here the words “seemed to
catch the spirit of the awakening day” are the predicate, because they refer to what is being said about what
“everything” refers to.
2.
1. The ocean | is bitter and salty.
2. The wind | was dying away.
3. Large and small fish | came to the surface to breath.
4. Several whales | were spouting.
5. Seven icebergs | were drifting past.
6. What sign of life | was there?
7. A polar bear | could be seen amid the ice and snow.
8. The strongest ships | are often crushed in the ice floes.
9. Whale fishing | was a dangerous occupation.
10. “D” | is the first letter of danger and of death.
EXERCISE 33
1. Eyes see. Ears hear. Noses smell. Mouths eat. Hands tickle. Wings fly. Teeth chew. Feet kick. Fins swim.
Tongues taste. Fingers count. Tails wag.
2. Lead sinks. Wood floats. Water freezes. Snow drifts. Fish swim. Ice melts. Truckers drive. Fishermen wade.
Sailors row. Yachts sail. Flags ripple. Shoppers dash.
EXERCISE 34
Fish swim. Worms crawl. Birds fly. Frogs leap. Ships float. Men walk. Monkeys chatter. Boys race. Girls dance.
Cars run.
EXERCISE 35
1. Stars come out at night. 2. The sun rises in the morning. 3. The moon is full this evening. 4. Anger welled up
inside her, but she finally got control. 5. Megan is still writing imaginative stories. 6. Kevin does programming in his
spare time. 7. Honesty seems always to make things easier. 8. Kindness is comes easier with practice. 9. The West
Indies were once key points on the sea trade routes. 10. A mirror used to stand there between those windows. 11.
My photo was sitting on the dresser by her makeup. 12. Oil paintings adorn the walls of the convention hall lobby.
13. Peacocks often display their tail feathers when visitors come by. 14. Squirrels were running from branch to trunk
with their stores. 15. Wendy waltzes wondrously. 16. Humming birds flutter from blossom to blossom. 17. The
United States was founded on principles of liberty and freedom. 18. The Andes separate some of the countries of
South America. 19. Drops of water were still discernable coming out of faulty faucets. 20. A boat on the lake had two
passengers seated quite close together. 21. Huge waves came up without warning capsizing it swiftly.
EXERCISE 36
1. Birds of every feather are chirping. 2. Busy bumble bees with pollen-laden legs are buzzing. 3. Hungry frogs full
of flies are croaking. 4. The former Senator from Illinois is the President of the United States.
5. President
Eisenhower was a great general. 6. The Tocharians were an ancient people. 7. Newly planted trees from the public
nursery shade the city streets. 8. Inherited drapery from a bygone era shade the living-room windows. 9. Painted
parasols in a pretty parade shade the women’s faces. 10. Green grass and glorious gardenias grow in the garden. 11.
Industrious pioneers of long ago laid the foundation. 12. Highly paid workers hired in the city built the house. 13.
Factory workers in China made the furniture. 14. Luxuriant floral and faunal curiosities in abundance are found in
the forest. 15. Great gobs of oil float in with the tide. 16. Many of the sea creatures and feeding birds suffocate in an
oil spill. 17. The abundance of sea animals in the gulf are all used for food. 18. Casts from the bones of dinosaurs
from ages long ago are found in museums. 19. What she read from Walt Whitman is a beautiful poem. 20. The
recording of the show that I made included the commercials. 21. The ransom note was very neatly written. 22. Some
of the young people were voting conservatively.
EXERCISE 37
3, 4, 5, 10, 11, 12.
EXERCISE 38
Names of things: vines, fields, grass, seed, goods, wealth, poverty, buys, lawn
Possibly used to assert: raked, fields, sells, awoke, wept, mowed, pruned, plowed, believes, succeeds, fails, buys, slept
EXERCISE 39
1. “Ivies | grew.” Golden green ivies from some exotic land | grew all over the wall by the driveway and onto the
adjoining southern exposure. 2. “Ships | sail.” Light metal ships designed for speed | sail to other worlds on the
solar wind. 3. “Pictures | hang.” The photographer’s pictures of celebrities and other clients | hang on the walls of
many of their public buildings and commercial establishments. 4. “Carpenter | built.” A now well-known carpenter
in Galilee | built glorious palaces of people’s willing hearts and tender souls. 5. “Windows | looked.” The back and
side windows on their well-washed van | now looked like illiterate well-wishers were well-supplied with wax. 6. “Room
| contained.” Each and every room facing the windows on the street | contained things of interest to lure passers-by
into them. 7. “Walls | fell.” Any of the walls not supported by steel | suddenly fell down into onto the parked cars. 8.
“House | stood.” An elaborate house with gardens and outbuildings | once stood proudly on the corner of First and
Main. 9. “Gale | broke.” The fierce gale | finally broke after many prayers and expressions of hope.
EXERCISE 40
1. Syntactic subject phrase: 1. Our journey 2. The last day 3. Many years of happiness 4. All the future 5. A cold,
bleak wind 6. Travelling by night 7. The road to town 8. No friends
2. Lexical subject: 1. Journey 2. Day 3. Years 4. Future 5. Wind 6. Travelling 7. Road 8. Friends
EXERCISE 41
1. Syntactic predicate phrase: 1. Passed this side of the mountains 2. Brightened at once 3. Hoped for the best 4.
Decides all questions 5. Always happens unexpectedly 6. Gives us courage 7. Finds our journey ended 8. Cares for
wintry storms
2. Lexical predicate: 1. Passed 2. Brightened 3. Hoped 4. Decides 5. Happens 6. Gives 7. Finds 8. Cares (N.B.:
Technically the verb cares is compounded with for; although cares for would normally be the questioning rather than
the asserting word in an interrogative sentence, the form of this sentence is rhetorical.)
EXERCISE 42
1.
Y/N-Question: Do the southern forests yield the largest timber?
Tag Question: The southern forests yield the largest timber, don’t they?
Wh-Question (subject): What yields the largest timber?
Wh-Question (subject modifier): Which forests yield the largest timber?
Wh-Question (object): What do the southern forests yield?
Wh-Question (object modifier): What timber do the southern forests yield?
Command (earnest wish): Southern forests, please yield the largest timber.
Denial: The southern forests don’t yield the largest timber.
Negated Y/N-Question: Don’t the southern forests yield the largest timber?
Negated Tag Question: The southern forests don’t yield the largest timber, do they?
(etc.)
EXERCISE 43
1. The southern forests | yield the largest timber.
2. The trunks of some trees | measure several feet in diameter.
4. Their arching tops | almost speak to us.
3. The elms | resemble human beings.
6. Their needle-like leaves | make a luxurious carpet.
5. Whispers | come from groves of pine.
7. The sturdy oak | stands for stability and strength.
8. The wood of this tree | serves many useful purposes.
9. The lifetime of a tree | depends in part on its surroundings.
11. Earth with her thousand voices | praises God.
10. A century in the forest | makes a venerable giant.
13. The paths of glory | lead but to the grave.
12. Bad habits | gather by unseen degrees.
15. The king | unstrung his chain of gold.
14. The broken soldier | talked the night away.
16. Such a gallant act | deserves a meed of praise.
EXERCISE 44
1.
Frogs
croak
2.
4.
Cows
low
5.
7.
Study
pays
8.
10.
Noise
disturbs
11.
Hens
Flies
Buds
Hope
sit
3.
Sheep
buzz
6.
Sap
swell
9.
Books
help
strengthens
12.
Cocks
crow
bleat
ascends
EXERCISE 45
1.
Moisture
2.
Conclusions
is exhaled
are drawn
3.
4.
Industry
Stars
will enrich
have disappeared
5.
Twilight
is falling
13. Light
can be reflected
6.
Leaves
are turning
14. Rain
must have fallen
7.
Sirius
8.
Bagdad
9.
Electricity
has been harnessed
10.
Tempests
have been raging
11. Nuisances
should be abated
12. Jerusalem
was destroyed
15.
has appeared
Planets
16.
has been captured
have been discovered
Palaces
17. Storms
18.
Essex
19. Cæsar
shall crumble
may be gathering
might have been saved
could have been crowned
20. Inventors may be encouraged
EXERCISE 46
1. daisy, temperance, mercy, wedding, expense, joy, difficulty
2. 1. Daisy was given a fresh daisy. 2. Her constant temperance made Temperance temperate. 3. Mercy robbed
justice in the Ninth Circuit Court. 4. Their wedding was elaborate with many celebrity guests. 5. The expenses
included even wine for inconvenienced neighbors. 6. But no joy would match that of the newly-wed couple. 7. The
onlookers couldn’t help thoughts of many coming difficulties.
3. give, make, rob, be, include, will, match 1–7 (same as 1–6 above)
4. Subjects of sentence: vines, fields, grass, seed, goods, wealth, poverty, buys, lawn Predicates of sentence:
raked, fields, sells, awoke, wept, mowed, pruned, plowed, believes, succeeds, fails, buys, slept
EXERCISE 47
1. Cranes, penguins, ostriches, kiwis, robins; cows, horses, pigs, sheep, chickens.
2. Fountains, manikins, purses, guards, escalators; roller coasters, cotton candy, shooting galleries, merry-go-rounds,
smiles.
3. Life guards, sea shells, sand castles, parasols, surf boards; ducks, rushes, docks, factories, barges; deck chairs,
masts, ropes, flags, anchors; trees, cliffs, lakes, streams, bears; tractors, barns, wells, corrals, pastures; assembly line,
die cutters, inspectors, managers, workers.
4. Pedestrian traffic signals, cars, taxis, buses, trucks; wind, radio, AC, turn signal, sirens; moans, monitors, food
trays, TVs, questions; owls, sirens, refrigerators, dogs.
5. Concentration, perseverance, flexibility, curiosity; health, strength, endurance, tenacity; honesty, dependability,
loyalty, kindness; discouragement, frustration, anger, inattention
EXERCISE 48
1. 1. Garden, daffodils, tulips. 2. Beauty, lot, colors. 3. River, trout. 4. “Poor Richard,” Boston. 5. Jingle, sleigh
bells. 6. Cheer, celebration, stands. 7. Fragrance. 8. Shouts, children, air. 9. Crimes, news. 10. Breeze, odor,
flowers. 11. Pain, people, patience. 12. Hope, despair. 14. Guide, sign, fear, times, danger. 15. Innocence, charm,
childhood.
2. Garden, daffodils, tulips, river, trout, Boston, sleigh bells, stands, children, air, breeze, flowers, people, guide.
EXERCISE 49
1. Car, truck, van, tractor, airplane, cart, wagon, train, trolley, bicycle.
2. Apartment building, house, residence, mansion, condominium, tent, hogan, yert, cave.
3. Rocks, soil, grave, oil, lava, quartzite, sand, gravel, pipes, arrowhead, potshard.
4. Helicopter, airplane, rocket ship, hot air balloon, Zeppelin.
5. Wings, fuselage, landing gear, elevator, rudder, engine, cockpit, aileron, window, nose.
EXERCISE 50
1. Daffodils, tulips, lot, colors, trout, Boston, jingle, sleigh bells, stands, air, crimes, odor, flowers, people, patience,
despair, sign, fear, times, danger, innocence
2. 3, 3, 2, 2, 2, 3, 1, 3, 2, 3, 3, 2, 5, 3.
3. 1. A flock of geese flew high above the trees. 2. Every raven ate a piece of cheese. 3. All saw the tail of a fox
disappear into the brush. 4. The thief caught his dinner by flapping loudly. 5. Without a noise he sailed home on
silent wings.
EXERCISE 51
1. Clouds, rain, leaves, trees, wind, clouds, smog, air, rays, sun, light, windows, chores, night, moon, trees, river,
roots, birds’, feathers, creeks, mountains, torrents, bridge, town.
2. On Thursday morning there gathered ominous, dark clouds. Then fell rain rapidly in vast torrents. Sheets of hail
smashed an added fury. A busy mall was awash with mud from the mountains. While some customers bought rain
coats others took rain checks. An impassable river forced frantic shoppers to find another way. Curbs turned to
currents cutting them off from their cars. Passing commuters caught in their cars sought rescue by boat. With calm
came the clean-up. The fallen branches of trees were cut up and hauled away. Power was restored to residences and
businesses. Front loaders removed the mountains of mud and sweepers reduced the residue to dust. By Sunday the
sun shone brightly again.
EXERCISE 52
1. Father, mother, son, daughter, child, baby, uncle, aunt, husband, wife, brother-in-law, ex-wife’s step-father,
cousin-german, fourth cousin once removed.
2. Quality-control officer, filing clerk, receptionist, programmer, analyst, teacher, educator, administrator, truck
driver, salesman.
3. a) Engine, steering wheel, tire, trunk, hood, windshield, chassis, transmission, suspension; b) wing, beak, claws,
legs, tail, tail-feather, gullet; c) dust cover, cover, flyleaf, table of contents, index, preface, acknowledgements, text,
contents; d) antenna, keypad, menu, recharging cable, adapter, battery pack; e) administration, staff, teacher,
textbooks, blackboards, computers, assembly hall, gymnasium, playground.
4. a) light bulb, window, drinking glass, mixing bowl, punch bowl, storm door, sliding door, display case; b) game
piece, Lego toy block, domino, drinking tumbler, surfboard, ski; c) note pad, tissue, crepe paper, book, magazine,
newspaper; d) building, bridge, truck frame, knife, saw blade, hammer, e) snow man, snow ball, snow cone, glacier,
iceberg, avalanche; f) driveway, highway, bridge, building, landing pad.
5. Tag, blind-man’s bluff, monopoly, bridge, poker, football, Nintendo; courtesy, integrity, kindness, congeniality,
affability, interest, personableness; inattention, slovenliness, belching, loud laughter, gossiping, pulling hair, chewing
pencil; virus, diabetes, angina, cancer, chicken pox, impetigo, sickle-cell anemia, Hodgkin’s disease.
EXERCISE 53
1. Mr. Leno, his many cars, Mr. Leno’s, his many cars, the large garage.
2. Mr. Leno was a wealthy man. Mr. Leno collected many cars. His many cars were Mr. Leno’s favorites. His many
cars were housed in a large garage. The large garage was like an airplane hangar.
3. The former way since it is easier and more natural and does not require as many words.
4.
Mister, Leno, man, cars, favorites, garage, airplane hangar, airplane, hangar.
compound noun composed of two nouns.)
(N.B.: Airplane hangar is a
EXERCISE 54
1. 1. The people were returning from work. 2. It was very hard. 3. It seemed to make them tired. 4. One woman
was very ill. 5. She was being carried by her husband. 6. He was a paramedic.
2. She would say, “You surprised me.”
3. He would say, “I’m glad to see you.”
EXERCISE 55
1. 1. The paramedic is coming. 2. Call to him. 3. Have you gotten better? 4. Yes, I feel much better. 5. Early
this morning I could see your arms stretched out over the snow. 6. It was perfectly white. 7. They seemed to me to
be frozen. 8. The nurse was with us. 9. She warmed them by rubbing. 10. You will have to thank her. 11. We are
very happy now.
2. 3: you, 4: I, 5: I, 6: it, 7: they, 9: she, 10: you, 11: we.
EXERCISE 56
1. The reporters for CNN first announced the accident on the news. A faulty brake system caused the accident. I
said it was the driver of the red vehicle to blame. We should blame the automobile service provider.
2. Nouns (with their modifiers).
3. Should I ask myself such questions? Give me the book; it was mine. Didn’t we congratulate ourselves on the
victory? Let the victory be ours and make us proud.
EXERCISE 57
1. (none) 2. it: the sail down the river 3. we: (the author with one or more others not expressed) 4. they: several
fine yachts 5. our: (the author with one or more others not expressed), his: the captain of our boat 6. them: many of
the captain’s adventures 7. his: the captain’s 8: she: the captain’s first vessel, the brigantine of six hundred tons 9.
he: the captain, he: the captain himself, her: the captain’s first vessel, the brigantine of six hundred tons
EXERCISE 58
1. Sentences whose form signals that they are meant to assert or perform an official act.
2. Imperative: “Turn up the heat;” interrogative: “Is the heat turned up?” and exclamatory: “Turn up the blasted
heat!” “Is the blasted heat turned up?”
3. Assert means that a statement is intended about some subject.
4. 1: The pine tree is 55 feet tall. 2: The ice is 32 degrees Fahrenheit. 3: The type is 10 point Bookman Old Style. 4:
The reference book is published in the U. S. A. 5: The door to my room opens inward.
5. Declarative: (none); they are not sentences as they do not contain predicate expressions.
6. 1. Squirrels live in hollow trees. 2. The sap flows in the spring. 3. We gather pine nuts in October. 4. The ice is
thick enough to hold.
7. 1. Squirrels live in hollow trees, don’t they? 2. Does the sap flow in the spring? 3. When do we gather pine
nuts?. 4. Is the ice is thick enough to hold?
EXERCISE 59
1. Verbs: 1. Steel comes from Japan. 2. The strong alloy is very useful. 3. Water turns the turbines of the power
plant. 4. The micro-chip plant operates in the Northwest States. 5. A letter can be sent eight thousand miles for
forty-four cents. 6. The Gulf Stream flows north-east. 7. Behring Strait separates the Arctic and the Pacific Oceans.
8. The weather service forecasts a fair day tomorrow. 9. The snow lay ten feet deep in the woods last winter. 10.
The boys all went hunting yesterday. 11. The fox escaped by hiding under a rock. 12. Trout fishing requires
considerable skill.
2. Pass, brighten, hope, decide, happen, give, find, care for
EXERCISE 60
1. was made 2. had hoped for (compound, phrasal verb) 3. must lose 4. have been sent 5. may overtake 6.
awaits 7. might have kept 8. is 9. will meet 10. pack 11. will be 12. will ask 13. must have started
EXERCISE 61
1. I am sorry. 2. She will come. 3. Time is up. 4. I have finished. 5. It is too late. 6. We are here. 7. You have
heard. 8. You would be surprised. 9. They had just left. 10. She is waiting. 11. Who has come. 12. We will not
stay.
EXERCISE 62
1. V: thickens; VP: thickens. 2. V: are, hidden; VP: are hidden. 3. V: disappear; VP: disappear. 4. V: are, heard;
VP: are heard. 5. V: can, be, seen; VP: can be seen. 6. V: hides; VP: hides. 7. V: disturbs; VP disturbs. 8. V: are,
clothed; VP: are clothed. 9. V: fill; VP: fill. 10. V: has, taken place (compound, phrasal verb); VP: has taken place.
EXERCISE 63
1. Pass in the first sentence is a verb, pass in the seventh sentence is a noun, pass in the twelfth sentence is a noun.
2. Order in the second sentence is a verb, order in the eleventh sentence is a noun. 3. Load in the second sentence
is a verb, load in the third sentence is a noun. 5. Care in the fifth sentence is a verb, care in the third sentence is a
noun. 6. Rock in the sixth sentence is a verb, rock in the second sentence is a noun. 7. Fear in the seventh
sentence is a verb, fear in the eighth sentence is a noun. 8. Drive in the eighth sentence is a verb, drive in the twelfth
sentence is a noun. 9. Hand in the ninth sentence is a verb, hand in the fourth sentence is a noun. 10. Craddle in
the tenth sentence is a verb, craddle in the sixth sentence is a noun. 11. Whip in the eleventh sentence is a verb,
whip in the ninth sentence is a noun. 12. Play in the twelfth sentence is a verb, play in the fifth sentence is a noun.
13. Baby in the thirteenth sentence is a verb, baby in the eighth sentence is a noun, baby in the tenth sentence is a
noun.
EXERCISE 64
1. Is the heat bearable? Please, heat the soup. 2. She put the chain around her neck. They chained the prisoners in
a gang. 3. He spoke from the stand. He stands before us. 4. The fly is annoying. He will fly away soon. 5. The
stone is beautiful. They stoned the beautiful woman. 6. The colors come out in the fall. Then the leaves fall. 7.
Hope is not lost. I hope we can recover. 8. Our horses need water. Let’s water our horses. 9. Give me a drink.
Drink all of it. 10. Babies drink milk. She milked the goats. 11. Turn on the fan. Don’t fan the flames. 12. The
dog is on her lap. It is lapping up the milk. 13. What is your point? He pointed to his father. 14. Answer your call.
Call home immediately. 15. Tighten your strap. Strap your pack tighter.
EXERCISE 65
7. My hike | started early in the morning.
The trail | climbed rather steeply up the face of the mountain at first.
Several men on horses | passed me coming down.
After a while the trees and grass | changed to rocks and boulders.
Finally I | ate my lunch and returned home.
EXERCISE 66
1. 1. yellow : my roses
2. clear : the sky 3. narrow : the trail 4. cold : the day
5. wrong : my answer 6.
anxious : they 7. dark : the night 8. shy : your hamster 9. hungry : I 10. careful : she 11. generous : we 12. ill :
my friend 13. sour : the milk 14. sharp : the knives
2. Sometimes, as, “The generous are appreciated and the ill are cared for.” [N.B.: These are adjectives used as nouns,
i.e., transient nouns.] Normally adjectives need a noun or pronoun to modify.
3. Assertions: 1. The gold looked yellow. 2. The speakers were not all eloquent. 3. Some of the mountains were
lofty. 4. Both the tigers seemed fierce. 5. This particular knife is dull. 6. Your surgeon must have been very skilful.
Questions: 1. The gold looked yellow, didn’t it. 2. Were all the speakers eloquent? 3. Were the mountains all lofty?
4. Which tigers seemed fierce? 5. Is this knife dull? 6. How skilful did your surgeon have to be?
EXERCISE 67
1. Foxes are cunning. 2. The abuse of drugs is dangerous. 3. Mahogany is deep brown. 4. The music is catchy. 5.
Some clouds are high and white. 6. Your television is realistic. 7. The carrots in my garden are long and tasty. 8.
Our country is free. 9. That trampoline is springy. 10. Yonder mountains are challenging. 11. My kitten is cuddly.
12. County roads are bumpy.
EXERCISE 68
1. Steel is strong. 2. Some servings are hot. 3. The poles are long. 4. The grass is damp. 5. Some cars are fast. 6.
Those trucks are heavy. 7. Her clothing is warm. 8. These flowers are beautiful. 9. Her children are honest. 10.
Most tigers are fierce.
EXERCISE 69
a brave soldier, a feeble codger, clear glass, a brisk walk, a noisy room, charming pet, a disastrous tsunami, a wild
tiger, an uncertain future, a sorrowful death, a heavy burden, a tiresome child, a brilliant genius, a useless tool, a late
announcement
EXERCISE 70
1. kind 2. purple 3. black 4. rolling, no 5. golden 6. studious, intelligent 7. fairest 8. absent 9. little, great
10. old, the, best 11. sound, long 12. an, warm 13. white, fleecy, the, blue 14. an, large, an, pointed 15. an,
small, round 16. my, the, leafy, his, merry 17. an, green, an, loud 18. the, limp, an, gentle, an, heavy [N.B.:
Adjectives in italics identify and limit rather than describe and qualify.]
EXERCISE 71
1.
3. (Black) clouds turn to rain.
2. They brought us purple grapes.
1. (Kind) friends have come.
5. Grangers gather golden grain.
8. (Absent) friends forget us.
4. (Rolling) stones gather no moss.
6. (Studious) boys make intelligent men. 7. (Fairest) flowers will fade.
9. (Little) leaks sink great ships.
11. (Sound) health is long life.
10. (Old) wood makes the best fire.
12. It is a warm day in July.
13. (White) (fleecy) clouds are in the blue sky.
15. He has eaten a small round hole in it.
14. I see a large grasshopper on a pointed leaf.
16. (My) tapping on the leafy bough stops his merry song.
17. Then (a) (green) locust begins with a loud buzz.
18. (The) (limp) grass would be revived by a gentle rain or a heavy shower.
2. steel: strong, heavy, burnished, shiny; sponge: soft, pliant, absorbent, wet; river: wide, long, murky, deep; road:
dusty, bumpy, winding, steep; desk: wide, polished, practical, heavy; gold: jewelry, watch, nugget, coin; trees:
luxuriant, leafy, shady, steady; airplane: lightweight, commodious, fast, economical; farm: fruitful, industrious, rural,
neat; gasoline: cheap, lead free, dangerous, explosive; cell phone: convenient, small, light-weight, handy; asphalt:
black, hot, rough, wet; grapes: ripe, red, delicious, fresh; rope: long, strong, handy, heavy; ocean: blue, salty, vast,
deep
EXERCISE 72
rain
is falling
vem
No
d
e
Th
Spanish Armada was destroyed
people
should be educated
at
gre
e
Th
3.
ber
2.
1.
col
In the following the tan color marks strictly limiting
adjectives, the blue classifying, and the pink
identifying ones. In some contexts identifying
adjectives may classify.
fre
A
e
N.B.: Often when a common noun is used generically
the adjective may identify the class by classifying it
further. (Both colors are not always indicated.)
4.
Liberty Bell
was rung
N.B.: Strictly speaking educated is a transient
adjective, i.e., a participle serving as a predicate
attribute. To convey the meaning of the passive
voice in the present tense it would be necessary to
give additional context.
5.
library
was burned
an
dri
xan
Ale
ous
e
fam
Th
e
old
Th
6.
Stamp Act
should suffer
s
8.
Aswan Dam
citizen
should vote
can
eri
Am
nt
ige
ell
int
ery
Ev
od
I
iou
e
Th
is completed
eno
rm
e
Th
s
alo
ou
9.
7.
was repealed
N.B.: Completed is an imperfect participle serving
as a predicate attribute.
ne
11.
apples
were picked
llo
me
s
w
iou
luc
e
ge
All
12.
days
have come
au
13.
returned
ded
un
wo
have been freed
suspension bridges
nse
me
Im
sh
d
sse
rdi
Ku
pre
op
e
Th
15.
old
or
po
people
soldier
A
n
ly
cho
lan
tum
me
e
Th
14.
rip
rejoices
lar
nature
e
Fiv
10.
have been built
N.B.: The student may prefer to analyze compound nouns as containing
nouns serving as attributive adjectives. The function of identifying
adjectives is identical to that of some nouns forming a compound.
EXERCISE 73
1. 1. (pleasant), the day 2. (busy), the bee; (shining), the hour 3. (old), the songs; (delightful), the old songs 4.
(magnificent), the scenery of Yosemite Valley; 5. (extensive), the domestic commerce of Boston 6. (interesting), a
book that I am reading 7. (sober), Richard 8. (dangerous), delays 9. (contagious), laughing 10. (distant) the hills
that the moon silvers 11. (full), moon; (silvery), the light of the full moon; (rippling), the waters of the lake that the full
moon threw its silvery light upon 12. (low), bench; (spreading) tree; (old), a veteran sitting on a low bench under a
spreading tree 13. (torn), her hat; (simple), beauty; (rustic) health
2. pleasant, shining, delightful, magnificent, extensive, interesting, sober, dangerous, contagious, distant, rippling,
old, simple, rustic
EXERCISE 74
1. (eight) men, (that) committee 2. (twenty-nine) days, (every) fourth year, (fourth) year 3. (each) exercise 4. (much)
harm 5. (no) man, (all) things 6. (every) flock, (some) black sheep 7. (this) park, (forty-four) acres 8. (all) the trees,
(the) trees, (yonder) row, (many) years 9. (several) English elms, (some) maples 10. (that) pond down the slope, (the)
slope, (every) year 11. (no) shade trees, (either) side, (that) street 12. (few) persons, (much) interest, (such) matters
13. (both) rivers, (the) same plateau, (same) plateau 14. (an) speaker of non-standard English, (them) books, (those)
books 15. (many) people, (this) kind, (that) sort, (the) illogical “these kind,” “those sort,” (these) kind, (those) sort
EXERCISE 75
1.
Qualifiers (descriptive and classifying): speckled, new, last(=final), large, carnivorous, animal, herbivorous,
vegetable, omnivorous, apple (compounded noun), century (compounded noun), deciduous, evergreen, round, formed
(imperfect participle) Determiners: an, few, that, the, the, last(=just previous), this, each, both, every, that, five, the,
its, seven, fifty, their, every, all, the, round (limiting adverb), some, the
2. Nouns (phrases) modified: (a few) speckled trout, (speckled) trout, (that) creek, (the) new yacht, (new) yacht, (the)
last race, (last) race, (large) quantities of grain, (this) country, (each) year, (carnivorous) animals, (animal) food,
(herbivorous) animals, (vegetable) food, (omnivorous) animals, (both) kinds of food, (every) blossom on that apple tree,
(that) apple tree, (apple) tree, (five) petals, (the) century plant, (century) plant, (its) lifetime of seven to fifty years, (seven)
[years], (fifty) years, (deciduous) trees, (their) foliage, (every) autumn, (evergreen) trees, (all) the year round, (the) year
round, (round) the year, (round) bodies, (formed) bodies, (some) plants, (the) stings of insects
EXERCISE 76
an unproductive field, some brave soldiers, a destructive storm, those breaking waves, a bitter medicine, which beefy
cattle, several white clouds, 13 big bees, the smoothest silk, a large freighter, both ancient stories, six antique books, a
new school, the ripened grain, their broad river
EXERCISE 77
1. All attentive, studious, faithful students … 2. Every well-bred, intelligent man … 3. A wild, barren, uncultivated
area … 4. Broad, well-watered, fruitful plains … 5. An honest, kind(,) and generous nature … [N.B.: This last
comma (the Oxford comma) is optional.]
EXERCISE 78
1. That soft sound sounds like a sound argument. The light of a candle lights up my light drink. You have a right to
right wrongs right now. Some stone faced men stoned the sinner with heavy stones. The second they seconded the
motion a second time he gave up. She mailed the less important mail in the mail box. Spruce up your spruce pine for
a spruce Christmas. The man raged in a terrible rage. He wanted to warm up his warm hands. The wall fronting the
property on the front of the building was pictured on the front page.
2. We saw many new sights in this far away town. There was an unusual clearness in the air, and there were high
hills all about clothed with broad forests. We were walking along a crooked path towards a rather isolated spot where
the annual fair had once been held. The empty booths were depopulated, but we met a large company of persons who
had come a long journey through these remote valleys on some volunteer errand to the peasants. They had found the
extreme heat very uncomfortable, and seemed to be fatigued and anxious to rest.
EXERCISE 79
1. early, now
2. quietly, well
3. here, outside
4. less, more
5. How: industriously, productively When: late, daily Where: inside, underground
EXERCISE 80
1. [patiently] wait 2. [now] must go 3. [soon] will visit Europe 4. [there] have been ever; [ever] have been there 5.
[regularly] runs 6. [sometimes] delays it 7. [soon] scatters the snow 8. [scarcely] needed {N.B.: imperfect participle
as attribute, but verb when passive voice} 9. [to and fro] moves continually, [continually] moves to and fro 10.
[almost] has ended
EXERCISE 81
1. The girls write home regularly. 2. We will sing beautifully today. 3. Those yachts sail seaward fast. 4. They
returned home quickly. 5. We might go away tomorrow. 6. Our hearts beat fast there. 7. The river flows slowly
southward. 8. The fire burns brightly here sometimes. 9. The courier will return promptly. 10. Can you read music
easily?
EXERCISE 82
1. [now] must go 2. [there] comes 3. [never] called there, [again] called there, [there] called 4. [everywhere] is found
5. [patiently] bears trouble 6. [sometimes] sing joyously, [joyously] sing 7. [often] fail 8. [quickly] return 9.
[onward] moved slowly, [slowly] moved onward 10. [probably] will come back tomorrow, [tomorrow] will come back,
[back] will come 11. [last Tuesday] fell heavily, [heavily] fell 12. [vividly] flashed, [in the clouds] flashed 13.
[everywhere] rumbled 14. [hither] were running, [thither] were running 15. [quickly] were raised 16. [hurriedly]
dashed along, [along] dashed
EXERCISE 83
1. We must go [now].
2. [There] comes my father.
4. Water is found [everywhere].
5. He bears trouble [patiently].
7. The best [often] fail.
3. I [never] called [there] [again].
6. They [sometimes] sing [joyously].
9. The parade moved [slowly] [onward].
8. you Return [quickly].
10. Our friends will [probably] come [back] [tomorrow].
11. The rain fell [heavily] [last Tuesday].
12. Lightning flashed [vividly] [in the clouds].
13. The thunder rumbled [everywhere].
15. Umbrellas were [quickly] raised.
14. People were running [hither] and [thither].
16. Carriages dashed [hurriedly] [along].
EXERCISE 84
1. lesson ( [very] short) 2. you ( [extremely] careless) 3. rose (an) ( [partly] open) 4. story (an) ( [exceedingly]
interesting) 5. animals ( [rather] sluggish) 6. Fred ( [remarkably] cheerful) 7. it ( [too] difficult)
EXERCISE 85
1. 1. (the) ( [very] dark) 2. (—) 3. (the) (dim) (the) (new) ( [ [almost] entirely] concealed) 4. ( [rather] late) (my) 5.
(the) ( [somewhat] steep) (the) {used forms a passive voice} 6. ( [ [ [very] much] too] rocky) ( [so] dark) (an) 7. ( [even]
the) ( [nearly] black) 8. {wisely tells why, not how cautious} 9. ( [such] great) 10. (my) (an) ( [completely] exhausted)
2. 1. The night was dark. 2. Everybody was sleeping. 3. The dim light of the new moon was concealed. 4. I
was late about my errand. 5. The path over the hill was used. 6. It was rocky for a dark night. 7. The sky was
black. 8. I was cautious. 9. Except for great care I might have fallen. 10. I reached my destination in an
exhausted condition.
EXERCISE 86
1. [ [very] distinctly] 2. [ [too] rapidly] 3. [ [how] quietly]
[enough] ] 7. [ [more] neatly]
4. [ [almost] everywhere] 5. [ [almost] never] 6. [far
EXERCISE 87
1. She step forward cautiously. They followed her faithfully. Sometimes they fell. They seldom looked up. She
always had her eyes open. She was forever looking back. They had done this formerly. They wanted to do it again.
She could have done it backward. They often copied her. Lately she was not as careful. They never swam before.
2. They are almost perfect. She was nearly blond. He was too kind to her. She was so careless that she fell. That
was a totally erroneous statement. He wanted an entirely new car. That is not quite the expected amount. How
much can you charge?
3. She stood up quite feebly. Then she all too rapidly fell back down. How much straighter could she stand? He
contributed to the cause as greatly as she. She stood very well again.
EXERCISE 88
In the following the tan color marks limiting adjectives and adverbs of degree, extent, aspect, and complements, the
blue classifying adjectives and adverbs of manner, time, place, result, frequency, etc., belonging to the predicate
(sometimes even when complements); and the pink identifying adjectives and adverbs belonging to the proposition of
the sentence, i.e., “sentence adverbs”.
2.
leaves
Charter Oak
fall
was blown
do
wn
ic
tor
old
e
Th
y
ver
ly
iet
qu
e
Th
his
1.
N.B.: The verb in (2) is actually a so-called phrasal verb blow down, with down
having both locative and aspectual (completive) meaning.
3.
Puritans
ryw
eve
e
her
was received
dly
kin
y
ver
ely
tim
entertainment
was provided
o
enj
A
10.
people
will exaggerate
!
so
y
hly
Wh
le
yab
hig
was enjoyed
N.B.: So is describing either the extent so much or
the manner in such a way. It may also be desirable
to acknowledge the intonation of the exclamation as
adverbial in nature.
hly
e
hig
Th
pass
up
ed
-ey
ght
suggestion
e
Th
8.
peep
Br i
not
entertainment
11.
6.
turned
ly
upt
abr ather
r
9.
daisies
should be wasted
ng
rni
mo
us
cio
pre
We
4.
re
the
en
oft
id
rig
hours
e
Th
7.
rn
ste
e
Th
5.
worshiped
had been reached
12.
We
13.
travel
he
spoke
ly
ited
e
y
for
idl
ere
exc
Th
rap
l
stil
re
mo
dly
te
cte
qui
xpe
now
une
ous
hat
ew
som
ger
dan
A
14. You
will be welcomed
15.
gale
has swept
by
l
y
ver
ly
ctia
s
ino
t
jus
equ
lly
iou
fur
A
dia
cor
ted
oub
und
16.
reef
was drilled
ay
aw
ll G
wly
slo
He
e
Th
ate
N.B.: Hell Gate Reef is the proper noun. Strictly
speaking the attribute Hell Gate, and the modified
noun reef belong to the compound noun. R&K try to
maintain a lower-case initial on the head noun in
certain cases, which practice is not adhered to today.
EXERCISE 89
1. An adjective is a word that typically modifies a noun or noun phrase telling about quality or limiting its application.
2. Specifically they are: wooden, empty, three-storied, public, and city. They are adjectives. 3. They describe
houses. They are used like adjectives. 4. 1. Important business detained me. business 2. Persian carpets are
expensive. carpets 3. We found a four-door sedan. sedan 4. Wealthy men should be generous. men
EXERCISE 90
1. An adverb is a word that typically modifies a verb, verb phrase, predicate, adjective or other adverb telling about
time, place, manner, and other descriptions. 2. Specifically they are: rapidly, safely, afar, now, and there. They
are adverbs. 3. They describe the sailing of the ship. They tell of the manner, time, or place. They are used like
adverbs. 4. 1. The Indians lived here. the Indians 2. Never write carelessly. write 3. Always be courteous. being
courteous 4. Do they deal honorably? deal
EXERCISE 91
1. 1. (—) 2. in fear 3. of intelligence 4. of great value 5. (—) 6. (—) 7. (—) 8. (—) 9. about animals 10. (—) 11.
(—) 2. Yes, among other things. 3. 1. He came hastily. 2. We are fearful. 3. Intelligent people of intelligence live here. 4.
Very valuable diamonds are found in that field. 5. My friend never comes late. 6. He pays his rent monthly. 7. He easily
finished his task. 8. He came here late. 9. Children like animal stories. 10. The plan was made secretly. 11. We will
deal honorably.
EXERCISE 92
1. 1. rugs from Turkey 2. books for juveniles 3. coffee from Java 4. plates of silver 5. men of strength 6. a disaster on
the sea 7. spoke with distinct sounds 8. went towards home 9. go at this time 10. send it at earliest opportunity 11.
study with diligence 2. walk with quiet steps
2. 1. a riverside road 2. a upward mountain trail 3. a European trip 4. a homeward journey 5. a playing child 6. a
strong man 7. fashionable women 8. sensible women 9. lands abroad 10. behave properly 11. treat all respectfully 12.
came here 13. always polite 14. a flying bird 15. speak publically 16. Italian jewelry
EXERCISE 93
1. From Plymouth is an adverbial phrase used to modify the verb sailed. 2. Around the world is an adverbial phrase
used to modify the verb sailed. 3. In the ocean is an adverbial phrase used to modify the verb phrase are found. 4.
For gold is an adverbial phrase used to modify the verb hunted. [N.B.: Hunted for may be a phrasal verb taking the
direct object complement gold.] 5. Over the village is an adverbial phrase used to modify the verb rested. [N.B.: it
also complements the verb.] 6. Along the coast is an adverbial phrase used to modify the verb settled. [N.B.: it also
complements the verb.] 7. Through the valley is an adverbial phrase used to modify the verb phrase will return. 8.
On the next bus is an adverbial phrase used to modify the verb phrase will come. 9. During his boyhood is an
adverbial phrase used to modify the predicate lived in Texas. In Texas is an adverbial phrase used to modify the verb
lived. 10. Without a trial is an adverbial phrase used to modify the verb phrase was condemned.
EXERCISE 94
1. Of Rome is an adjectival phrase used to modify the noun city. Of Italy is an adjectival phrase used to modify the
noun capital. 2. Without effort is an adjectival phrase used to modify the noun phrase meaningful success. 3. For
that company is an adjectival phrase used to modify the noun merchandise. 4. With rings is an adjectival phrase
used to modify the noun planet. 5. To college is an adjectival phrase used to modify the noun admission. 6. From
the Arctic Ocean is an adjectival phrase used to modify the noun icebergs. 7. Into the interior is an adjectival
phrase used to modify the noun journeys. 8. Up the mountain is an adjectival phrase used to modify the noun road.
9. Near the city is an adjectival phrase used to modify the noun fort. 10. Beyond Lexington is an adjectival phrase
used to modify the noun town.
EXERCISE 95
1. (90) 1. From is a preposition, and shows the relation between its object Plymouth and the verb sailed, which the
adverbial phrase modifies. 2. Around is a preposition, and shows the relation between its object the world and the
verb sailed, which the adverbial phrase modifies. 3. In is a preposition, and shows the relation between its object the
ocean and the verb phrase are found, which the adverbial phrase modifies. 4. For is a preposition, and shows the
relation between its object gold and the verb hunted, which the adverbial phrase modifies [N.B.: Or complements.] 5.
Over is a preposition, and shows the relation between its object the village and the verb rested, which the adverbial
phrase modifies [N.B.: Or complements.] 6. Along is a preposition, and shows the relation between its object the
coast and the verb settled, which the adverbial phrase modifies [N.B.: Or complements.]
7. Through is a
preposition, and shows the relation between its object the valley and the verb phrase will return, which the adverbial
phrase modifies. 8. On is a preposition, and shows the relation between its object the next bus and the verb phrase
will come, which the adverbial phrase modifies. 9. During is a preposition, and shows the relation between its object
his boyhood and the predicate lived in Texas, which the adverbial phrase modifies. In is a preposition, and shows
the relation between its object Texas and the verb lived, which the adverbial phrase modifies. 10. Without is a
preposition, and shows the relation between its object a trial and the verb phrase was condemned, which the
adverbial phrase modifies. (91) 1. Of is a preposition, and shows the relation between its object Rome and the noun
city, which the adjectival phrase modifies. Of is a preposition, and shows the relation between its object Italy and the
noun capital, which the adjectival phrase modifies. 2. Without is a preposition, and shows the relation between its
object effort and the noun phrase meaningful success, which the adjectival phrase modifies.
3. For is a
preposition, and shows the relation between its object that company and the noun merchandise, which the adjectival
phrase modifies. 4. With is a preposition, and shows the relation between its object rings and the noun planet,
which the adjectival phrase modifies. 5. To is a preposition, and shows the relation between its object college and the
noun admission, which the adjectival phrase modifies. On is a preposition, and shows the relation between its object
accomplishments and the verb depends, which the adverbial phrase modifies [N.B.: Or complements.] 6. From is a
preposition, and shows the relation between its object the Arctic Ocean and the noun icebergs, which the adjectival
phrase modifies. In is a preposition, and shows the relation between its object the Gulf Stream and the verb melt,
which the adverbial phrase modifies. 7. Into is a preposition, and shows the relation between its object the interior
and the noun journeys, which the adjectival phrase modifies. 8. Up is a preposition, and shows the relation between
its object the mountain and the noun road, which the adjectival phrase modifies. 9. Near is a preposition, and
shows the relation between its object the city and the noun fort, which the adjectival phrase modifies. 10. Beyond is
a preposition, and shows the relation between its object Lexington and the noun town, which the adjectival phrase
modifies.
2. 1. P: in, O: great numbers, Adj. P: over, O: this grove, Adv. 2. P: with, O: blue plumage, Adj. P: of, O: feathers,
Adj., P:for, O:me, Adv. 3. P: from, O: the north, Adj., P: from, O: the south, Adj. 4. P:in, O: the nest, Adv., P: near, O:
the vine, Adj. 5. P: at, O: the throat, Adv., P: along O: the breast, Adv. 6. P: under, O: the eaves, Adv.
EXERCISE 96
1. (heavy [with fruit] )
2. ( [too [for me] ] cautious) 3. (happy [beyond measure])
4. (polite [to strangers] )
5. (insane [from anxiety] ) 6. (absent [from school] ) 7. ( pink [at the tips] ) 8. (wet [with dew] )
EXERCISE 97
1. She is always with him. He will stand by her. They got here after me. He is stood up his cane against it. This
should stay just between us. She is the candidate for whom you should vote. I gave it to you. He always stands
behind them. They get their advice from him.
2. This story is about a woman above reproach. The children played across the street after lunch. They ran against
the wall along the embankment. Often they talked among themselves. They would run around and around at school.
You must stop before the end. One of them was behind the couch just below eye level. He is beneath the radar. He
aimed between the goal posts, but it went beyond the end line. They were sickened by it. We will slide down the hill.
This was done just for you. I got a card from her in the mail. The children turned into adults. I chose one of them on
the table. It went over the house. He walked till sundown. He finally came to the end. Toward evening he went
through town. He showed mercy unto all. They walked up the street and came upon their belongings under a large
tree with overhanging branches. Within each frame was a painting without attribution.
EXERCISE 98
2.
can be traced
Gulf Stream
the
penetrated
hin
1607
wit
has been approached
miles
hu
North Pole
the
red
l
pa
nci
pri
ee
thr
nd
directions
of
six
in
e
Th
N.B.: The North Pole is
the complete proper noun.
of
the
Henry Hudson
water
N.B.: The Gulf Stream and
the United States are the
complete proper nouns.
vibration
In
North Pole
of
the
3.
4.
of
N.B.: The North Pole is
the complete proper noun.
United States
rapidity
the
al
sic
the
mu
on
up
e
of
Th
note
blueness
the
ng
depends
pitch
by
e
alo
Th
1.
shores
5.
6.
died
morning
was
delta
8.
of
plants
freedom
y
onl
is stretched
Bridge
atmosphere
the
of
the
ely
in
decay
all
9.
can breathe
fre
m
fro
of
kinds
Genius
the
nt
N.B.: R&K capitalize Delta so as to
make The Delta of the Mississippi
the proper noun.
Coal has originated
ow
bel
jus
t
ove
r
the
Nia
the
Goose
observatory
r
was erected
t
Saracens
the
Seville
of
the
l
ica
in
om
at
ron
by
ast
firs
e
Th
in
ng
ndi
sta
t
firs
e
Th
middle
the
Mo
a
gar
was formed
army
moon
ar
In
cle
the
River
jumps
cow
the
n
sio
oss
pen
acr
Sus
e
Th
10.
falls
12.
11.
St. Louis
Mississippi
sile
the
7.
at
of
e
onc
e
Th
zy
o
int
e
bre
e
Th
noon
Europe
century
een
fift
the
th
14.
to
fro
m
miles
at
of
the
e
som
distance
gre
the
to
of
e
Th
comets
k
Napolean
bac
e
stretch
of
tails
Th
13.
was carried
body
France
St. Helena
100
,00
0
,00
0
EXERCISE 99
1. The birds have come. (Moreover,) the flowers appear. 2. The breakers roar. (I say) The ocean is rough (for this
reason). 3. My pears are ripe. (Moreover,) I am glad (of this). 4. Some are very large. (However,) They are not yellow. 5.
You cannot have tried earnestly. (In that case) you would have succeeded. 6. The sky seems clear. (Nevertheless,) No
stars are visible. 7. We cannot get money. (Moreover,) We haven’t any food. 8. The king must win. (Otherwise,) He must
forfeit his crown forever.
EXERCISE 100
1. (The) birds have come |and| (the) flowers appear.
2. (The) ocean is (rough) |for| (the) breakers roar.
3. (My) pears are (ripe) |and| I am (glad).
4. Some are very (large) |but| they are [not] (yellow).
N.B.: The student will learn later another way to
indicate adjectives modifying the subject that are also
part of the predicate.
N.B.: Strictly modification of parts of the predicate
need not be indicated.
5. You can[not] have tried [earnestly] |or| you would have succeeded.
6. (The) sky seems (clear) |yet| (no) stars are (visible).
7. We can[not] get money |nor| have we any food.
8. (The) king must win | or | he must forfeit his crown [forever].
EXERCISE 101
1. New York is in the East, but San Francisco, in the West. 2. Horses need water periodically, but camels can go
without it for very long periods. 3. The water cooled me off and the alcohol calmed my spirit. 4. Lead is a very heavy
material, but Styrofoam is more suited for insulation. 5. She was skilled at skating and often played tennis. 6. I
wanted it in silk, but it only comes in linen.
EXERCISE 102
1. And is a conjunction, and connects the two nouns time and tide. 2. Or is a conjunction, and connects the two
noun phrases extreme poverty and great wealth. 3. Or is a conjunction, and connects the two noun phrases some
trees and (some) shrubs. 4. And is a conjunction, and connects the two verbs come and go. 5. But is a
conjunction, and connects the two predicates always promise and never pay. 6. Or is a conjunction, and connects
the two predicates thinks (of me) and dreams of me. 7. And is a conjunction, and connects the two verbs live and
die. 8. And is a conjunction, and connects the two noun phrases the daisies white and (the) violets blue. 9. And
is a conjunction, and connects the two noun phrases a painter and (a) sculptor. 10. And is a conjunction, and
connects the two adverbs now and then. Or is a conjunction, and connects the two noun phrases the hill and the
grove. 11. And is a conjunction, and connects the two pronouns you and I. And is a conjunction, and connects the
two adjectives old and well-tried. 12. And is a conjunction, and connects the two nouns books and papers. Or is a
conjunction, and connects the two adverbial phrases with worthless books and papers and with the best of
authors.
EXERCISE 103
1. 1. He, you, and I will do it together. 2. Our flag is red, white, and blue. 3. Float across the stream safely, quickly,
and pleasantly. 4. The birds will fly, walk, or swim across the stream. 5. You must be patient, firm, and kind. [N.B.:
The Oxford comma may be omitted, if desired; just be consistent.]
2. 1. The first three presidents of the United States were George Washington, John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson. 2.
Wheat, oats, and hay grow in the Mississippi Valley. 3. Three duties of a marine are to follow their commander, honor
their country, and fight with courage. 4. Before corn becomes meal, it must be watered, ripened, and harvested. 5. A
house is made mainly of wood, brick, or stone.
EXERCISE 104
1. Oh!
2. O!
3. Ha! 4. Ho ho! Ahoy! 5. Hurrah! 6. Hsst!
EXERCISE 105
1. Joy: hurrah, bravo , ha ha ha. Disgust: alas, pshaw, fie, O dear. Imitation: alas, pshaw, hurrah, whoa, ha ha
ha
2. Alas! All is lost! Pshaw! I’ll have none of it! Hurrah! We win at last! Ahoy! Who goes there? Bravo! Good job!
Whoa! Slow down there! Fie! Be cursed! Ha ha ha! That’s funny. O dear, my slip is showing. Hello, how are you
today?
EXERCISE 106
Ah
1.
advise
wives
x
2.
exhort
x
we
may
x
comfort
x
wait
sisters
s
e
lar
l
scu
mu
ral
nta
Th
e
and
of
ang
e
str
ang
Job
str
land
a
of
the
back
e
to
fro
of
the
m
and
eyeball
the
ic
the
opt
e
Th
brain
parentage
a
m
fro
of
passes
nerve
mo
me
ral
came
hero
use
and
x
Book
5.
by
Th
by
use
l
nta
4.
are improved
powers
lar
mo
scu
me
mu
and
e
Th
x
discuss
a
3b.
are improved
powers
and
In
letter
the
iou
for
anx
and
news
mothers
3a.
request
spreads
out
are interposed
nerves
mind
of
the
body
and
an
hum
the
en
twe
of
Be
re
the
6.
world
man
er
out
the
7.
8.
forms
By
the
all
and
of
Olives
Tush
tush
will appear
’t
in
aga
not
was used
A
at
in
and
ly
China
of
er
ear
an
of
oth
in
parts
Asia
th
ten
the
not
16.
ly
ous
century
ptu
sum
ore
ely
bef
rat
ibe
exist
could
pre
and
del
sin
e
not
and
men
Som
13.
did
Feudalism
Mount
the
n
dread
m
em
ty
k
mis
dar
to
rd
h
wa
wit
for
tomorrow
Fro
and
sol
the
look
sort
is seen
Dead Sea
gunpowder
15.
of
us
nio
mo
har
the
of
pal
nci
pri
the
all
10.
period
14
faculties
body
11.
12.
perfection
hinges
Ugh
I
l
ful
in
the
and
are found
kinds
9.
and
the
of
All
lever
is meant
development
friend
are quoted
opinions
r
eve
y
port
ry
eve
ork
wY
Ne
the
in
capital
foe
Both
and
press
in
of
e
Th
and
applauded
EXERCISE 107
1. (a) The subject of a sentence must contain a noun or pronoun? (b) The predicate must contain a verb. (c) A verb
is a word that may assert. (d) A verb phrase is on or more verbs that together assert. (e) Verbs may be modified by
the use of adverbs or adverbial phrases. 2. In 1, 3, 5, 7, 11, and 12 the interpretation can complete a sentence. 2.
… clear. 4. … rare. 6. … entertaining. 8. … excellent. 9. … cold. 10. … already melting. 3. Is, are, has been,
will be, were, and was are incomplete. They are variants of the linking verb BE that cannot assert without a
complement.
EXERCISE 108
1. Game was scarce. 2. Our arrows were spent. 3. We were hungry. 4. The pond was frozen. 5. Our motel was
distant. 6. Our coolers were empty. 7. Matters might have been worse. 8. We were not discouraged.
EXERCISE 109
1. 1. Some grapes are (sweet). 2. They grow [in the south]. 3. The wind will be (cold). 4. Celluloid is
(inflammable). 5. His remarks are (instructive). 6. Not all birds are (migratory). 7. The wind sighs [plaintively]
[around her grave]. 8. Delays are [often] (dangerous). 9. The crocus blooms [in the spring]. 10. The early laws were
(severe). 11. My requests for dismissal have been (useless). 12. The polar regions are (uninhabitable).
2.
1. (Some) grapes are sweet.
2. They grow [in the south].
4. Celluloid is inflammable.
5. (His) remarks are instructive.
7. (The) wind sighs [plaintively] [around her grave].
9. (The) crocus blooms [in the spring].
3. (The) wind will be cold.
6. ([Not] all) birds are migratory.
8. Delays are [often] dangerous.
10. (The) (early) laws were severe.
11. (My) requests (for dismissal) have been useless.
12. (The) (polar) regions are uninhabitable.
EXERCISE 110
1.
1. Was is the linking verb, having the noun man for its subject, and the adjective poor for its attribute
complement. 2. Was is the linking verb, having the noun trouble for its subject, and the noun poverty for its
attribute complement. 3. Is is the linking verb, having the noun water for its subject, and the adjective salty for its
attribute complement. 4. Must be is the linking verb, having the noun vessel for its subject, and the noun schooner
for its attribute complement. 5. Are is the linking verb, having the noun farmers for its subject, and the adjective
independent for its attribute complement. 6. Seems is the linking verb, having the noun barrel for its subject, and
the adjective full for its attribute complement. 7. Are is the linking verb, having the noun diamonds for its subject,
and the adjective expensive for its attribute complement. 8. Is is the linking verb, having the noun air for its subject,
and the adjective exhilarating for its attribute complement. 9. Is is the linking verb, having the noun quartz for its
subject, and the noun mineral for its attribute complement. 10. Look is the linking verb, having the noun friends
for its subject, and the adjective anxious for its attribute complement. 11. Will be is the linking verb, having the
noun lecture for its subject, and the adjective short for its attribute complement. 12. Were is the linking verb,
having the noun claws for its subject, and the adjective sharp for its attribute complement. 13. Are is the linking
verb, having the noun turtles for its subject, and the adjective amphibious for its attribute complement. 14. Is is
the linking verb, having the noun camel for its subject, and the noun ship for its attribute complement. 15. Are is
the linking verb, having the noun tigers for its subject, and the adjective carnivorous for its attribute complement.
16. Are is the linking verb, having the noun tigers for its subject, and the noun flesh eaters for its attribute
complement. 17. Will be is the linking verb, having the noun Charles for its subject, and the noun king for its
attribute complement. 18. Is is the linking verb, having the noun boy for its subject, and the noun friend for its
attribute complement. 19. Become is the linking verb, having the noun boys for its subject, and the noun men for its
attribute complement. 20. Was is the linking verb, having the noun sound for its subject, and the adjective sweet for
its attribute complement. 21. Grows is the linking verb, having the noun night for its subject, and the adjective
dark for its attribute complement.
2.
9. Quartz is <a> mineral.
4. (That) vessel must be <a> schooner.
2. (His) trouble was poverty.
14. <The> ship <of the desert> is (the) camel.
16. Tigers are flesh eaters.
18. (The) boy is <<the> shoemaker’s> <best> friend.
19. (Lazy) boys become <poor> men.
17. Charles will be king.
N.B.: If this is not a generalization or definition, then the boy
is not interpreted as an apprentice but as some specific
person and the roles of subject and predicate would be
reversed (cf. also 14 for some specific camel).
EXERCISE 111
1.
is
Slang
grand
vulgar
are
and
Th
is
sea
e
treacherous
e
Th
and
2.
mountains
x
3.
fascinating
are
words
English
-Sa
xon
dignified
and
in
main
artificial
the
in
tin
La
the
6.
ear
is
gateway
r-o
of
sentence
8.
breeding
is
simplicity
sur
fac
od
e
plant
10.
outcome
y
int
da
A
n
e
gre
the
Christianity
Go
the
is
is
of
est
h
hig
e
Th
culture
soul
the
pen
life
the
e
Th
ivy
of
eve
the
e
Th
is
substantial
x
h
and
e
enc
Fr
Th
are
English
verb
homely
and
e
glo
in
An
Th
elegant
words
x
4.
5.
9.
lovable
simple
N.B.: This method of showing the
conjunction of adjectives when the article is
repeated is possibly foreign to the spirit of
R&K.
7.
tranquil
Stillness
of
person
marks
are
of
n
sig
and
11.
al
breeding
d
of
features
st
we
e
in
and
th
nor
e
Th
adventure
it
of
the
o
int
N.B.: The adverb complement to
has is only metaphorically one of
place.
endurance
man
a
peevishness
N.B.: The adjective mental may apply only to rheumatism. The
authors have hyphenated chimney corner making it one word. In
any case chimney is attributive (classifying and identifying).
and
l
in
up
corner
and
suggestions
ous
uri
lux
of
ate
min
effe
ease
ey
mn
unrest
chi
the
of
th
sou
e
Th
and
full
nta
curls one
longing
is
rheumatism
me
t
eas
e
Th
and
wind
is
and
14.
wind
and
of
has
courage
puts stamina
N.B.: The adverb complement
to put is only metaphorically
one of place.
15.
promise
and
wind
Th
full
is
wind
hopeful
is
13.
12.
N.B.: The authors hyphenate good
breeding so as to indicate that for them
it is a compound noun.
goo
steadiness
grumbling
EXERCISE 112
1. (The) diamond is <a> <valuable> mineral.
2. Gasoline is <highly> combustible.
4. (The) waltz seems <<a little> old> fashioned.
3. Milk is <a> <healthy> liquid.
6. (Her) invention was ingenious.
5. She became <an> <expert> mechanic.
7. [After work] she was <somewhat> fatigued.
8. [With experience] she will be <a> <good> librarian.
9. (The) (best) students were [all] Japanese.
10. (The) candidate was <a> <suave> Frenchman.
11. (The) master was skillful [with his instrument].
12. (A) (loyal) patriot is Joe the Plumber.
EXERCISE 113
1. (The) diamond is lying [on the table].
2. (Some) mushrooms are [under a tree].
3. [There] is (the) door.
4. (My) friends are [abroad] [for a week].
5. (Her) mother is [in the hospital] [[right] now].
7. (A) (colorful) balloon hovered [over the field] [nightly].
6. (Her) boy remained [home] [during the day].
8. (The) (two) girls are [at school] [every day].
Here the use of double wavy lines distinguishes the adverb used as attribute complement from any other complement.
The use of square brackets allows multiple words to be grouped and retains the idea that it is often like a verbal
modifier. This convention, however, has not been carried further in subsequent analyses.
EXERCISE 114
1. 1. It is raining. 2. Who opened the door. (Someone needs something to open.) 3. We can look for eggs. 4.
Come to the barn. 5. I will bring a basket. (I need something to bring.) 6. We will easily find some eggs. (We need
something to find.) 7. The nests are in the hay. 8. Yesterday I had a fall. 9. Somebody fired my boss. (Somebody
needs someone to fire.) 10. I was frightened. 11. Of course I broke my leg. (I needed something to break.) 12. The
fall almost killed me. (The fall needed someone to kill.) 2. No, they all have verbs. They need a noun or pronoun
(noun phrase).
EXERCISE 115
1. 1. The bright sun rises. 2. The March winds blow. 3. A robin sings on the bough. 4. The lilacs blossom. 5.
The weather was mild. 6. The skies are clear. 7. The trees shed their leaves. 8. Dairies sell butter. 9. Hail
destroys the crops. 10. The archer bends the bow. 11. The ground looks white. 12. Our summer is over. 2. (a)
1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, and 10. (b) 7, 8, 9, and 10. (c) they blow (d) destroys (e) the crops (f) the archer (g) the bow
(h) the trees’ leaves (i) butter
EXERCISE 116
1. I have sold my car. 2. He has bought a farm. 3. Who wrote the prescription? 4. The Pilgrims left their native
land. 5. They founded a new nation. 6. The crash has broken a rail. 7. Who will take the tickets? 8. We cannot
speak French. 9. Ask the meaning of the word.
EXERCISE 117
1. intransitive 2. transitive 3. intransitive 4. transitive 5. intransitive 6. transitive 7. intransitive 8. transitive
9. transitive 10. intransitive
EXERCISE 118
1. 1. The morning dawned. 2. The bridge fell at noon. 3. The lumbermen fell the trees. 4. The hunter lost the
trail. 5. Perseverance brings success. 6. Sugar grows in Louisiana. 7. Old Ironsides at anchor lay. 8. Many fruits
ripen in September. 9. Our expected friends have arrived. 10. The angry man should control his emotions. 11. We
should hide the faults of others. 12. The grass withers, and the flowers fade. 13. Time and tide wait for no man.
(phrasal verb) 14. The first gun at Sumter aroused the nation. 15. The melancholy days have come. 16. The city of
Florence contains many palaces. 17. The gardeners plant their seeds in the spring. 18. If you plant in youth, you
will reap in age. 19. He will spend the winter in Spain. 20. The fire in the forest burned for several days. 21. A
deadly microburst blew the airplane off its course.
2.
4. (The) hunter lost <the> trail.
3. (The) lumbermen fell <the> trees.
11. We should hide <the> faults <of others>.
10. (The) (angry) man should control <his> emotions.
13. Time and tide wait for <no> man.
5. Perseverance brings success.
N.B.: The teacher may prefer to analyze the phrasal verb wait for as a
complete verb complemented with an adverbial of purpose.
14. (The) (first) gun (at Sumter) aroused <the> nation.
16. (The) city (of Florence) contains <many> palaces.
17. (The) gardeners plant <their> seeds [in the spring].
21. (A) (deadly) microburst blew <the> airplane [off its course].
19. He will spend <the> winter [in Spain].
EXERCISE 119
1. They write every day. They write a letter every day. He rides on the roller coaster. He rides the roller coaster. The sun
set in the west. She set the clock. The industrious succeed. The princes succeed the king as ruler. They reap in the fall.
They reap a great harvest. The student learns well. He learns English grammar. Don’t cheat in checkers. Don’t cheat
anyone. You lose ignominiously. You lose the battle ignominiously. The generous give to the poor. They give the poor of
their means. The birds fly in the sky. The chickens fly the coop. 2. (70) 1. have come (complete) [no object] 2. brought
(ditransitive) [two objects] 3. turn to (phrasal, linking) [attribute comp.] 4. gather (transitive) [object] 5. gather
(transitive) [object] 6. make (linking) [attribute comp.] 7. will fade (complete) [no object] 8. forget (transitive) [object] 9.
sink (transitive) [object] 10. makes (linking) [attribute comp.] 11. is (linking) [attribute comp.] 12. is (linking) [attribute
comp.] 13. are (linking) [attribute comp.] 14. see (transitive) [object] 15. has eaten (transitive) [object] 16. stops
(transitive) [object] 7. begins (complete) [no object) 18. would be revived (complete) [no object] (75) 1. have caught
(transitive) [object] 2. won (transitive) [object] 3. are exported (complete) [no object] 4. eat (transitive) [object] 5. eat
(transitive) [object] 6. eat (transitive) [object] 7. hould have (transitive) [object] 8. blossoms (complete) [no object] 9.
lose (transitive) [object] 10. are covered (complete) [no object] 11. are (linking) [attribute comp.]
EXERCISE 120
1. The lightning flashed in the east. The moon came out early. War broke out. Smoke spiraled heavenward. Time
marched onward. The clocks ran late. The spiders were killed. The oil spilled in the Gulf. 2. The reporters asked too
many questions. The electricity started the AC. The avalanche killed two skiers. The physicians saved one of their legs.
Some airplanes brought fresh supplies. Earthquakes destroyed a few villages. Artists covered the graffiti with murals.
The lawyer saved his client from jail. 3. The president answered the reporters. The power company supplied electricity
to the city. One skier started the avalanche. They saw the physicians nearby. He boarded the airplane. The geologist
studied earthquakes. He helped the artists with their work. He paid the lawyer for his defense. 4. The girls are very
beautiful. The winner will be tall and slender. She was disappointed in the outcome. Only one person was happy. All
should be proud of their performance. 5. The girls are beauty queens. The winner will be a tall and slender contestant.
She was a disappointment to her mother. Only one person was the winner. All of them were idols for one day.
EXERCISE 121
1.
thinking
makes
cle
ar
ar
Cle
memories
of
should have
invention
e
Liars
3.
Booth
Th
4.
2.
writing
killed
Lincoln
destroyed
feudalism
gunpowder
od
go
5.
We
find
6.
surnames
tempers
the
to
t
firs
the
in
rod
and
rank
revolves
9.
moon
and
h
wit
held
schools
g
nin
hte
lig
the
took
Oxford
Th
keeps
e
of
gre
the
At
h
and
x
coals
in
up
shape
x
bacon
pies
of
e
Th
and
of
the
Homer
war
puddings
subject
of
the
jan
Tro
the
forms
butter
beef
and
of
the
on
authority
and
history
e
ent
rte
bread
rests
11.
us
N.B.: Toward us is actually another
complement (locative - orientation) to the
verb keep.
the
orders
sam
thi
the
and
10. Hunger
the
ard
of
the
century
bell
side
tow
st
ate
Europe
opening
rings
rn
sho
Benjamin Franklin invented
lamb
the
th
ten
the
7.
wind
N.B.: Franklin the family name is a modifier
of Benjamin the given name, together
compounded into one personal name.
Lightening rod is actually a compound
noun.
century
8.
God
poem
of
t
les
nob
the
antiquity
12.
stalk
figure
a
x
x
proportion
bud
a
harmony
a
ond
bey
reach
of
the
and
ery
Ev
flower
x
x
displays
art
build houses
trunk
of
seed
e
Th
and
natives
the
13.
of
palm
t
the
onu
leaves
coc
the
h
wit
Sri Lanka
of
roofs
thatch
exiled mother
x
the
oppressed
wife
the
x
14. Richelieu
of
king
and
the
the
degraded brother
banished confessor
the
study
James
grammar
and
and
John
and
15.
recite
arithmetic
EXERCISE 122
1. to the ocean (not complement, modifies verb) 2. very plain (attribute comp.) 3. very small (attribute comp.) 4.
immortal (attribute comp.) 5. no fault with him (object) 6. welcome (attribute comp.) 7. too old to learn (attribute
comp.) 8. its own duties(object) 9. formed in youth (attribute comp. [passive voice, participle] ) 10. the heirs of past
generations (attribute comp.) 11. his character (object) 12. the greatest English poet (attribute comp.) 13. no moss
(object) 14. the betrayer of his country (attribute comp.) 15. himself (object) 16. the parent of all industries
(attribute comp.) 17. the winds (object) 18. ways of pleasantness (attribute comp.) 19. their soft blue eyes (object)
20. the most important of all our senses (attribute comp.) 21. made from beets (attribute comp. [passive voice,
participle] 22. dispatch (attribute comp.)
EXERCISE 123
1. (Our) (good) deeds live [after us].
2. Seconds are <the> gold dust <of time>.
3. (The) orbit (of the earth) is elliptical.
4. (An) (artist’s) studio should be <his> workroom.
5. He mixes (his) paints [on a palette].
6. Vaccination may prevent small pox.
8. [At sea] (the) (distant) clouds seem low.
7. (Most) citizens (over eighteen) can vote.
9. (The) (old) mayor climbed <the> belfry tower.
10. Joan of Arc perished [at the stake].
11. Regret (for (a) (misspent) past) will be useless.
12. (My) workmen were [once] <my> employers.
13. (A) collection (of curiosities) may become <a> museum.
15. (Stone) walls do [not] <a> prison make.
14. (The) miser willed (his) property [to (a) college].
16. (Young) hearts [never] grow old.
17. (Foolish) people [often] feel wise.
18. (The) Muses were <the> goddesses <of art>.
EXERCISE 124
bright
as
2.
mate
went
e
t
at
Th
ou
midday
feels
captain
4.
She
x
ck
ba
tall
grew
queenly
and
beautiful
headsprings
of
two
Aristotle
are called
the
and
Plato
philosophy
smooth
rich
looks
and
came
Velvet
and
3.
5.
hot
and
He
shines
sun
and
1.
glossy
all
as
son
slave
was regarded
7.
am
I
present
am
e
her
n
ma
I
smells
turned
Lord Darnley
In
the
of
the
Discontented Pendulum
the
and
seemed
incarnate
New Learning
in
of
e
Th
and
of
the
idol
time
rly
the
and
gentleman
ola
ng
you
of
the
Court
sch
Sir Thomas More
and
the
the
and
died
nt
ute
s
fable
darling
lived
ole
sol
dis
les
the
freedom
ins
a
life
a
k
n
bac
e
Th
upo
out
husband
and
speechless
brightness
15. Sir Philip Sidney
delicious
gratitude
corpse
bed
and
and
fell
e
Th
esteem
of
a
to
is
Th
you
tastes
11. apple
token
a
Ro
the
8.
13. weights hung
14.
and
a
r
de
Un
ry
eve
book is presented
warrior
friend
returned
12.
10.
He
law
as
9.
foe
a
6.
came
the
EXERCISE 125
1. A sentence is the expression of a proposition in words. An assertion is a sentence that may be true or false. The
essential parts of an assertion are subject and predicate. 2. At least two words are essential: a noun or pronoun for
the subject and a complete verb for the predicate. 3. (a) Cowardly men are generally poor soldiers. The cowardly
men are the subject, are is a linking verb that requires a complement poor soldiers to be complete. The base is just
the essential parts: men – are – soldiers. Cowardly and poor are adjectives serving as modifiers of men and of
soldiers respectively. 3. (b) These excellent airplanes now make regular flights. The these excellent airplanes
are the subject, make is a transitive verb that requires an object as complement regular flights to be complete. The
base is just the essential parts: airplanes – make – flights. These with excellent and regular are adjectives serving
as modifiers of airplanes and of flights respectively. 4. The kind of airplanes is described as excellent. The ones
referred to are the ones being pointed out with these. 5. The words modifying the verbs are adverbs. The word that
describes the flights is regular. 6. I would say the subject and the object are modified by adjectives.
EXERCISE 126
1. This is a simple, declarative sentence. Its base is dogs respect masters. The subject dogs is modified by the
adjective savage. The verb is respect. The object masters is modified by the adjective stern. 2. This is a simple,
declarative sentence. Its base is events cast shadows. The subject events is modified by the adjective coming. The
verb is casts. The object shadows is modified by the adjective long. 3. This is a simple, yes-no interrogative sentence.
Its base is man has coat. The subject man is modified by the adjective any. The verb is has. The object coat is
modified by the adjective heavy. 4. This is a simple, imperative sentence. Its base is (you) take road. The subject is
understood to be the person addressed. The verb is take. The object road is modified by the adjectives broad and
open. 5. This is a simple, declarative sentence. Its base is hikes are tiresome. The subject hikes is modified by the
adjectives such and long. The linking verb is are. The attribute complement is the adjective tiresome. 6. This is a
simple, declarative sentence. Its base is barometer indicates weather. The subject barometer is modified by the
adjective low. The verb is indicates. The object weather is modified by the adjective stormy. 7. This is a simple,
declarative sentence. Its base is fire makes smoke. The subject fire is modified by the adjective hidden. The verb is
makes. The object smoke is modified by the adjective black. 8. This is a simple, declarative sentence. Its base is
appetite is master. The subject appetite is modified by the adjectives an and uncontroled. The linking verb is is.
The attribute complement is the noun master, which is modified by the adjectives an and relentless. 9. This is a
simple, declarative sentence. Its base is oil wells seem inexhaustible. The subject oil wells is modified by the
adjectives the and Mid-east. The linking verb is seem. The attribute complement is the adjective inexhaustible. 10.
This is a simple, declarative sentence. Its base is day has end. The subject day is modified by the adjective longest.
The verb is has. The object end is modified by the adjective an. 11. This is a simple, declarative sentence. Its base is
dogs are cowardly. The subject dogs is modified by the adjectives your and barking. The linking verb is are. The
attribute complement is the adjective cowardly. 12. This is a simple, declarative sentence. Its base is freshets have
damaged crops. The subject freshets is modified by the adjective destructive. The verb is have damaged. The object
crops is modified by the adjectives the and late. 13. This is a simple, yes-no interrogative sentence. Its base is
mountain is volcano. The subject mountain is modified by the adjectives that and snow capped. The linking verb is
is. The attribute complement is the noun volcano, which is modified by the adjectives an and extinct. 14. This is a
simple, imperative sentence. Its base is (you) tell stories. The subject is understood to be the person addressed. The
verb is tell. The object stories is modified by the adjectives no and long.
2.
1. (Savage) dogs respect <stern> masters.
2. (Coming) events cast <long> shadows.
3. Has (any) man <a> <heavy> coat?
4. you Take <the> <broad>, <open> road.
5. (Such) (long) hikes are tiresome.
7. (Hidden) fire makes <black> smoke.
6. (A) (low) barometer indicates <stormy> weather.
8. (An) (uncontrolled) appetite is <a> <relentless> master.
9. (The) (Mid-east) oil wells seem inexhaustible.
11. (Your) (barking) dogs are cowardly.
10. (The) (longest) day has <an> end.
12. (Destructive) freshets have damaged <the> <late> crops.
13. Is (that) (snow capped) mountain <an> <extinct> volcano?
14. you Tell <no> <long> stories.
3. (Make sentences that fit the pattern of 5, 9, and 11; make sure you use a linking verb.) 4. (Make six sentences that
fit the patterns of the others; make sure you use an object or a noun as a attribute complement, to attach modifiers to.)
EXERCISE 127
1. 1. This is a simple, declarative sentence. Its base is bells ring. The subject bells is modified by the adjectives all
and the. The complete verb is ring. The verb ring is modified by the adverb mournfully. 2. This is a simple, declarative
sentence. Its base is faces look sad. The subject faces is modified by the adjective some. The linking verb is look. The
attribute complement is the adjective sad, which is modified by the adverb very. 3. This is a simple, declarative
sentence. Its base is whistle shrieks. The subject whistle is modified by the adjective the. The complete verb is
shrieks. The verb shrieks is modified by the adverbs wildly and always, which latter adverb also modifies the base. 4.
This is a simple, declarative sentence. Its base is summons is welcome. The subject summons is modified by the
adjective the. The linking verb is is. The attribute complement is the adjective welcome, which is modified by the
adverb quite. 5. This is a simple, declarative sentence. Its base is spot is cool. The subject spot is modified by the
adjective this. The linking verb is is. The attribute complement is the adjective cool, which is modified by the adverb
delightfully. 6. This is a simple, declarative sentence. Its base is days come. The subject days is modified by the
adjectives such and bright. The complete verb is come. The verb come and the base is modified by the adverb rarely.
7. This is a simple, declarative sentence. Its base is officers were negligent. The subject officers is modified by the
adjective the. The linking verb is were. The attribute complement is the adjective negligent, which is modified by the
adverb criminally. 8. This is a simple, declarative sentence. Its base is he came. The [linking verb is come. The verb
come is complemented with the adverb here and is modified by the adverb lately. [N.B.: S&G and R&K do not
introduce this as an adverbial (attribute) complement, but as mere modification, cf. Ex. 120, No. 8. When used without
a complement, the verb come has a goal understood, much like the verb eat without a complement has an comestible
understood.] 9. This is a simple, declarative sentence. Its base is stories are credible. The subject stories is modified
by the adjective those. The linking verb is are. The attribute complement is the adjective credible, which is modified by
the adverb hardly. 10. This is a simple, declarative sentence. Its base is sun shines. The subject sun is modified by
the adjective the. The complete verb is shines. The verb shines is modified by the adverbs brightly and (with the base)
somewhere. 11. This is a simple, declarative sentence. Its base is navigators were venturesome. The subject
navigators is modified by the adjectives most and early. The linking verb is were. The attribute complement is the
adjective venturesome, which is modified by the adverb very. 12. This is a simple, declarative sentence. Its base is I
have been lazy. The linking verb is have been. The attribute complement is the adjective lazy, which is modified by
the adverb too. The base is modified by the adverb heretofore.
2.
1. (All) (the) bells ring [mournfully].
2. (Some) faces look <very> sad.
3. (The) whistle [always] shrieks [wildly].
4. (The) summons is <quite> welcome.
5. (This) spot is <delightfully> cool.
6. (Such) (bright) days [rarely] come.
7. (The) officers were <criminally> negligent.
8. He [probably] came [here] [lately].
10. (The) sun [always] shines [brightly] [somewhere].
9. (Those) stories are <hardly> credible.
11. (Most) (early) navigators were <very> venturesome.
12. I have been <too> lazy [heretofore].
3. (Make the sentences fit the patterns of 2, 4, 5, 7, 9, and 11for adverbs as modifiers of the attribute complement,
and the others for adverbs as modifiers of the verb or the base.)
EXERCISE 128
1. 1. The base is persons are happy. The phrase very few is like an adjective. 2. The base is we beheld sky. The
phrase dark blue is like an adjective. 3. The base is boys will become business men. There is no adjective or adverb
phrase with more than one word. [N.B.: The attribute complement is a compound noun containing two nouns and
good business men is not a man of good business.] 4. The base is he displayed manners. The phrase intensely
disagreeable is like an adjective. 5. The base is I shall study. The phrase more diligently is like an adverb. 6. The
base is boys have become men. The phrases rather dull and very famous are like adjectives.
2.
1. ((Very) few) persons are <perfectly> happy.
3. Will (forgetful) boys become <good> business men?
2. We beheld <the> <<dark> blue> sky.
4. He displayed <<intensely> disagreeable> manners.
5. [Hereafter] I shall study [[more] diligently].
6. (Some) ((rather) dull) boys have become <<very> famous> men.
3. (Make four sentences following the patterns of 1, 2, 4, 6 for modified adjectives and pattern 5 for modified
adverbs.)
EXERCISE 129
1.
1. (The) boyhood (of Lincoln) was spent [in poverty].
2. (The) path (of industry) is <the> path <to success>.
3. (The) needle (of the compass) may [not] [always] point [toward the north].
N.B.: The passive voice form of the verb
attribute has an indirect object. This is
always analyzed as adverbial when
expressed in a prepositional phrase.
N.B.: The first the may be taken as part of the proper
name.
4. (The) invention (of letters) was attributed [to the Phoenicians].
5. (The) Queen of Sheba saw <the> wisdom <of Solomon>.
6. (Twenty) slaves were brought [to Virginia] [in 1619].
7. Lincoln emancipated <the> slaves [in 1863].
8. (The) weight (of evidence) is [against you].
9. (A) {(dull)|,|(heavy)} cloud (of vapor) hangs [gloomily] [above our heads] [in the sky].
2. Two words are needed to make a prepositional phrase, the one a preposition and the other a noun or pronoun as
its object. In the ninth sentence, cloud has four modifiers and hangs has three.
EXERCISE 130
1. 1. The base is in future. The object is modified by the adjectives the and near. 2. The base is without friends. The
object is modified by the adjective many. 3. The base is after delay. The object is modified by the adjective long
modified by the adverb very. 4. The base is with signs. The object is modified by the adjective few and the adjective
phrase of failure. The base is of failure without modification. 5. The base is among crags with inverted order for
poetic effect. The object is modified by the adjectives the, icy, and rattling. 6. The base is in center. The object is
modified by the adjective the and the adjective phrase of the solar system. The base is of system with object modified
by the adjective the and solar. 7. The base is along shores. The object is modified by the adjective the and the
adjective phrase of the broad Pacific. The base is of Pacific with object modified by the adjectives the and broad. 8.
The base is near sources. The object is modified by the adjective the and the adjective phrase of the longest river of
Africa. The base is of river with object modified by the adjectives the andlongest, and the adjective phrase. The base
is of Africa without modification. 9. The base is after journey. The object is modified by the adjectives an, cold, and
cheerless and the adjective phrase in the rain. The base is in rain with object modified by the adjective the. 10. The
base is between mounds with inverted order for poetic effect. The object is modified by the adjective two, and the
adjective phrase of snow. The base is of snow without modification. 2. (Make six sentences following the patterns of
Ex. 125, excluding Nos. 4, 8.)
EXERCISE 131
1. In the expression there are two nouns very much alike. The difference in spelling reflects a difference in
pronunciation. With the suffix the denotation is plural rather than singular. 2. Cloud, fly, flood, man, foot, stage,
clock, fire, rose, pen. 3. Feet, children, knives, rivers, cars, flies, men, judges, monkeys, monks.
EXERCISE 132
vane (sg.): vanes /vejnz/; sponges (pl.): sponge /spəhnʤ/; mason (sg.): masons /mejsənz/; swords (pl.): sword /sowrd/;
brushes (pl.): brush
/bɹəhʃ/; matches (pl.): match /mæʧ/;basin (sg.): basins /bejsənz/; sheaves (pl.): sheaf /ʃijf/; potato
(sg.): potatoes /pətejtowz/ ; niece (sg.): nieces /nijsəz/; crutch (sg.): crutches /kɹəhʧəz/; lilies (pl.): lily /lilij/; oxen (pl.): ox
/ahks/; halves (pl.): half /hæf/; taxes (pl.): tax /tæks/; mosquitoes (pl.): mosquito /məskijtow/; glasses (pl.): glass /glæs/;
men (pl.): man /mæn/; children (pl.): child /ʧajld/; turkeys (pl.): turkey /təhɹkij/; grass (sg.): grasses /gɹæsəz/; women
(pl.): woman /wumən/; chimneys (pl.): chimney /ʧimnij/; kisses (pl.): kiss /kis/; knives (pl.): knife /najf/; Germans (pl.):
German /ʤəhɹmən/; pailfuls (pl.): pailful /pejlfəl/; nephew (sg.): nephews /nefjuwz/; dishes (pl.): dish /diʃ/; geese (pl.):
goose /guws/
EXERCISE 133
1. 1. England’s modifies navy. 2. Men’s modifies good deeds. 3. Children’s modifies manners. 4. His modifies days.
5. Her modifies grave. 6. Your modifies money; soldiers’ modifies monuments. 7. Kings’ modifies daughters. 8.
Greenland’s modifies warm climate. 9. Winter’s modifies rude tempests. 10. Wisdom’s modifies ways. 11.
Hornet’s modifies nests. 12. Ecuador’s modifies largest coin; our modifies “golden” dollar. 2. 1. The navy of
England was very powerful. 2. The good deeds of men may live forever. 3. The manners of children show their training.
4. Napoleon ended the days (of his life) at St. Helena. 5. We decorate the grave of hers with flowers. 6. The money of
yours will be used for the monuments of soldiers. 7. Is there a proverb about the daughters of kings? 8. The warm
climate of Greenland is the greatest treasure (of its land). 9. The rude tempests of Winter are gathering now. 10. The
ways of wisdom are ways of pleasantness. 11. You’ll find nests of hornet’s there. 12. Does the largest coin of Ecuador
equal the “golden” dollar of ours. [N.B.: The expressions in parens are failed attempts to use a periphrastic genitive for
certain possessive pronouns.]
3.
1. (England’s) navy was <very> powerful.
2. (Men’s) (good) deeds may live [forever].
3. (Children’s) manners show <their> training.
5. We decorate <her> grave [with flowers].
6. (Your) money will be used [for soldiers’ monuments].
7. Is [there] (a) proverb (about kings’ daughters)?
9. (Winter’s) (rude) tempests are gathering [now].
11. You’ll find <hornets’> nests [there].
4. Napoleon ended <his> days [at St. Helena].
8. (Greenland’s) (warm) climate is <its> <greatest> treasure.
10. (Wisdom’s) ways are ways <of pleasantness>.
12. Does (Ecuador’s) (largest) coin equal <our> <“golden”> dollar.
EXERCISE 134
fox: fox’s /fahksəz/; foxes: foxes’ /fahksəz/; armies: armies’ /ahɹmijz/; army: army’s /ahɹmijz/; calves: calves’ /kævz/; calf:
calf’s /kæfs/; lady: lady’s /lejdijz/; ladies: ladies’ /lejdijz/; ox: ox’s /ahksəz/; oxen: ; oxen’s /ahksənz/; man: man’s /mænz/;
men: men’s /menz/; wives: wives’ /wajvz/; wife: wife’s /wajfs/; mice: mice’s /majsəz/; sheaf: sheaf’s /ʃijfs/; Charles: Charles’s
/ʧahɹəlzəz/ or Charles’ /ʧahɹəlz/; James: James’s /ʤejmzəz/ or James’ /ʤejmz/; Mrs. Jones: Mrs. Jones’s /misəz ʤownzəz/
or Mrs. Jones’ /misəz ʤownz/; thief: thief’s /θiefs/; thieves: thieves’ /θievz/; sister: sister’s /sistəɹz/; sisters: sisters’ /sistəɹz/;
fishes: fishes’ /fiʃəz/; Mary: Mary’s /məhɹijz/; Erasmus: Erasmus’s /əɹæsməsəz/ or Erasmus’ /əɹæsməs/; scissors: scissors’
/sizəɹz/; Mr. Davis: Mr. Davis’s /mistəɹ dejvisəz/ or Mr. Davis’ /mistəɹ dejvis/; Miss Kelly: Miss Kelly’s /mis kelijz/; torches:
torches’ /towɹʧəz/; monarch: monarch’s /mæwnaɹks/; jury: jury’s /ʤəɹijz/; Frances: Frances’s /fɹænsəsəz/or Frances’
/fɹænsəz/; Agnes: Agnes’s /ægnəsəz/ or Agnes’ /ægnəs/; valley: valley’s /vælijz/; valleys: valleys’ /vælijz/; heroes: heroes’
/hijɹowz/; children: children’s /ʧildɹənz/; mouse: mouse’s /mæwsəz/; brothers: brothers’ /bɹəhðəɹz/.
Only words ending in s should add only the apostrophe because then it signals possessive without a change of
pronunciation. The pronunciation varies just like the regular plural formation. Only in the case of proper names in
the singular that already end in s may the spelling and pronunciation add an extra syllable. This may be omitted for
the sake of euphony.
EXERCISE 135
In “My brother Rudolphus is coming home” the name “Rudolphus” tells which brother came home. In “William
Shakespeare, poet, died in 1616.” the word “poet” tells who is meant and in “William Shakespeare, retailer, lived in
Stratford-on-Avon” the word “retailer” serves this purpose. [N.B.: The name “William” tells which person of the family
name “Shakespeare” is being referred to.] In “I, William, am to be married.” the name “William” tells what the first
person’s name is and in context identifies him. The two designations for the same thing are “that great wheat market”
and “Chicago.”
EXERCISE 136
1. 1. Macaulay: the historian 2. (the) Nile: the river 3. July: the seventh month 4. “Dumbo”: the baby elephant
5. Thanksgiving: the American holiday 6. Concord: the capital of New Hampshire 7. girls: we 8. boys: us 9.
carpenters: you 2. 1. Macaulay, the historian, wrote “The Lays of Ancient Rome.” 2. The Nile river overflowed its banks
annually. 3. July, the seventh month, was named in honor of Julius Cæsar. 4. The children’s favorite was “Dumbo,”
the baby elephant. 5. Thanksgiving, the American holiday, comes in November.
EXERCISE 137
1. 1. the great English novelist, appositive: the, great, and English 2. the only natural satellite of the Earth,
appositive: the, only, natural, of the Earth 3. an American engineer, appositive: an American; the Clermont,
appositive: the 4. a distinguished American statesman, appositive: an, distinguished, American 5. a loving
mother’s, possessive: an, loving 6. the brave colonel’s, possessive: the, brave 7. the Quaker poet, appositive: the,
Quaker; (N.B.: a Winter Idyl, appositive: an, Winter is a part of the proper noun.) 8. author of The Marble Faun,
appositive: of The Marble Faun; a city in Massachusetts, appositive: an, in Massachusetts 9. the conqueror of
Mexico, appositive: an, of Mexico 10. your last year’s, possessive: your, last 11. many years’, possessive: many
12. day’s harbinger, appositive: day’s; day’s, possessive: (not strictly a phrase)
2.
1. Charles Dickens, (the great English novelist), died [in 1870].
2. (The) Moon, (the only natural satellite of the Earth), is <<<<about> two> thousand> miles> wide <in diameter>.
3. [In 1807], Robert Fulton, (an American engineer), sailed <the> <first> steamboat, <the Clermont>, [on the Hudson].
4. Benjamin Franklin, (a distinguished American statesman), was born [in Boston] [in 1706].
6. (The brave colonel’’s) reply was, “I’ll try, sir.”
5. Who would disregard <a loving mother’s> counsel?
7. Whittier, (the Quaker poet), wrote Snow Bound, a Winter Idyl.
8. Nathaniel Hawthorne, (author of The Marble Faun), was born [in Salem, <a city in Massachusetts>].
9. Cortez, (the conqueror of Mexico), was <a> Spaniard.
11. This is <a> debt <of <many years’> standing>.
10. you Remember <your> <last year’s> experiences.
12. [Now] comes (the) morning star, (day’s harbinger).
[N.B.: The understood adjective as attribute complement in (2) makes more sense as descriptive of the quality being
measured. The understood subject of an imperative is generally best conveyed by you as in (10). The subject in (12) is
the compound noun comprising morning and star together. ]
3.
2.
Moon (
satellite
)
miles
in
Earth
wide
diameter
thousand
x
two
ab
died
t
ou
sh
gli
at
in
En
gre
the
3.
x
Charles Dickens ( novelist )
(
the
al
tur
of
na
ly
on
the
e
Th
1.
is
)
1870
Robert Fulton ( engineer )
sailed
steamboat ( Clermont )
the
t
firs
the
In
1807
the
on
can
eri
Am
an
Hudson
4.
Benjamin Franklin ( statesman )
in
I ’ll try
1706
in
6.
Boston
was
reply
el ’
on
col
e
Th
can d
eri
e
Am uish
g
tin
di s
a
5.
sir
was born
Who would disregard counsel
s
th
mo
a
s
bra
er’
ve
lov
ing
7.
Whittier ( poet )
was born
ker
Nathaniel Hawthorne ( author )
a
Qu
the
8.
wrote Snow Bound, a Winter Idyl
in
Salem ( city )
a
of
in
The Marble Faun
9.
Cortez ( conqueror ) was
Spaniard
10.
Massachusetts
( you ) Remember experiences
t
ma
rs’
yea ny
las
of
a
debt
standing
r’s
This is
yea
11.
r
you
a
of
the
Mexico
EXERCISE 138
1. Gen. Eisenhower, a general during WWII, later became President of the United States. 2. The soldier was fired on
by a tank, the target of his grenade. 3. They came to Frankfurt am/Main, an important industrial city in Nassau. 4.
David, my uncle, was in the war. 5. A respected historian of the time, Charles A. Beard, was not aware of the world
situation. 6. The well known inventor, Thomas A. Edison, was not as prolific as once thought. 7. There is yet to be
discovered a divine being in Los Angeles, the city of angels. 8. The Ucayali, a 1000 mile long river, joins the Amazon, a
3900 mile long river, to form a river longer than the confluence of the Missouri, a 2466 mile long river, and the
Mississippi, a 2340 mile long river.
EXERCISE 139
1.
favorite
( Raleigh )
was beheaded
by
’s
eth
zab
Eli
James I
N.B.: As noted on another exercise, R&K were probably not
inclined to diagram a single prepositional phrase modifying
two nouns.
2.
features
dal
the
gJ
es’
am
n
soo
s
l’s
foo
a
6.
workshop
is
il’s
dev
the
a
Th
n
e
soo
frog
idl
polliwog ) becomes
(
brain
An
tadpole
Bible
Ki n
of
translation
Nero
or
5.
of
e’s
reign
shot
is
bolt
Tyn
in
the
4.
m
was beheaded
( apostle )
version
of
St. Paul
fro
t
be s
e
Th
3.
are derived
e
was born
They
scaled
Mount Blanc
Mohammed )
feat
)
died
in
dar
a
(
year (569)
the
8.
Mahomet (
and
7.
in
or
ing
632
brain
x
10.
lamp
wicks
has
Bees
communicate
of
the
to
by
other
death
queen
the
h
eac
interlacing
of
the
id
rap
a
antennæ
blood
and
n’s
ma
a
9.
ee
thr
of
e
Th
life
(
breath
)
back-bone
shell
11.
are
on
outside
coat
of
armor
of
the
breast-bone
)
and
its
s
tle’
tur e
Th
and
(
body
its
began
in
rule
year ( 1653 )
dismemberment
1658
breast
r’s
ste
tor
tec
his
Pro
d
ma
(
ove
lay
on
s
( disciple )
bel
John
for
14.
the
ended
in
ll’
we
as
the
om
Cr
and
12.
)
Russia
namely
x
13. nations
Austria
In
and
of
century
h
ent
hte
eig
the
night
Poland
ny
weather
rai
at
of
daisy
in
and
ter
close
lat
petals
of
half
the
15.
the
Prussia
united
)
ul
erf
pow
ee
thr
(
( eye )
N.B.: Day’s eye is probably compound, at least historically.
’s
day
the
REVIEW EXERCISE 140
1. Declarative, Imperative, Interrogative
2. A sentence composed of but one (main) clause. 3. A sentence
composed of two or more independent clauses. 4. Independent simple sentences. 5. Elements of the sentence
base: Subject plus a complete verb, or plus a verb with its complement. 6. An essential subject and its modifiers. 7.
Elements of the predicate and their modifiers. 8. Subject and verb phrase. 9. The subject, the verb phrase, and its
complements. 10. Noun or pronoun, adjective, adverb. 11. A word or phrase which when added to another word or
phrase qualifies, classifies, or otherwise limits its meaning
EXERCISE 141
1.
2.
CLAUSEi
CLAUSEi
base
base
1
noun
verb
2
DeSoto
1
adjectival
was buried
2
noun
The
discoverer
1
was given
3
prepositional
2
to one
of Mississippi
prepositional
of the river’s lesser confluences
of the Mississippi
3.
2
adverbial
name
3
prepositional
the
2
noun
2
predicate
1
verb
nominal
in its waters
nominal
1
adjectival
subject
2
adverbial
1
nominal
nominal
1
2
predicate
1
subject
CLAUSEi
base
1
2
subject
predicate
1
nominal
1
2
nominal
noun
1
object
nominal
1
adjectival
Richard Venable
2
noun
1
noun
an
army
3
adverbial
2
complement
verb
took
1
adverbial
2
adverbial
from James Hook
2
adverbial
During the distress
for the use
nominal
2
noun
prepositional
1
adjectival
two
commissioner
2
noun
prepositional
nominal
of the troops
steers
1
adjectival
a
2
noun
of the American Army
Scotchman
[N.B.: The compound noun in the third sentence does not have a rule, but its ilk has been pointed out in several
exercises. One advantage will be immediately apparent in the ability to discriminate between adverbials as modifiers of
different levels of structure. There are a good number of refinements that will be added to the rules given. The chief
difficulty at this point is the analysis of transient parts of speech.]
EXERCISE 142
1. Usually following the element complemented. 2. Usually after the complement to the verb, e.gg., “They got tired
fast.” “He hits the ball hard.” A sentence adverb often goes in front of the verb, e.g., She always goes home early.
3. Usually it precedes its noun, especially if it limits the meaning. 4. Possessives generally precede the noun or
pronoun modified and appositives come afterwards. 5. Usually they are adverbial; if they are nouns or noun phrases
they are called adverbial nouns. 6. An adverb modifying another is placed just in front of it. 7. Prepositions usually
precede their object and follow the word modified or complemented. Conjunctions are almost always placed between
the elements being connected.
EXERCISE 143
1. N.B.: The stress falls on there when it means “in that place,” but there is not stressed when it does not have
definite reference. 2. 3, 5, 6, 7 when placed after the subject sound strange without stress.
EXERCISE 144
1. 1. Move the subject in front of the verb (Here the tale ends). Move the place adverb to follow the verb (The tale
ends here). 2. Move the subject in the front of the verb (?Many our faults are). Move the attribute complement
adjective to follow the verb (Our faults are many.) 3. Move the subject in front of the verb (A mighty king he was).
Move the attribute complement to follow the verb (He was a mighty king). 4. Move the subject and verb phrase to the
front so that the prepositional phrase complement follows the verb (I’m dreaming of years agone). [N.B.: Agone is an
archaic form meaning the same as ago both of which normally follow their noun.] 5. Move the object from after the
operator to after the verb phrase (The queen hath offended him). 6. Move the object to follow the verb (Of many men
he knew the names). Move the prepositional phrase object modifier to follow the object (He knew the names of many
men). 7. Move the preposition (adverb particle) complement to next following the verb (To pastures new press on we
now eagerly); move the adverbial phrase of place to follow the other verb modifiers (Press on we now eagerly to pastures
new); move the subject in front of the verb (We press on now eagerly to pastures new); move the adjective new to
precede its noun in the noun phrase (We press on now eagerly to new pastures). 8. Move the subject to the front (A
lily tall within my garden bloomed); move the adverbial phrase of place to follow the verb (A lily tall bloomed within my
garden). Move the adjective tall to precede its noun in the noun phrase subject (A tall lily bloomed within my garden).
9. Move the verb to follow the subject (Through the dark defile the long battalion wound slowly). Move the adverbial
phrase of place to follow the verb and other adverbs (The long battalion wound slowly through the dark defile). 10.
Move the adverb of place to follow the verb (Once the embattled farmers stood here). Move the adverb of frequency to
follow the verb and its other adverb (The embattled farmers stood here once). 11. Move the whole subject to precede
the verb (Lightly from bough to bough the birds in the tree tops fluttered). Move the adverb of manner to follow the
verb (From bough to bough the birds in the tree tops fluttered lightly). Move the adverbial phrases of place together to
follow the verb and its other adverb (The birds in the tree tops fluttered lightly from bough to bough). 12. Move the
object to follow the verb (At dead of night I saw a vision bright). Move the adverbial phrase of time to follow the verb
phrase and its object (I saw a vision bright at dead of night). Move the adjective bright to precede its noun in the noun
phrase object (I saw a bright vision at dead of night). 13. Move the adverbial phrase of manner to follow the verb and
its complements (We laid him down slowly and sadly)
2.
1. [Here] ends (the) tale.
2. Many are (our) faults.
4. [Of years agone] I’m dreaming.
3. (A) (mighty) king was he.
5. (The) queen hath him offended.
6. <Of many men> <the> names he knew.
7. [To pastures new] press we [now] [eagerly] [on].
8. [Within my garden] bloomed (a) lily (tall).
10. [Here] [once] (the) (embattled) farmers stood.
9. [Through the dark defile] wound (the) (long) battalion [slowly].
11. [Lightly] [from bough] [to bough] fluttered (the) birds (in the tree tops).
12. <A> vision <bright> [at dead of night] I saw.
13. {[Slowly] |and| [sadly]} we laid him [down].
EXERCISE 145
1. 1. Move the adverb of time to follow the operator (Somewhere the birds are evermore singing). Move the adverbial
phrase of place to follow the verb and its modifiers (The birds are evermore singing somewhere). 2. Move the subject to
precede the verb (Pleasantly the sun rose on the village of Grand-Pré). [Move the adverb of manner to immediately
follow the verb (The sun rose pleasantly on the village of Grand-Pré).] Move the adverb of manner to follow the operator
(The sun pleasantly rose on the village of Grand-Pré). 3. Move the adverbial phrase of place to follow the verb as
modifier (The village smithy stands under the spreading chestnut tree). 4. Move the adverbs of manner and goal
together to follow the verb (Down the broad valley, the troubled army fled fast and far). Move the adverbial phrase of
direction to follow the verb and its other adverbial modifiers (The troubled army fled fast and far down the broad
valley). 5. Move the adverbial of place to follow the adverbial of manner (There wandered a noble Moslem boy in
breathless joy through the scene of beauty). Either move the adverb of place to follow the operator (or verb) or remove
the expletive there and move the subject into its initial position (A noble Moslem boy wandered [there] in breathless joy
through the scene of beauty). 6. Move the adverb of manner to follow the verb (Through another week God has
brought us safely on our way). Move the adverb of transit to follow the adverb of place (God has brought us safely on
our way through another week). 7. Softly now the light of day fades upon my sight away. Move the particle from the
end to follow the verb directly (Softly now the light of day fades away upon my sight). Move the adverb of manner to
follow the verb directly. (Now the light of day fades softly away upon my sight). Move the adverb of time to precede the
verb. (The light of day now fades softly away upon my sight).
2. 1. Somewhere the birds are singing evermore. This is a simple sentence with subject the birds and are evermore
singing somewhere as predicate; the subject noun birds is modified by the adjective the; are singing is the complete
verb phrase modified by evermore, an adverb of time or sentence adverb and somewhere an adverb of place.
2.
Pleasantly rose the sun on the village of Grand-Pré. This is a simple sentence with subject the sun and pleasantly rose
on the village of Grand-Pré as predicate; rose is the complete verb modified by the adverb of manner pleasantly and
adverbial phrase of place on the village of Grand-Pré. 3. Under the spreading chestnut tree, the village smithy stands.
This is a simple sentence with subject compound noun village smithy modified by the adjective the and stands under
the spreading chestnut tree as predicate; stands is a linking verb complemented by the adverbial of place under the
spreading chestnut tree. The object of the preposition under is the compound noun chestnut tree modified by the
adjectives the and spreading. 4. Down the broad valley, fast and far, the troubled army fled. This is a simple sentence
with subject noun army modified by the adjectives the and troubled and the predicate fled fast and far down the broad
valley. The complete verb fled is modified by a manner adverb fast joined to a distance adverb far and an adverbial
phrase of distance down the broad valley. The object of the preposition down is the noun valley modified by the
adjectives the and broad. 5. There wandered a noble Moslem boy through the scene of beauty in breathless joy. This
is a simple sentence with subject noun boy modified by the adjectives an and Moslem and the predicate wandered in
breathless joy through the scene of beauty. The complete verb wandered is modified by an adverbial phrase of manner
in breathless joy and one of path through the scene of beauty. The object of the preposition in is the noun joy modified
by the adjective breathless. The object of the preposition through is the noun scene modified by the adjective the and
by the adjective phrase of beauty. 6. Safely through another week God has brought us on our way. This is a simple
sentence with subject noun God and the predicate has brought us safely on our way through another week. The
transitive verb has brought is complemented by the pronoun us and modified by the adverb of manner safely and the
adverbial phrases of place and time on our way and through another week. The object of the preposition on is the noun
way modified by the pronominal adjective our. The object of the preposition through is the noun week modified by the
adjective another. 7. Softly now the light of day fades upon my sight away. This is a simple sentence with the subject
noun light modified by the adjective the and the adjective phrase of day and the predicate fades away now softly upon
my sight. The complete verb fades is complemented by the adverb of aspect away and modified by the adverb of time
now, the adverb of manner softly and the adverbial phrase upon my sight. The object of the preposition upon is the
noun sight modified by the pronominal adjective my.
EXERCISE 146
1. (The) (human) body is <a> study <for <one’s> <whole> life>.
2. [Betwixt {<<eyes> |and| <nose>>}] (a) (strange) contest arose.
3. (The) streams (of (small) pleasures) fill <the> lake <of happiness>.
4. (The) fate (of empires) depends [upon <the> education <of youth>].
N.B.: Depend upon may be considered
a phrasal verb or the p. phrase an
adverbial of origin or source.
5. [How] use doth breed <a> habit <in a man>!
6. <The> {<first> |and| <greatest>} end <of education> is (the) discipline (of (the) mind).
7. [In <the> course <of <our> reading> we should lay [up] [in <our> minds] <a> store <of <goodly> thoughts
<in <well-wrought> words>.
8. {{(The) robin |and| (the) blue bird} fill <all> <the> <blossoming> orchards
[with their glee]}|, and| {(the) (joyous) skylark gives [out] <a> flood <of song> [among the clouds]}.
9. [Here] rest (the) {great |and| good} [in <lowly> graves].
10. {{(Many) persons have <no> ear <for music>}|; but| {everyone has <an> ear <for <skillful> reading>.}}
11. (The) (ruby-throated) (humming) bird — {(the) (loveliest) one (of (the) (whole) family)} — is <a>
native <of <the> Southern States>.
12. [On <the> quarter deck <of <the> flag ship>] stood (Admiral) (Sir) John Narborough, ((the) (first)
seaman (in (all) England)).
13. [In <the> market place <of Bruges> stands (the) belfry {(old) |and| (brown)}.
14. {you Study wisdom}|, and| {you will reap pleasure}.
15. Laziness grows [on people]; {it begins [in cobwebs]}|, and| {it ends [in (iron) chains]}.
16. [Among <the> pitfalls <in <our> way>] (the) best (of us) walks [blindly].
17. Duty points, [with <outstretched> fingers], <every> soul [to action <high>].
18. [Oft] [on <the> <trampling> band], [from crown <of <some> <tall> cliff>], (the) deer look [down].
19. [Silently], [one <by <one>>], [in <the> <infinite> meadows <of heaven>, blossomed (the) (lovely) stars,
((the) forget-me-nots (of (the) angels)).
20. {Hands (of angels), (unseen (by (mortal) eyes)), shifted <the> scenery <of <the> heavens>}|;| {(the)
glories (of night) dissolved [into <the> glories <of <the> dawn>]}.
EXERCISE 147
Jew
1.
or
should be shown
spirit
Greek
to
ris
x
Ch
A
male
n
or
tia
female
x
friend
or
hurries
n
upo
t
the
of
sons
king
business
or
of
realm
a
of
a
a
the
view
and
the
for
up
mountain
career
brothers
climbed
We
a
gre
the
and
by
g
lon
e
Th
2.
home
enters
dignitaries
procession was closed
m
e
Th
4.
fro
and
boy
ay
3.
aw
foe
pleasure
8.
poetry
and
and
le
river
litt
Spring
the
us
ful
9.
inlet
coast
a
ng
n
Milton
o
alo
dow
oro
lth
ght
hea
Bri
v ig
and
by
x
was written
int
5.
sailed
We
the
and
summer
x
autumn
rush
qui
ck
fail
of
ust
ind
winter
success
us
in
est
rio
hon
w
Fe
x
10.
buildings
life
stand
in
l
stil
old
x
few
A
town
ed
x
to
y
sel
clo
e
Th
ert
des
ing
min
x
old
the
ed
is allied
dat
api
dil
Hebrew
Arabic
the
7
in
by
men
and
6.
succession
Phœnician
and
the
the
x
Syriac
Aramaic
the
REVIEW EXERCISE 148
1. A noun is the part of speech of a word that names an entity, entities, or kind of entity. 2. The subject of a
sentence in a single word may be a noun or a pronoun. Sometimes the adverb there may fill the subject position. 3.
The object of a verb or a preposition may be a noun or a pronoun. 4. A word that is modified by an adjective is a
nominal. 5. The word names an entity, entities, or kind of entity and can be used as essential subject or as object of a
verb or a preposition; otherwise it is not. 6. Adjectival words or phrases may modify a noun. 7. The best clothing
store in our town, a popular place for youngsters, is located in the mall. 8. They elected the first inexperienced
president of our union, James Grey, Jr.
EXERCISE 149
1. ( a ) No. ( b ) Normally 12; Month when referring to February may be a different sized segment depending on the
year. ( c ) One. 2. (s = any one of several things, p= special name of one particular item): river (s), mountain (s),
continent (s), orator (s), holiday (s) Amazon (p) Vesuvius (p) Africa (p) Webster (p) Christmas (p) city (s) ocean (s) dog (s)
month (s) novel (s) Berlin (p) Pacific (p) Toto (p) August (p) Treasure Island (p) 3. ( a ) First word in column
word in column ( c ) All but the last. ( d ) Dumbo ( e ) Shakespeare, Patton, Jumbo, Mr. O’Reilly
( b ) Last
EXERCISE 150
1. (c = common and p= proper (in most likely context): King (c) Rome (c) Ocean (c) War (c) Christian (c) Solomon (p)
Eagle (c) Peru (p) Beauty (c) Iraqi (c) Temper (c) Shasta (p) Mitchell (p) Warden (c) Italian (c) Music (c) Noise (c) Piano (c)
Mozart (p) Democrat (c) Paris (p) Samuel (p) Riches (c) Mercy (c) Saint (c) 2. Yes.
EXERCISE 151
1. river: Amazon, Mississippi, Rio Grande, Shenandoah; town: Vera Cruz, Boise, Provo, Allentown; volcano: Mt. St.
Helens, Vesuvius, Kilimanjaro, Krakatau; governor: Sarah Palin, Jeb Bush, Arnold Schwarzenegger, Rod Blagojevich;
king: Farouk I, Henry VIII, George II, Louis XIV; author: John Milton, Stephen King, Agatha Christie, Edward de Vere,
Beatrix Potter; country: America, European Union, Great Britain, Assyria, Korea; planet: Mars, Mercury, Venus,
Jupiter; queen: Bath Sheba, Elizabeth II, Margaret, Cleopatra; dog: Fido, Snoopy, Toto, Pluto; historian: Seneca,
George Bancroft, T. B. Macauley; state: Rhode Island, Colorado, Vermont, Alaska; airplane: Air Force I, Enola Gay,
Spirit of St. Louis; month: July, March, Nisan, Ramadan; painter: Monet, Picasso, Michelangelo, Holbein; poet: Robert
Browning, Lord Byron, T. S. Elliot, Walt Whitman; capital: Moscow, Paris, London, Los Angeles, Ottawa; president:
John F. Kennedy, George Washington, Teddy Roosevelt, Abraham Lincoln; book: Bible, Wuthering Heights, Don Quixote,
Koran; inventor: Archimedes, Thomas A. Edison, Henry Ford, Wilber & Orville Wright. 2. Canada: Canadians; Genoa,
Genoese; Cuba, Cubans; Spain, Spaniards; Venice, Venetians; Italy, Italians; Europe, Europeans; Mexico, Mexican;
Brazil, Brazilians; Burma, Burmese (Myanmar); China, Chinese; Japan, Japanese; Malta, Maltese; Norway,
Norwegians; Chicago, Chicagoans.
EXERCISE 152
1. Cousin (n); clerk (n); Edward (m), (none); duchess (f), duke; president (n); bridegroom (m), bride; printer (n);
empress (f), emperor; cashier (n); peacock (m), peahen; child (n); cook (n); czar (m), czarina; lass (f), lad; widow (f),
widower; secretary (n); sultana (f), sultan; servant (n); nun (f), monk; artist (n); spinster (f), bachelor; aunt (f), uncle;
goose (f), gander; abbot (m), abbess; maiden (f); husband (m), wife; roe (f), roebuck; hen (f), rooster; landlord (m),
landlady; laundress (f), launderer. 2. Father, mother, parent, sister, brother, sibling, son, daughter, child, uncle, aunt,
nephew, niece, wife, husband, spouse, step-father, step-mother, step-parent, step-sister, step-brother, step-sibling,
half sister, half brother, half sibling, step-son, step-daughter, step-child, ex-husband, ex-wife, ex-spouse, sister-in-law,
brother-in-law, cousin, cousin-german, double-cousin, grandfather, grandmother, grandparent, great-grandmother,
great-grandfather, great-grandparent .
EXERCISE 153
1. soldier (one item), army (a set, collection) 2. ship (one item) fleet (a set, collection) 3. singer (one item), choir (a
set, collection) 4. jurymen 5. birds 6. fish
EXERCISE 154
1. soldiers, troops, marines, armed men,…. 2. sailors, workmen, carpenters,…. 3. bees, wasps, hornets,…. 4.
cattle, goats, sheep, wild horses,…. 5. Congress men, statesmen, politicians,…. 6. people, languages, tongues,
creatures,…. 7. horses, oxen, soccer players, champions,…. 8. shoes, eyes, hands, glasses,…. 9. collectors, book
lovers, social climbers,…. 10. soldiers, people, birds,…. 11. stars,… 12. people, men, representatives,… 13.
members, warriors, shamans, women, infants,… 14. wolves, wild dogs, cub scouts,…
EXERCISE 155
Group: a set of people or things that belong together; class: a set of entities that share a quality; council: a set of people
that make a decision together; hive: a group of bees that live together in a society; multitude: a large amount of people
forming a group; jury: a group of people that together make a judicial decision; fleet: a group of ships manifesting a
single force of arms; flock: a herd of sheep or other similar kind of animal; mob: a group of people manifesting a single
force with a single purpose, but usually without a single leader; society: the people that interact with one another on a
regular basis exchanging ideas and habits of behavior; band: a group of people who make music together using
woodwinds, brass, and percussion; drove: a group of animals moving together; couple: a set of two similar elements;
bevy: a group of quails; gang: a band of antisocial adolescents; horde: a teeming group of people; corps: a group of
people sharing the same occupation; suite: a set of matched furniture.
EXERCISE 156
1. actions: singing, coasting, hoping, reading, dashing; qualities or conditions: weakness, despair, industry,
temperance, heat, speed, slumber, fear, hunger, haste. 2. wood: durable, lasting, light, attractive, flammable; air: vital,
fresh, humid, warm; camels: alive, dependable, heat resistant, traditional; water: wet, refreshing, languid, salty; gold:
expensive, beautiful, heavy, untarnished; music: exciting, loud, rhythmic, long; an explorer: brave, determined,
intrepid, young; a good son: obedient, dependable, reliable, energetic; a gymnast: strong, competitive, skilled, healthy;
a miser: rich, stingy, selfish, unliked; a great woman: gentle, nurturing, self-sacrificing, persistent; an agreeable
companion: friendly, helpful, likable, congenial.
EXERCISE 157
1.
Proper/common, Collective/individual, gender specific/gender non-specific, abstract/concrete, …; Collective,
gender specific, abstract. 2. Proper: Maryland, Big Dipper, Eliot, Quito, Thursday. Collective: legislature, audience,
brigade, bevy, suite. Gender specific: Frenchman (m), Englishman (m), widower (m), monk (m), duck (f). Abstract:
skill, humility, slavery, knowledge, marching.
EXERCISE 158
1. ( a ) No. ( b ) House, place, size, noose, bridge, niche, truce, pulse, fence, case, pause, force.
ends in a sibilant, i.e., an s-like sound. ( d ) -es 2. Yes, cf. 1 ( c ).
( c ) The singular
EXERCISE 159
Passes; branches; honeys; tyros; clefs; safes; fezes; bushes; patriarchs; pianos; fifes; dwarfs; foxes; arches; medleys;
chimneys; hooves; i’s and t’s.
EXERCISE 160
Jellies; rubies; fairies; glories; duties; victories; turkeys; sheaves; chiefs; strifes; moneys or monies; attorneys; cameos;
mottos; grottos; halves; waifs; soliloquies; alleys; ally; vetoes; solos; mice; mementoes.
EXERCISE 161
Gentlemen; grandmothers; spoonfuls; sons-in-law; handicrafts; maid-servants; courts-martial; dining rooms; majorsgeneral; rope ladders; eyelashes; touch-me-nots; go-betweens; stowaways; sailor boys; outgoings; cupfuls; by-paths;
attorneys-general; men-servant; ottomans; Englishmen; flower-de-luces; will-o’-the-wisps.
EXERCISE 162
1. 1. Verb, by parsing the sentence; otherwise there is no verb in the sentence. 2. Adjective, by parsing the sentence;
it immediately precedes the object noun. 3. Noun, by parsing the sentence; it stands as the subject of the sentence. 2.
( a ) 1-subject, 2-possessive (of attribute complement, book), 3-object of preposition, 4-object of verb (met). 5-appositive
(of subject my brother), 6-quotation of attribute complement. ( b ) 2 (3 when written as quotation is separate form) ( c )
Possessive (and Quotation when written) ( d ) The possessive adds an s-sound, like plural but always written with an
apostrophe as ’s or just ’. (The quotation is always written with double or single quote marks.)
EXERCISE 163
Girl, girls, girl’s, girls’; woman, women, woman’s, women’s; wife, wives, wife’s, wives’; monkey, monkeys, monkey’s,
monkeys’; mouse, mice, mouse’s, mice’s; Miss Long, Misses Long, Miss Long’s, Misses Long’s; lady, ladies, lady’s,
ladies’; chief, chiefs, chief’s, chiefs’; dwarf, dwarves, dwarf’s, dwarves’; ox, oxen, ox’s, oxen’s; swine, swine, swine’s,
swine’s; Mr. Adams, the Misters Adams, Mr. Adams’s, the Misters Adams’s; man, men, man’s, men’s; hero, heroes,
hero’s, heroes’; thief, thieves, thief’s, thieves’; brother, brothers, brother’s, brothers’; deer, deer, deer’s, deer’s; colony,
colonies, colony’s, colonies’; baby, babies, baby’s, babies’; piano, pianos, piano’s, pianoes’; fox, foxes, fox’s, foxes’; sonin-law, sons-in-law, son-in-law’s, sons-in-laws’; German, Germans, German’s, Germans’; attorney-general, attorneysgeneral, attorney-general’s, attorneys-general’s.
EXERCISE 164
1. 1. My sister’s residence 2. My brother’s wife 3. A gentleman’s manners 4. The baby’s photograph 5. A
mosquito’s sting 6. Mr. Brown’s store 7. The court-martial’s decision 8. The chimney’s top 9. The enemy’s retreat
10. Miss Vokes’s singing or Miss Vokes’ singing 11. Howells’s stories or Howells’ stories 12. Curtis’s lectures or
Curtis’ lectures 13. Dickens’s novels or Dickens’ novels 14. James’s mother or James’ mother 15. Agnes’s letters or
Agnes’ letters 16. Xerxes’s army or Xerxes’ army 17. Adam’s home 18. Mr. Adams’s home or Mr. Adams’ home 2. 1.
The residences of my sisters; my sisters’ residences 2. The wives of my brothers; my brothers’ wives 3. The manners
of gentlemen; gentlemen’s manners 4. Photographs of the babies; the babies’ photographs 5. The stings of
mosquitoes; mosquitoes’ stings 6. The stores of the Misters Brown; the Misters’ Brown’s stores 7. The decisions of
the courts-martial; the courts-martial’s decisions 8. The tops of the chimneys, the chimneys’ tops 9. The retreats of
the enemies, the enemies’ retreats
EXERCISE 165
1. Diamonds are found in Africa and India. This is a simple sentence with the subject noun diamonds and the
predicate are found in Africa and India. The complete verb are found is complemented by the adverbial phrase of place
in Africa and India. The object of the preposition in is the compound noun phrase Africa and India, composed of two
proper nouns naming two regions of the world. 2. Brazil exports diamonds. This is a simple sentence with the
subject noun Brazil, being a proper noun naming a country, and the predicate exports diamonds. The transitive verb is
exports with its object being diamonds. 3. The most precious jewel is the diamond. This is a simple sentence with the
subject noun diamond modified by the adjective the and the predicate is the most precious jewel being inverted. The
linking verb is has as attribute complement the noun jewel modified by the two adjectives the and precious, which
adjective in turn is modified by the adverb most. 4. The star wore a necklace of diamonds. This is a simple sentence
with the subject noun star modified by the adjective the and the predicate wore a necklace of diamonds. The transitive
verb wore has as object the noun necklace modified by the adjective the and the adjective phrase of diamonds. The
preposition of has diamonds as its object. 5. This priceless gem, the Kohinoor diamond, originally weighed eight
hundred carats. This is a simple sentence with the subject gem modified by the adjectives this and priceless and the
appositive phrase the Kohinoor diamond and the predicate originally weighed eight hundred carats. The nominal
phrase consists of the compound noun Kohinoor diamond modified by the adjective the. The complete verb is weighed
modified by the adverb originally and the adverb of extent eight hundred carats telling how much. The noun of
measure (units) is carats modified by the compound number hundred modified by eight. 6. The diamond’s luster is
unsurpassed. This is a simple sentence with the subject luster modified by the possessive phrase the diamond’s and
the predicate is unsurpassed. The possessive phrase is the possessive case of the noun diamond modified by the
adjective the. The linking verb is has the adjective unsurpassed as its attribute complement.
EXERCISE 166
1. joint 2. separate 3. joint 4. separate 5. separate 6. separate 7. joint 8. separate 9. joint
EXERCISE 167
1. 1. Gilbert and Sullivan’s operas 2. Woodward and Brown’s pianos 3. Warner and Twain’s Gilded Age 4.
Eisenhower and Nixon’s friendship 5. Germany and Italy’s alliance 6. Beaumont and Fletcher’s dramas 7. Watson
and Crick’s great discovery 2. 1. Webster’s and Worcester’s Unabridged Dictionary 2. Steinway’s and Chickering’s
pianos 3. Green’s and Macaulay’s History of England 4. Webster’s and Worcester’s dictionaries 5. Do you prefer
Keats’s or Yeats’s works? 6. Bancroft’s, Prescott’s, and Motley’s History 7. Lowell’s and Holmes’s poems 3. Meier and
Frank’s outlet or the outlet of Meier and Frank. Meier’s and Frank’s outlets or the outlets of Meier and those of Frank.
EXERCISE 168
1. What is the name of the first governor of Rhode Island? (II) 2. Did you hear the speech by the senator from New
York? (II)
3. The excuse from the stewardess of the flight was unsatisfactory. (II) 4. Remember the Christmas card
from my wife’s sister? (II) 5. What is the business of your college buddy’s father? (II) 6. The circulation of Harper’s
Magazine is tremendous. (II) 7. Where are the designs of the post office’s architect? (II) 8. The administration of the
Adams covered eight years. (II, III) 9. This is the opinion of Dr. Smith, the eminent surgeon. (II)
EXERCISE 169
1. Barnes’ History (III); mens’ clothing (men’s); a boys’ bike (boy’s). 2. Lady’s maids (Ladies’); childrens’ toys
(children’s); everybodies’ business (everybody’s). 3. Where is Barnes’s and Noble’s store (I). 4. This is the administrator
of the estate’s office (II). 5. The January St. Nicholas’s illustrations are exceptional (II). 6. Scott and Abbott’s estimate
of Napoleon differ greatly. (I) 7. Do you prefer Smith or Kitto’s Bible Dictionary? (I) 8. What do you think of the captain
of the Titanic’s judgment? (II) 9. Which is larger, the Mayflower or the Reliance’s jib? (I or II) 10. This is Dr. Hill, the
professor of anthropology’s opinion. (I or II)
EXERCISE 170
1. 1. DO:a radio; PP: to the driver. 2. DO: a thousand dollars; PP: to physicians. 3. DO: a car; PP: for my brother. 4.
DO: the picture; PP: for your friend? 5. DO: questions; PP: of the teacher. 6. DO: a game of chess; PP: with a
champion. 7. IO: the driver; DO: a radio. 8. IO: the king; DO: a castle. 9. IO: the lady; DO: a glass of water. 10. IO:
Chuck; DO: this book 11. IO: my mother; DO: a long letter. 12. IO: the boy’s friend; DO: a game of monopoly. 2. 7.
They gave a radio to the driver. 8. She built a castle for the king. 9. We offered a glass of water to the lady. 10. Did
you lend this book to Chuck? 11. I have written a long letter to my mother. 12. The boy played a game of monopoly
with his friend. 3. 1. They gave the driver a radio. 2. He paid physicians a thousand dollars. 3. I bought my brother
a car. 4. Who painted your friend the picture? 5. I asked the teacher questions. 6. He played a champion a game of
chess.
EXERCISE 171
1. 1. He sent some fine mosaics from Florence. 2. The king granted a full pardon. 3. He showed some rare opinions.
4. This land yields large harvests. 5. This merchant allows large discounts. 6. Throw a rope! 7. The government
granted large tracts of land. 8. He forgave that debt. 9. Can you teach new tricks? 10. The judge showed no mercy.
11. Do you tell the truth? 12. Can you bring the receipts? 13. We paid forty dollars. 2. 1. IO: my sister; DO: some
fine mosaics from Florence. 2. IO: the offender; DO: a full pardon. 3. IO: his audience; DO: some rare opinions. 4.
IO: this land’s owners; DO: large harvests. 5. IO: this merchant’s customers; DO: large discounts. 6. IO: the man;
DO: a rope 7. IO: the Pacific railroad; DO: large tracts of land. 8. IO: the man; DO: that debt. 9. IO: an old dog; DO:
new tricks. 10. IO: the culprit; DO: no mercy. 11. IO: me; DO: the truth. 12. IO: us; DO: the receipts. 13. IO: the
man; DO: forty dollars. 3. 1. He sent some fine mosaics from Florence to my sister. 2. The king granted a full pardon
to the offender. 3. He showed some rare opinions to his audience. 4. This land yields large harvests to its owners. 5.
This merchant allows large discounts to his customers. 6. Throw a rope to the man! 7. The government granted
large tracts of land to the Pacific railroad. 8. He forgave that debt of the man. 9. Can you teach new tricks to an old
dog? 10. The judge showed no mercy to the culprit. 11. Do you tell the truth to me? 12. Can you bring the receipts
to us? 13. We paid forty dollars to the man.
4.
1. He sent <my> sister <some> <fine> mosaics <from Florence>.
2. (The) king granted <the> offender <a> <full> pardon.
4. (This) land yields <its> owners <large> harvests.
3. He showed <his> audience <some> <rare> opinions.
6. you Throw <the> man <a> rope!
5. (This) merchant allows <his> customers <large> discounts.
8. He forgave <the> man <that> debt.
7. (The) government granted <the> Pacific railroad <large> tracts <of land>.
9. Can you teach <an> <old> dog <new> tricks?
11. Do you tell me <the> truth?
10. (The) judge showed <the> culprit <no> mercy.
12. Can you bring us <the> receipts?
13. We paid <the> man <forty> dollars.
EXERCISE 172
1. Will you pay the man his money? 2. They will find the pets a new home. 3. The bank will sell us a house and lot.
4. The quarterback tossed his wide receiver the ball. 5. His wife made him a cake for his birthday. 6. Can you
return the store all its destroyed items? 7. John delivered him all the borrowed goods. 8. She wrote her soldier a
Dear John. 9. Can you lend me your pencil?
EXERCISE 173
1. Adverbial phrases or adverb phrases. 2. 1. long (extent of time) 2. for hours (extent of time) 3. a few minutes
(extent of time) 4. too (how much) heavy (in what respect) 5. several (how many) tons (standard of weight) 6. very
(extent) recently (when) 7. away (where) in the night (when) 8. last year (when) 9. last Sunday (when) 10. every day
(how often) 11. far (to what distance) a few (how many) feet (standard of distance), several (how many) yards
(standard of distance), the rest of the way (how far) down (direction) 12. due (how close) east (direction) three (how
many) hundred (how many) miles (standard of distance) the first day (when)
EXERCISE 174
1. 1. fifty (minutes, measure) minutes (later, manner of measure) [later (set, time-point)]. 2. [an (hour, measure)]
hour (earlier, manner of measure) [earlier (rise, time-point)]. 3. ages (ago, measure) [ago (perish, time-point)] 4. [this
(way, manner of reference)] way (come, place-direction) 5. [an (few, measure) few (years, manner of measure)] years
(ago, measure) [ago (travel, time-point)] weeks (were –ing, time-period) [an (thousand, manner of measure)] thousand
(miles, manner of measure) miles (travel, place-distance). 6. many (times, measure)] times (die, time-frequency) 7.
two, (inches, measure), inches (wide, measure) four (feet, measure) feet (long, measure) piece three (pounds,
measure) pounds (weighs, manner of measure) ten (dollars, measure) dollars (worth, manner of measure) 8. twenty
(times, measure) times (crossed, time-frequency) [an (month, measure)] month (crossed, manner of measure) 9. [all
(night, measure)] night (long, time-period) [long (walked, time-period]. 10.
ninety (years, measure) years (old,
manner of measure) [last (Tuesday, manner of reference)] Tuesday (was, time-point)
2.
1. (The) sun sets [<<fifty> minutes> later].
3. (The) dinosaurs perished [<ages> ago].
4. What is that coming [(this) way]?
2. (The) moon rises [<<an> hour> earlier].
N.B.: The student will learn in Chapter 23 that coming and travelling
analyzed here as verbs are actually verbal adjectives (imperfect
participles), the first serving to modify the objective complement,
what, and the second, the subject men.
5. [<<<A> few> years> ago] men were [weeks] travelling [<<a> thousand> miles>].
6. Cowards die [<many> times] [before their deaths].
worth [<ten> dollars]}.
7. (A) piece {(((two) inches) wide)} |and| {(((four) feet) long)} {weighs [<three> pounds]} |and| {is
8. He has crossed <the> ocean [<<<twenty> times> a> month].
N.B.: Twenty times is analyzed here as modifying
the adjective (indefinite article) an.
9. I walked <the> floor [<<all> night> long].
10. (Ex-President) Carter was <<ninety> years> old [<last> Tuesday].
EXERCISE 175
1.
offered
They
2.
crown
a
the
times
President
dollar
and
the
1877
a
gave
wheat
United States
his
I
a
4.
for
bushel
of
the
ee
In
thr
Cæsar
$50,000
year
paid
we
3.
He
daughter
sent
his
t
6.
old
was
tha
Shakespeare
his
a
5.
ten
for
N.B.: The logical structure of
cents
these sentence adverbials
way
may yield the sentence: “I gave
pound
sugar
him a dollar for a bushel of his
wheat and ten cents for a pound
of his sugar.” Such an adverbial
home
phrase in sentence 8 of Ex. 174
him
was taken as modifier of the article.
However, in these sentences it is interpreted as direct object so that the measure that it logically modifies becomes
another adverbial (object of a preposition understood).
Snakes
skin
shed
of
y
ver
the
death
his
Aug.
of
s
ou
e
fam
Th
21
o
day
fell
Hartford
Conn.
a
-tw
Charter Oak
1856
8.
should yield
bushels
of
ent
sev
owner
acre
an
ive
y-f
its
od
Go
N.B.: The morphologically compound nouns are
analyzed syntactically: in a similar sense that Hartford
is in Connecticut, the day 21 is in the month Aug.,
which are together in the year 1856.
land
corn
ir
year
y
fift
7.
the
once
years
9.
attendants
brought
1586
of
Zutphen
al
Queen Esther
favor
asked
a
as
fish
a
the
and
King Ahasuerus
weeks
era
N.B.: The Great is used as an epithet like a surname
to identify which Alexander is meant.
l
of
is
sev
by
means
N.B.: Fish may also be taken as an
attribute complement with as being an
introductory word.
attar
fat
the
ng
dyi
a
12.
breathes
14.
Sept.
field
ly
ous
frog
water
the
nim
gna
ma
soldier
lives
11.
of
water
gave
22
ed
und
wo
the
On
He
a
Sir Philip Sidney
his
10.
cup
gills
13.
taught
Aristotle
Alexander ( Great )
worth
rty
or
nty
twe
N.B.: Puff balls is a compound noun.
15.
balls
have grown
in
night
sin
gle
a
diameter
in
inches
six
ff
Pu
N.B.: The value is the attribute complement of
the adjective worth.
dollars
thi
of
an
e
roses
the
pur
e
Th
ounce
philosophy
EXERCISE 176
1. creature, vocative 2. fir tree, vocative 3. countrymen, vocative 4. soldiers, vocative 5. country, exclamative 6.
ocean, vocative 7. President, vocative 8. fathers, exclamative 9. flag, exclamative 10. sir, vocative 11. youth,
vocative 12. country, vocative; land, vocative
EXERCISE 177
1. Supplies is subject of small clause giving time, reason, and cause of the capitulation. 2. Work is subject of small
clause giving time, reason, and cause of the return. 3. Jury is subject of small clause giving time, reason, and cause
of the proceeding. 4. River is subject of small clause giving time, reason, and cause of no attempt. 5. Trials is subject
of small clause giving time, reason, and cause of resting.
EXERCISE 178
1. ( a ) A complement is a structure that completes the syntax of a word. ( b ) They are: 1) Attribute complement,
2) direct object, 3) indirect object, 4) object complement.
( c ) A subjective complement is a noun that names or
adjective that specifies an attribute of the subject. ( d ) The concept expressed by the subject is completed by a
subjective complement. ( e ) It always refers to the concept expressed by the subject. 2. ( a ) Omitting the
complement changes its interpretation so that the verb is incomplete. ( b ) 1) a man, water, Raleigh, “Bruno” ( c )
They are added to the verb to specify an attribute of the object of the verb.
EXERCISE 179
1. Pale: complements made as attribute to soldiers.
2. Green complements will tint as attribute to walls. 3.
President: complements made as attribute to Lincoln. 4. Friends: complements makes as attribute to enemies. 5.
Thin: complements has made as attribute to ice. 6. Sultan: complements called as attribute to ruler. 7. Jupiter:
complements called as attribute to Paul. 8. Secretary of Health and Human Services: complements has appointed as
attribute to Mr. Leavitt. 9. Ready: complements get as attribute to golf clubs. 10. Captain: complements chosen as
attribute to Ron. 11. Agent: complements have appointed as attribute to Henry Wise. 12. Free: complements set as
attribute to slaves. 13. Short: complements sold as complement to stock.
2. We will tint <our> walls green.
1. Fear made <the> soldiers pale.
4. Time makes <the> <worst> enemies friends.
3. (The) people made Lincoln president.
6. (The) Turks called <their> ruler Sultan.
5. (The) (warm) weather has made <the> ice thin.
9. you Get <your> golf clubs ready <immediately>.
7. (The) people called Paul, Jupiter.
8. (The) president has appointed Mr. Leavitt Secretary of Health and Human Services.
11. We have appointed Henry Wise <our> agent.
10. (The) club has chosen Ron captain.
12. Lincoln set <the> slaves free.
13. Mrs. Stewart sold <her> stock short.
EXERCISE 180
1. 1. The workers struck the proposition down. 2. The apes make the pigs leaders. 3. The pope named John a
saint. 4. Many Presidents appoint favorites justices. 5. The people will elect a socialist President. 6. The voters
swept the parliament clean. 7. The meteorologist called the wind a hurricane. 8. The woman dyed her dress red. 9.
The team chose the singer captain. 10. They colored the ocean shades of blue-green.
3.
people named
down proposition
2.
apes make
e
Th
e
Th
saint John
Ma
a
Th
ny
e
6.
the
meteorologist called
clean parliament
a
Th
e
7.
voters swept
Th
people will elect
justices favorites
Presidents appoint
4.
President socialist
5.
leaders pigs
the
workers struck
the
1.
e
8.
10.
They colored
red dress
her
singer
e
the
team chose
Th
a
captain
e
Th
9.
woman dyed
hurricane wind
shades ocean
the
of
the
e
Th
blue-green
2. To analyze a sentence is to name its parts and tell their functions. You analyze a phrase by naming its parts and
telling their functions.
EXERCISE 181
1. The sentence is composed of two independent clauses joined by a semicolon. Accent is a singular abstract noun
serving as part of the subject of the linking verb are whose attribute complement is pith. Emphasis is a singular
abstract noun serving as a second part of the subject of the same verb. The verb is modified by the determiner the and
the adjective phrase of reading. Reading is the object of the preposition of. Punctuation is the subject of the verb phrase
of the second sentence. The verb is the linking verb is whose attribute complement is the adjective secondary,
modified by the adverb but. 2. The sentence is composed of two independent clauses joined by and. The subject of
the first is the compound noun corn field which has two verb phrases, grew and ripened, joined by and. The second
clause has it as subject with a verb phrase stood, which has an adverbial modifier of manner in the form of a
prepositional phrase. Splendor is object of the preposition in whereas raiment is object of of which complements all. The
verb phrase also has an attribute complement being the two adjectives green and yellow, joined by and. 3. The
subject of the sentence is the pronoun we and its verb phrase is may cover.
The transitive verb has the noun
multitude as its direct object in the noun phrase a multitude of sins, where sins is object of of. The prepositional phrase
with the white robe of charity serves as an adverbial phrase of manner. Robe is the object of the preposition with and
charity is object of of. 4. The sentence comprises three independent clauses each with the pronoun I as its subject.
The verb phrase of the first is was born, the second live, and third will die. All three have a noun phrase an American
as an attribute complement , the noun being American. 5. The sentence has the proper abstract noun Nature as its
subject, the transitive verb hides as its verb phrase whose direct object is the common singular noun wrinkle in the
noun phrase every wrinkle of her unfathomable antiquity. Antiquity is a common abstract noun serving as object to of
in a genitive adjective phrase modifying wrinkle. The verb also has modification by an adverbial phrase of place in the
prepositional phrase under roses and violets and morning dew. The preposition under has three common nouns as
object roses and violets being plural and dew being singular, each joined by and. 6. The subject is understood as the
person addressed whose verb phrase is the transitive verb frequent having the direct object with common collective
noun company modified by the prepositional phrase with the object being the common plural noun betters. 7. The
subject of the sentence is the abstract noun autumn and its verb phrase is the complete verb comes. The noun phrase
subject is modified by the appositive proper abstract noun Sabbath, which itself is modified by an adjective phrase
introduced by of, which takes the abstract singular noun year as object. 8. The common abstract singular noun tint
stands as subject modified by the adjective phrase introduced by of, which takes the common abstract noun autumn as
object. The verb phrase is the linking verb is with the adjective blossoming serving as attribute complement. The
attribute complement is modified by the prepositional phrase of condition (metaphorically of place) introduced by under
which takes the common abstract singular noun spell as object. This noun is modified by the genitive adjective phrase
introduced by the preposition of, which takes the common noun enchanter as its object. This last noun has the proper
singular noun Frost as an appositive. 9. The subject is the pronoun he and verb phrase is the linking verb had been
which takes the adjective outlawed as an attribute complement. The adverbial phrase of agent is introduced by the
preposition by, which has two common nouns as objects: king and queen joined by the conjunction and. The first is
modified by the possessive form of the proper singular noun England whereas the second is modified by the similar
form of the proper singular noun Scotland. The adverbial phrase of frequency consists of two nouns, the first common
singular quantity noun five serving as a numeral adjective limiting the second common abstract plural noun times,
which serves as an adverbial noun. 10. The subject is the common singular noun is peri and the verb phrase is the
linking verb stood whose attribute complement is the adjective disconsolate. The adverbial phrase of time consists of
the two common nouns: a common singular quantity one serving as a numeral adjective limiting the second common
abstract singular noun morn, which serves as an adverbial noun. A second adverbial phrase is of place introduced by
the preposition at having the proper noun Eden as its object.
EXERCISE 182
1. Me, my, mine, we, our, us, ours. 2. You, your, yours, ye, thee, thou, thy, thine. 3. It, him, his, he, them, they,
their, theirs, its. 4. The person speaking together with other or others whose identity must be gathered from the
context. 5. He, him, his imply male; she, her, hers, imply female; it, its, imply no gender.
EXERCISE 183
1. (55) 2. Him (3). 3. You (2). 4. I (1). 5. I (1), your (2). 6. It (3). 7. They (3), me (1). 8. Us (1). 9. She (3), them (3).
10. You (2), her (3). 11. We (1). (57) 2. It (3). 3. We (1). 4. They (3). 5. Our (1), his (3). 6. Them (3). 7. His (3). 8.
She (3). 9. He (3), us (1), he (3), her (3). 2. (a) First: Me, my, mine, we, our, us, ours. Second: You, your, yours, ye,
thee, thou, thy, thine. Third: It, him, his, he, them, they, their, theirs, its. (b) my, our, your, ye, thy, it, him, (her), them.
EXERCISE 184
1. Wh-interrogative. 2. De Soto, The Mississippi, and Father of Waters. 3. Pronoun. 4. To take the place in the
question of the answer thus indicating its syntax there. 5. Declarative.
EXERCISE 185
1. Adjectives consist of a single word that precedes the noun modified whereas adjective phrases consist of more than
one word and follow it. 2. Wear rags, were very hot, may be trusted. 3. Verb. 4. Subjects: who (7. referring to
children), which (6. referring to days), that, (5. referring to youth). Complements: rags, direct object of wear, hot,
attribute complement to days, (trusted is an attribute complement to youth being the passive participle incorporated
into the verb phrase in the passive construction for the verb trust). 8. Pronoun.
EXERCISE 186
1. 1. Which you lent me (book). 2. That it tells (story). 3. Who is a woman (author). 4. That are weak (those). 5. Of
whom you spoke (gentleman). 6. That he possessed (all). 7. That are rich (those); that are poor (those). 8. Who
cannot control himself (person). 9. Which was very tiresome (vacation). 10. Whom we visited (friends). 11. Whose
hearts are sad (those). 12. As will be instructive (books).
2. The pronouns in bold type join the clauses.
EXERCISE 187
1. 1. Which (book). 2. That (story). 3. Who (author). 4. That (those). 5. Whom (gentleman). 6. That (all). 7. That
(those); that (those). 8. Who (person). 9. Which (vacation). 10. Whom (friends). 11. Whose (those). 12. As (books).
2. Book: which, that, as; city: which, that, as; cousin: who, whom, whose, that, as; elephant: which, that, as; flowers:
which, that, as; soldiers: who, whom, whose, that, as; rivers: which, that, as; kings: who, whom, whose, that, as; tea:
which, that, as; winter: which that, as; Hitler: who, whom, whose, that, as; tribes: who, whom, whose, that, as; armies:
who, whom, whose, that, as; conquerors: who, whom, whose, that, as. 3. Book: I recently read a book that I would
recommend highly. City: The city in which I live is rather quaint. Cousin: I have a cousin whom we visited last week.
Elephant: This is such an elephant as we saw at the circus. Flowers: My boyfriend always gives flowers that are
plastic. Soldiers: The brave soldiers, who volunteer for service, sometimes meet with death. Rivers: The rivers that
flow south are much used. Kings: The kings whose kingdoms were rich were often peaceful. Tea: She drinks only tea
which has been imported. Winter: We have never had such a winter as those in Florida. Hitler: National socialists
chose Hitler, who wanted change. Tribes: There were many warring tribes, who were well equipped for battle. Armies:
The victory was to the armies, whose desire was strongest. Conquerors: We greeted the conquerors whose purpose was
to free us from oppression.
EXERCISE 188
2. Remove the noun people and place the article the before it. 3. The part of the italicized string beginning with that
(2) and which (3), (4), each modifying the word immediately preceding it. 4. The antecedents stuff, things, that, do not
denote much additional, as they seem to be syntactic place-holders, almost equivalent to the clauses in bold. 6. There
is no antecedent expressed because they are clauses used for the noun. 7. They all use the pronoun what. 8. A
noun clause. This is an indefinite noun clause because the thing (things, stuff, etc.) referred to is indefinite.
EXERCISE 189
1. 1. Direct object of saw. 2. Subject of was. 3. Direct object of hear. 4. Direct object of tell. 5. Subject of is. 6.
Subject of will fail. 7. Direct object of sell. 8. Direct object of take. 9. Direct object of fulfill. 10. Direct object of
think about (about is omitted before what). 11. Subject of will be forgiven. 12. Subject of shall be done. 13. Subject
of may come. 14. Subject of steals trash. 2. 1. I saw that which he gave. 2. Rice was that which sustained them.
3. I hear that which you say. 4. You tell that which is true. 5. That which you execute is excellent. 6. Everyone
who is idle will fail. 7. He will sell everything that he owns. 8. Take anything that you choose. 9. He will fulfill
everything that he promises. 10. Think about everything that you study at home. 11. He who confesses will be
forgiven. 12. Anything that you ask shall be done. 13. Anyone who will may come. 14. He who steals my purse
steals trash.
EXERCISE 190
1. 1. Indefinite noun clause is used as object of remembers. 2. Indefinite noun clause is used as object of
determined. 3. Indefinite noun clause is used as object of do. 4. Adjective clause is used to identfy fur 5. Indefinite
noun clause is used as an identifying attribute complement to reputation; same to character. 6. Adjective clause is
used to identify order. 7. Indefinite noun clause is used as object of know. 8. Indefinite noun clause is used as
subject . 9. Indefinite noun clause is used as subject. 10. Adjective clause is used identify person. 2. 1. What has
no antecedent. 2. Who has no antecedent. 3. What has no antecedent. 4. Which has a definite antecedent. 5.
What, and what have no antecedent. 6. That has a definite antecedent. 7. Who has no antecedent. 8. Whoever has
no antecedent and is interrogative. 9. Whatever has no antecedent and is interrogative. 10. Who has a definite
antecedent.
EXERCISE 191
1. Adjective in first column, limits, men, mankind. 2. Adjective in first column, limits, stories, the twin jets. 3.
Adjective in first column, limits, hour, individuals. 4. Adjective in first column, limits, books, multitudes. 5. Adjective
in first column, limits, time, plenty. 6. Adjective in first column, limits, man’s, a person, his partner. 7. Adjective in
first column, limits, clock, the silver watch.
EXERCISE 192
1. Few, few people; many, many people. 2. All, all people. 3. None, no persons; those persons. 4. This, this
warrior. 5. none, no fortune; that, the fortune. 6. Some, some people; others, other people. 7. One, a person; one’s,
that person’s. 8. Such, such things. 9. Both, both men; neither, neither man. 10. Both, both things; these, these
things; either, either thing. 11. so, so much time.
EXERCISE 193
few: quantifier, indefinite, mitigative, o-count, o-plural, positive; a little: quantifier, indefinite, singular count noun, osingular count; each: distributive; the same: reference intensifier; this: demonstrative; second: quantifier, definite,
sequence, relational (ordinal) adjective; half: quantifier, definite, total, positive, dual, fractional; much: quantifier,
indefinite, non-mitigative, o-singular count / o-mass, positive; less: quantifier, indefinite, mitigative, o-singular count /
o-mass, comparative; fewer: quantifier, indefinite, mitigative, o-plural count, comparative; either: distributive; any:
identifier; other: identifier; another: identifier; those: demonstrative.
EXERCISE 194
1. It is a personal pronoun, for it always refers to what the speaker or author is speaking or writing of. I is a personal
pronoun, for it always refers to the speaker or author. 2. We is a personal pronoun, for it always refers to the speaker
or author. 3. You is a personal pronoun, for it always refers to the addressee(s). He is a personal pronoun, for it always
refers to whom the speaker or author is speaking or writing of. 4. Few is an adjectival pronoun, for it refers to few
things. 5. Who is a interrogative pronoun, for it introduces a wh-question. 6. Whom is a interrogative pronoun, for it
introduces a wh-question. They is a personal pronoun, for it always refers to who the speaker or author is speaking or
writing of. 7. Who is a interrogative pronoun, for it introduces a wh-question. They is a personal pronoun, for it always
refers to whom the speaker or author is speaking or writing of. 8. Which is a conjunctive pronoun, for it connects a
dependent clause to the rest of the sentence. 9. Which is an interrogative pronoun, for it introduces a wh-question
and also an adjective pronoun for it stands for which things. They is a personal pronoun, for it always refers to whom
the speaker or author is speaking or writing of. 10. You is a personal pronoun, for it always refers to the addressee(s).
Us is a personal pronoun, for it always refers to the speaker or author. 11. That is an adjectival pronoun, for it refers
to that thing. His is an adjectival pronoun, for it refers to his thing. 12. Which is an interrogative pronoun, for it
introduces a wh-question and also an adjective pronoun for it stands for which things. Yours is an adjectival pronoun,
for it refers to your thing. 13. What is a conjunctive pronoun, for it connects a dependent clause to the rest of the
sentence. He is a personal pronoun, for it always refers to what the speaker or author is speaking or writing of. 14.
What is a interrogative pronoun, for it introduces a wh-question. His is a personal pronoun, for it always refers to who
the speaker or author is speaking or writing of. 15. I is a personal pronoun, for it always refers to the speaker or
author. What is a conjunctive pronoun, for it connects a dependent clause to the rest of the sentence. His is a personal
pronoun, for it always refers to whom the speaker or author is speaking or writing of. 16. I is a personal pronoun, for it
always refers to the speaker or author. That is a relative pronoun, for it connects a dependent clause to the rest of the
sentence and has an antecedent I. You is a personal pronoun, for it always refers to the addressee. He is a personal
pronoun, for it always refers to whom the speaker or author is speaking or writing of. 17. Many is an adjectival
pronoun, for it refers to many people. Few is an adjectival pronoun, for it refers to few people. 18. I is a personal
pronoun, for it always refers to the speaker or author. None is an adjectival pronoun, for it refers to no person. Me is a
personal pronoun, for it always refers to the speaker or author. 19. We is a personal pronoun, for it always refers to
the speaker or author. Those is an adjectival pronoun, for it refers to those people. That is a relative pronoun, for it
connects a dependent clause to the rest of the sentence and has the antecedent those. Themselves is a personal
pronoun, for it always refers to whom the speaker or author is speaking or writing of. 20. We is a personal pronoun,
for it always refers to the speaker or author. Ourselves is a personal pronoun, for it always refers to the speaker or
author. Others is an adjectival pronoun, for it refers to other people. 21. Those is an adjectival pronoun, for it refers to
those people. That is a conjunctive pronoun, for it connects a dependent clause to the rest of the sentence.
Themselves is a personal pronoun, for it always refers to whom the speaker or author is speaking or writing of.
22. They is a personal pronoun, for it always refers to who the speaker or author is speaking or writing of. Who is a
relative pronoun, for it connects a dependent clause to the rest of the sentence and has an antecedent they. (No is a
quantifier.) 23. Who is an interrogative pronoun, for it introduces a wh-question. He is a personal pronoun, for it
always refers to whom the speaker or author is speaking or writing of. That is a relative pronoun, for it connects a
dependent clause to the rest of the sentence and has an antecedent he. Us is a personal pronoun, for it always refers to
the speaker or author. 24. Such is an adjectival pronoun, for it refers to such things. As is a relative pronoun, for it
connects a dependent clause to the rest of the sentence and has an antecedent such. I (2 times) is a personal pronoun,
for it always refers to the speaker or author. Thee is a personal pronoun, for it always refers to the addressee.
EXERCISE 195
1.
This: (sg.) these; we: (pl.) I; you: (sg./pl.); few: (pl.) little; she: (sg.) they, them; them: (pl.) him/her/it; who:
(sg./pl.); myself: (sg.) ourselves; both: (pl. as dual total) Ø; us: (pl.) me; they: (pl.) he/she/it; each: (sg.) Ø; these: (pl.)
this; such: (sg./pl.); which: (sg./pl.); he: (sg.) they; that: (sg.) those; many: (pl.) much; ourselves: (pl.) myself; either:
(pl. as dual) Ø; whoever: (sg./pl.); themselves: (pl.) himself/herself/itself; several: (pl.) Ø; all: (pl. as total) Ø; those:
(pl.) that; whosoever: (sg./pl.); it: (sg.) they, them; any: (sg.) some; some: (pl.) any; another: (sg.) others; neither: (sg.)
none. 2. Some are given in italics; the Ø is for articles (limiting adjectives) that don’t pronominalize.
EXERCISE 196
1. The speaker or author of the sentence. 2. I serves as subject, my modifies the noun trunk, me serves as object to
the preposition behind. 3. The subject form is unique, the adjective form has a y [aj] attached to m, the object form
has an e [ij] attached to the m. 4. Thou. 5. Yes, the anthropomorphic Creator. 6. They each have a different
syntactic use. 7. In No. 3 the [hi] has three forms attached: [j], [z], and [m]; in No. 4 the [ðe] has three forms attached:
[j], [ɹ], and [m]. 8. Historical changes in the language from a more regular state. (I think at some time a [z] between
vowels changed to [ɹ], which environment has since been lost.)
EXERCISE 197
1. Her: obj., poss. det.; him: obj.; thine: pron. poss.; them: obj. (pl.); who: nom./obj.; ours: pron. poss.; its: poss.
det.; I: nom.; their: poss. det.; ye: nom. (pl.); whose: poss. det./pron. poss.; thee: nom.; whom: obj.; us: obj. (pl.);
hers: pron. poss.; thy: poss. det.; our: poss. det. (pl.); you: nom./obj. (pl.); me: obj.; my: poss. det.; it: nom./obj. 2.
10 nom.: I, thou, you, he, she, it, we, ye, (you), they; 9 obj.: me, thee, you, him, her, it, us, you, them; it and you
are nom./obj.; her is poss. det./obj.
EXERCISE 198
1. He: subject, who: subject of adjectival clause; 2. Who: attribute complement, it: subject; It: attribute complement,
I: subject. 3. We: subject, them: direct object of found. 4. what: object of preposition in, you: subject. We: subject,
him: object of preposition to, her: object of preposition by, this: object of preposition for. 5. Whose: modifier of
attribute complement carelessness, this: subject. Our: modifier of subject, their: modifier of attribute complement
victory. One’s: modifier of subject, one’s: modifier of direct object breeding of show. 6. He: subject, himself: appositive
of subject he, it: direct object of said, They: subject, each: co-appositive of subject they, all: co-appositive of subject
they. 7. He: subject of first independent clause, one: indirect object of gave, them: object of preposition of, she: subject
of second independent clause, us: indirect object of told. 8. Each: subject of small clause (fragment) stepping (where is
conjunctive adverb introducing a nominal clause) his: modifier of subject comrade, (that is relative adverb introducing
adjective clause), he: subject of adjective clause. What: complement of adjective worth, it: subject. 9. Thou: vocative,
who: subject of adjective clause. we: exclamatory. 10. This: subject of small clause, we: subject. 11. yours: attribute
complement. You: subject, it: direct object of call, such: object tive complement of call.
EXERCISE 199
+
1. Who owned <the> farm <that was sold>?
+
3. (The) gentleman (who called) is <a> physician.
+
5. you Show me those <that you have finished>.
7. Do you know {[for+ whom] (the) gift is meant}?
+
2. you Tell me {what you have learned}.
+
4. He is <a> man <that I esteem highly>.
+
6. We will send him {whatever he demands}.
+ (the) gift is meant <for>}?
7a. Do you know {<who>
+
9. I know {what you want}.
+
11. We prize that (which we obtain [by effort]).
+
8. Have you heard {what caused <the> fire}?
+
10. you Ask her {who he is}.
+
12. This is <the> book <<from which> he read <the> story>.
+ he read <the> story <from>>.
12a. This is <the> book <<that>
+
13. <<My> lord>, I know [not] {what (the) matter is}.
+
14. People [< almost> never] do anything [in anger] <<which> they do <not> repent [of]>.
+
15. He (who was taught [<only> [by himself]]) had <a> fool <for a master>.
+
16. Nature is loved [by {what is best <in us>}].
+
17. [There] is (no) secret (of the heart) (which (our) actions do [not] disclose).
+
+
+
18. Reputation is {what we seem}|, but|character is {what we are}.
+
19. Beauty is <the> mark <that God sets <on virtue>>.
+
20. {What (human) beings have done} (human) beings can do.
+
21. Is this <the <sole>> reward <[ for which ] you have done <<so <foul>> a> deed>>?
EXERCISE 200
(194) 1. It is the third singular personal pronoun as subject. I is the first singular personal pronoun as attribute
complement. 2. We is the first plural personal pronoun as subject of the verb are. 3. You is the second singular or
plural personal pronoun as subject of the verb are. He is the third singular masculine personal pronoun as subject of
the verb are. 4. Few is a quantifier with plural reference as subject of the verb are. 5. Who is the interrogative pronoun
introducing the question and functioning as subject of the verb knocks. 6. Whom is the interrogative pronoun
introducing the question and functioning as object of to. They is the third plural personal pronoun as subject of the
verb shall go. 7. Who is the interrogative pronoun introducing the question and functioning as object of to. They is the
third plural personal pronoun as subject subject of the verb shall go. 8. Which is the relative pronoun introducing an
adjective clause modifying the house and functioning as direct object of built. 9. Which is the interrogative pronoun
introducing the question and functioning as attribute complement. 10. You is the second singular personal pronoun as
subject subject of the verb did call. Us is a first plural personal pronoun as direct object of call. 11. That is a singular
distal demonstrative pronoun as subject of the verb is. His is the third person masculine singular pronominal
possessive as attribute complement. 12. Which is an interrogative pronoun introducing the question and functioning
as subject of the verb is. Yours is the second person singular possessive pronoun as attribute complement. 13. What
is a conjunctive pronoun introducing an indefinite nominal clause as direct object of bring and functioning as object of
wants. He is the third person masculine singular personal pronoun as subject of the verb wants. 14. What is an
interrogative pronoun introducing the question and functioning as attribute complement. His is the third person
masculine singular possessive determiner modifying name. 15. I is the first person singular personal pronoun subject
of the verb can tell. What is a conjunctive pronoun introducing an indefinite nominal clause as direct object of tell and
functioning as attribute complement. His is the third person masculine singular possessive determiner modifying
name. 16. I is the first person singular personal pronoun subject of the verb am. That is a relative pronoun
introducing an adjective clause modifying I and functioning as subject of the verb speak. You is the second person
singular or plural personal pronoun as object of unto. He is the third person masculine singular personal pronoun as
attribute complement. 17. Many is a quantifier with plural reference as direct object of the verb are called. Few is a
quantifier with plural reference as direct object of the verb are chosen. 18. I is the first person singular personal
pronoun as subject of the verb have. None is an identifier with singular or plural reference as object of the verb have.
Me is the first person singular personal pronoun as object of with. 19. We is the first person plural personal pronoun
as subject of the verb respect. Those is a plural distal demonstrative pronoun as object of the verb respect. That is the
relative pronoun as subject of the verb respect. Themselves is the third person plural compound (reflexive) personal
pronoun as direct object of respect. 20. We is the first person plural personal pronoun as subject of the verb deceive.
Ourselves is the first person plural compound (reflexive) pronoun as direct object of deceive. Others is a plural
identifier as direct object of the verb deceive. 21. Those is the plural distal demonstrative pronoun as direct object of
the verb helps That is a relative pronoun introducing an adjective clause modifying those and functioning as subject
of help. Themselves is the third person plural compound (reflexive) pronoun as direct object of the verb help. 22. They
is the third person plural personal pronoun as subject of the verb are. Who is a relative pronoun introducing an
adjective clause modifying they and functioning as subject of the verb have. 23. Who is an interrogative pronoun
introducing the question and functioning as attribute complement. He is the third person masculine singular personal
pronoun as subject of the verb is. That is a relative pronoun introducing an adjective clause modifying he and
functioning as subject of the verb calls. Us is the first person plural personal pronoun as direct object of the verb calls,
24. Such is a reference intensifier as direct object of give. As is a relative pronoun introducing an adjective clause
modifying such and functioning as direct object of have. I (2 times) is the first person singular personal pronoun as the
subject of the verb have and of the verb give. Thee is the second person singular personal pronoun as indirect object of
give. (199) 1. Who is an interrogative pronoun introducing the question and functioning as subject of the verb owned.
That is a relative pronoun as direct object of the verb sold. 2. Me is the first person singular personal pronoun as
indirect object of tell. What is the conjunctive pronoun introducing an indefinite nominal clause as direct object of tell
and functioning as object of have learned. You is the second person singular or plural personal pronoun as subject of
the verb have learned. 3. Who is a relative pronoun introducing an adjective clause modifying the gentleman and
functioning as subject of the verb called. 4. He is the third person masculine singular personal pronoun as subject is.
That is a relative pronoun as object of the verb esteem. I is the first person singular as the subject of the verb esteem.
5. Me is the first person singular personal pronoun as indirect object of show. Those is the distal plural demonstrative
as direct object of show. That is a relative pronoun introducing an adjective clause modifying those and functioning as
object of the verb have finished. You is the second person singular or plural personal pronoun as subject of the verb
have finished. 6. We is the first plural personal pronoun as subject of the verb will send. Him is the third person
masculine singular personal pronoun as indirect object of the verb will send. Whatever is a conjunctive pronoun
introducing an indefinite nominal clause as direct object of send and functioning as direct object of the verb demands.
He is the third person masculine singular personal pronoun as subject of the verb demands. 7. You is the second
person singular or plural personal pronoun as subject of the verb do know. Whom is a conjunctive pronoun
introducing an indefinite nominal clause as direct object of know and functioning as object of for. 7a. You is the second
person singular or plural personal pronoun as subject of the verb do know. Who is a conjunctive pronoun introducing
an indefinite nominal clause as direct object of know and functioning as object of for. 8. You is the second person
singular or plural personal pronoun as subject of the verb have heard. What is a conjunctive pronoun introducing an
indefinite nominal clause as direct object of have heard and functioning as subject of the verb caused. 9. I is the first
person singular as the subject of the verb know. What is a conjunctive pronoun introducing an indefinite nominal
clause as direct object of know and functioning as object of the verb want. You is the second person singular or plural
personal pronoun as subject of the verb want. 10. Her is the third person feminine singular personal pronoun as
indirect object of ask. Who is a conjunctive pronoun introducing an indefinite nominal clause as direct object of ask
and functioning as attribute complement of the verb is. He is the third person masculine singular personal pronoun as
subject of the verb is. 11. We is the first plural personal pronoun as subject of the verb prize. That is a singular distal
demonstrative pronoun as object of the verb prize. Which is the relative pronoun introducing an adjective clause
modifying that and functioning as object of the verb obtain. We is the first person plural personal pronoun as subject of
the verb obtain. 12. This is a singular proximal demonstrative pronoun as subject of the verb is. Which is the relative
pronoun introducing an adjective clause modifying the book and functioning as object of from. He is the third person
masculine singular personal pronoun as subject of the verb read. 13. My is the first person singular possessive
determiner as modifier of the absolute noun vocative lord. I is the first person singular as the subject of the verb know.
What is a conjunctive pronoun introducing an indefinite nominal clause as direct object of know and functioning as
subject of the verb is. 14. (Anything is a pronominalized article with the noun thing as object of the verb do.) Which is
the relative pronoun introducing an adjective clause modifying anything and functioning as object of (repent) of. They
is the third person plural personal pronoun as subject of the verb repent (of). 15. He is the third person masculine
singular personal pronoun as subject of the verb had. Who is the relative pronoun introducing an adjective clause
modifying he and functioning as subject of the verb was taught. Himself is the third person masculine singular
compound (reflexive) personal pronoun as object of by. 16. What is a conjunctive pronoun introducing an indefinite
nominal clause as object of by and functioning as subject of the verb is. 17. Which is the relative pronoun introducing
an adjective clause modifying no secret of the heart and functioning as object of disclose. Our is the first person plural
possessive determiner modifying actions. 18. What is a conjunctive pronoun introducing an indefinite nominal clause
as attribute complement of is and functioning as attribute complement of the verb seem. We is the first person plural
personal pronoun as subject of the verb seem. What is a conjunctive pronoun introducing an indefinite nominal clause
as attribute complement of is and functioning as attribute complement of the verb are. We is the first person plural
personal pronoun as subject of the verb are. 19. That is a relative pronoun introducing an adjective clause modifying
the mark and functioning as object of the verb sets. 20. What is a conjunctive pronoun introducing an indefinite
nominal clause as direct object of can do and functioning as object of the verb have done. 21. This is a singular
proximal demonstrative pronoun as subject of the verb is. Which is the relative pronoun introducing an adjective
clause modifying the sole reward and functioning as object of for.
EXERCISE 201
1.
They will be defiled
x
3.
for
that touch pitch
printing press
habits
face
his
Wine makes
lever is
of
e
Th
the
the
2.
blush
him
who drinks it
excess
to
which moves world
of
the
mind
to
Photography is
like
4.
look
art
the
5.
signed
Louis ( XIV )
genius
ordinance
revoked
Edict
ace
npl
h
wit
e
were welded
by
e
tog
measures
the
the
r
the
en
rte
thi
e
Th
John Hawkins
slave trade
of
colonies
Nantes
rests
guilt
Th
6.
of
the
7.
mo
that
mediocrity
com
the
In
1685
which enables
which sprang
out
Samuel Adams framed which
e
sam
the
which
I
referred
that
to
12.
Grouchy
did arrive
blind
at
not
was
book
t
in
She
It was
hes
act
to
11.
10.
hig
the
e
you referred
which
Guinea
matter
Th
the
we
h
is
wit
spirit
traffic
the
9.
8.
I found place
of
N.B.: The difficulty in diagramming the non-restrictive adjective clause arises from the
fact that it is often logically independent from, and/or holds some adverbial adjunct
relationship with, the clause to which it attaches adjectivally. This one is justificative,
giving the author’s motivation for making the assertion of the main clause.
time
the
13. Attention
is
stuff
st
de
x
mo
ma
to
that
Napoleon needed him
the
I spoke
that
of
that
memory is
to
It is
you
you
It is
I speak
to
that
I speak
x
N.B.: R&K note that the preposition in 14, which
14.
usually would stand last in the sentence, is found
before the complement of the independent clause.
They suggest that in analysis the student restore the
preposition to its usual place — It is you that I speak
to. so that That I speak to modifies the subject. The
two sentences actually differ syntactically. The
preposition of the indirect object is repeated like the
one in (12). The reference by it may be made to any
part of the sentence — the so-called cleft-sentence
transform.
that
Islands are
tops
of
m
me
the
fro
16.
bed
in
the
he received information
of
ose
wh
15. It was
mountains
base is
ocean
the
the
x
that
17.
man
is
Unhappy
the
mother does make
interesting mothers
all
ose
not
wh
EXERCISE 202
enter eye
1.
his
m
fro
e
Th
of
th
smoo
the
time
he works
3.
Socrates was
x
sages
st
ate
gre
the
N.B.: You is logically an indirect object and the infinitive phrase the subject: …it
takes you (so much time) to breathe, i.e., …to breath takes (so much time) for you.
The amount of time (degree adverb, i.e., blue) is what is being explained using the
complement, not its quality or identity (rose).
of
x
one
on
the
to
breathe
ing metals
his
the
in
of
light
smith takes name
retina
hit
waves
you take
the
and
Trillions
2.
world
had seen
x
r
eve
the
4.
N.B.: For (5) R&K suggest that the adjective clause modifies the
omitted word thing, or some word whose meaning is general or
indefinite. However, the clause in question is what is here called
an indefinite nominal clause. There is some similarity to the whinterrogative noun clause, but they are quite distinct. Many
grammarians today call it a “head internal relative clause.” The only
thing “relative” about it is the form of some of the clause connectives.
The whom above corresponds in paraphrase to someone, the what to
something, and the connectives with -ever correspond to anything.
These all being indefinite pronouns is what motivates the term in this
grammar. Some of the following diagrams give both the obsolete
R&K (relative clause) and the more logical indefinite nominal clause
versions.
He chasteneth ( him )
Lord loveth Whom
the
Lord loveth Whom
the
He chasteneth
what
5.
What is
He
did
was
right
goose conceived what
the
ow
bel
s
thi
7.
swan achieved
the
love
of
a
show
9.
( he ) is ennobled
Whoever does
d
he
had
men
is ennobled
Whichever was
Whatever crushes individuality
13.
He raised maid
despotism
10.
bring
I told
x
the
m
fro
him
stores are deposited
depot is
place (
)
a
A
e)
ere
12.
wh
(place)
(th
she knelt
lightest
the
is
to
11.
tly
true
d
were
goo
a
at
deed
tan
Wh
Whoever does
ins
What
tly
had
goo
a
true
tan
he
deed
ins
were
men
what
world
betrays itself
in
8.
He
x
right
false
in
6.
did
was
depot is
place
a
A
the
m
fro
stores are deposited
ere
wh
N.B.: The diagram above represents the
sentence as suggested by R&K. A better
solution at right has the adverb clause
serving as a noun object of from. The
identification of an understood place is
thereby avoided, though it has an adverb
serving as a noun (cf. home, yesterday).
ere
He raised maid
wh
ere
wh
she knelt
Youth is
seeds
character
Youth is
time (
time
en
the
seeds are sown
en
16. (you) Mark
operations are conducted
by
Antonio
ere
the
y
st
ain
ag
loo
a
wh
s ing
universe
wh
of
the
the
suit
he followed
se
no
x
duke
laws
tho
reason
of
tic
jes
ma
would give
simplicity
the
Shylock
)
the
wh
of
character
15.
are sown
wh
of
14.
N.B.: As with (13) and (14) the diagrams at for (15)
and (16) represent the sentences as suggested by
R&K. A better solution has the adverb clause
serving as a noun in apposition to the nouns time,
reason, and laws, i.e., the means, respectively.
EXERCISE 203
1. The antecedent of a pronoun is the noun phrase which has the same reference. 2. (1) its; (2) their. 3. To clarify
what is being referred to the number of the noun phrase ought to agree with the number of the pronoun that refers to
it. (1) Tree is singular and its is third person neuter singular. (2) Trees is plural and their is third person plural. 4.
The subject neither logically refers to (not) one. 5. Their may be adequate to make a reference to the same thing, but
her would be better. Their normally has reference to more than one ship, whereas her would clearly refer to (not) one
ship. 6. The use of their to refer to the same thing as person and child would give the impression that the writer is
careless about reference. 7. (6) Both regiments laid down their arms. (7) Each must provide his own books. (8) No
faithful girl will forget her duties. 8. When the noun phrase being referred to represents something that is unary in
nature. 9. When the noun phrase being referred to represents something that is multiple in nature. 10. When the
noun phrase being referred to represents something that is female in nature.
EXERCISE 204
1. his (neither is singular), their (his is masculine) 2. he (each is singular), they (he is masculine) 3. his (one is
singular), their (his is masculine) 4. its (the beaver is singular) 5. himself (everybody is singular), themselves (himself
is masculine) 6. his (a person is singular), their (his is masculine) 7. he (one is singular), one (he is masculine). 8. it
(“Little Women” refers to a single book) 9. it (this is singular) 10. his (every man is singular), their (his is masculine) 11.
his (each installer is singular), their (his is masculine) 12. They (my shears is plural) 13. his (which of the two is
singular), their (his is masculine) 14. himself (each is singular), themselves (himself is masculine) 15. himself (a
person is singular), themselves (himself is masculine) 16. her (each of the girls is feminine singular) 17. his (a person’s
is singular), their (his is masculine) 18. it (“My Girls” is singular) 19. him (thine enemy is singular), them (him is
masculine) 20. he (anybody is singular), they (he is masculine) 21. his (many a man is masculine singular) 22. him
(anybody is singular), them (him is masculine)
EXERCISE 205
1. their (Joseph and Benjamin were full brothers.) 2. its (An even temper and kind feeling is a single trait of character.)
3. their (Envy and hatred are two vices.) 4. its (Poverty and wealth are considered each separately.) 5. his (Each officer
and each soldier is considered singly and presumably are male.) 6. his [her] (My classmate and companion is one and
the same [fe]male person.) 7. its (Every bus and every plane are considered singly.) 8. his or her or their (Every lady
and every gentleman are considered separately, but each has but one sex.) 9. his (The husband and father is but one
male person.) 10. its (Every city and village and farm is considered separate for mustering purposes.)
EXERCISE 206
1. The singular pronoun his should be used to represent the singular noun phrases “the lawyer” and “the physician,”
which are connected by “neither…nor,” and hence are to be taken separately. 2. The singular pronoun it should be
used to represent the singular noun phrases “thy hand” and “thy foot,” which are connected by “or,” and hence are to
be taken separately. 3. The singular pronoun one should be used to represent the singular noun phrases “a good
house” and “a good farm,” which are connected by “or,” and hence are to be taken separately. 4. The singular pronoun
his or hers should be used to represent the singular noun phrases “Kevin” and “Carrie,” which are connected by
“neither…nor,” and hence are to be taken separately. 5. The singular pronoun his or hers should be used to represent
the singular noun phrases “no man” and “no woman,” which are conceptually connected by “or,” and hence are to be
taken separately.
EXERCISE 207
1. Their (The possession of seats was an individual choice.) 2. Its (The verdict was to be decided then submitted
together as a body.) 3. Its (The speaker of the House will represent the whole body of representatives.) 4. Their (The
Aldermen will each have separate opinions.) 5. Its (The members of our club will come together.) 6. Its (The officers of
the post will represent the members together.)
EXERCISE 208
1. I (The nominative I, and not the objective me, should be used as the subject of will go according to the rule, “Avoid
using an objective case form as subject or as an attribute complement in formal speech or writing.” We should logically
say, “You and I will go together.”) 2. We (The nominative we, and not the objective us, should be used as the subject of
shouldn’t form according to the rule, “Avoid using an objective case form as subject or as an attribute complement in
formal speech or writing.” We should logically say, “Why shouldn’t we girls form a club?”) 3. Thou (The nominative
thou, and not the objective thee, should be used as the subject of must obey according to the rule, “Avoid using an
objective case form as subject or as an attribute complement in formal speech or writing.” We should logically say, “Thy
father sayeth that (thou, thee) must obey.”) 4. He (The nominative he, and not the objective him, should be used as the
attribute complement of were according to the rule, “Avoid using an objective case form as subject or as an attribute
complement in formal speech or writing.” We should logically say, “I would go if I were he.”) 5. She (The nominative
she, and not the objective her, should be used as the attribute complement of was according to the rule, “Avoid using
an objective case form as subject or as an attribute complement in formal speech or writing.” We should logically say,
“You said it was she that called.”) 6. They (The nominative they, and not the objective them, should be used as the
subject of want according to the rule, “Avoid using an objective case form as subject or as an attribute complement in
formal speech or writing.” We should logically say, “They that have want more.”) 7. Who (The nominative who, and not
the objective whom, should be used as the attribute complement of will be according to the rule, “Avoid using an
objective case form as subject or as an attribute complement in formal speech or writing.” We should logically say, “I do
not know who it will be.”) 8. Whoever (The nominative whoever, and not the objective whomever, should be used as the
subject of is according to the rule, “Avoid using an objective case form as subject or as an attribute complement in
formal speech or writing.” We should logically say, “Reward whoever is deserving.”) 9. Who (The nominative who, and
not the objective whom, should be used as the attribute complement of is according to the rule, “Avoid using an
objective case form as subject or as an attribute complement in formal speech or writing.” We should logically say,
“Who do you think it is?”) 10. We (The nominative we, and not the objective us, should be used as the attribute
complement of is according to the rule, “Avoid using an objective case form as subject or as an attribute complement in
formal speech or writing.” We should logically say, “It is not we who are to blame.”) 11. She (The nominative she, and
not the objective her, should be used as the attribute complement of is according to the rule, “Avoid using an objective
case form as subject or as an attribute complement in formal speech or writing.” We should logically say, “Was it she
that came last?”) 12. He (The nominative he, and not the objective him, should be used as the subject of (the
understood verb) can entertain according to the rule, “Avoid using an objective case form as subject or as an attribute
complement in formal speech or writing.” We should logically say, “Few can entertain an audience better than he.”) 13.
They (The nominative they, and not the objective them, should be used as the attribute complement of could have
been according to the rule, “Avoid using an objective case form as subject or as an attribute complement in formal
speech or writing.” We should logically say, “I do not think it could have been they.”) 14. I (The nominative I, and not
the objective me, should be used as the subject of (the understood verb) know according to the rule, “Avoid using an
objective case form as subject or as an attribute complement in formal speech or writing.” We should logically say, “She
knows better than you or I.”) 15. They (The nominative they, and not the objective them, should be used as the subject
of should be rewarded according to the rule, “Avoid using an objective case form as subject or as an attribute
complement in formal speech or writing.” We should logically say, “They that do well should be rewarded.”) 16. She
(The nominative she, and not the objective her, should be used as the subject of (the understood verb) is according to
the rule, “Avoid using an objective case form as subject or as an attribute complement in formal speech or writing.” We
should logically say, “How much older are you than she?”) 17. He (The nominative he, and not the objective him,
should be used as the subject of are according to the rule, “Avoid using an objective case form as subject or as an
attribute complement in formal speech or writing.” We should logically say, “Where are you and he to stay?”) 18. I (The
nominative I, and not the objective me, should be used as the subject of (the understood verb) will ask according to the
rule, “Avoid using an objective case form as subject or as an attribute complement in formal speech or writing.” We
should logically say, “Who will ask for it, you or I?”)
EXERCISE 209
1. Me (The use of the nominative I instead of the objective me as the object of the preposition between would be against
the rule, “Avoid using the nominative case form of a pronoun that has three case forms as the object of a verb or a
preposition in formal speech or writing”; hence we should say, “Let this be a secret between you and me.”) 2. Whom
(The use of the nominative who instead of the objective whom as the object of the verb choose would be against the
rule, “Avoid using the nominative case form of a pronoun that has three case forms as the object of a verb or a
preposition in formal speech or writing”; hence we should say, “Whom did they choose?”) 3. Him (The use of the
nominative he instead of the objective him as the object of the verb want would be against the rule, “Avoid using the
nominative case form of a pronoun that has three case forms as the object of a verb or a preposition in formal speech
or writing”; hence we should say, “I want you and him to go.”) 4. Her (The use of the nominative she instead of the
objective her as the object of the preposition for would be against the rule, “Avoid using the nominative case form of a
pronoun that has three case forms as the object of a verb or a preposition in formal speech or writing”; hence we
should say, “Nothing is too good for you nor her either.”) 5. Whom (The use of the nominative who instead of the
objective whom as the object of the verb did see would be against the rule, “Avoid using the nominative case form of a
pronoun that has three case forms as the object of a verb or a preposition in formal speech or writing”; hence we
should say, “Whom did you see?”) 6. Whom (The use of the nominative who instead of the objective whom as the object
of the verb mean would be against the rule, “Avoid using the nominative case form of a pronoun that has three case
forms as the object of a verb or a preposition in formal speech or writing”; hence we should say, “Tell me whom you
mean.”) 7. Her (The use of the nominative she instead of the objective her as the object of the preposition except would
be against the rule, “Avoid using the nominative case form of a pronoun that has three case forms as the object of a
verb or a preposition in formal speech or writing”; hence we should say, “There was no one to go except her and her
mother.”) 8. Him (The use of the nominative he instead of the objective him as the object of the verb wanted would be
against the rule, “Avoid using the nominative case form of a pronoun that has three case forms as the object of a verb
or a preposition in formal speech or writing”; hence we should say, “I wanted you and him to come back.”) 9. Whom
(The use of the nominative who instead of the objective whom as the object of the preposition for would be against the
rule, “Avoid using the nominative case form of a pronoun that has three case forms as the object of a verb or a
preposition in formal speech or writing”; hence we should say, “Whom is this package for?”) 10. Them (The use of the
nominative they instead of the objective them as the object of the verb will honor would be against the rule, “Avoid
using the nominative case form of a pronoun that has three case forms as the object of a verb or a preposition in
formal speech or writing”; hence we should say, “Them that honor me I will honor.”) 11. Whomever (The use of the
nominative whoever instead of the objective whomever as the object of the verb choose would be against the rule,
“Avoid using the nominative case form of a pronoun that has three case forms as the object of a verb or a preposition in
formal speech or writing”; hence we should say, “Send whomever you choose.”) 12. Whomsoever (The use of the
nominative whosoever instead of the objective whomsoever as the object of the verb select would be against the rule,
“Avoid using the nominative case form of a pronoun that has three case forms as the object of a verb or a preposition in
formal speech or writing”; hence we should say, “I will give it to whomsoever you select.”) 13. Whom (The use of the
nominative who instead of the objective whom as the object of the verb appoint would be against the rule, “Avoid using
the nominative case form of a pronoun that has three case forms as the object of a verb or a preposition in formal
speech or writing”; hence we should say, “Whom did he appoint as executor?”) 14. Me (The use of the nominative I
instead of the objective me as the object of the preposition for would be against the rule, “Avoid using the nominative
case form of a pronoun that has three case forms as the object of a verb or a preposition in formal speech or writing”;
hence we should say, “This is for you and me.”) 15. Me (The use of the nominative I instead of the objective me as the
object of the verb let would be against the rule, “Avoid using the nominative case form of a pronoun that has three case
forms as the object of a verb or a preposition in formal speech or writing”; hence we should say, “Let’s you and me
bring a snow board.”)
EXERCISE 210
1. It is I. It is you. It is he. It is she. It is we. It is they. It wasn’t I. It wasn’t you. It wasn’t he. It wasn’t she. It wasn’t we.
It wasn’t they. 2. Is it I? Is it you? Is it he? Is it she? Is it we? Is it they? No, it is I. No, it is you. No, it is he. No, it is
she. No, it is we. No, it is they. 3. It is not I nor you. It is not you nor he. It is not he nor she. It is not she nor we. It is
not we nor they. It is not they nor I. 4. I and you will go. You and he will go. He and she will go. She and we will go. We
and they will go. They and I will go. 5. Neither I nor you went. Neither you nor he went. Neither he nor she went.
Neither she nor we went. Neither we nor they went. Neither they nor I went. 6. Those are for me and you. Those are for
you and him. Those are for him and her. Those are for her and us. Those are for us and them. Those are for them and
me. 7. He mistook me for you. He mistook you for him. He mistook him for her. He mistook her for us. He mistook us for
them. He mistook them for me. 8. Do you know who it is? Do you know what it is? Do you know which it is? 9. It can’t
be I. It must be you. It can’t be you. It must be he. It can’t be he. It must be she. It can’t be she. It must be we. It can’t
be we. It must be they. It can’t be they. It must be I. 10. Was it I? No, it was you. Was it you? No, it was he. Was it he?
No, it was she. Was it she? No, it was we. Was it we? No, it was they. Was it they? No, it was I. 11. They saw me and
you. They saw you and him. They saw him and her. They saw her and us. They saw us and them. They saw them and
me. 12. Between me and you …. Between you and him …. Between him and her …. Between her and us …. Between us
and them …. Between them and me …. 13. Do you know whom he sent? Do you know what he sent? 14. He knows
whom it is for. He knows what it is for. He knows which it is for. 15. I knew it was you. You knew it was he. He knew it
was she. She knew it was we. We knew it was they. They knew it was I. 16. I knew it to be you. You knew it to be he.
He knew it to be she. She knew it to be we. We knew it to be they. They knew it to be I.
EXERCISE 211
1. Was it you or I that made the mistake? (The nominative form as subject of made.) 2. It was intended for either you or
him. (The objective form as object of for.) 3. Whom did he send with you? (The objective form as object of send.) 4. Was
it he whom you met at my uncle’s? (The nominative form he as attribute complement of is, the objective form whom as
object of met.) 5. Be careful whom you admit into your friendship. (The objective form as object of admit.) 6. No matter
who the poor fellow is, help him. (The nominative form as attribute complement of is.) 7. All that I have told you is
between you and me. (That introduces a restrictive clause; the objective form me follows the preposition.) 8. Whom
shall we send in his place? (The objective form as object of send.) 9. The committee did not agree in their opinion.
(Several opinions, one for each member suggests a plural concept in the collective noun subject.) 10. We saw the
procession with its banner. (The procession was a single collection of people under one banner.) 11. There are few
better men than he. (The nominative form follows than as a conjunction with the verb is understood.) 12. Each of them
must answer for himself. (The standard singular objective form after the preposition for.) 13. Who besides him do you
think was rewarded? (The nominative form as subject of was rewarded.) 14. Nobody should praise himself. (The
standard singular objective form as object of praise.) 15. Can you forgive us girls for our foolishness? (The objective
form as object of the verb forgive.) 16. Every man and boy took off his hat. (The singular refers to every man and boy
individually.) 17. Please explain the criteria: I do not understand them. (The plural refers to the criteria as more than
one criterion.) 18. That distinguished orator and statesman will give his lecture tonight. (The singular refers to the
lecturer, who is one person.) 19. Neither the king nor the queen wore the royal robes. (The couple is of both sexes, so
the choice of a particular gender should be avoided.)
EXERCISE 212
1. 1. Whom (Restrictive clause, object of trusted.) 2. Which (Explanitory clause, non-person as antecedent.) 3. That
(Restrictive clause, non-persons as antecedent.) 4. That (Restrictive clause, who also works.) 5. That (Restrictive clause
with all as antecedent.) 6. That (Restrictive clause, persons and non-persons as antecedent.) 7. Which (Restrictive
clause, non-personal, collective antecedent.) 8. That (Restrictive clause, superlative as antecedent.) 9. Who
(Explanitory clause, person antecedent.) 10. That (Restrictive clause, collective antecedent.); which (Restrictive clause,
collective antecedent, object of preposition.) 11. That (restrictive clause, persons and non-persons antecedent.) 2. 1.
Tribes is more than two so that one another is the more appropriate expression. 2. Either is for a choice between two,
not five; one would be better. 3. The reciprocal relationship between two is best expressed with each other. 4. There is
no grammatical relation for the connector within the adjective clause; better would be: that had had its wings shot off,
or the wings of which had been shot off.
EXERCISE 213
1. An adjective is the part of speech of lexemes whose typical function is to modify the scope of what the noun
denotes. 2. Bright, intelligent, poor, anthracite, brightest, dark, dreadful, tall, Russian, cheerless, large, Asiatic,
poisonous, decaying, lame, written, salty. 3. Six, three. 4. Any, some, which, six, several, what, those, every, tenth, all,
the, this. 5. A predicate adjective is an attribute complement, i.e., one that describes the subject. 6. brightest, cheerless,
poisonous, lame, salty. 7. Which, what. 8. Russian (Russia), Asiatic (Asia). 9. Decaying, written. 10. Any, some, six,
several, three, every, all. 11. Dark, dreadful. (poetic)
EXERCISE 214
1. Genoese navigators sailed under the Spanish flag. 2. The American flag and the Italian flag have three colors each. 3.
Persian carpets and Turkish rugs are imported. 4. Chinese lanterns and Japanese fans are sold here. 5. The windows
have Venetian blinds. 6. He is an excellent Shakespearean reader. 7. Which are more valuable, American or African
diamonds? 8. He played several French airs. 9. Draw a Maltese cross and a Greek cross. 10. We met two Spaniards, a
Frenchman, and several Brazilians. 11. Chochineal is a Mexican product.
EXERCISE 215
1. 1. The (definite article) human (identifying) body is a (indefinite article) study for one’s (possessive determiner) whole
(reference intensifier) life. 2. Betwixt Ø (indefinite article) eyes and Ø (indefinite article) nose a (article) strange
(descriptive) contest arose. 3. The (definite article) streams of Ø (indefinite article) small (descriptive) pleasures fill the
(definite article) lake of Ø (indefinite article) happiness. 4. The (definite article) fate of Ø (indefinite article) empires
depends upon the (definite article) education of Ø (indefinite article) youth. 5. How Ø (indefinite article) use doth breed
a (indefinite article) habit in a (indefinite article) man! 6. The (definite article) first (ordinal) and greatest (descriptive)
end of Ø (indefinite article) education is the (definite article) discipline of the (definite article) mind. 7. In the (definite
article) course of our (possessive determiner) reading we should lay up in our (possessive determiner) minds a
(indefinite article) store of Ø (indefinite article) goodly (descriptive) thoughts in Ø (indefinite article) well-wrought
(descriptive) words. 8. The (definite article) robin and the (definite article) blue (identifying) bird fill all (quantifier) the
(definite article) blossoming (descriptive) orchards with their (possessive determiner) glee, and the (definite article)
joyous (descriptive) skylark gives out a (indefinite article) flood of Ø (indefinite article) song among the (definite article)
clouds. 9. Here rest the (definite article) great (descriptive as noun) and good (descriptive as noun) in Ø (indefinite
article) lowly (descriptive) graves. 10. Many (quantifier) persons have no (negative indefinite article) ear for Ø (indefinite
article) music; but everyone has an (indefinite article) ear for Ø (indefinite article) skilful (descriptive) reading. 11. The
(definite article) ruby-throated (identifying) humming (identifying) bird — the (definite article) loveliest (descriptive) one
of the (definite article) whole (reference intensifier) family — is a (indefinite article) native of the (definite article)
Southern (identifying) States. 12. On the (definite article) quarter (identifying) deck of the (definite article) flag
(identifying) ship stood Admiral Sir John Narborough, the (definite article) first (ordinal) seaman in all (quantifier)
England. 13. In the (definite article) market (identifying) place of Bruges stands the (definite article) belfry old
(descriptive) and brown (descriptive). 14. Study Ø (indefinite article) wisdom, and you will reap Ø (indefinite article)
pleasure. 15. Ø (indefinite article) Laziness grows on Ø (indefinite article) people; it begins in cobwebs, and it ends in
iron (descriptive) chains. 16. Among the (definite article) pitfalls in our (possessive determiner) way / The (definite
article) best (descriptive as noun) of us walk blindly. 17. Ø (indefinite article) Duty points, with outstretched
(descriptive) fingers, / Every (distributive identifier) soul to action high (descriptive). 18. Oft on the (definite article)
trampling (descriptive) band, from Ø (indefinite article) crown / Of some (indefinite identifier) tall (descriptive) cliff, the
(definite article) deer look down. 19. Silently, one by one, in the (definite article) infinite (descriptive) meadows of Ø
(indefinite article) heaven, / Blossomed the (definite article) lovely (descriptive) stars, the (definite article) forget-me-nots
of the (definite article) angels. 20. Ø (indefinite article) Hands of Ø (indefinite article) angels, unseen (descriptive) by
mortal (identifying) eyes, shifted the (definite article) scenery of the (definite article) heavens; the (definite article) glories
of Ø (indefinite article) night dissolved into the (definite article) glories of the (definite article) dawn. 2. 1. (article) An
anxious preacher gave worrisome words to the eager congregation. 2. (identifier) Some people didn’t want any free food
and one poor person ate no food at all. 3. (distributive) Every loving youngster would kiss either departing parent, then
closing neither eye would watch each careful step. 4. (possessive determiner) Your colorful tie is in my tasty soup. 5.
(demonstrative) That bright student will want this exact reference soon. 6. (quantity adjective) Many sudden storms
dropped too much heavy rain in just two short hours. 7. (interrogative adjective) What deep mine yields which valuable
mineral? 8. (indef. conj. adj.) List on whatever scrap paper you have which useful words are of which kinds. 9.
(reference intensifier) Several faithful members paid dues their whole lifetime.
EXERCISE 216
1. (1) large (2) larger (3) largest 2. (2) Lake Erie and Lake Michigan 3. Their size by surface area. 4. Lake Michigan 5.
The adjective has the morpheme suffix –er appended to it. 6. (3) All of the lakes in the world. 7. No lake has a greater
size than Lake Superior. 8. Lake Superior 9. The adjective has the morpheme suffix –est appended to it.
EXERCISE 217
1. Happier (comparative); nobler (comparative); musty (positive); clearer (comparative); slower (comparative); nearest
(superlative); hot (positive); proper (positive); bright (positive); slender (positive); small (positive); politer (comparative);
fairest (superlative); luckiest (superlative); surest (superlative) 2. Thin (thinner, thinnest); feeble (feebler, feeblest);
strong (stronger, strongest); merry (merrier, merriest); lofty (loftier, loftiest); brave (braver, bravest); short (shorter,
shortest); jolly (jollier, jolliest); pretty (prettier, prettiest); red (redder, reddest); coy (coyer, coyest); gloomy (gloomier,
gloomiest); keen (keener, keenest); shy (shyer, shyest); rough (rougher, roughest); great (greater, greatest); mighty
(mightier, mightiest); lovely (lovelier, loveliest); idle (idler, idlest); profound (profounder, profoundest). 3. Merry, lofty,
jolly, pretty, gloomy, mighty, and lovely; those whose y has the [ij] sound. Feeble, idle; those ending in the syllable -le.
Thin, red; those consisting of a single syllable having a short vowel sound and ending in a single consonant letter.
EXERCISE 218
1. Handsomer (more handsome); more shallow (shallower); most sincere (sincerest); fittest (most fit); more handy
(handier); sauciest (most saucy); most ample (amplest); narrowest (most narrow); slenderest (most slender); more
nimble (nimblest); braver (more brave); gentlest (most gentle). 2. Handsomer (less handsome); more shallow (less
shallow); most sincere (least sincere); fittest (least fit); more handy (less handy); sauciest (least saucy); most ample
(least ample); narrowest (least narrow); slenderest (least slender); more nimble (less nimble); braver (less brave);
gentlest (least gentle). 3. Luscious (three syllable adjective); empty (non-gradable; denotes extreme degree); hollow (not
exceptional); supreme (non-gradable; denotes extreme degree); wrong (non-gradable; denotes extreme degree); tenth
(non-gradable; denotes extreme degree); deaf (non-gradable; denotes extreme degree); particular (three syllable
adjective); false(non-gradable; denotes extreme degree); vain (non-gradable; denotes extreme degree); fashionable (three
syllable adjective); naked (non-gradable; denotes extreme degree); honest (non-gradable; denotes extreme degree);
lucrative (three syllable adjective); void (non-gradable; denotes extreme degree); these (non-gradable; denotes extreme
degree); blind (non-gradable; denotes extreme degree); equal (non-gradable; denotes extreme degree); fatal (nongradable; denotes extreme degree); dry (gradable); wet (gradable); best (non-gradable; denotes extreme degree); mean
(gradable in some denotations; non-gradable when it denotes extreme degree)); dutiful (three syllable adjective); level
(non-gradable; denotes extreme degree).
EXERCISE 219
1.
+
1. (Gentle) rains revive <the <thirsty>> fields. 2. {(Firm-paced) |and| (slow)}, <a <horrid>> front they bore.
+
3. {Calm |and| serene} <as <the <iron>> walls <around him>>, stood Regulus ((the) Roman).
+
4. (Many) amusements appear harmless (which are (really) dangerous).
+
5. {(The) painting looks attractive}|, but| {(the) artist does [not] seem satisfied}.
6. ((A) few) critics have pronounced it perfect.
7. (The) government considered him competent [he to command].
+
+
+
8. you Make [the] house <<where> gods may dwell> {beautiful|,| entire|, and| clean}.
9. Many try [in vain] {many to be happy}.
+
10. (The) people found <their <new>> ruler {ruler to be {cruel |and| blood thirsty}}.
+
11. {{Appearing honest} |and| {being honest}} are <very <different>> things.
+
13. Medicine [only] made <the> patient worse.
12. You must tell me [about {<what> things you see}.
14. {To be prodigal [in youth]} is {to be needy [in age]}.
15. {[Which] course} would you advise him {he to take}?
16. {[Whatever] efforts you make} will be rewarded.
+
17. Fortune may make <a> man famous, |but| it can[not] make him great.
+
18. It finds him poor |;| it makes him rich.
2. 1. Gentle (descriptive adjective modifying rains) the (article modifying thirsty fields) thirsty (descriptive adjective
modifying fields). 2. Firm-paced (descriptive adjective modifying they) slow (descriptive adjective modifying they) a
(article modifying horrid front) horrid (descriptive adjective modifying front). 3. Calm (descriptive adjective modifying
Regulus the Roman) serene (descriptive adjective modifying Regulus the Roman) [as (relative adverb modifying calm and
serene)] the (article modifying iron walls around him) iron (descriptive adjective modifying walls) [the Roman (appositive
modifying Regulus)] 4. Many (quantifier modifying amusements) harmless (descriptive adjective as attribute
complement to appears) dangerous (descriptive adjective as attribute complement to are). 5. The (article modifying
painting) attractive (descriptive adjective as attribute complement to looks) the (article modifying artist) satisfied
(descriptive adjective as attribute complement to does seem). 6. A (article modifying few) a few (quantifier modifying
critics) perfect (descriptive adjective as object complement to have pronounced). 7. The (article modifying government)
competent (descriptive adjective as object complement to considered). 8. beautiful (descriptive adjective as object
complement to make) entire (descriptive adjective as object complement to make) clean (descriptive adjective as object
complement to make). 9. [Many (adjectival pronoun from quantifier as subject)] happy (descriptive adjective as
attribute complement to infinitive to be). 10. The (article modifying people) their (possessive determiner modifying new
ruler) new (descriptive adjective modifying ruler) cruel (descriptive adjective as attribute complement to to be) blood
thirsty (descriptive adjective as attribute complement to to be). 11. honest (descriptive adjective as attribute
complement to gerund appearing) honest (descriptive adjective as attribute complement to gerund being) different
(descriptive adjective modifying things). 12. what (conjunctive adjective modifying things). 13. the (article modifying
patient) worse (descriptive adjective as object complement to made). 14. prodigal (descriptive adjective as attribute
complement to infinitive to be) needy (descriptive adjective as attribute complement to infinitive to be). 15. Which
(interrogative adjective modifying course) 16. Whatever (conjunctive adjective modifying efforts) [rewarded (perfect
participle as passive voice of reward)] 17. Ø (article modifying Fortune) a (article modifying man) famous (descriptive
adjective as object complement to make) great (descriptive adjective as object complement to make). 18. poor
(descriptive adjective as object complement to finds) rich (descriptive adjective as object complement to make).
EXERCISE 220
1. 1. an 2. a 3. a, an 4. the 5. The, the 6. a, a 2. 1. this (kind of rugs is singular.) 2. that (hose is singular.)
3. that (sort of people is singular.) 4. these (two weeks is plural.) 5. those (demonstrative modifier)
EXERCISE 221
1. Go very quickly. (Quick is an adjective, but quickly is the adverb.) 2. I never heard a truer remark. (More truer is a
double comparative.) 3. Which is larger, — the numerator or the denominator? (Largest compares more than two, but
larger is limited to two.) 4. Which is the better actor, — Connery or Ford? (Best compares more than two, but better is
limited to two.) 5. Speak loud and distinctly. (Distinct is an adjective, whereas distinctly is the adverb.) 6. This is the
quietest part of the city. (Most quietest is a double superlative.) 7. Let such a one rise, if present. (An is the sandhi form
before vowel sounds, whereas one begins with [w]. 8. I never saw anything more neatly done. (Neater is a comparative
adjective, but more neatly is the normal periphrastic adverb phrase for comparing manner adverbs.) 9. Which is nearer
the north pole, — Europe or Asia? (Nearest compares more than two, but nearer is limited to two.) 10. This copy is
very nearly perfect. (Very perfect is illogical, whereas very nearly perfect expresses a possible concept.) 11. Were you
weighed on those scales? (Scales is plural.) 12. He is the most awkward skater on the pond. (Awkwardest is not a wellformed derivation of a superlative; multiple syllables prefer the periphrastic construction with most.) 13. Of all my
friends, I like him best. (Inserting other logically excludes him as a friend.) 14. Brother Charles is taller than any other
member of our family. (Adding other includes Charles as a family member to undergo comparison.)
EXERCISE 222
1. The frightened passengers screamed. The broken airplane stays in the hangar. The best airplanes fly. For dinner the
passengers ate crab. Their plastic knife wouldn’t cut. The rough air punished the aluminum framework. The night grew
dark. First class will drink wine. Those in third class seek forty winks. The last flight will depart soon. She talked me
deaf. The parachute tears upon impact. It looks hopeless. The landing seemed perfect. We saw what we went for. The
geese were in flight. They became hopelessly entangled. The engineer found two in the engine. Will you arm the copilot? He wore a flack-jacket. It feels heavier than normal. The other one had a lead lining. I spoke three words only.
Are you ready? She was not ready. 2. One kind that enlarges on the verb is a direct or indirect object, but the other
kind that describes the subject is an adjective, adverb, or noun as an attribute complement.
EXERCISE 223
1. seems 2. became 3. has turned 4. looks, feels 5. stand 6. lay 7. had been called 8. proved 9. blew 10. smell, taste
11. are born
EXERCISE 224
He did not answer, but she would answer the question. Whenever she boils the water, it boils quickly. The sugar will
dissolve. The hot water will dissolve the sugar. The people returned at five. He returned the lawn mower. The air
smells bad. She smells something fishy. The passengers might survive. Two people did survive the crash. The wing
might break. The fall will break his bones. Loggers went to fell the tree. The tree fell easily. He slipped five dollars
into my pocket. I slipped on the rug. The child believes every last word. I speak it and she believes. The sky becomes
dark at night. Short hair becomes you. Fear shakes my bones. The earth shakes violently. It rained cats and dogs. It
rained this morning. The senator pulls his punches. He uses force and pulls hard. Lightening struck twice. It struck
a tree and a house. The fourteen year old drives a tractor. His car drives by itself. The mice gnaw the sacks. They
gnaw away at night. When they sing we listen. Sometimes they sing a duet. She worries too much. He worries that
he will fall. I felt sick. I felt the money in my pocket. It sounds like English. He sounds the bell at noon. Joe followed
my directions. I went first and Joe followed. It rattled the windows. Then the windows rattled. It tasted like onion. I
tasted the onion. Do you fear the dark? Don’t fear. I want to stay longer. She may stay her husband’s anger.
EXERCISE 225
1. He thinks. (present); I thought. (past); He catches. (present); We study. (present); She rides. (present); They caught.
(past); I walked. (past); You wrote. (past); It stood. (past); We found. (past); I lose. (present); It grows. (present); They
fall. (present); Waves dash. (present); Water freezes. (present); Ice breaks. (present) 2. He thought. (past); I think.
(present); He caught. (past); We studied. (past); She rode. (past); They catch. (present); I walk. (present); You write.
(present); It stands. (present); We find. (present); I lost. (past); It grew. (past); They fell. (past); Waves dashed. (past);
Water froze. (past); Ice broke. (past)
EXERCISE 226
I have. (present); He does. (present); I did. (past); We were. (past); Thou mayest. (present); You may. (present); He
might. (past); I am. (present); He was. (past); I will. (present); They had. (past); She has. (present); Thou canst.
(present); You can. (present); They could. (past); It is. (present); He shall. (present); Thou art. (present); He hath.
(present); You should. (past)
EXERCISE 227
1. Pat; play; begin; can; catch; work; stand; walk; choose; come; wait; bite; try; creep; strike; blow; break; fly; gaze;
bring; burn; whip; do; bleed; dig. 2. Worked; wrote; made; wore; thought; tilled; loved; took; struck; saw; poured; stole;
spoke; sat; sold; ran; rode; guessed; smoked; gave; parted; drove; dreamt/dreamed; asked; tried.
EXERCISE 228
command: (2) dare, (7) speak, (11) be, fear, (12) improve; presumptive: (8) were, (13) were, (14) be; factual: (1) bring,
(4) was, (5) built, (6) work, (10) changed.
EXERCISE 229
I go, you go, he goes, we go, you go, she goes, they go, we go, it goes, the men go, the man goes; I wish, you wish, he
wishes, we wish, you wish, she wishes, they wish, we wish, it wishes, the men wish, the man wishes; I have, you have,
he has, we have, you have, she has, they have, we have, it has, the men have, the man has; I find, you find, he finds,
we find, you find, she finds, they find, we find, it finds, the men find, the man finds; I ply, you ply, he plies, we ply, you
ply, she plies, they ply, we ply, it plies, the men ply, the man plies; I do, you do, he does, we do, you do, she does, they
do, we do, it does, the men do, the man does; I perch, you perch, he perches, we perch, you perch, she perches, they
perch, we perch, it perches, the men perch, the man perches; I crouch, you crouch, he crouches, we crouch, you
crouch, she crouches, they crouch, we crouch, it crouches, the men crouch, the man crouches; I row, you row, he
rows, we row, you row, she rows, they row, we row, it rows, the men row, the man rows; I deny, you deny, he denies,
we deny, you deny, she denies, they deny, we deny, it denies, the men deny, the man denies; I watch, you watch, he
watches, we watch, you watch, she watches, they watch, we watch, it watches, the men watch, the man watches; I lie,
you lie, he lies, we lie, you lie, she lies, they lie, we lie, it lies, the men lie, the man lies; I smash, you smash, he
smashes, we smash, you smash, she smashes, they smash, we smash, it smashes, the men smash, the man smashes;
I cry, you cry, he cries, we cry, you cry, she cries, they cry, we cry, it cries, the men cry, the man cries; I lay, you lay,
he lays, we lay, you lay, she lays, they lay, we lay, it lays, the men lay, the man lays.
EXERCISE 230
1. Running, broken, playing, flying, fallen, to take, grown, to wait. 2. Nouns: running, playing, flying, to take, to wait.
Adjectives: running, broken, playing, flying, fallen, grown.
EXERCISE 231
Verbal nouns: (3) to draw, (4) drawing, (7) to work, to win, (8) telling, (13) smoking, playing, (14) to waste, to want.
Verbal adjectives: (1) drawing, (2) drawn, (6) shot, (9) standing, (10) plowed (11) carried, (12) carrying.
EXERCISE 232
1. Infinitives: (5) to rescue (adverbial of purpose), (6) to write (subject of is), (7) to stay (adverbial of purpose), (8) to
walk (object of tried), (9) to run (object of forbade), (10) to go (object of desire), to go (object of wish), go (verb phrase
with will). Gerunds: (1) carrying (object of for), (2) writing (subject of is), making (attr. comp. of is), (3) writing (object of
try), (9) eating (object of after). 2. 1. These are trucks to carry milk. 2. To write letters is to make signs. 3. Have you
ever tried to write with your left hand? 5. ?We ran for rescuing them. 6. Writing letters easily is an accomplishment. 7.
?He came for staying here for his health. 8. He has tried walking without his crutches. 9. His physician forbade him
running after eating. 10. ?I desire going. *I wish going. +I will going. (different meaning) 3. to inform, informing; to
saunter, sauntering; to remove, removing; to save, saving; to emit, emitting; to disestablish, disestablishing; to
obfuscate, obfuscating; to avoid, avoiding; to perambulate, perambulating; to disambiguate, disambiguating.
1.
EXERCISE 233
2.
Portions
may be cut
We receive good
4.
Success
3.
depends
pain
capable
of
e
e
seat ing
persons
thousand
writ i ng
letter
t
tha
tly
so
nea
ety
nin
6.
ur
Yo
y
usl
oro
vig
ly
adi
ste
tly
den
pru
can sympathize
h
t
wit
hou
wit
t
-no
ha v ing suffered
inju r ing
feelings
of
the
We should avoid
secured
position
the
suffering
7.
produc ing
and
lly
You
onc
Th
on
act ing
era
gen
5.
Coliseum was
t
the
hou
brain
wit
good
off
of
by
do i ng
others
N.B.: R&K do not distinguish between the
noun derived from a verb which allows the
possessive determiner as its subject and the
gerund which carries its nominative subject with
it: “You writing that letter so neatly secured the
position.”
go i ng
al o
ud
d
will depend
hi s
8.
consent
’s
her
f at
my
re
giv ing
o
Go
t he
My
rea d ing
9.
is
11a. campaign
was celebrated
accomplishment
e
rar
on
a
up
cack ling
of
e
Th
geese
song
in
Su
ebr
is
12.
en
cel
ott
of
All
discussion
org
ny
g-f
ma
g
silenc ling
lon
a
ch
itin
saved Rome
exc
the
10.
assumption
at ed
song
in
of
an
infallibility
ott
en
old
ned
river
rde
ha
o
ez ing
e
squ
int
the
y
15.
fell
gra
a
sp ing
wa
Ashtabula
14b. train
the
gi
at
e
Th
v ing
org
sinner
fell
train
bridge
g-f
ch
g
itin
14a.
lon
a
He was
ny
exc
13.
Su
the
N.B.: The idea here is that the passive voice has been
interrupted, and that the participle has become an
attribute complement. Such now tells not the manner of
the celebrating but the extent to which it was of the
celebrated kind.
ma
was
11b. campaign
have heard
of
n’s
cke
the
course
Di
exercise
“constitutionals”
of
of
o
int
the
river
You
Talk ing
bridge
gi
at
e
Th
N.B.: The syntactic subject of give way is
bridge, yet logically according to its sense in
the sentence, the bridge at Ashtabula giving
Ashtabula
way is adverbial and modifies the predicate.
The train fell into the river by reason of the
bridge giving way. Most telling is that the
participle phrase does not limit, classify, nor identify its subject; it
seems instead to enlarge upon the predicate so as to give the reason.
v ing
y
wa
EXERCISE 234
of
command
e
lim
and
catch sunbeams
ieu
to
a
will
decision
of
’s
e
Th
3.
on
trap
to
is
hot-house
hel
Ric
1.
force
rested
title
su b
2.
character
Many were defeated
of
4.
attempts
will strive
We
to
to
the
please you
assassinate William ( Silent )
the
6.
delusions
to
Wounds
are
to
words
sell
wander
ain
to
to
to
ent
le
ng
shi r
e
oth
ve
an
ati
build
palace
clear cornfields
seek lands
ag
ay
off
and
to
aw
res
rep
e
Th
and
new
l ing farm
new
sel
N.B.: The participle is taken as
serving as a sentence adverb.
his
to
to
be
good
be
9.
great
N.B.: The infinitive phrase is
here used adverbially to
modify the adverb enough.
To eat = to be eaten.
apples
are
h
be
eat
just
in
estimate
of
r
ou
r
ou
conquer it
ly
to
ire
ent
to
bear fate
ug
to
To
N.B.: To, in each of these phrases, shows no relation — it
serves merely to introduce. The complements good and great
are adjectives used abstractly, having no noun to relate to.
eno
t
ese
is
ripe
no
Th
10.
11.
heal
de
by
wanders
hard
ma
N.B.: The infinitive phrase is here used
adverbially to modify the adjective hard.
To heal = to be healed.
Yankee
us
s
7.
8.
happy
les
s
refine
make
rm
the
and
th
ou
eni
race
tend
ha
ese
for
fashion
Th
steps
to
Art
Ing
5.
is
12.
is
impossible
others
to
forgive
14.
13.
vengeance
He
is
to
N.B.: The infinitive phrase here
performs the office of an adjective.
To be innocent = innocent.
innocent
be
seemed
ourselves
to
ape voice
st
ble
to
no
e
Th
govern
to
dogs
We should learn
appeared
me
e
Th
her
15.
16.
know him
n’s
17.
attempts
hill
Ea
nd
ch
bli
EXERCISE 235
to
to
leave
me
mouth
t
t
ou
ou
his
ab
ab
2.
is
Paul was
to
friend
1.
open
t
bu
w
on
no
My
go
us
us
No
r
Fo
to
know faults
r
to
ou
Fo
r
know faults
ou
profitable
r
is
4a.
is
4b.
N.B.: For introduces the subject phrase; the
principal part of the entire phrase is us to know
our faults; the principal word is us, which is
modified by the phrase to know our faults.
5.
God
way
3.
made
work
profitable
remains
N.B.: But is here a preposition.
N.B.: However, introducing
another set of stilts seems
superfluous, since the logical
subject would as easily
include the connector: for us
to know our faults. The
relationship to the infinitive
of purpose seems natural
enough and the relationship
of the infinitive to us
remains the same.
Hi
s
to
for
er
nev
N.B.: The principal term of the phrase for
man to mend is not man, but man to mend.
man
mend
man
to
to
a
find
proud
be
of
It
r
Fo
7.
learning
ignorance
his
is
6.
fault
)
(
is
easy
ate
the
gre
N.B.: The infinitive phrase to find fault explains the subject it.
Read the sentence without it, and you will see the real nature of
the phrase. This use of it as a substitute for the real subject is a
very common idiom of our language. It allows the real subject to
follow the verb, and thus gives the sentence balance of parts.
st
to
to
in
the
9.
It
)
(
is
hope
natural
to
way
to
is
not
)
(
of
it
ut
It
illusions
the
abo
8.
indulge
lies
tell
argue vice
man
a
n
dow
to
to
teach young
the
10.
)
(
may become
Th
x
He
wait
me
made
to
be
is
all
delightful
life
N.B.: The infinitive wait (here used without to) completes made and
relates to me. He made-wait me = He detained me.
Cf. I saw him do it with I saw him doing it. Cf. also He made the stick
bend — equaling He made-bend (= bent) the stick — with He made the
stick straight — equaling He made-straight (= straightened) the stick.
The logical relation of these objective complements to me, him, and
stick may be more clearly seen by changing the form of the verb,
thus: I was made to wait; He was seen to do it, He was seen doing it;
The stick was made to bend; The stick was made straight.
is
12.
)
of
task
(
not
11.
It
live
true
to
13.
We
found
be lowered
report
the
14a.
He
commanded
bridge
the
N.B.: There is a difference in construction
between this sentence and the sentence He
bridge
commanded him to lower the bridge. Him
represents the one to whom the command is
given, and to lower the bridge is the object
be lowered
complement. This last sentence = He
commanded him that he should lower the
He
commanded
bridge. Compare He told me to go with He told
14b.
(to) me a story; also He taught (to) me reading.
It may may eventually be helpful to suggest that the student trace the exact relations of the infinitive phrase to the
preceding noun and to the predicate verb. In such cases, the infinitive and its assumed subject may be treated as a
kind of phrase object, equivalent to a clause. This construction would be similar to the Latin “accusative with the
infinitive.”
to
the
x
to
assassinated
be
Nero caused
the
16.
leaves
saw
I
15.
stir
mother ( Agrippina )
is
numbers
17.
$4,000,000,000
)
to
nd’
gla
En
(
nd
rou
debt
put it
in
by
Poppæa
to
his
be
ing persuaded
s
speak
so
18.
has
object
faces
)
l
era
ery
sev
Ev
(
to
19. Louis ( XVI )
make
short
story
and
(
)
g
Marie Antoinette
lon
a
were executed
EXERCISE 236
leaving: present active of leave, fisherman, the direct object shore; sunken: past of sink, reef, no modifiers; kept: past
passive, keep, boat, the adverbial of purpose for his use; hearing: present active of hear, he (the fisherman), the direct
object ship; pounding: present active of pound, ship, adverbial of place on the rocks; bound: past passive of bind, crew,
no modifiers; clinging: imperfect of cling, crew, adverbial of place to the shattered masts; half-frozen: perfect of freeze,
crew, adverb of extent halfway (as prefix); shattered: perfect of shatter, masts, no modifiers; hidden: perfect of hide,
they, adverb of extent partly, adverb of means by the fog, adverb of means by the patches of torn sails; torn: perfect of
tear, sails, no modifiers.
EXERCISE 237
1a.
I
turned
1b.
turned
step
r ing
a
a
He
He
r ing
I
step
a
a
N.B.: Although the syntactic subject of hear
is I, logically according to its sense in the
sentence, hearing a step is adverbial and
modifies the predicate. I turned when or
because I heard a step. Most telling is that
the participle phrase does not limit, classify,
nor identify the subject; if anything, it only
enlarges upon it (non-restrictive).
is
body
3.
fuel
c
pro
l
na
spi
e
Th
la
away
eed
backbone
ing
use
the
for
the
id
extends
marrow
gh
ou
the
thr
rd
wa
wn
m
do
fro
fat
of
e
Th
2.
brain
4.
sat
Van Twiller
in
chair
populace
wn
in
h
sports
of
the
d
s
d
un
iou
city
Hague
aro
tor
e
7.
ate
w ding
vic
sle
p ing
ebr
h
legions
cro
the
wit
the
amphitheater
forest
cel
of
the
ing
id
the
wit
ret
urn
he
had amused
sol
Lentulus
of
ge
hu
a
5.
oak
6a.
lies
natives came
Th
e
Th
ter
e
6b.
natives
came
r
i fied
cro
Th
e
w ding
They
stood
in
wa
philosopher sat
Th
i ting
e
and and
sta
r ving
v ing
sa
gru
b
10.
d
r
9.
thought
un
bu
i ed
N.B.: Although the syntactic subject of crowd
is natives, logically according to its sense in
the sentence, crowding around is adverbial
and modifies the predicate. The natives
crowded when or as they came. The
participle phrase does not limit, classify, nor
identify the subject; if anything it only
enlarges upon it (non-restrictive).
aro
8.
miser
kept
bing
11.
He
kept
me
N.B.: Waiting completes kept and relates to the
object complement me. Kept-waiting expresses the
complete act performed upon me. He kept-waiting
me = He detained me. The relation of waiting to me
may be seen by changing the form of the verb; as, I
was kept waiting.
old
e
Th
g ro
N.B.: The term objective complement extends beyond its
factitive sense. In “I struck the man dead,” the condition
w ing
expressed by dead is the result of the act expressed by struck.
dull
In “I found the man dead,” the condition is not the result of
the act, and so in this example dead should be treated simply
as an “appositive” adjective modifying man. While dead does
I
not belong to man through the asserting force of the verb, and
found
book
12.
therfore is not a mere modifier of man, dead helps found to
express the act. Not found, but found-dead tells what was
done to the man. In the passive form, “The man was found
dead,” dead is more than a mere modifier; it belongs to man
through the assertive force of was found. If dead is here merely an “appositive” adjecive, “I found the man dead”
must equal “I found the man, who was dead” (or, “and he was dead”). The two sentences obviously are not equal. “I
caught him asleep” does not mean, “I caught him, and he was asleep.” Hence, the following are all objective
complements: “I saw the leaves quiet.” “I saw the leaves stirring.” “I saw the leaves stir.”
my
e
def
N.B.: No one is a compound indefinite pronoun.
r ding
r
sit
tur
16. You may imagine
o
int
himself
king
a
den
sud
Saul found
me
re
the
my
t ing
n ed
17.
ent
fat
eve
heart
men
ter
felt
bul
saw
fas
I
tur
er
no one
t ing
15.
mobs
eth
a
bea
14.
in
riot
tog
d ing
himself
owned
He
hea
13.
or
he
a ted
ly
see
k ing asses
’s
her
fat
his
EXERCISE 238
to
2.
heat
of
a
go
the
thing
the
is
m
)
protect body
summer
the
(
clothing
fro
Lord
the
It
require
in
to
1.
We
thanks
to
give
sun
the
od
4.
sentence
to
a
not
Food
is
necessity
a
kee
p ing
body
ma k ing
warm it
the
by
health
ano
prevent
time
repai r ing waste
its
and
in
r
you
to
a
x
r
the
you
and
ry
to
or
trick
gentleman
N.B.: R&K take him as the object
complement and the infinitive phrase to be
its objective complement. I prefer to set
him in the normal position of subject of the
infinitive, more in line with its equivalence
in denotation to a noun clause: that he was
a gentleman.
be ing cheated
will teach
be
supposed
N.B.: Lack of stilts for the infinitive phrase illustrates its
complement status with respect to trick. It might also be
taken as an identifying adjective phrase (rose).
I
eve
to
I
)
be
N.B.: Though food is the subject of
keeping, this participle phrase is a
sentence adverb giving a reason
for the assertion.
10.
at
in
t
be
the
9.
keyhole
him
To
that (
pou
firs
her
broken
8.
question is
chink
r ing
law
N.B.: The participle phrase is an absolute
construction: her first law (being) broken.
7.
analyze
fog came
5.
wounded
N.B.: Notwithstanding the punctuation,
the infinitives are set up as alternatives
and in apposition to the predicate
pronoun that.
me
N.B.: This analysis flies in the face of the R&K
version. This infinitive phrase cannot occur
without the adverb too, so must be a complement
to it, telling the extent of the degree.
e
Th
lies
not
for
not
Conscience
for
could account
N.B.: The final prepositional phrase answers
either where it came or where it poured in.
6.
too
is
Th
so
Rip Van Winkle
’s
ing
yth
v ever
ha ing changed
3.
difficult
is
x
to
x
to
to
drown herself
throw herself
go
ou
on
bey
t
window
the
11. She threatened
the
d
sea
x
curl
to
pipes
ceiling
the
m
fro
smo k ing
watch ing
r
i
the
would sit
smoke
the
for
the
and
12. council
hours
s
Bu
i ed
h
wit
affairs
c
bli
pu
EXERCISE 239
Root
omit,
do,
carpet
dry,
defer,
wrap,
befit,
submit,
behave,
echo,
differ,
bar,
benefit,
live,
merit,
S-form Past Tense
omits, omitted,
does,
did,
carpets, carpeted,
dries,
dried,
defers, deferred,
wraps, wrapped,
befit,
befit,
submits, submitted,
behaves, behaved,
echoes, echoed,
differs, differed,
bars,
barred,
benefits, benefitted,
lives,
lived,
merits, merited,
Imperf. Part.
omitting,
doing,
carpeting
drying,
deferring,
wrapping,
befitting,
submitting,
behaving,
echoing,
differing,
barring,
benefitting,
living,
meriting,
Perf. Part. Root
S-form Past Tense Imperf. Part.
omitted. ship,
ships,
shipped,
shipping,
done.
glorify, glorifies, glorified,
glorifying,
carpeted. have,
has,
had,
having,
dried.
equip, equips, equipped, equipping,
deferred. regret, regrets, regretted, regretting,
wrapped. save,
saves,
saved,
saving,
befit.
slap,
slaps,
slapped,
slapping,
submitted. concur, concurs,concurred, concurring,
behaved. gaze,
gazes,
gazed,
gazing,
echoed. search, searches,searched, searching,
differed. quit,
quits,
quitted,
quitting,
barred. compel, compels, compelled, compelling,
benefitted. gossip, gossips, gossiped, gossiping,
lived.
sing,
sings,
sang,
singing,
merited. singe, singes, singed,
singeing,
Perf. Part.
shipped.
glorified.
had.
equipped.
regretted.
saved.
slapped.
concurred.
gazed.
searched.
quitted.
compelled.
gossiped.
sung.
singed.
EXERCISE 240
1. I am well. Thou art well. He is well. We are well. You are well. They are well. She is well. One is well. Some are well.
2. I was absent. You were absent. He was absent. She was absent. We were absent. They were absent. Roy was absent.
Boys were absent. The king was present. The princes were present. Many were present. Thou wast present.
EXERCISE 241
1. I bear it now. 2. I bore it yesterday. 3. I have borne it today. 1. I beat it now. 2. I beat it yesterday. 3. I have beaten it
today. 1. I begin it now. 2. I began it yesterday. 3. I have begun it today. 1. I bite it now. 2. I bit it yesterday. 3. I have
bitten it today. 1. I blow it now. 2. I blew it yesterday. 3. I have blown it today. 1. I break it now. 2. I broke it yesterday.
3. I have broken it today. 1. I bring it now. 2. I brought it yesterday. 3. I have brought it today. 1. I buy it now. 2. I
bought it yesterday. 3. I have bought it today. 1. I catch it now. 2. I caught it yesterday. 3. I have caught it today. 1. I
choose it now. 2. I chose it yesterday. 3. I have chosen it today. 1. I do it now. 2. I did it yesterday. 3. I have done it
today. 1. I draw it now. 2. I drew it yesterday. 3. I have drawn it today. 1. I drink it now. 2. I drank it yesterday. 3. I
have drunk it today. 1. I drive it now. 2. I drove it yesterday. 3. I have driven it today. 1. I eat it now. 2. I ate it
yesterday. 3. I have eaten it today. 1. I find it now. 2. I found it yesterday. 3. I have found it today. 1. I forget it now. 2.
I forgot it yesterday. 3. I have forgotten it today. 1. I forsake it now. 2. I forsook it yesterday. 3. I have forsaken it today.
1. I freeze it now. 2. I froze it yesterday. 3. I have frozen it today. 1. I give it now. 2. I gave it yesterday. 3. I have given
it today. 1. I have it now. 2. I had it yesterday. 3. I have had it today. 1. I hide it now. 2. I hid it yesterday. 3. I have
hidden it today. 1. I know it now. 2. I knew it yesterday. 3. I have known it today. 1. I lay it now. 2. I laid it yesterday.
3. I have laid it today. 1. I leave it now. 2. I left it yesterday. 3. I have left it today. 1. I make it now. 2. I made it
yesterday. 3. I have made it today. 1. I mean it now. 2. I meant it yesterday. 3. I have meant it today. 1. I rend it now.
2. I rent it yesterday. 3. I have rent it today. 1. I ride it now. 2. I rode it yesterday. 3. I have ridden it today. 1. I ring it
now. 2. I rang it yesterday. 3. I have rung it today. 1. I see it now. 2. I saw it yesterday. 3. I have seen it today. 1. I
seek it now. 2. I sought it yesterday. 3. I have sought it today. 1. I set it now. 2. I set it yesterday. 3. I have set it today.
1. I shake it now. 2. I shook it yesterday. 3. I have shaken it today. 1. I show it now. 2. I showed it yesterday. 3. I have
showed it today. 1. I slay it now. 2. I slew it yesterday. 3. I have slain it today. 1. I smite it now. 2. I smote it yesterday.
3. I have smitten it today. 1. I sow it now. 2. I sowed it yesterday. 3. I have sowed it today. 1. I speak it now. 2. I spoke
it yesterday. 3. I have spoken it today. 1. I spin it now. 2. I spun it yesterday. 3. I have spun it today. 1. I spring it
now. 2. I sprang it yesterday. 3. I have sprung it today. 1. I strike it now. 2. I struck it yesterday. 3. I have stricken it
today. 1. I take it now. 2. I took it yesterday. 3. I have taken it today. 1. I throw it now. 2. I threw it yesterday. 3. I have
thrown it today. 1. I weave it now. 2. I wove it yesterday. 3. I have woven it today. 1. I wear it now. 2. I wore it
yesterday. 3. I have worn it today. 1. I wring it now. 2. I wrung it yesterday. 3. I have wrung it today. 1. I write it now.
2. I wrote it yesterday. 3. I have written it today.
EXERCISE 242
1. They may become. 2. They became yesterday. 3. They had already become. 1. They may bid. 2. They bid yesterday.
3. They had already bid. 1. They may come. 2. They came yesterday. 3. They had already come. 1. They may crow. 2.
They crowed yesterday. 3. They had already crowed. 1. They may fall. 2. They fell yesterday. 3. They had already
fallen. 1. They may flee. 2. They fled yesterday. 3. They had already fled. 1. They may fly. 2. They flew yesterday. 3.
They had already flown. 1. They may grow. 2. They grew yesterday. 3. They had already grown. 1. They may lie. 2.
They lay yesterday. 3. They had already lain. 1. They may rise. 2. They rose yesterday. 3. They had already risen. 1.
They may raise. 2. They raised yesterday. 3. They had already raised. 1. They may shine. 2. They shone yesterday. 3.
They had already shone. 1. They may shrink. 2. They shrank yesterday. 3. They had already shrunk. 1. They may
sing. 2. They sang yesterday. 3. They had already sung. 1. They may sit. 2. They sat yesterday. 3. They had already
sat. 1. They may slide. 2. They slid yesterday. 3. They had already slid. 1. They may stand. 2. They stood yesterday. 3.
They had already stood. 1. They may steal. 2. They stole yesterday. 3. They had already stolen. 1. They may stride. 2.
They strode yesterday. 3. They had already stridden. 1. They may strive. 2. They strove yesterday. 3. They had already
striven. 1. They may swear. 2. They swore yesterday. 3. They had already sworn. 1. They may swim. 2. They swam
yesterday. 3. They had already swum. 1. They may think. 2. They thought yesterday. 3. They had already thought. 1.
They may tread. 2. They trod yesterday. 3. They had already trod.
EXERCISE 244
I will speak to my teacher. (promissory). He could not bear the grief. (potential); The mast must break under the stress
(deontic); The teacher will chide any recalcitrant children (potential); The children should draw stick figures
(obligatory); Can you feel the sand in your toes? (potential); The bravest would sit in the first car. (habitual); The wind
might freeze your nose. (potential); Discriminating soldiers would slay neither women nor children. They should shoe
their horses better. (obligatory); She shall smite him with her hand (potential); Some batters will swing wildly.
(potential); The umpire should sweep the plate. (obligatory); Thou shalt thrust him out with thy might. (obligatory); The
crowd would raise their voices. (habitual); At the cheerleaders’ signal they would rise in unison. (habitual).
EXERCISE 245
1. (present tense, timeless) perf.: He has sung well. 2. (past tense, past time) perf: He had written yesterday. 3. (present
tense, future time, potential mode) perf: They will have gone tomorrow. 4. (past tense, past time, potential mode) perf.:
They could not have waited. 5. (past tense, present time, obligatory mode) perf.: They should have obeyed their parents.
6. (past tense, past time) perf: She had had an instructor. 7. (present tense, future time, promissory mode) perf: We
shall have set out on his return. (predictive mode) 8. (present tense, present time, potential mode) perf.: Can it have
been true? 9. (past tense, present time, potential mode) perf.: What could he have answered? 10. (past tense, future
time, predictive mode) Would he have welcomed you? (potential mode).
EXERCISE 246
Goes: is going; went: was/were going; has gone: has been going; will go: will be going; had gone: has been going;
will have gone: will have been going; dye: are dying; must go: must be going; may rise: may be rising; lies: is lying;
lays: is laying; can sit: can be sitting; will wait: will be waiting; walked: was walking; could see: could be seeing;
drew: was drawing; shall fix: shall be fixing; come: is coming; fought: was/were fighting; had done: had been doing;
may have seen: may have been seeing.
EXERCISE 247
1. They did learn. They didn’t learn. Did they learn? They learned, didn’t they? 2. We did make hats. We didn’t make
hats. Did we make hats? We made hats, didn’t we? 3. They did settle the country. They didn’t settle the country. Did
they settle the country? The settled the country, didn’t they? 4. The plan did work well. The plan didn’t work well. Did
the plan work well. The plan worked well, didn’t it.5. Their journey did end. Their journey didn’t end. Did their journey
end? Their journey ended, didn’t it? 6. He did have courage. He didn’t have courage. Did he have courage? He had
courage, didn’t he? 7. Time does bring changes. Time doesn’t bring changes. Does time bring changes? Time brings
changes, doesn’t it? 8. We do draw the sword. We didn’t draw the sword. Do we draw the sword? We draw the sword,
don’t we? 9. The plan might work. The plan mightn’t work. Might the plan work? The plan might work, mightn’t it? 10.
Their journey should have ended. Their journey shouldn’t have ended. Should their journey have ended? Their journey
should have ended, shouldn’t it have? 11. Time will have brought many changes. Time won’t have brought many
changes. Will time have brought many changes? Time will have brought many changes, won’t it have?
EXERCISE 248
1. a. (1) breeze (2) sails (3) breeze b. (1) breeze (2) sails (4) sails (5) nature of subject (6) syntax of the agent 2. a. (1) we
(2) victory (3) we b. (1) us (2) victory (4) victory (5) nature of subject (6) syntax of the actor. 3. a. (1) media (2) news (3)
media b. (1) media (2) news (4) media (5) nature of subject (6) syntax of the actor. 4. a. (1) police (2) demonstrators (3)
police b. (1) police (2) demonstrators (4) police (5) nature of subject (6) syntax of the actor. 5. a. (1) Congress (2) tax law
(3) Congress b. (1) Congress (2) tax law (4) Congress (5) nature of subject (6) syntax of the actor.
EXERCISE 249
1. The train is pulled by the engine. 2. Several writers have told the story. 3. The colonies were taxed unjustly by
England. 4. France sold Louisiana in 1803. 5. (1) Strange stories are told us by Marco Polo. (2) We are told strange
stories by Marco Polo. 6. De Soto discovered the Mississippi in 1541. 7. Time, money, and natural resources are never
wasted by the prudent. 8. The executor will foreclose the mortgage. 9. The poor man’s house has been destroyed by
fire. 10. The government purchases gold for coinage. 11. The flag will be defended by every patriot. 12. Adversity should
strengthen friendship. 13. Would the truth be believed by him? 14. The Prussians had besieged Paris in 1871. 15. One
does not mount to Heaven on wings of dreams. 16. The matter will probably be attended to by somebody. 17. Will his
rights be interfered with by anyone?
EXERCISE 250
1. (1) potential phrases: will go, were he, wert thou, may be, may be seen, can be singing, must sew, could sew, might
be, could be heard, might be hearing, should write, should be written, should have been writing, can have been
growing, would sign, will come, shall be coming, will have lost, will be lost, would have had; (2) progressive phrases:
are losing, can be singing, have been doing, might be hearing, should have been writing, is growing, was growing, can
have been growing, was standing, shall be coming; (3) passive phrases: are lost, may be seen, has been done, could be
heard, should be written, had been brought, will be lost, has been lost, is written, to be made; (4) emphatic phrases:
do go, did go, does go, did stand, did do, does do; (5) s-forms: goes, does (go), has (gone), was, sews, has (done), has
(been done), is (growing), was (growing), stands, has (been lost), is (written), has (had), does (do); (6) present perfect
phrases: have gone, has gone, has done, has been done, have been doing, has been lost, has had; (7) past perfect
phrases: had been, had brought, had been brought, had had. 2. “Go” is a present form of the verb go; “goes” is a
present form of the verb go; “went” is a past form of the verb go; “have gone” is a present perfect phrase of the verb go;
“has gone” is a present perfect phrase of the verb go; “will go” is a present potential (future) phrase of the verb go; “do
go” is a present emphatic phrase of the verb go; “did go” is a past emphatic phrase of the verb go; “does go” is a
present emphatic phrase of the verb go; “are lost” is a present passive phrase of the verb lose; “are losing” is a present
progressive phrase of the verb lose; “was” is a past phrase of the verb be; “were” is a past phrase of the verb be; “were”
in “were he” is a past potential (subjunctive) form of the verb be; “wert” in “wert thou” is a past potential (subjunctive)
form of the verb be; “may be” is a present potential phrase of the verb be; “may be seen” is a present potential passive
phrase of the verb see; “can be singing” is a present potential progressive phrase of the verb sing; “must sew” is a past
potential (obligatory) phrase of the verb sew; “could sew” is a past potential phrase of the verb sew; “sews” is a present
phrase of the verb sew; “has done” is a present perfect phrase of the verb do; “has been done” is a present perfect
passive phrase of the verb do; “have been doing” is a present perfect progressive phrase of the verb do; “might be” is a
past potential phrase of the verb be; “could be heard” is a past potential passive phrase of the verb hear; “might be
hearing” is a past potential progressive phrase of the verb hear; “should write” is a past potential (obligatory) phrase of
the verb write; “should be written” is a past potential passive phrase of the verb write; “should have been writing” is a
past potential (obligatory) perfect progressive phrase of the verb write; “is growing” is a present progressive phrase of
the verb grow; “was growing” is a past progressive phrase of the verb grow; “can have been growing” is a present
potential perfect progressive phrase of the verb grow; “would sign” is a present potential phrase of the verb sign; “had
been” is a past perfect phrase of the verb be; “had brought” is a past perfect phrase of the verb bring; “had been
brought” is a past perfect passive phrase of the verb bring; “stands” is a present phrase of stand; “stood” is a past
phrase of the verb stand; “stand” is a present phrase of the verb stand; “did stand” is a past emphatic phrase of the
verb stand; “was standing” is a past progressive phrase of the verb stand; “will come” is a present potential phrase of
the verb come; “shall be coming” is a present potential (future) progressive phrase of the verb come; “will have lost” is a
present potential (future) perfect phrase of the verb lose; “will be lost” is a present potential (future) passive phrase of
the verb lose; “has been lost” is a present perfect passive phrase of the verb lose; “to be” is a simple infinitive phrase of
the verb be; “is written” is a present passive phrase of the verb write; “to be made” is the passive infinitive phrase of
the verb make; “making” is the imperfect participle of the verb make; “having made” is the imperfect progressive
participle of the verb make; “being worn” is the imperfect passive participle of the verb wear; “to have been wearing” is
the perfect progressive passive infinitive of the verb wear; “has had” is a present perfect of the verb have; “had had” is
a past perfect of the verb have; “did do” is a past emphatic of the verb do; “does do” is a present emphatic of the verb
do; “would have had” is a past potential perfect of the verb have. 3. “Go” is made up of a present form of go; “goes” is
made up of a present form of go; “went” is made up of a past form of the verb go; “have gone” is made up of a present
form of have, and the perfect participle of go; “has gone” is made up of a present form of have, and the perfect
participle of go; “will go” is made up of the present form of will, and the infinitive of go; “do go” is made up of a present
form of do, and the infinitive of go; “did go” is made up of the past form of do, and the infinitive of go; “does go” is
made up of a present form of do, and the infinitive of go; “are lost” is made up of a present form of be, and the
infinitive of lose; “are losing” is made up of a present form of be, and the imperfect participle of lose; “was” is made up
of a past form of be; “were” is made up of a past form of be; “were” in “were he” is made up of a past form of be; “wert”
in “wert thou” is made up of a past form of be; “may be” is made up of a present form of may and the infinitive of be;
“may be seen” is made up of a present form of may, the infinitive of be, and the perfect participle of see; “can be
singing” is made up of a present form of can, the infinitive of be, and the imperfect participle of sing; “must sew” is
made up of a past form of must, and the infinitive of sew; “could sew” is made up of a past form of can, and the
infinitive of sew; “sews” is made up of a present form of sew; “has done” is made up of a present form of have, and the
perfect participle of do; “has been done” is made up of a present form of have, the perfect participle of be, and the
perfect participle of do; “have been doing” is made up of a present form of have, the perfect participle of be, and the
imperfect participle of do; “might be” is made up of the past form of may, and the infinitive of be; “could be heard” is
made up of the past form of can, the infinitive of be, and the perfect participle of hear; “might be hearing” is made up
of the past form of may, the infinitive of be, and the imperfect participle of hear; “should write” is made up of the past
form of shall, and the infinitive of write; “should be written” is made up of the past form of shall, the infinitive of be;
and the perfect participle of write; “should have been writing” is made up of the past form of shall, the infinitive of
have, the perfect participle of be, and the imperfect participle of write; “is growing” is made up of a present form of be
and the imperfect participle of grow; “was growing” is made up of a past form of be and the imperfect participle of
grow; “can have been growing” is made up of the present form of can, the infinitive of have, the perfect participle of be,
and the imperfect participle of grow; “would sign” is made up of the past form of will, and the infinitive of sign; “had
been” is made up of a past form of have, and the perfect participle of be; “had brought” is made up of a past form of
have, the perfect participle of bring; “had been brought” is made up of a past form of have, the perfect participle of be,
and the perfect participle of bring; “stands” is made up of a present form of stand; “stood” is made up of the past form
of stand; “stand” is made up of either a present form of stand or the infinitive form of stand; “did stand” is made up of
the past form of do, and the infinitive of stand; “was standing” is made up of a past form of be and the imperfect
participle of stand; “will come” is made up of the present form of will and the infinitive of come; “shall be coming” is
made up of the present form of shall, the infinitive of be, and the imperfect participle of come; “will have lost” is made
up of the present form of will, the infinitive of have, and the perfect participle of lose; “will be lost” is made up of the
present form of will, the infinitive of be, and the perfect participle of lose; “has been lost” is made up of a present form
of have, the perfect participle of be, and the perfect participle of lose; “to be” is made up of the preposition to and the
infinitive form of be; “is written” is made up of a present form of be and the perfect participle of write; “to be made” is
made up of the preposition to, the infinitive form of be, and the perfect participle of make; “making” is made up of the
imperfect participle of make; “having made” is made up of the imperfect participle of have and the perfect participle of
make; “being worn” is made up of the imperfect participle of be and the perfect participle of wear; “to have been
wearing” is made up of the preposition to, the infinitive of have, the perfect participle of be, and the imperfect
participle of wear; “has had” is made up of a present form of have and the perfect participle of have; “had had” is
made up of the past form of have and the perfect participle of have; “did do” is made up of the past form of do and the
infinitive of do; “does do” is made up of a present form of do and the infinitive of do; “would have had” is made up of
the past form of will, the infinitive of have, and the perfect participle of have.
EXERCISE 251
1. is bringing, is laying, is sitting, is wearing, is obeying, is writing, is doing, is buying, is having. 2. was/were brought,
was/were laid, was/were sat, was/were worn, was/were obeyed, was/were written, was/were done, was/were
bought, was/were had. 3. shall/will bring, shall/will lay, shall/will sit, shall/will wear, shall/will obey, shall/will
write, shall/will do, shall/will buy, shall/will have. 4. shall/will be brought, shall/will be laid, shall/will be sat,
shall/will be worn, shall/will be obeyed, shall/will be written, shall/will be done, shall/will be bought, shall/will be
had. 5. has been bringing, has been laying, has been sitting, has been wearing, has been obeying, has been writing, has
been doing, has been buying, has been having. 6. might have been brought, might have been laid, might have been sat,
might have been worn, might have been obeyed, might have been written, might have been done, might have been
bought, might have been had. 7. do/does bring, do/does lay, do/does sit, do/does wear, do/does obey, do/does write,
do/does do, do/does buy, do/does have. 8. might be brought, might be laid, might be sat, might be worn, might be
obeyed, might be written, might be done, might be bought, might be had. 9. have/has been brought, have/has been laid,
have/has been sat, have/has been worn, have/has been obeyed, have/has been written, have/has been done,
have/has been bought, have/has been had. 10. brings, lays, sits, wears, obeys, writes, does, buys, has. 11. bring, lay,
sit, wear, obey, write, do, buy, have. 12. would have brought, would have laid, would have sat, would have worn,
would have obeyed, would have written, would have done, would have bought, would have had. 13. shall/must be
brought, shall/must be laid, shall/must be sat, shall/must be worn, shall/must be obeyed, shall/must be written,
shall/must be done, shall/must be bought, shall/must be had.
EXERCISE 252
1. shall be is the present predictive of the linking verb be (be, was, been) with subject you. 2. can be found is the
present potential passive of the transitive verb find (find, found, found) with subject it. 3. are is the present of the
linking verb be (is, was, been) with subject you. 4. go is the present imperative of the complete verb go (go, went, gone)
with understood subject you. 5. be is the present imperative of the linking verb be (is, was, been) with understood
subject you.; speak is the present indicative of the complete verb speak (speak, spoke, spoken) with subject you. 6.
might have risen is the potential present perfect of the complete verb rise (rise, rose, risen) with subject sun. 7. has
seen is the present perfect of the transitive verb see (see, saw, seen) with the subject one. 8. would go is the past
potential of the complete verb go (go, went, gone) with the subject he; were is the present subjunctive of the linking
verb be (be, was, been) with the subject he. 9. were beating is the past indicative progressive of the complete verb beat
(beat, beat, beaten) with subject drums. 10. should have gone is the past obligatory perfect of the verb go (go, went,
gone) with the subject you. 11. The mill can never grind is the present potential of the complete verb grind (grind,
ground, ground) with the subject mill; is past is the present perfect (archaic use of be in place of have) of the complete
verb pass (pass, passed, passed [past]) with the subject water. 12. might have been called is the past potential
perfect passive of the transitive verb call (call, called, called) with the subject we.13. must be assumed is the deontic
passive of the transitive verb assume (assume, assumed, assumed) with the subject nothing. 14. will have gone is the
present potential (predictive) perfect of the complete verb go (go, went, gone) with the subject bus; arrives is the
present (future) of the complete verb arrive (arrive, arrived, arrived) with the subject he. 15. could have escaped is the
past potential perfect of the complete verb escape (escape, escaped, escaped) with the subject he. 16. is rising is the
present indicative of the complete verb rise (rise, rose, risen) with the verb it. 17. did write is the past intensified of the
double transitive verb write (write, wrote, written) with the subject he. 18. do be discouraged is the present intensified
passive of the transitive verb discourage (discourage, discouraged, discouraged) with the understood subject you. 19.
come is the present of the complete verb come (come, came, come) with the subject ye; come is the present of the
complete verb come (come, came, come) with the subject ye. 20. ask is the present imperative of the double transitive
verb ask (ask, asked, asked) with the understood subject you; , shall be given is the present potential (promissory) of
the double transitive verb give (give, gave, given) with the subject it. 21. could have been found is the past potential
perfect passive of the transitive verb find (find, found, found) with the subject it. 22. wish is the present indicative of
the transitive verb wish (wish, wished, wished) with the subject I; were sailing is the past subjunctive (irrealis) of the
transitive verb sail (sail, sailed, sailed) with the subject I. 23. have had is the present perfect of the transitive verb
have (have, had, had) with the subject you. 24. do do is the present intensive indicative of the complete verb do (do,
did, done) with the subject you. 25. had had is the past perfect of the transitive verb have (have, had, had) with the
subject he. 26. am expecting is the present progressive of the transitive verb expect (expect, expected, expected) with
the subject I; to see is the phrasal infinitive of the transitive verb see with the understood subject I. 27. take is the
present imperative of the transitive verb take (take, took, taken) with the understood subject you; fall is the present
subjunctive (irrealis) of the complete verb fall (fall, fell, fallen) with the subject he. 28. were going is the past
progressive used as a subjunctive (future irrealis) of the complete verb go (go, went, gone) with the subject he; would
take is the past potential of the transitive verb take (take, took, taken) with the subject he. 29. doth ride is a present
archaic intensive potential of the complete verb ride (ride, rode, ridden) with the subject he; may be is the present
potential (optative) of the linking verb be (is, was, been) with the subject I; to see is the phrasal infinitive of the
complete verb see (see, saw, seen) with the understood subject I. 30. could have been listening is the past potential
perfect progressive of the complete verb listen (listen, listened, listened) with the subject you; would have heard is the
past potential perfect of the transitive verb hear (hear, heard, heard) with the subject you. 31. has been is the present
perfect of the linking verb be (is, was, been) with the subject man. 32. Might have been done is the past potential
perfect passive of transitive verb do (do, did, done) with the subject it.
EXERCISE 253
1. Who did it? (simple past) 2. Soon it had sunk to rise no more. (past perfect: perfect participle) 3. The pears were all
shaken off by the wind. (past passive: perfect participle) 4. This lace was woven in France. (past passive: perfect
participle) 5. He ran all the way. (simple past) 6. They came in late yesterday. (simple past) 7. He soon began to be
weary. (simple past) 8. Charles Jones swam across the river. (simple past) 9. I saw that yours was wrong. (simple
past) 10. He has risen from poverty to wealth. (present perfect: perfect participle) 11. Our club was never beaten before.
(past passive: perfect participle) 12. If I had been shown, I would know how to do it. (past perfect passive: perfect
participle) 13. She had torn it off. (past perfect: perfect participle) 14. I saw him yesterday. (simple past) 15. You might
have chosen something better. (potential present perfect: perfect participle) 16. Our friends came last week. (simple
past) 17. You ought to go when you are bidden. (present passive: perfect participle) 18. Some drank too much. (simple
past) 19. What fate has befallen them? (present perfect: perfect participle) 20. She may have gone to Europe. (present
potential perfect: perfect participle) 21. Have you ever sung this tune. (present perfect: perfect participle) 22. Have they
drunk it all? (present perfect: perfect participle) 23. Have they broken out of jail. (present perfect: perfect participle)
EXERCISE 254
1. shrink, shrank, shrunk: shrunk to form perfect with have. 2. smite, smote, smitten: smitten to form passive with
been. 3. write, wrote, written: written to form passive with was. 4. steal, stole, stolen: stolen to form passive with been.
5. take, took, taken: taken to form a perfect with have. 6. sling, slung, slung: slung to form the simple past by itself;
smite, smote, smitten: smote to form the simple past by itself. 7. strive, strove, striven: striven to form the perfect with
have. 8. slay, slew, slain: slain to form the perfect with has. 9. forget, forgot, forgotten: forgotten to form a passive
with were. 10. freeze, froze, frozen: frozen to form a passive with was. 11. break, broke, broken: broken to form the
perfect with has.
EXERCISE 255
1. — 2. 1. lay (or place) 2. lain (or rested) 3. lie (or rest) 4. lay (or rested) 5. lain (or rested) 6. laid (or placed) 7. lay (or
rested) 8. lying (or resting) 9. laid up (or confined) 10. laid (of placed) 11. lies (or rests) 12. laid over (or made a stopover)
13. Lie down (or come to rest) 14. laid (or placed); lain (or rested) 15. lay (or place); lie (or rest) 16. laying down (or
installing) 17. lying (or resting) 18. lying (or resting) 19. lay (or rested) 20. lay (or was situated) 3. 1. sitting (for resting)
2. sitting (or resting) 3. set out (planted) 4. sit (or rest, or watch from) 5. set (or placed); sits (or rests) 6. sit (or rest) 7.
sat (or rested) 8. sitting (or resting); setting out (or planting) 9. sit (or be active) 10. sitting (or resting) 4. 1. baby-sat (or
tended children) 2. baby-sitted (or tended) 3. baby-sat (or tended children) 4. baby-sitted (or tended) 5. baby-sat (or
tended children)
EXERCISE 256
1. 1. overdrawn 2. threw 3. broken 4. heated 5. overflown 6. knew; lie down 7. shoed 8. isn’t 9. lighted 10. sit or fit 2.
1. hanged; borne 2. durst; dared 3. hanged; hung 4. May; Can 5. teach; taught
EXERCISE 257
1. predictive. 2. volative. 3. predictive. 4. determinative. 5. determinative. 6. predictive. 7. determinative. 8. volative;
determinative. 9. predictive; predictive. 10. determinative. 11. volative. 12. volative. 13. determinative;
predictive. 14. determinative; predictive.
EXERCISE 258
1. shall, first person predictive 2. shall, first person predictive 3. will, third person predictive 4. should, first person
past predictive 5. shall, first person predictive; will, third person predictive 6. will, first person volative or shall, first
person predictive 7. shall, first person predictive; will, second person volative 8. shall, first person predictive 9. will,
second person predictive 10. would, first person past (uncertain) volative; shall, first person predictive 11. shall, first
person predictive; will, third person volative 12. would, first person past (uncertain) predictive. 13. would, third
person past (irrealis) predictive; will, third person predictive or volative 14. would, third person past (irrealis)
predictive 15. should, first person past (irrealis) predictive or obligative
EXERCISE 259
1. were, subjunctive counterfactual passive 2. were, subjunctive counterfactual 3. is, indicative realis (present
subjunctive be irrealis is stilted) 4. were, subjunctive counterfactual (past tense on might) 5. were, subjunctive
counterfactual (present be irrealis makes it definitely impossible) 6. were, subjunctive counterfactual (past tense on
should) 7. be, present subjunctive irrealis. 8. is, indicative realis 9. were, subjunctive counterfactual (past tense on
should) 10. were, subjunctive counterfactual (past tense on would) 11. is, indicative realis (present subjunctive be
irrealis is stilted) 12. is, indicative realis (present subjunctive be irrealis contradicts reason for plans) 13. be, present
subjunctive after lest.
EXERCISE 260
1. The third singular subject “neither” requires was, the s-form of the verb were (the suppletive past of be). Say
“Neither of them was correct.” 2. “All” is not a third singular subject, hence the s-form comes would be improper. The
sentence should read, “From that source comes all our troubles.” RULE: A third singular subject, and no other, requires
the s-form of the verb. 3. The third singular subject “it” requires does, the s-form of the verb do. Say “It doesn’t take
long to cross the ocean.” 4. “You” is not a third singular subject, hence the s-form was would be improper. The
sentence should read, “Were you at the concert last night?” RULE: A third singular subject, and no other, requires the sform of the verb. 5. “Scissors” is not a third singular subject, hence the s-form needs would be improper. The sentence
should read, “My scissors need sharpening.” RULE: A third singular subject, and no other, requires the s-form of the
verb. 6. “Memoranda” is not a third singular subject, hence the s-form are would be improper. The sentence should
read, “The memoranda are lost.” RULE: A third singular subject, and no other, requires the s-form of the verb. 7.
“Many” is not a third singular subject, hence the s-form has would be improper. The sentence should read, “There have
been many disappointments on this trip.” RULE: A third singular subject, and no other, requires the s-form of the
verb. 8. The third singular subject “fragrance” requires fills, the s-form of the verb fill. Say “The fragrance of roses fills
the air.” 9. “Each” is not a third singular subject, hence the s-form has would be improper. The sentence should read,
“Each of the states has two senators.” RULE: A third singular subject, and no other, requires the s-form of the verb. 10.
The third singular subject “either” requires is, the s-form of the verb be. Say “Either of those reasons is sufficient.” 11.
“Times” is not a third singular subject, hence the s-form was would be improper. The sentence should read, “Harder
times never were seen.” RULE: A third singular subject, and no other, requires the s-form of the verb. 12. The third
singular subject “work” requires was, the s-form of the verb were (the suppletive past of be). Say “The six days’ work
was over.” 13. The third singular subject “what” requires has, the s-form of the verb have. Say “What has become of
your friends?” 14. The third singular subject “meaning” requires is, the s-form of the verb be. Say “The meaning of
these words is easily found.” 15. The third singular subject “which” requires is, the s-form of the verb be. Say “Which of
these fractions is the larger?” 16. The third singular subject “everybody” requires has, the s-form of the verb have. Say
“Everybody has offered us congratulations.” 17. “Few” is not a third singular subject, hence the s-form is would be
improper. The sentence should read, “There are a few more to be had.” RULE: A third singular subject, and no other,
requires the s-form of the verb. 18. “Several” is not a third singular subject, hence the s-form is would be improper.
The sentence should read, “There have been several lost on these rocks.” RULE: A third singular subject, and no other,
requires the s-form of the verb.
EXERCISE 261
1. was (the army as a whole) 2. have, their (each member has a different instrument to bring) 3. is (the family as a
whole) 4. was (the committee as a whole) 5. were (the parts of the fleet) 6. was (the herd as a whole) 7. holds, its (our
club as a whole) 8. have (the company as composed of parts) or has (the company as a non-collective noun) 9. were (a
number acting separately) or was (a number having one opinion and acting in concert) 10. was (the number in one
category)
EXERCISE 262
1. are: The s-form would be a mistake, for the two nouns, “strength” and “vigor” joined by and make a plural subject.
2. receives: The connected nouns, “beggar” and “spendthrift” make a third singular subject, for they are preceded by
the adjective every, and so are to be taken separately. Hence the s-form of the verb is required. 3. was: The s-form is
here required, for the subject consists of two singular nouns, “father” and “mother,” which are joined by nor, and hence
are to be taken separately. 4. is: The connected nouns, “word” and “thought” make a third singular subject, for they
are preceded by the adjective every, and so are to be taken separately. Hence the s-form of the verb is required. 5.
brings, its: The connected nouns, “day” and “hour” make a third singular subject, for they are preceded by the
adjective each, and so are to be taken separately. Hence the s-form of the verb is required. 6. is: The connected nouns,
“rise” and “fall” make a third singular subject, for they are preceded by the adjective the, and so are to be taken
separately. Hence the s-form of the verb is required. 7. have, their, bills: The s-form would be a mistake, for the two
nouns, “butcher” and “baker” joined by and make a plural subject. 8. were: The s-form would be a mistake, for the two
nouns, “fighting” and “bloodshed” joined by and make a plural subject or better was: The connected nouns, “fighting”
and “bloodshed” make a third singular subject, for they are preceded by the adjective Ø, and so are to be taken
separately. Hence the s-form of the verb is required. 9. is: Collective subjects require the s-form of the verb only in
referring to the collection as a unit. 10. was: The s-form is here required, for the subject consists of two singular
nouns, “anger” and “impatience,” which are joined by nor, and hence are to be taken separately. 11. are: The
connected nouns, “to seem” and “to be” make a third singular subject, for they are preceded by the adjective Ø, and so
are to be taken separately. Hence the s-form of the verb is required. 12. has: The s-form is here required, for the
subject consists of two singular nouns, “poem” and “picture,” which are joined by or, and hence are to be taken
separately. 13. was: The s-form is here required, for the subject consists of two singular nouns, “to advance” and “to
retreat,” which are joined by or, and hence are to be taken separately. 14. has: The connected nouns, “pains” and
“expense” make a third singular subject, for they are preceded by the adjective no, and so are to be taken separately.
Hence the s-form of the verb is required. (The first noun, no pains, is plural, but is farther from the verb.) 15. cries:
The s-form is here required, for the subject consists of three singular nouns, “fraud,” “rapine,” and “murder,” which are
joined by or, and hence are to be taken separately. 16. has: The connected nouns, “leaf” and “flower” make a third
singular subject, for they are preceded by the adjective every, and so are to be taken separately. Hence the s-form of
the verb is required. 17. were: The s-form would be a mistake, for the two nouns, “subject” and “mine” (understood
“my subject”) joined by and make a plural subject. 18. sleeps: The connected nouns, “soldier,” “statesman,” and
“martyr” make a third singular subject, for they are preceded by the adjective the, and so are to be taken as the same
person. Hence the s-form of the verb is required. 19. comes: “Wave” is a singular subject. 20. is: The s-form is here
required, for the subject consists of two singular nouns, “oil” and “alcohol,” which are joined by or, and hence are to be
taken separately.
EXERCISE 263
1. demands: Of two subjects connected by as well as the first one controls the form of the verb that is expressed, and
the second one that of a verb understood. 2. were: When subjects connected by or or nor differ in person or number,
the one nearest the verb generally controls its form. 3. were: As a relative pronoun has no form for number or person,
the sense of the antecedent controls the form of the verb. 4. was: Of two subjects, one affirmative and the other
negative, the affirmative one controls the form of the verb expressed, and the negative one that of a verb understood.
5. is: When subjects connected by or or nor differ in person or number, the one nearest the verb generally controls its
form. 6. am: When subjects connected by or or nor differ in person or number, the one nearest the verb generally
controls its form.
EXERCISE 264
1. A clause is a sequence of lexemes having a subject and a finite predicate. 2. Mentioned so far have been
independent clauses as sentences or sets of sentences, dependent clauses serving as particular parts of speech and
being an element of the base or a modifier. The dependent clauses include nominal, adjectival, and adverbial clauses.
3. An adjectival clause is a dependent clause that serves as the principal modifier of a noun or pronoun. 4. A nominal
clause is a dependent clause that serves as subject or as complement to a verb phrase. 5. A conjunctive pronoun is a
pronoun that serves as a subordinating conjunction. 6. A relative pronoun is a conjunctive pronoun appearing in a
dependent clause to refer to the referent of the head modified by it, which for adjectival clauses is a noun. (For
adverbial clauses the head is an adjective, verb, or adverb.) 7. when: at which time; where: at which place; whence:
from which place; whither: to which place; why: for which reason; how: in which way. 8. 1. on which they stood
modifies place. 2. at which they started modifies time. 3. from which they came modifies town. 4. to which they went
modifies land. 5. for which they fled modifies reason. 9. Each prepositional phrase modifies the noun head of a noun
phrase. 10. 1. where 2. when 3. whence 4. whither 5. why 11. Each such word modifies the noun head of a noun
phrase. 12. (Subordinating) conjunction
EXERCISE 265
1. The direct object of know is a nominal clause, viz., who it is, where it is, and why he went. 2. The direct object of tell
is a nominal clause, viz., what he wants, when he came, and whence he came. 3. Nominal clauses may be used as
objects. 4. who: a relative pronoun serving as attribute complement of the linking verb is; and what: a conjunctive
pronoun serving as direct object of the transitive verb want. 5. who: pronoun as attribute complement and connective
to introduce a nominal clause. what: a pronoun as direct object and connective to introduce a nominal clause. 6. The
other noun clauses are connected using the words where, why, when, and whence. 7. The words where, why, when,
whence are adverbs. 8. They modify or complement verbs. 9. They are conjunctions.
EXERCISE 266
1. An adverb, a prepositional phrase, a dependent clause. 2. An adverbial. 3. The last. The dependent clause is when
day breaks. It has its own subject and finite predicate. 4. An adverb here. 5. Adverbs. 6. The last. The dependent
clause is where he was born. Its subject is the personal pronoun he, its finite predicate consists of the verb phrase
was born, and its modifier the adverb of place where. 7. Adverb and conjunction. 8. A conjunctive adverb.
EXERCISE 267
1. 1. none 2. wherein they differ (nominal) 3. whence he came (nominal) 4. where there is a will (adverbial). 5. when the
wine is in (adverbial) 6. where the wild thyme grows (adjectival) 7. whither I go (nominal) 8. as the waves come when
navies are stranded (adverbial); when navies are stranded (adverbial) 9. whence it cometh (nominal) whither it goeth
(nominal) 10. where the sun never shines (adverbial). 11. why the tides rise and fall (nominal) 12. where frost is unknow
(adjectival) 13. none 14. whither thou goest (adverbial); where thou lodgest (adverbial) 15. when the pyramids were built
(nominal) 16. when he goes (nominal); where he goes (nominal); how he goes (nominal) 17. where Franklin was born
(adjectival) 2. 1. when: interrogative, change 2. wherein: conjunctive, differ 3. whence: conjunctive, came 4. where:
conjunctive, will as attribute complement 5. when: conjunctive, is 6.where: conjunctive, grows 7. whither:
conjunctive, go. 8. as: relative, come (2); when: conjunctive, are stranded 9. whence: conjunctive, cometh; whither:
conjunctive, goeth 10. where: conjunctive, shines 11. why: conjunctive, rise and fall 12. where: conjunctive, is 13.
how: interrogative, be turned 14. whither: conjunctive, goest; where: conjunctive, lodgest 15. when: conjunctive, is
16. when: conjunctive, goes; where: conjunctive, goes; how: conjunctive, goes 17. where: relative, was born.
EXERCISE 268
pleasure calls
1c. we listen
1b. we listen
1a. we listen
N.B.: It may be clearer to treat adverbial
clauses as adverbial nouns, i.e. nominal
clauses.
N.B.: This variation of R&K is meant
to express perhaps more clearly the
fact that the conjunctive adverb
serves as an adverb in both clauses.
N.B.: R&K comment as follows: When modifies both listen and calls, denoting
that the two acts take place at the same time. It also connects pleasure calls,
as an adverb modifier, to listen. The offices of the conjunctive adverb when
may be better understood by expanding it into two phrases thus: We listen
at the time at which pleasure calls. At the time modifies listen, at which
modifies calls, and which connects. The line representing when is made up
of three parts to picture these three offices. The part representing when as a
modifier of calls is, for convenience, placed above its principal line instead of
below it, cf. (1c.) and (5) below.
father
will take
me
en
Lord
Wh
3.
x
up
the
x
at
war
ile
was
forsake me
my
Wh
Europe
and
my
mother
Louis ( XIV ) reigned
2.
x
en
en
Wh
Wh
x
en
Wh
pleasure calls
pleasure calls
then (
)
he durst give
x
al
Cato spent night
fat
the
4.
N.B.: Some prefer, in constructions as in
(4), to treat before, ere, after, till, until, and
since as prepositions followed by nominal
clauses.
stroke
the
crossed
I
is
e
its
c
sin
ny
t
Pla
Ma
grave
s
les
s
a
“Immortality”
in
rea d ing
t
res
year
5.
wave
thi
in
ore
be f
himself
o’s
Wellington was meeting
arrived
of
t
las
Blucher
the
6.
onslaught
Napoleon
of
the
t
jus
on s
a
field
Waterloo
he could find it
sense
goo
and
of
x
expression
d
Wh
ere
it
listeth
)
he
10a. Washington was
good
great
as
x
Th
ere
bloweth
was
as
there (
wh
wind
is
x
9.
freedom
the
7.
the
falls
snow
cream
ver
Pope skimmed
ere
wh
8.
e
11.
he
as
as
10b.
N.B.: The adverb clause as he was great modifies the first as, which is an adverb modifying
good. The first as, modified by the adverb clause, answers the question, Good to what extent or
degree? The second as modifies great and performs the office of a conjunction, and is therefore
a conjunctive adverb. Transposing, and
Washington was
good
he was
great expanding as…as into two phrases, we
have, Washington was good in the
degree in which he was great. See
diagram of (3) and of (20).
grew
humble
he became
-er
-er
Th
heavi-
e
the
12. Gold is
iron
x
x
n
tha
-er
N.B.: The, here, is not the ordinary
adjective the. It is the Anglo-saxon
demonstrative pronoun used in an
instrumental sense. It is here an adverb.
The first the = by how much, and modifies
wiser; the second the = by so much, and
modifies humbler. These words, the…the
are similar in office to as…as— He became
humbler in that degree in which he became wiser.
To show the role of the comparative as parallel as
possible with the adverbs so and as the morpheme
-er is separated as if it were a full form.
wise
N.B.: Heavier = heavy beyond the degree, and than = in which. The sentence = Gold is heavy beyond the degree in
which iron is heavy. Is and heavy are omitted. Frequently words are omitted after than and as. Than modifies heavy
(understood) and connects the clause expressing degree to heavier, and is therefore a conjunctive adverb.
N.B.: To be right is better (good in a greater degree) than to be president (would be good).
to
To
be
right
is
13.
be
N.B.: In (14), also in (15) and (17), the
dependent clause is sometimes termed a clause
of Result or Consequence. Clauses of Result
express different logical relations, and cannot
always be classed under Degree.
president
bett-
x
x
-er
tha
that
n
mercury
to
mercury
so
freeze
cold
the
It was
14.
froze
the
15.
It was
cold
x
N.B.:The degree of the cold is here shown by the effect
it produced. The adverb so, modified by the adverb
clause that the mercury froze, answers the question,
Cold to what degree? The sentence = It was cold to that
degree in which the mercury froze. That, as you see,
modifies froze and connects the clauses; it is therefore
a conjunctive adverb. The most reasonable solution
seems to be making the result clause of (14) a nominal
clause introduced with a factive that.
x
as
so
N.B.: It was so cold as to freeze the mercury (would indicate
or require).
d y ing
for
principle
a
scol d ing
is
for
16.
degree
it
x
x
n
tha
of
h
hig -er
a
x
virtue
that
He
called
hollow
resounded
of
hell
d
lou
p
dee
the
all
17.
18.
x
x
x
in
religion
n
his
see
I
x
tha
I like it
x
easi-
practice
n
tha
itself
mo e
-r
ere
-wh no
e’s
On
20.
shows
is
-er
19. breeding
to
To
so
preach
it
en-
oft
-er
-er
t-
bet
N.B.: The analysis here may seem to be deep, but it is important to
realize that the various morphemes do play very different syntactic
roles. The negative morpheme on nowhere applies to the whole
sentence. The adverb of degree more is a comparative form of much.
the
the
EXERCISE 269
1. lightly: means, manner - participle springing; rapidly: means, rate - predicate drove away. 2. well: means, manner
- infinitive to do; on the Sabbath day: time, instant – predicate do well. 3. just: extent – adverbial prepositional phrase
beyond the mall. beyond the mall: place, position – verb phrase live. 4. nearly: extent - adverbial prepositional
phrase round the world; round the world: place, distance, measure – verb phrase sail. 5. how: extent – adverb quickly;
quickly: means, degree, rate – verb phrase (phrasal verb) come on. 6. precisely: extent – adverbial clause as you are
asked; as: means, manner – verb phrase do, connects clause as direct object of ask. 7. but: extent – adverbial
prepositional phrase to the grave. 8. assuredly: extent (of author’s certainty) – sentence he cannot be mistaken. 9.
perhaps: extent (of author’s certainty) – sentence you will have no other opportunity. 10. almost: extent – adverbial
prepositional phrase through the mountain; through the mountain: place, direction as distance – verb phrase extends.
EXERCISE 270
1.
He
died
he
2.
lived
man
speaks
he
thinks
x
as
upr
the
x
as
igh
t
As
man
is
the
As
4.
will be
so
so
t
the
igh
speaks
upr
he
the
3.
boy
thinks
man
rolls
on
the
our
as
of
e
Th
it is
of
talk ing
ed
ect
vulgar
aff
is
as
ays
alw
ground is
Slang
way
an
7.
6.
shore
x
thoughts
shape
conversation
the
waves
and
5.
shapes
the
roll
pebbles
and
surf
wet
aus
bec
e
Th
it has rained
e
N.B.: R&K analyze because as a (mere) conjunction, standing it on a line
wholly dotted. Here it is taken as being akin to a preposition, after all the
word itself derives from the prepositional phrase by cause (of)
blood throws impurities
of
skin
its
open pores
the
the
for
N.B.: The point should be made that the nominal
clause has the same force as the cleft sentence
version: it is through them that the blood throws off
its impurities. This would make the prepositional
phrase through them the logical subject of another
nominal clause.
keep
h
oug
thr
off
We
the
8.
them
breath contains
acid
ic
bon
car ous
son
poi
the
9.
N.B.: Actually the compound noun
sleeping rooms is built like carbonic acid,
which compound H2CO3 is not a
dangerous poison.
people ventilate sleeping rooms
ir
the
Sin
e
wis
ce
air
is
kind
it combines
ful
er
s
rou
st
oth
its
o
vig
lth
mo
as
exercise
benefits
h
wit
of
hea
the
washing
sh
fre
Sea bathing
and
10.
bread is made
of
flour
m
grains
its
e
aus
st
fro
valuable
mo
is
the
Wheat
bec
11.
12.
God was
angry
found them
e
and
the
of
Israel
can
ce
sin
the
eri
Am
potato
children
the
are
overthrew them
wilderness
her
13.
Raleigh
products
he
in
h
wit
for
Tobacco
N.B.: Compare the adjective in (11) with the
one in (10). Notice that valuable is
pronominalized as a partitive; the
pleonastic phrase would be: most valuable
grain of grains.
ground
homes
our
in
15.
We ( Americans ) must be
cuckoos
nests
of
the
er
oth
for
all
birds
s
t
las
e
we build
wet
morning
thi
x
aus
bec
night
is
x
rained
the
14. It
EXERCISE 271
1. Nothing and nobody is a double negative: In making a denial, the author should use only one negative word. 2. Never
and scarcely is a double negative: In making a denial, the author should use only one negative word. 3. Sweetly is an
adverb form: Be careful in using an adverb form in place of an adjective to complete a linking verb. 4. Tolerable is an
adjective form: Be careful in using an adjective form where an adverb is required. 5. Beautifully is an adverb form: Be
careful in using an adverb form in place of an adjective to complete a linking verb. 6. Safely and soundly are adverb
forms: Be careful in using an adverb form in place of an adjective to complete a linking verb. In this case reaching home
requires an attribute complement. 7. Awkwardly is an adverb form: Be careful in using an adverb form in place of an
adjective to complete a linking verb. 8. Not go and don’t think is a double negative: In making a denial, the author should
use only one negative word. 9. Strongly is an adverb form: Be careful in using an adverb form in place of an adjective to
complete a linking verb.10. Well and badly are both adverb forms: Be careful in using an adverb form in place of an
adjective to complete a linking verb.11. Strangely is an adverb form: Be careful in using an adverb form in place of an
adjective to complete a linking verb.12. Badly is an adverb form: Be careful in using an adverb form in place of an
adjective to complete a linking verb. 13. Very pleased is fine: Either participle modified by an adverb of degree usually
indicates that it is being used as an adjective and not as part of a passive or progressive verb phrase.14. Too confused is
fine: Either participle modified by an adverb of degree usually indicates that it is being used as an adjective and not as
part of a passive or progressive verb phrase.
EXERCISE 272
4. of his father’s paying the debt: adjectival identifying fact; of its being a proper expenditure: adjectival
identifying proof. 7. on him who goes to seek it: adverbial of place – direction, goal adjunct to verb phrase falls. 9. at
last: adverbial of time – instant adjunct to verb phrase rests. 10. at making excuses: adverbial - identifying adjective
good; is seldom good for anything else.: adverbial – identifying adjective good; of doing good: adjectival identifying
luxury. 11. by sacrificing ourselves: adverbial of means - instrumental adjunct to verb phrase let prevent. 12. by
punishing the guilty: adverbial of means – instrumental adjunct of infinitive protect. 13. by observing truth:
adverbial of means – instrumental adjunct of verb phrase secure; of others: adjectival – identifying respect.14. from
heaven: adverbial of place – direction, origin adjunct of infinitive fall; in utter darkness: adverbial of place – direction,
goal adjunct of infinitive vanish. 16. to her having been conquered by the Norman: adverbial of attribution –
complement of owe; by the Norman: adverbial of means – agency adjunct of verb having been conquered. 17. towards
heaven: adverbial of place – direction, goal adjunct of verb raise. 18. in the world: adverbial of extent – scope of
superlative most. 19. to calumny: adjectival identifying complement of answer. 20. by the presence of cheerful
people: adverbial of means – agency adjunct to participle refreshed; of cheerful people: adjectival identifying
complement of people; on others: adverbial of place – direction, goal adjunct as objective attribute to pleasure as object
of the verb confer. 21. from bleeding sire: adverbial of place – direction, origin adjunct to participle bequeathed; to
son: adverbial of place – direction, goal adjunct to participle bequeathed. 22. of self: adjectival of agency – subject of
gerund fitting; to its sphere: adverbial of place – direction, goal adjunct to gerund fitting. 23. with a college diploma:
adverbial of means – instrumental adjunct to infinitive to be graduated; without having entered into the true spirit
of college life by bearing an active part in its manifold and stimulating experiences: adverbial of means –
manner adjunct to infinitive to be graduated; into the true spirit of college life: adverbial of place – direction, goal
adjunct to gerund having entered; by bearing an active part in its manifold and stimulating experiences:
adverbial of means – instrumental adjunct to gerund having entered into ….; in its manifold and stimulating
experiences: adjectival identifying complement of part; in securing the best results of the course: adverbial of
means – adjunct to infinitive to have failed; of the course: adjectival identifying of results.
EXERCISE 273
1. (&2.) 1. from: used with peak to modify leaps; p.p. is adverbial of place - direction, origin; to: used with peak to
modify leaps; p.p. is adverbial of place - direction, goal; among: post-positioned, used with the rattling crags to modify
leaps; p.p. is adverbial of place - position; 2. in: adverb of place – position or prep. used with that to modify lives; p.p.
is adverbial of place – position. 3. on: adverb (continuative aspect); in: adverb of place – goal to modify go. 4. till: used
with after dinner to modify will stay; p.p. is adverbial of time – ending; after used with dinner as object of till, i.e., an
adverbial noun. 5. These jewels came from: used with across the sea to modify came; p.p. is adverbial of place – origin;
across: used with sea as object of from, i.e., an adverbial noun. 6. as to: used with that to modify the sentence; in:
used with opinion to modify differ; p.p. is adverbial of extent to limit scope and specify in what respect. 7. He ran from:
used with under the tree to modify ran; p.p. is adverbial of place – origin; under: used with tree as object of from, i.e.,
an adverbial noun. 8. excepting: used with him to modify scope of all; adjectival identifying. 9. but: adverb used to
modify scope of one. 10. but: used with one to modify scope of all; adjectival identifying. 11. but: used with to retreat to
modify scope of nothing; adjectival identifying. 12. like: used with men to modify quit; p.p. is adverbial of means –
manner (comparison). 13. over: post-positioned, used with the whole world to modify look; p.p. is adverbial of place –
distance. 14. from: used with nominal clause what he says to modify judging; p.p. is adverbial of extent to limit scope
and specify on what basis.
EXERCISE 274
1. 1. from 2. (no at necessary) 3. (no to (go) necessary) 4. (of is non-standard) 5. of (noun over gerund preferred) 6. to 7.
from 8. on 9. from 10. among 11. from 12. on, at 13. On 14. between (or from)15. with 16. to 17. of 18. (no at or on is
necessary when skill is involved) 19. of (omitting of is colloquial, but normal with gerund no use trying) 2. 1. no: the
alternative is not (to sing.) 2. Most: almost is the standard adverb of degree before all. 3. neither…nor: avoid double
negative with either…or. 4. of: superfluous. 5. only: misplaced as sentence adverb; it should modify three. 6. very
much: misplaced sentence adverb, place just after operator (desired). 7. always: misplaced sentence adverb, place after
operator (shall). 8. only: misplaced sentence adverb, place after operator (was). 9. only: misplaced adverb as a
sentence adverb, place just before element modified (with…). 10. each: belongs logically to all pairs of adjacent
columns.
EXERCISE 275
1. but: two adversative clauses: he is liberal & he is not generous. 2. yet: two adversative clauses: they are poor & they
are not needy. 3. both…and: two conjunctive subjects: he & I. 4. therefore: two illative clauses: I believed & have I
spoken. 5. besides: two conjunctive clauses: that route is dangerous & we have no guide. 6. still: two adversative
clauses: the book is not perfect & it is very helpful. 7. either…or: two disjunctive clauses: Hamlet was insane & he
feigned insanity. 8. for: justificative clause: the sea is rough & I hear the surf. 9. neither…nor: two negative disjunctive
complements: to force & to persuasion. 10. neither…nor: two negative disjunctive attribute complements: yours &
mine; but: two adversative attribute complements: one of yours or mine & theirs. 11. both…and: two conjunctive
adjectival indentifying phrases: in sickness & in health. 12. but: two adversative situations: the context and the
sentence; when: conditional or temporal clause: there is the most occasion. 13. whether…or: disjunctive infinitive
phrases: to read it & not (to read it). 14. not…nor: two negative disjunctive clauses: We can go & should you (go). 15.
though: concessive clause: he is a genius & he does not seem so.
EXERCISE 276
2.
1. Light has spread
Hamilton smote rock
nt
x
man dies
but
u
s t
Put
trust
6.
but
brings writing
on
r
writing
goo
you
in
trust
d
money
goo
ady
put
writing
not
r
(you)
writing makes
Re
you
money
in
not
but
them
greatness
have
some
lives
his
n
and
(you)
memory
upo
achieve greatness
some
5.
4.
thr
great
al
th
nda
Some are born
gushed
for
of
abu
streams
revenue
ion
think
the
and
bayonets
3.
resources
nat
of
the
and
temperate
in
youth
to
or
abstinent
age
old
will have
be
in
you
dy
Be
rea
(you)
d
7.
N.B.: The infinitive clause builds a modal
periphrasis as the object complement of have.
This idiom may be seen as equivalent to must,
whose infinitive complement has no marker (to),
and whose verb phrase would not be diagrammed
in the same way.
Either
8.
Places
are
9.
Hamlet
r
or
warm
11.
I have seen
summer
ly
rem
ext
in
b
ira
are
adm
they
ely
10. people are carrying umbrellas
I
in
N.B.: In the illative
construction R& K suggest
that and may be supplied, or
that the adverb be regarded as
the connective. The diagram in
(10) illustrates hence as
connective and in (11)
therefore.
believe
streets
r
the
must be raining
ce
hen
re
efo
the
it
feigned madness
he
ely
the
nor
mad
was
rem
ext
winter
in
not
nea
sea
cold
12.
camel
is
13. thou
ship
e
ocean
en
pok
thee
snow
as
fro
m
leaps
who can doubt it
for
exercise
of
the
intellect
to
ship
the
14.
?
of
the
(
themes
of
ken
of
the
noblest
master
spo
of
the
the
desert
N.B.: R&K suggest that as it were in (14) be analyzed as
an independent clause used parenthetically, claiming that
as simply introduces it. It seems possible, however, to
take as as a connective and sentence adverb just as the
authors take therefore and hence.
15. Religion is
is
word
camel
uns
thy
sand
thy
is
word
x
of
the
raindeer
Of
of
the
Th
x
master
art
it
(
billow
were
)
billow
)
N.B.: The superlative may be analyzed more
technically as the pronominalization of the
merotypic term of a partitive expression: the
noblest (theme) of (many) themes….
spe
father
a
k ing
Wellesley (
Pitts
)
two
)
the
words
of
are
of
son
( these
the
at
Wh
a
h
suc
and
16. grave contains
a
h
suc
EXERCISE 277
1. 2. until: used with sunset to modify remain; p.p. is adverbial of time – ending. 5. from: used with Dublin to modify
returned; p.p. is adverbial of time – beginning. 13. for: used with him to modify weep; p.p. is adverbial of interest –
benefactive. 16. to: used with each other to modify say; p.p. is adverbial of interest – dative. 17. without: used with
blossoms to modify spring; p.p. is adjectival - attribute complement; without: used with fruit to modify autumn; p.p. is
adjectival – attribute complement. 19. in: used with business to modify failed; p.p. is adverbial of means (metaphorical
place) – instrumental.
2.
+
1. [Though I admire <his> courage], I detest <his> cruelty.
2. you Remain [until sunset].
+
+
4. you Think [twice] [before you speak].
3. you Do [not] go [until (the) sun has set].
+ he returned [from Dublin]. 6. [If+I were [not] Alexander], I would be Diogenes.
5. I have [not] seen <my> friend [since
+
+ (the) moon is uninhabited}.
7. I am proud [of {that I am <an> American}].
8. We know {that
+ (the) moon is uninhabited} is [well] known.
+ (the) moon is uninhabited} is [well] known.
10. (The) fact {that
9. {That
+
+ (the) moon is [not] inhabited}.
12. (The) fact is {that (the) moon has <no> inhabitants}.
11. It is [well] known {that
+ (my) child die].
+ Caesar loved me], I weep [for him].
14. you Come [down] [[ere]
13. [[As]
+ heart can bear]. 16. Language was developed [[that]
+ we might say [pleasant] things [to [each] other]].
15. It is more [[than]
+ spring is [without blossoms], autumn will be [without fruit].
17. [[If]
+
19. He failed [in business] [[because]
he was dishonest].
+ (the) mercury froze}.
18. It was [so] cold {that
1. though: subordinating – adverbial clause of concession modifying detest. 3. until: subordinating – adverbial clause
of time – ending modifying go. 4. before: subordinating – adverbial clause of time – beginning modifying think. 5. since:
subordinating – adverbial clause of time – ending modifying have seen. 6. if: subordinating – adverbial clause of
condition – hypothesis modifying were. 7. that: subordinating – nominal clause as complement to proud (omitted
complementizer). 8. that: subordinating – nominal clause as direct object of know. 9. that: subordinating – nominal
clause as subject of is. 10. that: subordinating – nominal clause as appositive of fact. 11. that: subordinating –
nominal clause as subject of is (it fills subject slot). 12. that: subordinating – nominal clause as attribute complement
is. (This sentence is possibly reduced from “The fact is is that the moon has no inhabitants” meaning “What the fact is
is that the moon has no inhabitants” using an indefinite nominal clause. 13. as: subordinating – adverbial clause of
means – manner modifying weep. 14. ere: subordinating – adverbial clause of time – beginning modifying come. 15.
than: subordinating – adverbial clause of comparison complementing more. 16. that: subordinating – adverbial clause
of purpose modifying was developed. 17. if: subordinating – adverbial clause of condition – hypothesis modifying will
be. 18. that: subordinating – adverbial clause of comparison/result complementing so. 19. because: subordinating –
adverbial clause of cause modifying failed.
EXERCISE 278
thought
combustion
in
tly
nea
If
h
ug
eno
produce
ily
eas
is evolved
prose
s
les
Un s
ay
alw
heat
ly
ick
qu
to
the
1.
use
r
is compressed
(you)
you
air
2.
packs
and
verse
r
h
wit
a
eve
image
kingbird
er
aft
a
l
and
of
an
dul
you have
a
3.
crow
you saw
speaker
him
If
listener
live
a
ly
harbors
of
Were
Gulf Stream
the
)
rm
at
not
of
gre
a
x
it (
year
wa
the
part
N.B.: The use of the subjunctive and the
relative position of the subject and verb
render the if unnecessary. This omission of
if is a common literary idiom.
waters
ice
h
for
the
Britain
wit
of
rivers
blocked
up
and
would be
for
the
4.
the
calls
of
the
to
keep
hunger
furnace
is thrown
fat
the
5.
Should be neglected
in
int
o
of
the
body
grate
the
x
the
x
play
that
we
h
nt
eac
x
x
us
asa
ple
Language was given
to
6.
might say things
other
N.B.: That, introducing a clause of purpose, is
a mere conjunction. Here it introduces a
nominal clause with the so of purpose being
omitted. BTW:The myth that human
language has such a purpose and is a gift is
not intended here as a serious explanation.
that
Spiders have
eyes
may see
at
7.
they
)
one
in
ny
ma
in
order (
time
N.B.: The phrases in order that, so that = that.
Here again the nominal clause saves the day,
so that syntax may be preserved over
semantics. BTW:The philosophical position
that purpose explains creatures and their
structures is no longer held by scientists
who are taken seriously.
directions
ny
ma
to
that
need sail
x
und
aro
not
was dug
ship canal
the
vessels
ean
rop
Eu
so
8.
reach Orient
Cape
of
the
oss
acr
e
Th
Hope
of
od
Go
Isthmus
Suez
draws vapors
the
and
land
pen
sol
e
it
may drop
cisterns
clouds
n
of
itself
them
rst
thi
the
y
x
brain
load
h
on
weight
on
a
inch
fift
een
mortar
a
not
m
fro h
oug
Th
yet
his
him
fool
a
in
thou shouldst bray
12. foolishness will depart
are
squ
ry
eve
of
pounds
h
oug
its
Th
not
l
stil
us
body
the
wit
the
do feel
presses
the
atmosphere
of
gh
blood
one
of
hou
Alt
to
one
it
fortieth
y
is sent
sixth
is
onl
the
10.
11. we
them
dew
earth
upo
in
in
retains
rain
or
dis
Th
d ed
v ed
as
that
the
sus
or
m
fro
up
air
and
9.
sea
14.
they
are
N.B.: If is here concessive = even if = though
sufficient
to
no
t
make
loss
s ed
o
int
n
ma
gh
by
ou
y
evaporation
Mediterranean
the
13.
ca u
the
up
Th
rivers flow
it arrested progress
its
freedom
a
nd
the
hu
If
sh
gli
En
y
erl
utt
t
Roses
no
of
years
the
for
did destroy
War
red
EXERCISE 279
N.B.: “That was originally the neuter demonstrative pronoun, used to point to the
fact stated in an independent sentence; as, It was good; he saw that. By an
inversion of the order this became, He saw that (namely) it was good, and so
passed into the form He saw that it was good, where that has been transferred to
the accessory clause, and has become a mere sign of grammatical
subordination.”—C. P. Mason.
That
round
earth is
the
1.
has been proved
N.B.: The clause that the earth is round is used like a noun as the
subject of has been proved. The conjunction that introduces the noun
clause.
This is a peculiar kind of complex sentence in that strictly speaking, there is here no principal clause since part
of the base is missing. We may say that it is a complex sentence in which the whole sentence takes the place of a
principal clause.
I have done What
That
?
word
the
thief
the
is determined
by
ful
ly
first
and
4.
of
the
discoverer
America
not
x
historians
N.B.: The subject clause is here an indirect question.
en
Wh
is
Who was
yet
letters were used
5.
by
of
singular
of
a
is
gin
man
knave
is asked
glass
soul
the
2.
3.
for
for
e
sam
the
is used
and
known
nly
tai
cer
not
N.B.: When the manner adverb certainly is used the sentence is clearly contrived to be in
the passive voice, but with the agent suppressed it still has an awkward and difficult
interpretation. The adverbial adjunct for certain would have made the meaning clear if
not the syntax.
quit business
is
en
Wh
? e
er
Wh
thy
of
the
Cain 7.
is
problem
v ed
N.B.: When to quit business and enjoy their wealth is
an indirect question. When to quit business = When
they are to quit business, or When they ought to quit
business. Such constructions may be expanded into
clauses, or they may be treated as phrases equivalent
to clauses.
grease
you
for
the
10.
are
who
world
will inquire
iou
e
not
Th
anx
table
his
r’s
Eskimo feels
sly
9.
some
dishes
bea
and
blubber
are
by
er
nev
Galileo taught
sol
a
lty
gui
the
moves
the
8.
That
earth
wealth
ears
smote
N.B.: Here the clause
introduced by that is
used like a noun as
the direct object of
taught.
enjoy
ir
the
6.
and
to
Abel ( brother )
int
?
ive
uit
the
you can do What
ly
11. It will ask
e
fin
a
!
12. peacock struts
tail
of
I have
sa
at
ut
Wh
abo
e
Th
y ing
to
choose which
you
N.B.: The participle modifies peacock but is
justificative telling the evidence for the peacock
strutting about. The what asks the degree of
fineness, but syntactically belongs to the article.
As a reference intensifier it does for quality what
the phrase many a does for quantity.
he
13. He does know
en
wh
how
r
ove
N.B.: By its pronunciation we can tell that no one
is actually a pronoun written as two words.
current
of
the
any r
e
eth
wh
the
15. Philosophers are debating
no
will has control
ere
wh
not
14. one can tell
N.B.: R&K direct the student to the explanation accompanying
(7). They do not not fully recognize the indefinite noun clause
and its reductions.
will die
or or
in
l
our
)
out
(ab
stil
N.B.: A factive nominal clause, when object of the preposition about, usually
dispenses with the preposition.
thought
dreams
EXERCISE 280
you are going
that
2.
t
ian
def ’s
eed
Tw
of
A
w ed
English
in
Hereafter
as
ere
the
Wh
we
r ed
k ed
nev
er
earth
in
ept
ry
) has been proved
heel
the
g
nin
cer
con
e
Th
Achilles
mold
x
that
mildew
yeast
diminution
8.
supply
in
a
) is believed
are
fact (
) is
e
Th
to
the
brain
the
of
blood
that
9.
Napoleon turned
road
he
might save
tree
io
nt
me
a
n ed
n
in
plo
Sim
his
de
asi
)
by
order (
plants
and
is caused
by
7. It (
It (
exc
is
eve
myth
invulnerable
part
6.
round
is
the
was
he
that
sleep
that
that
r
eve
5.
how
ans
e
Th
and
work
at
Wh
exist
and
it
t’s
is
of
a
mle
Ha
question
to
?
3.
exclamation was
am
I
What
piece
is
man
!
4.
do
ut
abo
question was
ro
bor
ny
ma
peculiarity is
so
1.
has words
to
?
it
Cæsar
wonderful
candles are
burnt
out
h
Nig
t ’s
10. metaphor (
)
is
one
of
Sha
finest
in
r’s
pea
the
kes
literature
(you)
do
Romans
this (
was
x
en
substance
x
in
in
in
e
Th
regard
)
Wh
advice
x
the
as
11.
do
Rome
to
to
conformity
custom
al
loc
that
St. Ambrose gave that
St. Augustine
future
depends
x
birds Have
sing
sense
who
There
wrote plays
y
of
14. dispute has been
s
re’
pea
e
ut
abo
som
that
kes
any
?
Sha
wh
13.
)
our
they
on
our
12. we know This (
present
surrounds Pole
sea
the
ope
an
n
15.
We are
N.B.: By supposing of to stand before that, the nominal clause
may be treated as the principal term of a prepositional phrase
modifying the adjective certain. By supplying of the fact, the
nominal clause will become explanatory.
certain
x
now
that
We are
x
the
16.
shall bring
us
and
future
success
triumph
anxious
x
all
N.B.: The quantifier all is positioned to serve as a sentence
adverb, even though it limits the meaning of we.
strength
that
o
int
himself
sla
17. Islander was
enemy
his
valor
confident
of
and
passed
in
x
Ha
wa
n
iia
EXERCISE 281
3.
Some have passed
portion
ir
the
Sin has tools
are admired
x
st
which
are decorated
and
h
handle
wit
is
mo
ny
ma at
gre
a
which
but
lie
the
r
earth
the
1.
lives
ate
of
the
of
insects
of
gre
the
in
bowels
al
ere most
that
Someone has said
head
a
sm
e
on
could carry all
he knew x
ll
N.B.: R&K have written “someone” as two words. Nowadays a
“milkman” delivers milk rather than milking cows by a river, which
task is now automated in a barn. The song is a once popular
Christian hymn.
eth
the
the
te
ori
fav an’s
lkm
mi
the
2.
should be
at
?
song
we Shall gather
river
nt
llia most
on
all
that
wings
bri
fits them
colors
the
a
a
which
soar
which
4.
wonder
grew
l
stil
the
a (1)
had passed
hour
opportunity
ile
e
had escaped
wh
Th
e
and
x
Th
and
opportunity
he tarried
a (2) hour had passed
had escaped
wh
ile
earth
is
the
that
and
tarried
round
it
N.B.: Treating adverbial clauses as adverbial nouns as in (a2) would
require a little more complicated diagram than the one by R&K in (a1).
revolves
man becomes
b. He proved
k
n
ing
w
ing
k
run
x
ro
ing speeches
or
and
ma
ion
rat
ing
x
ir
x
spi
per
six
en
the
out
tubes
wor
by
fluid
pour
of
sev
the
or
en
millions
overheated
Wh
a
5.
x
the
the
he
that
N.B.: R&K suggest this diagram which is intended to
show that the clause while he tarried modifies both
predicates of the independent clauses. While
modifies had passed, had escaped, and tarried, as
illustrated by the short lines under the first two
verbs and the line over tarried. The office of while as
connective is shown by the dotted lines.
iou
s
ole
wh
the
and
is
body
fur
bathed
cooled
that
he
did educate daughters
his
enough
for
one
woman
a
said
e
aus
in
Milton
bec
not
6.
tongue was
languages
surface
flows
n
tha
er
x
x
ac
adj
n
tha
ent
)
the
n
) obey law (
x
low
sides
tfas er
-
ai
unt
mo
n
dow
Glaciers (
x
-er
and
flows
ter
cen
the
flo
7.
the
tfas
er
upp
the
x
w ing gorges
x
N.B.: The appositive to the last item in a clause
(law of rivers) would normally be set off with an mdash, or else a colon. However, where it is itself a
sentence, the semi-colon is preferred.
of
rivers
frogs
9.
that would injure dikes
the
t
bes
’s
one
t
x
eve
N.B.: The use of the verb injure, instead of damage, seems
to lend a spirit of life (animateness) to the dikes.
ry
is
law
worms
Holland
day
8.
the
things
No
by
e
aus
bec n
I
the
to
wear
stork is protected
and
it eats
maxim
of
thrift
and
ngl
wE
Ne
which is
verse
in
x
any
dis
the
pu
t ed
x
catechism
x
le
litt
as
as
that
both
compound ( water )
form
a
bi
com
which is
destructive
to
n ed
inflammable
is
gh
hly
hig
and
u
tho
hydrogen
fire
is
oxygen
supporter
) is
one
of
in
l
of
the
the
x
hung
had surrendered
Army
en
the
Winchester
had been defeated
en
wh
of
r
you
1812
by
en
on
r
you
wh
were covered
arms
shore
disaster
war
cloud
a
wh
of
the
x
In
Northwest
land
the
x
r
ove ike
l
en
wh
of
the
x
gloom
despondency
ura
nat
the
st
al
h
victory
welkin
made
N.B.: The phrases war of 1812, which
nowadays is capitalized, and Army of the
Northwest are proper nouns and need not
be analyzed to the extent done here.
world
s
mo
ion
wit
lou
rve
nat
x
shouts
ma
the
of
the
glory
ring
and
?
and
facts
fires
relit
11.
who
of
a
10. It (
combustion
EXERCISE 282
1. 1. than 2. that 3. nor 4. than 5. than 6. for, but, yet 7. that 8. whether 2. 1. a pronoun, a noun, a noun phrase, a
nominal clause, a prepositional phrase. 2. I heard it from him. I heard it in silence. I heard it from the boss. I hear it
from whoever was speaking. I heard it from beyond the grave. 3. adjective, adverb, (adverbial) noun. 4. The sink in the
kitchen is clean. The clean sink is in the kitchen. The plumber installed a sink in the kitchen. 5. Prepositions always
express a one way relation to another part of the sentence and conjunctions relate two ways between clauses or
smaller equal parts of a sentence. 6. Subordinating conjunctions always imply their clause is a part of the main clause,
whereas the coordinating conjunctions connect two (or more) equal ranking syntactic structures. 7. The first is a
preposition having a noun naming an event for its object whereas the second is a conjunction being logically part of an
adverbial clause of time. 8. In the first the clause gives a reason or justification for the main statement, in the second
the clause gives a certain quality or description to something required by the limiting adjective such.
EXERCISE 283
1. O Nature! What beauties I behold in Thee! Ahoy! What island is this? Alas! All is lost! What! They found him
innocent! Oh oh! After all that work, it’s all for naught! Huh! Is that guilty, you say? Duh! You said it first! Hark! Do
you hear singing? Shhh! Please, keep quiet! 2. What does a pig say? Oink! A sheep? Baa! A cow? Moo! A kitten? Mew!
What about a cricket? Chirrup! I hear a dog yelping in the distance, or is it a cayote? Oow, oow, oow, oooow! Is that a
camel? Ptooy! 3. tu-whit, a bird; tu-whoo, an owl; whir-r: a cat; buzz: a bee; chick-a-dee: a bird; whip-poor-will: a
whippoorwill; twitter: a bird; chirp: a canary; bellow: an elephant; whinny: a horse.
EXERCISE 284
1. To be is the simple infinitive of the linking verb be as subject of the verb is; to be is the simple infinitive of the
linking verb be as predicate adjective of the verb is. 2. To grow is the simple infinitive of the complete verb grow as
explanatory to the anticipatory subject it of the verb is. 3. Reading is the simple gerund of the complete verb read as
subject of the verb may tire. 4. To tell is the simple infinitive of the transitive verb tell as explanatory to the
anticipatory subject it of the verb is. 5. To have been received is the perfect passive infinitive of the transitive verb
receive as explanatory to the anticipatory subject it of the verb was. 6. Seeming is the simple gerund of the linking
verb seem as subject of the verb is; being is the simple gerund of the linking verb be as predicate noun of the verb is.
7. To be forgotten is the passive infinitive of the transitive verb forget as the direct object of the verb would wish. 8. To
release is the simple infinitive of the transitive verb release as the direct object of the verb refused. 9. To do is the
simple infinitive of the transitive verb do as the direct object of the verb have tried. 10. Being accused is the passive
infinitive of the transitive verb accuse as the direct object of the verb dislikes. 11. The firm expects To be moving out is
the progressive infinitive of the complete verb move as direct object of the verb expects. 12. Having done is the perfect
gerund of the transitive verb do as direct object of the verb do regret. 13. Imitating is the simple gerund of the
transitive verb imitate as object of the preposition by of the adverbial adjunct of means to the complete verb can
improve. 14. Having been written is the perfect passive gerund of the transitive verb write as the object of the
preposition about of the adverbial adjunct of topic to the complete verb know. 15. Speak is the simple infinitive of the
transitive verb speak as the object of the verb did.
EXERCISE 285
2. (The) company was {to receive <a <thousand>> pounds}.
1. Have you time <to hear <my> statement>?
3. Leaves have <their> time <to fall>.
4. Music hath charms <to soothe <<the> savage> breast>.
5. (The) cowboys seem {to be fading <from <the> land>}.
6. I called [immediately] [to see him].
7. (My) friends were delighted [to receive <the> gifts].
8. She is [too] sensible [to be flattered].
9. They are [well] able [to bear <the> loss].
10. you Be swift [to hear], |and| slow [to speak].
11. I expected him {him to go [at once]}.
12. (No) one believed him {him to be <so> cruel}.
13. We held it {it to be <an> outrage}.
14. I suppose it {it to have been he}.
15. We have ordered [the] house {to be vacated <immediately>}.
16. They made [the] welkin {ring <with <their> hurrahs>}.
1. To hear is the simple infinitive of the transitive verb hear as adjectival modifying time. (for an audit of my statement)
2. To receive is the simple infinitive of the transitive verb receive as predicate nominal of the linking verb was. 3. To
fall is the simple infinitive of the transitive verb fall as adjectival modifying time. (for falling) 4. To soothe is the simple
infinitive of the transitive verb soothe as adjectival modifying charms. (that will soothe the savage breast) 5. To be
fading is the progressive infinitive of the complete verb fade as predicate nominal of the linking verb seem. from the
land. 6. To see is the simple infinitive of the transitive verb see as adverbial adjunct of purpose modifying called. (that I
might see him) 7. To receive is the simple infinitive of the transitive verb receive as adverbial complement of delighted.
(in their receipt of the gifts) 8. To be flattered is the passive infinitive of the verb flatter as adverbial of degree
complement of too. 9. To bear is the simple infinitive of the transitive verb bear as adverbial complement of able. (in
bearing the loss) 10. To hear is the simple infinitive of the transitive verb hear as adverbial of extent modifying swift; to
speak is the simple infinitive of the transitive verb speak as adverbial of extent modifying slow. (in hearing); (in
speaking) 11. To go is the simple infinitive of the complete verb go as direct object of the verb expected. (i.o. as subject
that he go at once) 12. To be is the simple infinitive of the complete verb be as direct object of the verb believed. (i.o. as
subject that he was so cruel) 13. To be is the simple infinitive of the complete verb be as object complement of the verb
held. (i.o as subject: that it was an outrage) 14. To have been is the perfect infinitive of the complete verb be as direct
object of the verb suppose. (i.o. as subject that it had been him) 15. To be vacated is the passive infinitive of the
complete verb vacate as object complement of the verb ordered. (i.o. as subject that the house be vacated immediately)
16. Ring is the root infinitive of the complete verb ring as object complement of the verb made. (that it ring with their
hurrahs).
EXERCISE 286
1. (split infinitive, place carefully before to) 2. (to with root form do understood should be filled out) 3. (use of and
might be replaced with to, especially if the promise is unsure) 4. (use of perfect infinitive redundant with modal ought,
use simple form to go) 5. I ought to at least apologize, but I do not mean to. (split infinitive, do not place at least before
to and split the modal instead, but move it after apologize; to with root form do so understood should be filled out)
EXERCISE 287
1. (The (melancholy)) days are {come}.
2. I kept him {working}.
4. (The (mountain)) streams went {babbling} [by].
3. (This) noise is <very> confusing.
5. Is [not] (the) breeze (from the hills) refreshing?
6. (The) fire was set {burning} [by sparks <from the engine>].
7. (The) news set <<all> the> bells {ringing}.
8. We found <some <old>> planks <<badly> rotted <by <the> weather>>.
9. (The) sun goes [down], {lengthening <the> shadows}.
+ <the> girl, [{lost <in <<such> dreamy> fancies>}], did [not] hear you].
10. [What] wonder it is [that
11. [Even] ((the) chartered) plane (dispatched <at two>) did [not] arrive [till four].
+ (the) nest was near}.
12. (Having <often> seen him {passing}), I reasoned {that
13. She brought <some> images [robbed <from <the> tombs> <by Arabs>].
14. {<Once> possessed <of <that> fortune>}, he would wish [for {it to be greater}].
15. (Punished |or| unpunished), he will [never] be conquered.
16. (<Ten <times>> conquered), [still] you may be victor.
17. [<The> rain having ceased <{to fall}>], we look for <a> rainbow.
18. {<The> weather permitting}, we shall set [out] [tomorrow].
+ <the> rocks <now> slipping <<from> beneath <their> feet>}, they [still] refused {they to flee}.
19. {|And|
20. He had everything <to fear <from <poisonous> plants>>, [{<the> <very> sight <of dogwood> being dangerous}].
+ {<the> wind blowing <a> gale}}.
21. She sat [by <the> window], {{<the> sash raised}, |and|
22. (The) army was [in Belgium], [{<the> fleet being <in <the> Channel>}], [{as we have said}].
1. Come is a perfect participle of the complete verb come as complement of the verb are referring to days. 2. Working
is an imperfect participle of the complete verb work as complement of the verb keep referring to him. 3. Confusing is
an adjective derived from the imperfect participle of the transitive verb confuse as complement to the verb is referring to
noise. (Its transitive verb nature is lost and its adjectival nature exposed in the use of the adverb of degree very, which
is never used with a verbal.) 4. Babbling is an adjective derived from the imperfect participle of the complete verb
babble modifying the phrasal verb went by as an adverbial of means – manner referring to streams. (Its adjective
nature is lost and its adverbial nature exposed in its modification of the adverb part of the phrasal verb.) (The mountain
streams babbled as they went by.) 5. Refreshing is an adjective derived from the imperfect participle of the transitive
verb refresh as complement to the verb is referring to breeze. (Its verbal nature is lost and its adjectival nature exposed
in its failure to be interpreted as the progressive aspect of a transitive verb.) 6. Burning is the imperfect participle of
the transitive verb burn as an adverbial of result referring to fire. (Its participle nature is clear from its interpretation as
an objective complement for the passive voice of the transitive verb set.) (The fire was set by sparks from the engine so
that it burned.) 7. The news set all the bells ringing. Ringing is the imperfect participle of the complete verb ring as an
adverbial of result referring to bells. (Its participle nature is clear from its interpretation as an objective complement for
the transitive verb set.) (The news set all the bells so that they rang.) 8. Rotted is a perfect participle of the complete
verb rot as objective complement of the transitive verb found referring to planks. (We found some old planks that had
been badly rotted by the weather.) 9. Lengthening is the imperfect participle of the transitive verb lengthen as an
adverbial of time – sequence, or of result (by cause) referring to sun. (The sun goes down and the shadows lengthen.
The sun goes down so that the shadows lengthen.) 10. Lost is a perfect participle of the complete verb lose as an
adverbial of cause but also as an adjective modifying and referring to the noun girl. (What wonder it is that the girl,
because she was lost in such dreamy fancies, did not hear you; What wonder it is that the girl, who was lost in such
dreamy fancies, did not hear you.) 11. Dispatched is the perfect participle of the transitive verb dispatch as an
adjective modifying and referring to the noun plane. (Even the chartered plane, which had been dispatched at two, did
not arrive till four.) 12. Having seen is a perfect participle of the transitive verb see used absolutely (adverbial of cause)
referring to the pronoun I. Passing is the imperfect participle of the complete verb pass as an objective complement
referring to the pronoun him (I had often seen him as he passed and so I reasoned that the nest was near.) 13. Robbed
is a perfect (passive) participle of the transitive verb rob used to modify and refer to the noun images. (She brought
some images which had been robbed from the tombs by Arabs.) 14. Possessed is a perfect participle of the transitive
verb possess used as an adverbial of condition to modify by referring to the pronoun he. (Once he were to be possessed
of that fortune, he would wish it to be greater.) 15. Punished is an adjective derived from the perfect (passive) participle
of the transitive verb punish used as an adverbial of concession to modify by referring to the pronoun he. Unpunished
is an adjective derived from the perfect (passive) participle of the transitive verb punish together with the negative prefix
un- used as an adverbial of concession to modify by referring to the pronoun he. (Be he punished or unpunished, he will
never be conquered.) 16. Conquered is an adjective derived from the perfect (passive) participle of the transitive verb
conquer used as an adverbial of concession to modify by referring to the pronoun you. (Be you ten times conquered, still
you may be victor.) 17. Having ceased is a perfect participle of the transitive verb cease used absolutely (adverbial of
(temporal) reason) referring to the noun rain. (When the rain has ceased to fall, we look for a rainbow.)18. Permitting is
a imperfect participle of the transitive verb permit used absolutely (adverbial of condition) referring to the noun
weather. (If the weather permits, we shall set out tomorrow.) 19. Slipping is an imperfect participle of the complete verb
slip used absolutely (adverbial of (temporal) reason) referring to the noun rocks. (And even as the rocks now slipped
from beneath their feet, they still refused to flee.) 20. Being is an imperfect participle of the linking verb be used
absolutely (adverbial of (temporal) reason) referring to the noun sight. (He had everything to fear from poisonous plants
like dogwood, the very sight of which was dangerous.) 21. Raised is a perfect (passive) participle of the transitive verb
raise used appositively (adverbial of concomitant circumstance) to modify by referring to the noun sash. Blowing is an
imperfect participle of the transitive verb blow used appositively or absolutely (adverbial of circumstance) to modify by
referring to the noun window. (She sat by the window, the sash of which was raised, and the wind through which was
blowing a gale.) 22. Being is an imperfect participle of the linking verb be used appositively (adverbial of circumstance)
referring to the noun fleet. (The army was in Belgium, while the fleet was in the Channel, as we have said.)
EXERCISE 288
1. you Strive [for {to keep <your> appointments}].
2. I have <<<<but> a> few> more> words <{to say}>.
3. you Cease {to do evil}; you learn {to do good}.
5. It was <no> <easy> task ({to bridge <the> chasm}).
4. ((The) mere) fact (of {<his> father paying <the> debt}) is [no] proof [of {it being <<a> proper> expenditure}].
6. {{To profess} |and| {to possess}} are [very] different.
+
+
7. Evil falls [on him [who goes <{to seek it}>]. 8. {Gone} are (the) birds ({that were <<our> summer> guests}).
9. [{<<His> great> work having been <well> done}], he rests [at last].
+
10. He (that is good <at {making excuses}>) is [seldom] good <for anything <else>>.
11. you Let us {prevent [his] anger} [by {sacrificing ourselves}].
you Let him {learn <the> luxury <of {doing good}>}.
12. (The) law is made [for {to protect <the> innocent [by {punishing <the> guilty}]].
13. [By {observing truth}] we shall secure <the> respect <of others>.
14. He saw [a] star {fall [from heaven] |and| vanish [in [utter] darkness]}.
15. It is good {to think <well>}; it is divine {to act <well>}.
16. England owes <her> liberties [to {her having been conquered [by <the> Norman]}].
17. {Eyes raised <towards heaven>} are [always] beautiful, {whatever they be}.
N.B.: Antecedent to the
indefinite pronoun must be
the phrase beautiful eyes.
18. Selfishness is {making <one’s> self <the> <<most> important> personage <<in <the> world>>}.
Happiness ({shared}) is perfected.
19. {<Silently> to persevere <in <one’s> duty>} is <<the> best> answer <to calumny>.
20. You find yourself [{refreshed <by <the> presence <of <cheerful> people>>}].
[Why] do we [not] make <<an> earnest> effort <{to confer <that> pleasure <on others>]>?
21. (Freedom’s) battle, ({<once> begun}),
({Bequeathed <from <{bleeding}> sire> <to son>}]
[Though {baffled <oft>}], is [ever] won.
22. Rest is [not] {quitting <<the> busy> career};
Rest is {<the> fitting <of self> <to <its> sphere>}.
’Tis {{loving} |and| {serving <the> highest |and| best}};
’Tis {going <onwards>}! {unswerving}, |and| that is [true] rest.
23. {To be graduated <with <<a> college> diploma> <without {having entered <into <<the> true> spirit <of
<college> life> <by {bearing <<an> active> part <in <<its> <manifold |and| stimulating> experiences>>}>}}, is {to
have failed <in {securing <<the> best> results <of <the> course>>}>}.
N.B.: Multiple embeddings make it impractical
to underline more than just the most essential
elements of each verbal phrase
1. To keep is the simple infinitive of the transitive verb keep as direct object of the transitive phrasal verb
strive (for), i.e., object of the preposition for, introducing an adverbial adjunct of purpose of the complete verb strive. 2.
To say is the simple infinitive of the transitive verb say as objective complement of the transitive verb have. 3. To do is
the simple infinitive of the transitive verb do as direct object of the transitive verb cease; to do is the simple infinitive of
the transitive verb do as direct object of the transitive verb learn. 4. Paying is the simple gerund of the transitive verb
pay as object of the preposition of; being is the simple gerund of the linking verb be as object of the preposition of. 5.
To bridge is the simple infinitive of the transitive verb bridge as explanatory subject of the linking verb was. 6. To
profess is the simple infinitive of the transitive verb profess as part of a compound subject of the linking verb are; to
possess is the simple infinitive of the transitive verb possess as part of a compound subject of the linking verb are. 7.
To seek is the simple infinitive of the transitive verb seek as adverbial adjunct of purpose (omitted for) modifying the
complete verb goes. 8. Gone is a perfect participle of the complete verb go as complement of the verb are referring to
birds. 9. Having been done is a perfect passive participle of the transitive verb do used appositively (adverbial of
concomitant circumstance) to modify by referring to the noun work. (His great work has been done well and thus (we
see) he rests at last. N.B.: Possibly his death may also be interpreted as a consequence of the completion of his great
work.) 10. Making is the simple gerund of the transitive verb make as object of the preposition at; doing is the simple
gerund of the transitive verb do as object of the preposition of. 11. Prevent is the simple infinitive of the transitive verb
prevent as direct object of the transitive verb let. (N.B.: Let may be taken as a modal auxiliary.) sacrificing is the
simple gerund of the transitive verb sacrifice as object of the preposition by. 12. To protect is the simple infinitive of
the transitive verb protect as adverbial adjunct of purpose (omitted for) modifying the transitive verb make; punishing
is the simple gerund of the transitive verb punish as object of the preposition by. 13. Observing is the simple gerund of
the transitive verb observe as object of the preposition by. 14. Fall is the simple infinitive of the complete verb fall as
part of a compound objective complement of the transitive verb saw; vanish is the simple infinitive of the complete
verb vanish as part of the compound objective complement of the transitive verb saw. 15. To think is the simple
infinitive of the transitive verb think as subject of the linking verb is; to act is the simple infinitive of the transitive verb
act as subject of the linking verb is. 16. Having been conquered is the perfect passive gerund of the transitive verb
conquer as object of the preposition to. 17. Raised is a perfect (passive) participle of the transitive verb raise used
adjectivally to modify by referring to the noun eyes. (Eyes which have been raised towards heaven are always beautiful
(eyes), whatever they be.) 18. Making is the simple gerund of the transitive verb make as subjective complement of the
linking verb is; shared is a perfect (passive) participle of the transitive verb share used adjectivally to modify by
referring to the noun happiness. (Happiness which has been shared is perfected.); perfected is an adjective derived
from the perfect (passive) participle of the transitive verb perfect used as an attribute complement of the linking verb is.
19. To persevere is the simple infinitive of the complete verb persevere as subject of the linking verb is. 20. Refreshed
is an adjective derived from the perfect (passive) participle of the transitive verb refresh used as an objective
complement of the transitive verb find; to confer is the simple infinitive of the transitive verb confer as subject of the
transitive verb (do) make. (N.B.: The exclamatory why seems to enable the operator portion of the negative contraction
to be omitted.) 21. Begun is a perfect (passive) participle of the transitive verb begin used adjectivally to modify by
referring to the noun battle (Freedom’s battle which is once begun …); bequeathed is a perfect (passive) participle of the
transitive verb bequeath used adjectivally to modify by referring to the noun battle (Freedom’s battle … which is
bequeathed from bleeding sire to son); bleeding is an adjective derived from the imperfect participle of the complete
verb bleed as attribute to the noun sire (…from a sire who bleeds…); baffled is a perfect (passive) participle of the
transitive verb baffle used appositively (adverbial of concession) to modify by referring to the noun battle (Freedom’s
battle … though it is baffled oft …). 22. Quitting is the simple gerund of the transitive verb quit as subjective
complement of the linking verb is; fitting is the simple gerund of the transitive verb fit as subjective complement of the
linking verb is; loving is the simple gerund of the transitive verb love as part of a compound subjective complement of
the linking verb is; serving is the simple gerund of the transitive verb quit as part of a compound subjective
complement of the linking verb is; Ø is the omitted simple gerund of the transitive verb go as subjective complement of
the linking verb is (evidenced by the otherwise independent adverbial adjunct of place – direction onwards, omitted as
antithetical to rest); unswerving is an adjective derived from the imperfect participle of the complete verb swerve along
with the negative prefix un- used as an adverbial of means – manner to modify the understood verb go. 23. To be
graduated is the passive infinitive of the transitive verb graduate as subject of the linking verb is; having entered is
the perfect gerund of the transitive verb enter as object of the preposition without; bearing is the simple gerund of the
transitive verb bear as object of the preposition by; stimulating experiences; to have failed is the perfect infinitive of
the complete verb fail as subject complement of the linking verb is; securing is the simple gerund of the transitive verb
secure as object of the preposition in.
REVIEW EXERCISE 289
1. § 90. 2. §§ 98–103. 3. §§ 220, 221, 460, 461. 4. cf. glossary. 5. § 157. 6. §§ 207, 274, 290, 697(a), 698(a). 7. § 419.
8. §§ 420, 429, 675. 9. §§ 296, 420, 740, 750. 10. §§ 251 (b), 296, 687, 741, 656 (a).
EXERCISE 290
1. [There] {health |and| plenty} cheered <<the> {laboring}> swain.
2. ((Regular) |and| (daily)) exercise was <the> {origin |and| secret} <of <his> health>.
3. [Gaily] rode (the) hunters [[through [the] valleys] |or| [over [the] hills]].
traits <of <his> character>.
4. {{Love (for study)}|,| {(a) desire ({to do right})}, |and| {care (in (the) choice (of friends)}} were
5. We were {<deeply> impressed} [by <the> {majesty |and| sublimity} <of <the> {cataract |and| <its>
surroundings}>].
6. Which would they choose, {{to live <at peace <with none>>}, |or| {to die <at peace <with all>}}?
7. [{|Either| sooner |or| later}] temperance {fortifies |and| purifies} <the> heart.
+ gods may dwell}>, {beautiful |,| entire|, and| clean}.
8. ye Make <the> house <{[where]
EXERCISE 291
1. That we overcome is an adjectival clause modifying the noun strength. The clause connective is the relative pronoun
that. 2. That sages have seen in thy face is an adjectival clause modifying the noun charms. The clause connective is
the relative pronoun that. 3. What we make it is a nominal clause as attribute complement of the verb is. The clause
connective is the conjunctive pronoun what. 4. Lest thou come to poverty is an adverbial clause of concession modifying
the verb love. The clause connective is the conjunctive adverb lest. 5. What pleases you is a nominal clause as subject
of the verb will please. The clause connective is the conjunctive pronoun what. 6. That he has betrayed my confidence
is a nominal clause as appositive of the noun fact. The clause connective is the conjunctive pronoun that. 7. That the
chieftain lay unconscious of his son is a nominal clause as object of the verb knew. The clause connective is the
subordinating conjunction that. 8. That you seek to escape is a nominal clause as explanatory of the anticipatory
subject it. The clause connective is the conjunctive pronoun that. 9. While he slept is an adverbial clause of time period modifying the verb came. The clause connective is the conjunctive adverb while. 10. What he spake is a nominal
clause as subject of the verb was. The clause connective is the conjunctive pronoun what. Though it lacked form a little
is an adverbial clause of concession modifying the verb was. The clause connective is the conjunctive adverb though.
11. That he does is an adjectival clause modifying the pronoun all. The clause connective is the relative pronoun that.
What others produce is a nominal clause as object of the verb (infinitive) distribute. The clause connective is the
conjunctive pronoun what. 12. That fights and runs away is a (compound) adjectival clause modifying the pronoun he.
The clause connective is the relative pronoun that. 13. What we do and are is a (compound) nominal clause as object of
the preposition of. The clause connective is the conjunctive pronoun what. 14. That I never hated any man is a nominal
clause as direct object of the verb thank. The clause connective is the conjunctive pronoun that. Because he was poor
is an adverbial clause of cause - reason modifying the verb hated. The clause connective is the conjunctive adverb
because. Because he was ignorant is an adverbial clause of cause - reason modifying the verb hated. The clause
connective is the conjunctive adverb because. 15. If (they were) put into the right position is an adverbial clause of
condition - hypothesis modifying the verb would be. The clause connective is the conjunctive adverb if. 16. (It is) no
wonder (that) you are deaf to all (that) I say. You are deaf to all I say is a nominal clause as explanatory of the
(understood) anticipatory subject it. The clause connective is the (understood) conjunctive pronoun Ø. I say is an
adjectival clause modifying the pronoun all. The clause connective is the (understood) relative pronoun Ø. 17. As he
went is an adverbial clause of time - period modifying the verb whistled. The clause connective is the conjunctive
adverb as. 18. Than a good turn or a favor is an adverbial clause of comparison - degree modifying the adverb –er (more)
attached to the adverb soon. The clause connective is the conjunctive adverb than. 19. When faith is lost is an adverbial
clause of time - point or an adverbial clause of condition – irrealis modifying the verb is. The clause connective is the
conjunctive adverb when. When honor dies is an adverbial clause of time - point or an adverbial clause of condition –
irrealis modifying the verb is. The clause connective is the conjunctive adverb when. 20. [no clauses; 1) adjectival
phrase may be reduced from something (that is) better…, and 2) prepositional phrase than silence may contain a
nominal clause as object of the preposition than (what silence is) or be reduced from an adverbial clause of comparison
– degree may be reduced from than silence is. This latter analysis is necessary when the analyst rules that than can
only be a conjunctive adverb.] 21. That she seems either her sister or her daughter is an adverbial clause of comparison
- result modifying the adverb so modifying adverbial preposition like. The clause connective is the subordinating
conjunction that. 22. That none of his friends could refrain from weeping is an adverbial clause of comparison - result
modifying the adjective such. The clause connective is the subordinating conjunction that. 23. Than a heart untainted
is an adverbial clause of comparison - degree modifying the adverb –er (more) attached to the adjective strong. The
clause connective is the conjunctive adverb than. 24. Who hath his quarrel just is an adjectival clause modifying the
pronoun he. The clause connective is the relative pronoun who. Whose conscience with injustice is corrupted is an
adjectival clause modifying the pronoun he. The clause connective is the relative pronoun whose. Though (he be) locked
up in steel is an adverbial clause of concession modifying the (understood) verb be. The clause connective is the
conjunctive adverb though. 25. That one small head could carry all he knew is a nominal clause as appositive of the
noun wonder. The clause connective is the conjunctive pronoun that. He knew is an adjectival clause modifying the
pronoun all. The clause connective is the (understood) relative pronoun Ø. 26. When Strength and Justice are true yoke
fellows is an adverbial clause of time - point or an adverbial clause of condition – irrealis modifying the verb are. The
clause connective is the conjunctive adverb when. Than they (are) is an adverbial clause of comparison – degree
modifying the adverb –er (more) attached to the adjective mighty. This analysis is necessary because they is nominative,
the author having taken than as the conjunctive adverb. 27. If you endeavor to be what you desire to appear is an
adverbial clause of condition - hypothesis modifying the verb will gain. The clause connective is the conjunctive adverb
if. What you desire to appear is a nominal clause as attribute complement of the verb (infinitive) to be. The clause
connective is the conjunctive pronoun what. 28. That the plan was impossible is a nominal clause as explanatory of the
anticipatory subject it. The clause connective is the conjunctive pronoun that. 29. As (would he feel) though himself
were he on whose sole arm hung victory is an adverbial clause of comparison - manner modifying the verb felt. The
clause connective is the conjunctive adverb as. Though he on whose sole arm hung victory were himself is an adverbial
clause of concession modifying the verb felt. The clause connective is the conjunctive adverb though. (These two
adverbial clauses of manner and concession unite with the compound conjunctive adverb as though.) On whose sole
arm hung victory is an adjectival clause modifying the pronoun he (together with which it is equivalent to a nominal
clause in Latin). The clause connective is the relative pronoun whose (serving as possessive to the object (arm) of the
preposition on.) 30. Whoever thinks a faultless piece to see is a nominal clause as subject of the verb thinks. The clause
connective is the conjunctive pronoun whoever. What never was is a nominal clause as object of the verb thinks. The
clause connective is the conjunctive pronoun what. (What) is is a nominal clause as object of the verb thinks. The
clause connective is understood. (What) ever shall be is a nominal clause as object of the verb thinks. The clause
connective is understood.
EXERCISE 292
+
1. {{To dare} is great}|, but| {{to bear} is greater}.
2. you Write it [on <your> heart] {that+ (every) day is <the> <best> day <of <the> year>}.
+
5. Sweet it is ({to have done <the> thing <{one ought}>}).
3. Heaven is [for those <{who think of <it>}>.
+ life will be so.
4. you Live [{[as though] life were earnest}]|, and|
+
+
6. He ({that loveth}) maketh <his> own <the> grandeur <{that he loveth}>.
+ <of excellent wit>}>.
7. “you Do[n’t] cross <the> bridge [{[till] you come [to it]}]” is <a> proverb <{old |and|
N.B.: The conjunctive adverb as is often,
8. [There]’s nothing <so> contagious <as <pure> openness <of heart>>. like than, reduced to a preposition (cf. 31).
do <no> more}.
+
+
9. {{Who does <the> best {that (his) circumstance allows}}, does [well]|, |acts [nobly]}|}; |{angels could
+
10. He is [not] worthy <of <the> honeycomb>> ({that shuns <the> hives [[because] (the) bees have stings]}).
11. Find thou [always] time (for thou to say <some> <earnest> word [between <the> <idle> talk]).
+
+ events are God’s.
12. Duties are ours|, but|
14. Nothing ({that is}) shall perish [utterly].
13. {Brooding [<all> day]} will [not] arm <a> man [against misery].
+
15. [There]’s nothing (but {what’s bearable}) [[as] long [[as] (a) man can work]].
16. It is better {to fight [for <the> good]} <than+{to rail [at <the> ill]}>. N.B.: Both
these verbs take prepositional
objects (fight for, rail at).
17. you Love all|, |you trust <a> few|, |you do wrong [to none].
<the> sea]}}|—|{O, it is wonderful}!
18. {{Corn growing}|, |{larks singing}|, |{garden being full <of flowers>}|, |{(fresh) air being [on
19. We [always] may be {what we might have been}.
{what he does[n’t] want}].
+
+
20. It is[n’t] [<so> much] {what (a) man has} {that makes him happy}, [{<as> it is much}
21. We are made happy [by {what we are}|, |[not] [by {what we have}].
22. {(<A> man’s) reach should exceed <his> grasp}|, or| {[what]’s heaven [for]?}
23. It’s <very> easy {finding reasons <{[why] (other) folks should be patient}>}.
24. {Whoever laughs [at <crooked> men} needs to walk [<very> straight]. N.B.: Laugh at takes a PO.
[with <a> sleep]}.
+ dreams are made <of>}}|, and| {(our) (little) life is rounded
25. {We are <such> stuff {<as>
+
N.B.: Make of takes a PO.
26. He ({who neglects <the> <present> moment}) throws [away] all ({that he has}). N.B.:
Apply to takes a PO.
+
27. {“{One soweth} |and| {another reapeth}”} is <a> verity {that applies to [evil |as well as| good]}.
28. (Rich) gifts wax poor [<when> givers prove unkind].
30. [[Since] (my) country calls me], I obey.
+
29. Said he, {“All <{that I am}>, (my) mother made me.”}
<{past |and| future}> time}>.
+
31. (The) days are made [on <a> loom <{(whereof) (the) {warp |and| woof} are
32. you Let {me make <the> songs <of <a> people>}|, and| I care [not] [about {who makes <the> laws}].
33. {Words pass [as wind]}|, but| {[[where] (great) deeds were done] / (A) power abides,
{transfused [from sire] [to son]}}.
1. To dare is great and to bear is greater are adversative clauses conjoined with but. 2. That every day is the best day of
the year is a nominal clause as explanatory of the anticipatory object it. The clause connective is the conjunctive
pronoun that. 3. Who think of it is an identifying adjectival clause modifying the pronoun those. The clause connective
is the relative pronoun who. 4. Live as though life were earnest and life will be so are illative (sequentive) clauses
conjoined with and. As though life were earnest is an adverbial clause of comparison – manner combined with an
adverbial clause of concession modifying the verb live. The connective is the compound conjunctive adverb as though.
5. One ought is an identifying adjectival clause modifying the noun thing. The clause connective is Ø (an understood
that). 6. That loveth is an identifying adjectival clause modifying the pronoun he. That he loveth is an identifying
adjectival clause modifying the noun grandeur. 7. Don’t cross the bridge till you come to it is a quotative nominal clause
as subject of the sentence. The connective is the set of quotation marks. 8. As pure openness of heart is an adverbial
clause of comparison – degree modifying the adverb so used with the negative nothing and modifying the adjective
contagious. 9. Who(ever) does the best his circumstance allows, (whoever) does well, and (whoever) acts nobly are
nominal clauses as subjects of the verb does. The clause connectives are the (understood) conjunctive pronoun
who(ever). The three together and angels could do no more are conjunctive (justificatory) clauses conjoined
asyndetically. 10. That shuns the hives because the bees have stings is an identifying adjectival clause modifying the
pronoun he. The clause connective is the relative pronoun that. Because the bees have stings is an adverbial clause of
cause – reason modifying the transitive verb shuns. The clause connective is the adverbial conjunction because. 11.
(one independent clause) 12. Duties are ours and events are God’s are adversative clauses conjoined with but. 13. (one
independent clause) 14. That is is an identifying adjectival clause modifying the pronoun nothing. The clause
connective is the relative pronoun that. 15. What’s bearable is a nominal clause serving as object of the (exceptive)
preposition but. The clause connective is the conjunctive pronoun what. As a man can work is an adverbial clause of
comparison – equipollent degree modifying the adverb as which modifies the adjective long, which in turn serves as
adverbial adjunct of time – period to the verb ’s. The clause connective is the conjunctive adverb as. 16. Than (it is) to
rail at the ill is a reduced adverbial clause of comparison – extrapolent degree modifying the adverb –er (more) which
modifies the suppletive adjective bet–. The clause connective is the conjunctive adverb than. 17. Love all, trust a few,
and do wrong to none are three conjunctive independent clauses conjoined asyndetically. 18. (one independent clause
with four pre-posed independent interjected gerund phrases) 19. What we might have been is a nominal clause as
attribute complement to the linking verb may be. The clause connective is the conjunctive pronoun what. 20. It isn’t so
much what a man has that makes him happy, as it is what he doesn’t want. What a man has is a nominal clause as
explanatory to the subject it. The clause connective is the conjunctive pronoun what. That makes him happy is an
identifying adjectival clause modifying the anticipatory pronoun it. The clause connective is the relative pronoun that.
As it is what he doesn’t want is an adverbial clause of comparison – equipollent degree modifying the adverb so used
with the negative n’t and modifying the adverb much. The clause connective is the conjunctive adverb as. What he
doesn’t want is a nominal clause as explanatory to the subject it. The clause connective is the conjunctive pronoun
what. 21. We are made happy by what we are and (we are) not (made happy) by what we have are adversative clauses
conjoined asyndetically, the contrastive adverb not being sufficient. What we are is a nominal clause serving as object
of the (instrumental) preposition by. The clause connective is the conjunctive pronoun what. What we have is a
nominal clause serving as object of the (instrumental) preposition by. The clause connective is the conjunctive pronoun
what. 22. A man’s reach should exceed his grasp and the rhetorical question what’s heaven for are disjunctive clauses
joined with the conjunction or. 23. Why other folks should be patient is an identifying adjectival clause modifying the
noun reasons. The clause connective is the relative adverb why. 24. Who(ever) laughs at crooked men is nominal clause
as subject of the verb needs (to) walk. The clause connective is the conjunctive pronoun who(ever). 25. We are such
stuff as dreams are made of and our little life is rounded with a sleep are conjunctive (sequentive alternative) clauses
conjoined with and. As dreams are made of is an adverbial clause of comparison – equipollent degree modifying the
adjective such modifying the noun stuff. The clause connective is the conjunctive adverb as. 26. Who neglects the
present moment is an identifying adjectival clause modifying the pronoun he. The clause connective is the relative
pronoun who. He has is an identifying adjectival clause modifying the pronoun all. The clause connective is Ø, the
deleted relative pronoun that. 27. One soweth and another reapeth are conjunctive (sequentive alternative) clauses
conjoined with and. One soweth and another reapeth is a quotative nominal clause as subject of the sentence. The
connective is the set of quotation marks. That applies to evil as well as good is a descriptive adjectival clause modifying
the noun verity. The clause connective is the relative pronoun that. 28. When givers prove unkind is an adverbial clause
of time – point or of condition – irrealis hypothesis modifying the verb wax. The clause connective is the conjunctive
adverb when. 29. All that I am, my mother made me s a quotative nominal clause as direct object of the verb said. The
connective is the set of quotation marks. That I am is an identifying adjectival clause modifying the pronoun all. The
clause connective is the relative pronoun that. 30. Since my country calls me is an adverbial clause of condition –
reason modifying the verb calls. The clause connective is the conjunctive adverb since. 31. Whereof the warp and woof
are past and future time is a descriptive adjectival clause modifying the noun loom. The clause connective is the archaic
relative pronoun whereof (now normally replaced by of which). 32. Let me make the songs of a people and I care not who
makes the laws are conjunctive (sequentive alternative) clauses conjoined with and. Who makes the laws is nominal
clause as direct object of the (reduced) phrasal verb care (about). The clause connective is the conjunctive pronoun
who. 33. Words pass as wind and where great deeds were done a power abides, transfused from sire to son are
alternative clauses conjoined with but. As wind (passes) is a reduced adverbial clause of manner combined with one of
comparison – equipollent degree modifying the verb pass. The clause connective is the conjunctive adverb as
(combined with itself). Where great deeds were done is an adverbial clause of place – areal complementing the
incomplete verb abides. The clause connective is the conjunctive adverb where.
(incomplete key) 1. To dare is great, but to bear is greater. 2. Write it on your heart that every day is the best day of
the year. 3. Heaven is for those who think of it. 4. Live as though life were earnest, and life will be so. 5. Sweet it is to
have done the thing one ought. 6. He that loveth maketh his own the grandeur that he loveth. 7. “Don’t cross the
bridge till you come to it” is a proverb old and of excellent wit. 8. There’s nothing so contagious as pure openness of
heart. 9. Who does the best his circumstance allows, does well, acts nobly; angels could do no more. 10. He is not
worthy of the honeycomb that shuns the hives because the bees have stings. 11. Find thou always time to say some
earnest word between the idle talk. 12. Duties are ours, but events are God’s. 13. Brooding all day will not arm a man
against misery. 14. Nothing that is shall perish utterly. 15. There’s nothing but what’s bearable as long as a man can
work. 16. It is better to fight for the good than to rail at the ill. 17. Love all, trust a few, do wrong to none. 18. Corn
growing, larks singing, garden full of flowers, fresh air on the sea—O, it is wonderful! 19. We always may be what we
might have been. 20. It isn’t so much what a man has that makes him happy, as it is what he doesn’t want. 21. We are
made happy by what we are, not by what we have. 22. A man’s reach should exceed his grasp, or what’s heaven for?
23. It’s very easy finding reasons why other folks should be patient. 24. Who laughs at crooked men needs walk very
straight. 25. We are such stuff as dreams are made of, and our little life is rounded with a sleep. 26. He who neglects
the present moment throws away all he has. 27. “One soweth and another reapeth” is a verity that applies to evil as
well as good. 28. Rich gifts wax poor when givers prove unkind. 29. Said he, “All that I am, my mother made me.” 30.
Since my country calls me, I obey. 31. The days are made on a loom whereof the warp and woof are past and future
time. 32. Let me make the songs of a people, and I care not who makes the laws. 33. Words pass as wind, but where
great deeds were done / A power abides, transfused from sire to son.
EXERCISE 293
1. 1. The book’s author is in Egypt. Change genitive to possessive (duplicate definite article deleted). 2. The note is
payable when demanded. Change PP to reduced clause of time/condition. 3. His liabilities were cancelled by him.
Change active voice to passive with adverbial phrase of agency. 4. I shall see you when I return. Change PP to reduced
clause of time/condition. 5. They thought that I was honest. Change direct object complement and objective
complement to a nominal clause as direct object. 6. I gave you the book to read. Change purpose clause with same
subject to infinitive (small clause). 7. You calling by will see him. Change conditional clause to imperfect participle
phrase. 8. When morning had dawned, all fears were dispelled. Change imperfect participle phrase serving as adverbial
of condition to a clause. 9. Many a youth is ruined by intemperance. Change active voice to passive with adverbial
phrase of instrumentality. 10. There is no place like home. Change subject to follow verb using filler in subject position.
11. Men grow rich by careful saving. Reverse cleft-sentence transform. 12. If shame be lost, all is lost. Change
imperfect participle to clause of condition. 13. We did not know of our friend being ill. Change nominal clause to
imperfect gerund. 14. The miser is not happy. Change negative prefix to negative adverb. 15. All men are imperfect.
Change logical denial of attribute to arbitrarily selected individual of set to the assertion of corresponding negative
attribute to universal set. 16. The king being dead, a dispute arose as to the succession. Change the adverbial clause of
justification to the imperfect gerund. 17. The light struggles dimly through windows darkened by dust. Change
adjectival clause in the past tense to a perfect participle. 18. Many men having made wonderful inventions have died
poor. Change adjectival clause in perfect to perfect participle. 19. The President signed the bill that had passed
Congress. Change passive voice to active and the reduced adverbial clause of time – point to an adjectival clause with
the past perfect aspect. 20. After Jay had negotiated the treaty, the Senate approved it. Change the adjectival clause
with simple aspect to an adverbial clause of time – point in the past perfect and make the passive voice into the active.
2. 1. In 1584, after having received a charter from Queen Elizabeth, giving him a large territory in America, Sir Walter
Raleigh sent out an exploring expedition. 2. In 1607 three ships, the largest being named “Susan Constant,” carried
out a handful of people, thus beginning the settlement of the United States. 3. One of the most industrious men in the
colony was John Smith, a young man fond of boasting of the many adventures he had had. 4. The English government
sent tea to Boston, which a company of fifty men, who had disguised themselves as Indians, threw into the sea. 5.
Paul Revere was an active patriot, who when the British had started for Lexington, was sent to tell Adams and Hancock
which town they were in. 6. Geoffrey Chaucer, the author of the “Canterbury Tales” and the first great English poet,
was born in 1340 and died in 1400.