Women and Men in China

Transcription

Women and Men
中华人民共和国国家统计局
National Bureau of Statistics of China
in China
—— Facts and Figures 2012
Department of Social, Science and Technology,
and Cultural Statistics, National Bureau of Statistics
Editor’s Notes
This publication is compiled to demonstrate women’s development,
the progress of gender equality, the living status of women and men
and the existing gender disparities in China.
There are ten chapters in this book: 1) Population; 2) Marriage,
Family and Family Planning; 3) Employment; 4) Income and
Social Security; 5) Education; 6) Health; 7) Social and Political
Participation; 8) Justice and Crime; 9) Gender-Related Conceptions;
and 10) Data by Province. The definitions of key statistical indicators
are attached at the end of each chapter.
The data and statistics included in this publication are drawn from
national population censuses, 1% population sample surveys,
Population Statistical Yearbooks, Labor Statistical Yearbooks,
Annual Statistical Reports on NPA (National Program of Action)
Monitoring for Women and for Children, and thematic surveys
conducted and annual reports produced by relevant ministries under
the State Council.
The data and statistics of Hong Kong SAR, Macau SAR and Taiwan
Province are not included in this publication.
Details and percentages in tables do not necessarily add to totals
because of rounding.
The following symbols have been used in the tables and charts:
“…” means that the number is smaller than the basic unit of the
table.
“Space” means there is no data available.
“+” after the age means the population at and above that age.
Acknowledgements are given to UNICEF and UNFPA China Offices
for their financial support and technical guidance in producing this
publication. However, presentation of material in this publication
do not imply the expression of any opinions whatsoever of United
Nations agencies.
Contents
Preface............................................................................... (1)
I. Population..................................................................... (3)
II. Marriage, Family and Family Planning............. (20)
III. Employment............................................................ (36)
IV. Income and Social Security................................ (57)
V. Education................................................................... (70)
VI. Health........................................................................ (86)
VII. Social and Political Participation...................(101)
VIII. Justice and Crime..............................................(114)
IX. Gender-Related Conceptions..........................(125)
X. Data by Province...................................................(134)
Data are a power that helps words to speak louder, a
power that could change policies and further change
the world.
——Quoted from United Nations, World's Women 1970-1990:
Trends and Statistics
Preface
Gender equality is an important objective of human development.
Ever since the 1970s, the UN has convened four sessions of World
Conference on Women to advocate gender equality and eliminate
discrimination of all forms against women. The ideas of “equality,
development and peace” have drawn extensive attention and positive
responses from all governments around the world. Gender equality
has become an irreversible trend.
The Government of China has constantly attached great importance
to the issues of women. It has established gender equality as one
of its basic national policies, formulated laws for the specific
purpose of guaranteeing women’s legal rights and interests, and
ratified a number of international conventions. Since the turn of the
21st century, the Government of China has committed to women’s
development by adopting a series of policies and measures to ensure
women’s rights in such fields as politics, economy, culture and social
life.
In response to the global trend and domestic needs for further
development of women, the Government of China set up a
special agency in charge of the issues of children and women, and
promulgated the National Program of Action for the Development of
Chinese Women (herein after referred as NPA for Women ) in 1995,
2001 and 2011, in which a series of objectives concerning women’s
development were proposed. These efforts have greatly facilitated
women’s development and bridged the gender gap.
At the same time, however, there are still problems in women’s
development in China. The stereotype of men’s superiority over
1
women has not yet been eliminated thoroughly, and gender inequality
still exists. For example, women are less active in participating
in social affairs and face more obstacles in gaining employment.
The right to land contracting of some women in the rural areas has
been violated, and domestic violence and infringement of women’s
personal rights happen from time to time.
As a basic national policy, gender equality has been included in
the report of 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of
China (CPC) for the first time. This will inevitably provide sound
opportunities and policy support to the development of women in
China. Moving forward, the government will further its efforts in
promoting the comprehensive development of women, fighting
against gender discrimination of all forms and creating more
opportunities and favorable conditions to enable women to fully
and equally participate in the economic, political, cultural and social
activities, so as to facilitate the progress of gender equality.
Gender statistics is an effective tool for promoting gender equality,
and is critical to the review and supervision of gender equality
objectives identified in the NPA for Women 2011-2020 . This
publication intends to present the living status of women and men
in China through statistics, tables and charts, to showcase the great
achievements that China has made in women’s development, and
to reflect the still-existing gender inequality. We hope that this
publication could arouse more attention to and thoughts on the
gender issues in China.
This publication has received technical guidance and support from
relevant ministries under the State Council, the Women's Studies
Institute of China, UNFPA and UNICEF China Offices. Hereby, we
would like to extend sincere gratitude to these authorities.
2
Population
Population
The total population of China continues to grow slowly and steadily.
By the end of 2011, the total population was 1.347 billion, among
which female accounted for 656.67 million, and male 690.98 million,
increased by 43.61 million and 36.31 million respectively compared
with those in 2000. In recent years, the absolute size of population
growth has been reducing year by year with the annual growth
decreasing from 9.57 million in 2000 to 6.44 million in 2011.
The fertility rate has remained relatively low. The birth rate in China
was 11.93‰ in 2011, and the total number of newborns was 16.04
million. The natural increase rate fell from 7.58‰ in 2000 to 4.79‰
in 2011.
The child population has decreased and its proportion among the
total population has also declined. According to data from the Sixth
National Population Census, child population aged 0-17 was 279
million in 2010, accounting for 20.9% of the total population (female
9.7%, and male 11.2%), down by 6.9 percentage points than in 2000
(female 3.4 percentage points, and male 3.5 percentage points).
The tendency of rising sex ratio at birth to some extent has been
curbed. Since the 1980s, the sex ratio at birth in China has been
constantly rising, reaching the peak of 121.2 in 2004. In recent
years, the Government of China has adopted a series of measures to
curb the tendency of rising sex ratio at birth. In 2011, it fell down to
117.78, which was, however, still severely high.
3
China is facing an accelerated ageing population. In 2000, the elderly
aged 60 and above reached 10.4% of the total population, marking
the emergence of an ageing society. In 2011, there were 13.7% of
total population aged 60 and above, and 9.1% for aged 65 and above.
Ageing-related issues such as the support of elderly are becoming
increasingly critical.
4
Population
Table 1-1 Total population and sex ratio,
census years during 1953-2010
Year
Total population(100 million)
Total
Sex ratio
Female
Male
(Female=100)
1953
5.8
2.8
3.0
107.56
1964
6.9
3.4
3.6
105.46
1982
10.1
4.9
5.2
106.30
1990
11.3
5.5
5.8
106.60
2000
12.7
6.1
6.5
106.74
2010
13.4
6.5
6.9
105.20
Sources: National Bureau of Statistics, 1953, 1964, 1982, 1990, 2000 and 2010
Population Censuses
Note: For national censuses before and in 1982, the census reference time
was zero hour of June 1st of that year. For national censuses in and after
2000, the census reference time was zero hour of November 1st of that
year.
In recent years, the proportion of China’s population in the world has
been constantly declining, down from 21.3% in 2000 to 19.5% in
2011. The sex ratio of the total population in China is slightly higher
than that of most countries, which are between 95 and 102.
5
Chart 1-1 Population pyramids,
census years during 1953-2010
1953
Age
75-79
60-64
45-49
Female
Male
Age
75-79
60-64
15-19
0-4
8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8
（%）
1982
Age
Female
8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8
（%）
1990
Age
Male
45-49
75-79
60-64
30-34
15-19
15-19
Male
0-4
0-4
8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8
（%）
8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8
（%）
2000
Age
75-79
Female
45-49
30-34
60-64
Male
30-34
0-4
60-64
Female
45-49
30-34
15-19
75-79
1964
Female
2010
Age
Male
75-79
60-64
45-49
45-49
30-34
30-34
15-19
15-19
Female
Male
0-4
0-4
8 6 4
2 0 2 4 6 8
（%）
8 6
4 2
0 2 4
（%）
6 8
Population Censuses
6
Population
Table 1-2 Population by urban and rural areas,
census years during 1953-2010 (100 million)
Year
Urban
Rural
Female
Male
Female
Male
1953
1964
0.3
0.5
0.5
0.5
2.5
2.9
2.6
3.1
1982
1.0
1.1
3.9
4.1
1990
1.4
1.6
4.1
4.3
2000
2010
2.2
3.3
2.4
3.4
3.9
3.2
4.2
3.4
Population Censuses
Table 1-3 Population and sex composition by Han
ethnic group and minority ethnic groups,
1990, 2000 and 2010
Items
1990
Female
2000
Male
Female
2010
Male
Female
Male
Han ethnic group
Population
(100 million)
Sex Composition (%)
5.1
5.4
5.6
6.0
6.0
6.3
48.5
51.5
48.5
51.5
48.8
51.2
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.5
0.6
48.7
51.3
48.6
51.4
49.2
50.8
Minority ethnic groups
Population
(100 million)
Sex composition (%)
Sources: National Bureau of Statistics, 1990, 2000 and 2010 Population
Censuses
7
Table 1-4 Age and sex composition of population
by age group, 2010 (%)
Age
group
Age composition
Female
Male
Sex composition
Female
Male
0-4
5.3
6.0
45.6
54.4
5-9
5.0
5.6
45.7
54.3
10-14
5.3
5.9
46.2
53.8
15-19
7.4
7.6
48.0
52.0
20-24
9.7
9.4
49.8
50.2
25-29
7.7
7.5
49.7
50.3
30-34
7.3
7.3
49.0
51.0
35-39
8.9
8.9
48.8
51.2
40-44
9.4
9.3
49.0
51.0
45-49
8.0
7.9
49.1
50.9
50-54
5.9
5.9
48.7
51.3
55-59
6.2
6.0
49.5
50.5
60-64
4.4
4.4
49.1
50.9
65-69
3.1
3.0
49.5
50.5
70-74
2.5
2.4
50.3
49.7
75-79
1.9
1.7
52.7
47.3
80-84
1.1
0.9
55.8
44.2
85-89
0.5
0.3
60.9
39.1
90-94
0.2
0.1
66.4
33.6
95-99
…
…
68.2
31.8
100+
…
…
75.4
24.6
Total
100.0
100.0
48.8
51.2
Source: National Bureau of Statistics, Tabulation on the 2010 Population
Census of the People's Republic of China, 2012
8
Population
Table 1-5 Sex composition and sex ratio of population
aged 0-17, by age, 2000 and 2010
2000
Age
(Years)
Sex composition
(%)
2010
Sex ratio
(Female=100)
Sex composition
(%)
Sex ratio
(Female=100)
Female
Male
Female
Male
0
45.9
54.1
117.8
45.9
54.1
118.0
1
44.9
55.1
122.7
45.2
54.8
121.1
2
45.0
55.0
122.1
45.5
54.5
119.7
3
45.4
54.6
120.4
45.8
54.2
118.6
4
45.8
54.2
118.5
45.8
54.2
118.2
5
45.9
54.1
117.8
45.8
54.2
118.5
6
46.2
53.8
116.6
45.7
54.3
118.7
7
46.5
53.5
115.2
45.7
54.3
118.8
8
46.6
53.4
114.6
45.7
54.3
118.9
9
46.8
53.2
113.5
45.8
54.2
118.5
10
47.3
52.7
111.4
45.8
54.2
118.2
11
47.8
52.2
109.0
46.0
54.0
117.3
12
48.0
52.0
108.3
46.2
53.8
116.6
13
48.2
51.8
107.6
46.4
53.6
115.5
14
48.2
51.8
107.7
46.7
53.3
113.9
15
48.1
51.9
107.8
47.2
52.8
112.1
16
48.5
51.5
106.3
47.9
52.1
108.9
17
48.8
51.2
105.0
48.2
51.8
107.5
Total
47.1
52.9
112.3
46.3
53.7
116.2
Sources: National Bureau of Statistics, 2000 and 2010 Population Censuses
9
Chart 1-2 Proportion of population aged 0-17
in total population, 2000 and 2010
2000
（%）
30
27.8
25
20
13.1
15
14.7
10
5
0
Aged 0-17
Female
Male
2010
（%）
30
25
20
20.9
15
9.7
10
11.2
5
0
Aged 0-17
Female
Male
10
Population
Chart 1-3 Sex ratio at birth (Female=100)
160
120
108.5
111.3
116.9
121.2
118.1
1982
1990
2000
2004
2010
117.8
80
40
0
2011（Year）
Sources: National Bureau of Statistics, 1982, 1990, 2000 and 2010 Population
Censuses; 2004 and 2011 Population Change Sample Surveys
The sex ratio at birth refers to the number of boys born per 100 girls
born. Ever since the 1980s, the sex ratio at birth in China has been
constantly rising, peaking at 121.2. In recent years, the tendency of
rising sex ratio at birth in China has been somewhat curbed, but the
figure is still too high, which in 2011 was 117.8, in contrast to the
widely-accepted normal range of 102-107. Imbalance of sex ratio
still lingers.
11
Chart 1-4 Sex ratio at birth by birth order
(Female=100)
200
150
100
50
0
First child
Second child
Third child and above
1990
2000
2005
2010
105.2
121.0
127.0
107.1
151.9
159.4
108.4
143.2
152.9
113.7
130.3
158.4
Sources: National Bureau of Statistics, 1990, 2000 and 2010 Population
Censuses, 2005 National 1% Population Sample Surveys
Chart 1-5 Sex ratio at birth by urban and rural areas,
2000 and 2010 (Female=100)
200
150
100
175.6
152.1 157.0
151.0
109.4
105.7
150.2
171.3
132.5
113.6
154.2
129.0
50
0
Urban
Rural
2000
First child
Urban
Rural
2010
Second child
Third child and above
12
Population
Chart 1-6 Total fertility rate, 1950-2010
10
05
20
00
20
95
20
90
19
85
19
80
19
75
19
70
19
65
19
60
19
55
19
19
19
50
8.0
7.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
（Year）
Source: Statistics from the National Bureau of Statistics
The total fertility rate in China is now far below the replacement
level. Since the Government of China launched the family planning
policies in the 1970s, the fertility rate in China has been falling
rapidly, eventually down to below the replacement level in the
1990s. It has been staying around 1.6 since 2005. According to the
world population data in 2009 released by the Population Reference
Bureau of the U.S., the total fertility rate in China was 1.6, not only
much lower than the average level in developing countries (2.7), but
even lower than that in developed countries (1.7). The low fertility
rate in China has greatly relieved China from the pressure of rapid
population growth.
At the moment, it is necessary to be vigilant about the risk of
excessive population ageing resulting from long-term low fertility
rate. International experiences show that once the total fertility rate
falls down to 1.5, it would be extremely hard to overturn this fallingtendency. So far, there is no precedent of any country in the low
fertility trap who has successfully reversed the trend.
13
Table 1-6 Age composition of population aged 60 and
above, census years during 1953-2010 (%)
Age
group
1953
1964
1982
1990
2000
2010
Female
60-64
37.2
39.7
33.3
32.5
30.1
31.8
65-69
27.9
27.1
27.0
26.4
25.9
22.5
70-74
19.7
18.2
19.3
19.1
19.7
18.3
75-79
9.7
9.9
12.5
12.3
13.1
13.9
80-84
4.2
4.1
5.7
6.6
7.2
8.2
85-89
1.1
0.9
1.8
2.6
3.0
3.8
90-94
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.5
0.8
1.2
95-99
…
…
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.3
100+
…
…
…
…
…
…
Total
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
60-64
42.9
44.7
38.5
37.9
34.2
34.3
65-69
28.9
28.1
28.6
28.0
27.7
23.8
70-74
17.7
16.5
18.1
18.1
19.6
18.8
75-79
7.3
7.6
9.8
10.2
11.3
13.0
80-84
2.5
2.5
3.8
4.3
5.1
6.8
85-89
0.5
0.5
1.0
1.3
1.7
2.5
90-94
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.6
95-99
…
…
…
…
0.1
0.1
100+
…
…
…
…
…
…
Total
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Male
Population Censuses
14
Population
Chart 1-7 Sex composition of population
aged 60 and above, 2010
（Age group）
24.6
75.4
100+
95-99
68.2
31.8
90-94
66.4
33.6
39.1
60.9
85-89
80-84
44.3
55.7
47.3
52.7
75-79
50.3
65-69
49.5
50.5
60-64
49.2
50.8
Total
51.0
49.0
20
Male
49.7
70-74
0
Female
40
60
80
100 （%）
Globally, a country or a region is regarded as an ageing society when
its people aged 60 and above takes up over 10% of the population,
or people aged 65 and above over 7%. According to this standard,
China became an ageing society in 2000. In 2010, the proportion of
the population aged 60 and above reached 13.3%, while that of 65
and above reached 8.9%, 4.6% for female and 4.3% for male. On the
whole, there is no significant difference between male and female in
terms of their proportions. However, as the age increases, the gender
difference becomes increasingly evident.
15
Table 1-7 Sex composition of population aged 60 and
above, by age group and health status, 2010 (%)
Age
group
Healthy
Female
Basically healthy
Male
Female
Male
60-64
46.2
53.8
54.6
45.4
65-69
45.1
54.9
53.9
46.1
70-74
45.6
54.4
52.7
47.3
75-79
48.1
51.9
53.9
46.1
80-84
51.4
48.6
55.4
44.6
85-89
57.3
42.7
60.1
39.9
90-94
63.4
36.6
65.3
34.7
95-99
64.1
35.9
68.2
31.8
100+
66.6
33.4
76.7
23.3
Total
46.4
53.6
54.3
45.7
Age
group
Not healthy but capable of self-care
Not capable of self-care
Female
Male
Female
Male
60-64
54.5
45.5
50.7
49.3
65-69
54.9
45.1
51.0
49.0
70-74
54.5
45.5
52.3
47.7
75-79
56.5
43.5
56.5
43.5
80-84
59.1
40.9
61.2
38.8
85-89
63.2
36.8
67.5
32.5
90-94
67.9
32.1
73.1
26.9
95-99
71.8
28.2
77.3
22.7
100+
73.5
26.5
81.7
18.3
Total
56.6
43.4
58.4
41.6
16
Population
Table 1-8 Causes of migration of migrant population,
by sex, 2000 and 2010 (%)
Causes of migration
2000
2010
Female
Male
Female
Male
Work/business
25.3
36.7
39.1
50.5
Marriage
20.4
2.8
8.4
1.6
Study/training
10.6
12.9
12.0
10.9
2.6
6.1
3.0
4.7
14.8
10.7
16.8
11.8
Staying with relative/friend
5.3
4.8
4.7
3.8
Appointed admission
2.5
3.8
…
…
13.3
15.9
9.2
9.4
Retirement
…
…
…
…
Registered household
attached
…
…
0.7
0.8
Business transfer
Migration as dependent
Resettlement
Others
Total
5.2
6.4
6.1
6.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Migrant population with changed household registration refers
to the population whose household registration and the place of
residence have changed. Migrant population with changed household
registration is different from migrant population without changed
household registration, while the latter refers to people whose
household registration has not been transferred and who have been
staying away from his/her registered residence for more than six
months.
17
Table 1-9 Age composition of migrant population,
2000 and 2010 (%)
2000
Age
group
0-5
Female
3.2
2010
Male
4.0
Female
4.0
Male
4.3
6-14
6.7
8.1
6.2
6.8
15-19
16.4
15.0
11.4
10.4
20-29
41.9
32.8
29.2
26.4
30-39
17.0
21.4
20.8
21.7
40-49
7.3
9.8
15.0
16.8
50-59
3.8
4.9
7.1
7.6
60-64
1.3
1.6
2.3
2.3
65+
2.5
2.4
3.9
3.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Total
From the age perspective, youth and adult between the age of 15
and 49 are the principal part of the migrant population, regardless
of gender. In 2000 and 2010, female migrants aged between 15
and 49 respectively accounted for 82.56% and 76.44% of the total
female migrants; male migrants of the same age group respectively
accounted for 78.98% and 75.24% of the total male migrants. In the
same year, the migrants aged 65 and above took up only 3.78% of
the total migrant population, with female and male accounting for
3.91% and 3.65% respectively.
18
Population
Total population refers to the total number of people alive at a
certain point of time within a given area. The total population is
a most basic demographic indicator, which is the basis for the
calculation of other indicators related to population structure and
reproduction, and a key indicator reflecting a nation’s human
resources.
Sex ratio refers to the number of males per 100 females in a
population. It is an indicator that reflects the sex composition of the
population. The formula is:
Sex ratio=
Number of males
×100
Number of females
Sex ratio at birth refers to the number of male births per 100 female
births. It is the basis that determines the sex ratio of the whole
population.
Total fertility rate refers to the average number of children that
would be born by a woman in her child-bearing period, given the age
specific fertility rate of a year.
Population ageing refers to the process in which the proportion of
the elderly increases in a population, while the proportion of younger
population decreases.
19
Marriage, Family
and Family Planning
Family is the cradle of civilizations and fundamental to a
harmonious society. In recent years, despite the remaining traditional
characteristics, China’s marriage and family patterns have undergone
some changes along with the social development and demographic
structure evolvement. The major changes include the followings:
The early marriage rate rises. Early marriage refers to marriage of
people aged between 15 and 19.The results of the Sixth National
Population Census showed that in 2010, the early marriage rate
for women and men between age 15 and 19 were 2.1% and 0.6%
respectively, up by 0.87 and 0.32 percentage points over 2000.
Under the influence of the traditional notion that the husband should
excel his wife in a marriage, many outstanding women and lessadvantaged men are having difficulty in finding their spouse. This
phenomenon is closely associated with their education background.
In 2010, 2.5% of women with primary education or below are
unmarried, compared with 11.1% for the men of the same education
attainment level. In contrast, among the women who have finished
postgraduate education, the unmarried accounted for 49.2%, 10.1
percentage points higher than that of men.
The divorce rate is constantly rising. The divorce rate in China
has been on the low end for a long time. However, since 2003, the
divorce rate has been rising for nine years consecutively, reaching
20
Marriage, Family and Family Planning
2.1‰ in 2011, which was 1.14 millesimal points higher than 2000.
The population aged 35-54 was where most divorces occured.
According to the Sixth National Population Census, divorce rate
among female aged 40-49 exceeded 2.1%, while that of male of the
same age was approaching 2.6%. Nevertheless, the divorce rate in
China is still lower than the world average level.
21
Table 2-1 Marital status composition of population
aged 15 and above, 1982 -2010 (%)
Unmarried
Married
Year
Total
Female
Male
Total
Female
Male
1982
28.6
24.2
32.7
63.7
65.5
61.9
1990
25.1
21.1
29.0
68.2
70.0
66.4
1995
20.0
16.4
23.6
73.2
74.8
71.7
2000
20.3
16.7
23.7
73.3
74.8
71.8
2010
21.6
18.5
24.7
71.3
72.3
70.4
Divorced
Widowed
Year
Total
Female
Male
Total
Female
Male
1982
0.6
0.3
0.9
7.2
10.0
4.5
1990
0.6
0.3
0.8
6.1
8.6
3.8
1995
0.7
0.5
1.0
6.1
8.4
3.8
2000
0.9
0.7
1.1
5.6
7.8
3.4
2010
1.4
1.2
1.5
5.7
8.0
3.4
Sources: National Bureau of Statistics, 1982, 1990, 2000 and 2010 Population
Censuses; 1995 National 1% Population Sample Survey
22
aged 15 and above, by urban and rural areas and by
sex, 2000 and 2010 (%)
Marital status
2000
2010
Female
Male
Female
Male
Unmarried
20.2
24.9
21.1
26.0
Married
72.2
71.9
70.6
70.1
Divorced
1.3
1.2
1.8
1.7
Widowed
6.3
2.0
6.5
2.2
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Urban
Total
Marital status
2000
2010
Female
Male
Female
Male
Unmarried
14.5
22.9
15.8
23.3
Married
76.5
71.7
74.1
70.6
Divorced
0.3
1.0
0.6
1.4
Widowed
8.7
4.3
9.5
4.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Rural
Total
23
Table 2-3 Sex composition of population aged 15
and above, by urban and rural areas and by marital
status, 2000 and 2010 (%)
Marital status
2000
2010
Female
Male
Female
Male
Unmarried
44.7
55.3
44.7
55.3
Married
50.1
49.9
50.1
49.9
Divorced
50.4
49.6
52.6
47.4
Widowed
75.5
24.5
74.2
25.8
Total
49.9
50.1
49.9
50.1
Urban
Marital status
2000
2010
Female
Male
Female
Male
Unmarried
37.9
62.1
40.1
59.9
Married
50.7
49.3
50.9
49.1
Divorced
22.3
77.7
29.0
71.0
Widowed
66.2
33.8
67.3
32.7
Total
49.1
50.9
49.7
50.3
Rural
24
aged 15 and above, by sex and age group, 2010 (%)
Age
group
Total
15-19
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
45-49
50-54
55-59
60-64
65+
Age
group
Total
15-19
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
45-49
50-54
55-59
60-64
65+
Unmarried
Female
Male
18.5
24.7
97.9
99.4
67.5
82.4
21.6
36.3
5.4
12.6
1.8
6.4
0.8
4.2
0.4
3.1
0.3
3.2
0.2
3.4
0.2
3.5
0.4
3.1
Divorced
Total
Female
Male
1.4
1.2
1.5
…
…
…
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.9
0.9
1.0
1.9
1.7
2.1
2.3
2.1
2.5
2.3
2.1
2.6
2.3
2.1
2.5
2.0
1.8
2.3
1.4
1.2
1.6
1.0
0.8
1.3
0.7
0.5
0.8
Total
21.6
98.7
75.0
28.9
9.0
4.1
2.5
1.6
1.8
1.8
1.9
1.7
Total
71.3
1.3
24.8
70.0
88.8
93.0
94.1
93.8
92.3
90.2
85.5
63.2
Total
5.7
…
…
0.1
0.3
0.5
1.1
2.0
3.9
6.5
11.5
34.5
Married
Female
72.3
2.1
32.2
77.4
92.6
95.4
95.7
94.6
92.5
89.6
82.9
52.4
Widowed
Female
8.0
…
…
0.1
0.4
0.7
1.5
2.8
5.4
9.0
16.1
46.7
Male
70.4
0.6
17.4
62.6
85.1
90.7
92.5
93.1
92.1
90.9
88.1
75.0
Male
3.4
…
…
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.8
1.2
2.4
4.1
7.1
21.1
25
Table 2-5 Age composition of first marriage of
population, by education attainment, 2010 (%)
Age
group
Primary Junior
Senior
PostCollege University
and below secondary secondary
graduate
Female
14 and below
0.4
0.2
15-19
34.2
20.2
9.1
4.4
2.2
1.3
20-24
53.0
64.4
64.1
57.5
46.8
28.3
25-29
9.6
13.0
23.4
33.9
46.1
62.0
30-34
1.9
1.7
2.6
3.4
4.0
7.3
35-39
0.6
0.3
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.9
40+
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
14 and below
0.1
0.1
0.1
…
…
…
15-19
13.9
9.6
5.1
2.7
1.4
0.8
20-24
54.0
61.9
53.0
40.0
28.7
19.3
25-29
22.8
23.1
34.2
47.1
57.0
61.1
30-34
6.0
4.1
5.8
8.0
10.3
15.2
35-39
1.8
0.9
1.3
1.5
1.8
2.7
40+
1.1
0.4
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Total
0.1
0.1
…
…
Male
Total
26
Chart 2-1 Average age of first marriage, 2010
（Years）
25
24
24.6
23.6
22.8
23
22
21
Total
Female
Male
Chart 2-2 Early marriage rate of adolescents aged
15-19, 2000 and 2010
（%）
4
Female
Male
3
2.1
2
1.2
1
0.6
0.3
0
2000
2010
Source: National Bureau of Statistics, 2000 and 2010 Population Censuses
27
Chart 2-3 Marriage registration composition
by age group, 2005 and 2011
（%）
50
40
2005
47.0
36.6
2011
34.3 33.4
30
20
0
13.1
9.9 10.7
10
20-24
25-29
4.9 6.2
30-34
3.9
35-39
40+
（Age group）
Source: Statistics from the Ministry of Civil Affairs
Chart 2-4 Number of divorce cases
(10 thousand)
250
Handled by the civil affairs authorities
201
Handled by the court
200
220.7
150
100
50
0
19.6 26.2
1985
30.1
49.9
1990
48.9
72.4
2000
28
66.8
2010
66.7
2011 (Year)
Chart 2-5 Crude marriage rate
and crude divorce rate
（‰）
3.0
12.0
10.0
8.0
7.9
8.2
6.7
6.2
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.4
9.3
0.7
2.0
9.7
2.1
1.0
0.5
0.0
1985
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.2
1978
2.5
1990
2000
Crude marriage rate
2010
0.0
2011 （Year）
Crude divorce rate
The marriage rate in China has been below 10‰, which was
relatively stable, whereas the divorce rate has been rising constantly
since 2003. In 2011, more than 13 million couples registered for
marriage, while 2.87 million couples divorced. The crude marriage
rate and the crude divorce rate were respectively 9.7‰ and 2.1‰.
29
aged 15 and above, by education attainment,
2010 (%)
Education attainment
Total
Unmarried Married Divorced Widowed
Total
Primary and below
100.0
6.0
77.5
1.1
15.4
Junior secondary
100.0
20.6
76.1
1.5
1.8
Senior secondary
100.0
38.8
58.2
1.7
1.3
College
100.0
39.4
58.4
1.5
0.8
University
100.0
47.4
51.0
1.0
0.6
Postgraduate
100.0
43.4
55.4
0.9
0.2
Female
Primary and below
100.0
2.5
77.8
0.7
19.0
Junior secondary
100.0
18.3
78.1
1.3
2.2
Senior secondary
100.0
39.4
56.9
2.0
1.7
College
100.0
41.5
55.7
1.8
1.0
University
100.0
50.5
47.5
1.3
0.7
Postgraduate
100.0
49.2
49.4
1.2
0.2
Male
Primary and below
100.0
11.1
77.1
1.7
10.2
Junior secondary
100.0
22.5
74.3
1.6
1.5
Senior secondary
100.0
38.3
59.3
1.4
0.9
College
100.0
37.5
60.8
1.1
0.6
University
100.0
44.9
53.8
0.8
0.5
Postgraduate
100.0
39.1
60.1
0.7
0.2
30
above, by occupation and marital status,
2010 (%)
Occupation
Unmarried
Married
Female
Male
Female
Male
Heads of government institutions,
parties, civil societies,enterprises,
public institutions
35.6
64.4
23.6
76.4
Professionals
52.3
47.7
50.4
49.6
Clerks and related personnel
Employees in commerce and
service sectors
Emplyees in farming, forestry,
husbandry and fishery sectors
Operators of production and
transportation equipments
40.7
59.3
31.0
69.0
50.0
50.0
51.7
48.3
35.2
64.8
51.3
48.7
31.7
68.3
31.6
68.4
Unclassified
33.1
66.9
38.2
61.8
Occupation
Divorced
Widowed
Female
Male
Female
Male
Heads of government institutions,
parties, civil societies,enterprises,
public institutions
47.1
52.9
52.3
47.7
Professionals
63.5
36.5
63.8
36.2
Employees in commerce and
service sectors
Emplyees in farming, forestry,
husbandry and fishery sectors
Operators of production and
transportation equipments
39.8
60.2
35.4
64.6
61.9
38.1
71.5
28.5
26.6
73.4
58.2
41.8
24.0
76.0
45.3
54.7
Unclassified
37.6
62.4
53.0
47.0
31
Chart 2-6 Composition of contraceptive methods,
2011
0.3% 0.3%
0.9%
0.2%
4.9%
Oral pills/injectables
Male sterilization
9.8%
Condom
Female sterilization
IUD
Contraceptive drug
for external use
53.7%
30.0%
Implant
Others
Source: Annual statistics from the National Population and Family Planning
Commission ( NPFPC )
Family planning is a basic national policy in China. The government
has made detailed regulations to ensure that the citizens can make
informed decisions on safe, effective and appropriate family
planning measures. To be specific, it is up to the couples to decide
which of the recommended measures to be adopt. Currently,
more and more married couples have chosen from various shortterm or long-term family planning measures such as sterilization,
IUD, oral contraceptive pills and condoms based on their own
physical conditions. In 2011, Contraceptive prevalence rate among
maried women of child-bearing age reached 88.6%. In terms of
contraceptive choices, 53.7% of women chose IUD. However, the
contraceptive methods for male accounted for only 14.7% of all
contraceptive methods, indicating that women are still bearing most
of the burden of contraception.
32
Chart 2-7 Rate of birth in compliance with family
planning policy, by birth order, 2009 and 2011
120
100
92.2 91.9
2009
97.9 97.6
2011
80.4 80.3
80
60
43.0 43.6
40
20
0
Total
First
child
Second
child
Third child
and above
Source: Annual statistics from the National Population and Family Planning
Commission ( NPFPC )
Rate of birth in compliance with family planning policy refers to the
proportion of live births which meet the requirements of the family
planning policy among the gross live births in a given area during
certain period of time. It is an important indicator of the effective
implementation of family planning policy. The total number of
live births in compliance with family planning policy refers to the
number of live births whose parents have complied with the existing
family planning policies (such as the child-bearing age of the mother,
number of births and the birth interval). The formula is:
Rate of birth in compliance
with the family planning policy=
Total number of live births in compliance
with family planning policy
Total number of all live births in a given area
during certain period of time
×100%
33
Table 2-8 Proportion of people with different
fertility control operations, 1975-2011 (%)
Year
IUD
insertion
IUD
removed
Vasoligation
Tubal
sterilization
Abortion
1975
56.8
5.8
9.0
11.1
17.3
1980
40.1
8.4
4.8
13.4
33.3
1985
37.3
8.9
2.2
8.9
42.6
1990
35.3
6.7
4.2
15.2
38.6
1995
37.6
8.3
2.1
10.4
33.6
2000
38.6
12.6
1.8
9.5
37.6
2001
38.8
13.8
1.5
9.1
36.8
2002
37.0
13.6
1.2
7.8
38.6
2003
36.5
14.0
1.5
7.9
38.8
2004
36.0
15.2
1.0
7.9
38.5
2005
35.1
14.4
1.0
7.3
36.7
2006
36.6
14.7
1.4
7.5
38.4
2007
36.8
14.2
1.1
8.0
38.8
2008
33.4
12.8
0.9
7.0
40.0
2009
34.3
13.6
1.0
7.8
26.8
2010
34.0
12.7
1.0
7.7
28.7
2011
33.2
12.8
0.9
7.3
30.2
Source: Ministry of Health, China Health Statistical Yearbook 2012 , 2013
34
Crude marriage rate refers to the number of registered marriages
per 1,000 people in a given year in a certain area. Registered
marriages are those in line with the Law of Marriage and registered
at civil affairs authorities with marriage certificates acquired. The
formula is:
Crude marriage rate=
Number of registered marriages
×1000‰
Total population (mid-year)
Crude divorce rate refers to the number of divorces per 1,000
people in a given year in a certain area. The formula is :
Crude divorce rate=
Number of couples divorced
×1000‰
Annual average population
Early marriage rate refers to the number of people aged 15-19 who
are married per 100 people aged 15-19.
Contraceptive prevalence among married women of childbearing age refers to the number of married women of childbearing age who are using contraception at a certain time point per
100 married women of child-bearing age. This indicator shows the
prevalence of family planning practices among married women of
child-bearing age.
35
Employment
China is bestowed with abundant labor resources. In 2011, the
employed population reached 764 million, with an increase of 43.35
million over that in 2000. To be specific, the female employed
was 351 million, accounting for 45.9% of the total, while the male
employed reached 413 million, accounting for 54.1% of the total.
The number of employed female is 62 million less than that of male.
The rise of urban employment is taking a fast pace. As urbanization
and industrialization gaining momentum, urban areas have been an
enlarging source of new jobs. Urban employees, which accounted for
32.1% of the total employment in 2000, increased sharply to 47.0%
in 2011. There is currently no significant gender gap in attaining
employment in urban areas.
Secondary and tertiary industry employment has seen an increasing
share. With the rapid development of non-agricultural industries, the
proportions of employment in the secondary and tertiary industry
have been constantly rising. In 2010, the ratio of employment of
primary, secondary and tertiary industries was 48.3 : 24.2 : 27.5.
The ratio of female employees in primary, secondary and tertiary
industries evolved from 68.9 : 14.1 : 17.0 in 2000 to 53.2 : 19.3 :
27.5, while that of male employment from 60.7 : 19.0 : 20.3 to 44.4 :
28.1 : 27.5.
The capacity of rural residents to gain non-agricultural employment
has been significantly enhanced. According to the Third Survey
on Social Status of Women in China, in 2010 the proportions of
36
Employment
rural women and men who were engaged in non-agricultural jobs
accounted for 24.9% and 36.8% respectively, up by 14.7 and 17.9
percentage points than in 2000.
In 2011, there were 9.22 million people registered as unemployed in
urban areas in China, 41.1% of whom were women, whereas 58.9%
were men. In recent years, the registered unemployment rate in urban
areas remained low between 4.0% and 4.3%, and the registered
unemployed population in urban areas has been kept below 10
million. However, it is still urgent to create job opportunities for the
huge unemployed population, mainly consisting of new graduates
and people aged 40-50. Their unemployment warrants greater
attention.
37
Chart 3-1 Employment of population
Aged 16 and above
Female: 49.9%
Male: 50.1%
Employed
Female: 61.7%
Male: 76.1%
School students
Female: 18.2%
Male: 31.4%
Retired
Female: 18.0%
Male: 26.7%
Not employed
Female: 38.3%
Male: 23.9%
Urban
Female: 26.2%
Male: 35.0%
Rural
Female: 35.5%
Male: 41.2%
Job hunting after
graduation
Full-time
houseworker
Female: 1.0%
Male: 1.9%
Female: 40.5%
Male: 7.1%
Loss of working
capacity
Female:15.3%
Male: 20.0%
Other not employed
Female: 7.0%
Male: 12.9%
Age group: 16-24
Female:
9.4%
25-34
14.0%
35-44
18.1%
45-54
12.1%
55-64
6.4%
65+
1.8%
Male:
16.5%
21.2%
15.7%
9.4%
3.0%
10.3%
38
Employment
Table 3-1 Age and sex composition of employed
population aged 16 and above, 2010 (%)
Age
group
Age composition
Female
Male
Sex composition
Female
Male
16-19
3.3
3.1
46.3
53.7
20-24
11.9
10.5
47.8
52.2
25-29
11.5
10.8
46.2
53.8
30-34
11.3
10.9
45.5
54.5
35-39
14.1
13.5
45.7
54.3
40-44
15.2
14.3
46.1
53.9
45-49
12.3
12.0
45.2
54.8
50-54
7.3
8.6
40.4
59.6
55-59
6.7
8.0
40.1
59.9
60-64
3.6
4.3
40.5
59.5
65-69
1.7
2.3
37.8
62.2
70+
1.1
1.6
36.5
63.5
100.0
100.0
44.7
55.3
Total
39
Table 3-2 Age composition of employed population
aged 16 and above by urban and rural areas, 2010 (%)
Age
group
Urban
Female
Rural
Male
Female
Male
16-19
3.1
2.5
3.6
3.7
20-24
12.9
10.7
11.1
10.3
25-29
14.4
12.7
9.3
9.2
30-34
14.1
13.0
9.1
9.0
35-39
16.3
15.4
12.4
11.8
40-44
15.9
15.2
14.7
13.6
45-49
12.1
12.5
12.5
11.6
50-54
5.3
8.2
8.8
9.0
55-59
3.5
6.1
9.1
9.7
60-64
1.5
2.1
5.2
6.2
65-69
0.6
0.9
2.6
3.5
70+
0.4
0.6
1.7
2.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Total
40
Employment
Chart 3-2 Sex composition of employed population
by industry, 2010
(%)
Female
80
Male
64.4
60
49.2 50.8
55.3
44.7
35.6
40
20
0
Primary industry
Secondary industry
Tertiary industry
Chart 3-3 Industry composition of employed
population by sex, 2010
(%)
100
27.5
27.5
24.2
19.3
27.5
Tertiary
industry
28.1
Secondary
industry
80
60
40
20
0
48.3
Total
53.2
Female
Primary
industry
44.4
Male
41
Chart 3-4 Employment rate of population
aged 18-64, 2010
（%）
Female
100
93.6
87.2
80
82.0
80.5
71.1
Male
60.8
60
40
20
0
Total
Urban
Rural
Source: National Bureau of Statistics and the All-China Women's Federation,
The Third Survey on Social Status of Women in China, 2010
Chart 3-5 Proportion of rural employees
engaged in non-agricultural sectors
（%）
40
36.8
Female
30
24.9
10
0
Male
18.9
20
10.2
2000
2010
(Year)
42
Employment
Table 3-3 Occupation and sex composition of
employed population, 2000 and 2010 (%)
Occupation
2000
Female
2010
Male
Female
Male
Occupation composition
Heads of government institutions, parties,
civil societies,enterprises, public institutions
0.6
2.5
1.0
2.4
Professionals
6.5
2.1
5.0
4.0
7.8
3.2
6.0
5.2
Employees in commerce and service
sectors
10.1
8.4
18.7
14.1
Emplyees in farming, forestry, husbandry
and fishery sectors
69.0
60.7
53.2
44.3
Operators of production and transportation
equipments and related personnel
11.7
19.3
15.9
27.8
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Heads of government institutions, parties,
civil societies,enterprises, public institutions
16.8
83.2
25.1
74.9
Professionals
51.7
30.3
48.3
69.7
51.1
33.0
48.9
67.0
Employees in commerce and service
sectors
50.0
50.0
51.7
48.3
Emplyees in farming, forestry, husbandry
and fishery sectors
48.5
51.5
49.2
50.8
Operators of production and transportation
equipments and related personnel
33.4
66.6
31.6
68.4
Unclassified
36.2
45.3
63.8
54.7
37.5
44.7
62.5
55.3
Unclassified
Total
Sex composition
Total
Sources: National Bureau of Statistics, 2000 and 2010 China Population
Censuses
43
Chart 3-6 Labor force participation rate of urban
population aged 16 and above, by sex and age group,
2010
(%)
Male
100
Female
80
60
40
20
0
16- 20- 25- 30- 35- 40- 45- 50- 55- 60- 65- 70+ (Age gruop)
19 24 29 34 39 44 49 54 59 64 69
Table 3-4 Labor force participation rate of urban
population aged 16 and above, by sex and age group,
2010 (%)
Sex
16-19
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
Total
Female
Male
24.9
24.0
25.7
64.6
61.5
67.7
86.8
79.2
94.7
87.8
79.2
96.4
87.8
79.3
96.1
87.1
78.8
95.2
Sex
45-49
50-54
55-59
60-64
65-69
70+
Total
Female
Male
82.2
71.0
93.0
62.6
41.0
83.7
46.3
27.2
65.8
24.3
16.9
31.8
15.5
10.3
20.9
4.9
3.2
6.9
44
Employment
Table 3-5 Number and sex composition of employed
population in urban public entities
Number (10 thousand)
Year
2000
2001
Sex composition (%)
Female
Male
Female
Male
4411.3
4225.7
7201.2
6940.1
38.0
37.8
62.0
62.2
2002
4156.2
6829.0
37.8
62.2
2003
4156.1
6813.6
37.9
62.1
2004
4227.3
6871.6
38.1
61.9
2005
4324.6
7079.4
37.9
62.1
2006
4445.7
7267.5
38.0
62.0
2007
4540.3
7484.1
37.8
62.2
2008
4579.6
7612.9
37.6
62.4
2009
4678.5
7894.5
37.2
62.8
2010
2011
4861.5
5227.7
8190.0
9185.6
37.2
36.3
62.8
63.7
Source: National Bureau of Statistics, China Labor Statistical Yearbook 2001-
2012
Table 3-6 Type of entity and sex composition of
employed population in urban public entities, 2011 (%)
Type of entity
State-owned entity
Urban collectively-owned entity
Others
Total
Entity composition
Sex composition
Female
Male
Female
Male
48.3
45.5
37.6
62.4
3.7
4.4
32.5
67.5
48.0
50.0
35.3
64.7
100.0
100.0
36.3
63.7
Source: National Bureau of Statistics, China Labor Statistical Yearbook 2011,
2012
45
Table 3-7 Industry composition of employed
population in urban public entities, 2011 (%)
Industry
Industry composition
Female
Male
Agriculture, forestry, husbandary, fishery
2.5
Mining
2.2
5.4
30.9
26.9
Production and distribution of electricity,
gas and water
1.8
2.6
Construction
4.0
16.5
Transport, storage and post service
3.4
5.3
Information transmission, computer
service and software
1.6
1.4
Wholesale and retail
5.9
3.7
Hotels and catering services
2.5
1.2
Financial intermediation
4.9
2.7
Real estate
1.6
1.8
Leasing and business services
1.8
2.1
Scientific research, technical service
and geologic prospecting
1.7
2.3
Management of water conservancy,
environment and public facilities
1.8
1.5
Household service and other services
0.5
0.4
15.7
8.7
Health, social securities and social welfare
7.9
2.9
Culture, sports and entertainment
1.1
0.8
Public management and social organization
8.2
11.3
Manufacturing
Education
Total
Number of people (10 thousand)
2.5
100.0
100.0
5227.7
9185.6
Source: National Bureau of Statistics, Salary Statistical Annual Report 2011
46
Employment
Chart 3-7 Sex composition of employed population
in urban public entities, by industry, 2011
Total
Public management
and social organization
Culture, sports
and entertainment
Health, social security
and social welfare
36.3
63.7
29.0
71.0
42.5
57.5
60.6
39.4
Education
50.7
49.3
Home service
and other services
Management of water conservancy,
environment and public facilities
Scientific research, technical
service and geologic prospecting
42.8
57.2
41.0
59.0
30.2
69.8
Leasing and business services
31.9
68.1
Real estate
34.6
65.4
49.2
Financial intermediation
50.8
Hotels and catering services
54.2
45.8
Wholesale and retail
47.7
52.3
Information transmission,
computer and software
Traffic, transport,
storage and postal service
Construction
Production and distribution
of electricity, gas and water
39.9
60.1
26.9
73.1
12.0
88.0
28.6
71.4
Manufacturing
39.5
60.5
Mining
19.0
81.0
Agriculture, forestry,
husbandary, fishery
36.9
63.1
0
10
20
Female
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100 (%)
Male
Source: National Bureau of Statistics, Salary Statistical Annual Report 2011
47
Table 3-8 Average working hours per week of urban
employees (Hour/week)
Time of survey
Total
Female
Male
Nov. 2005
47.8
46.7
48.7
Nov. 2006
47.3
45.9
48.3
Nov. 2007
45.5
44.0
46.8
Nov. 2008
44.6
43.1
45.7
Nov. 2009
44.7
43.2
45.9
Nov. 2010
47.0
46.1
47.7
2012
Chart 3-8 Composition of working hours per week
of urban employees, 2010
48 hours and above
34.9
39.8
15.2
15.5
41-47 hours
37.5
38.6
40 hours
6.4
20-39 hours
9.3
0.7
1.4
9-19 hours
Female
0.3
0.4
1-8 hours
0
10
20
30
40
Male
50 (%)
2012
48
Employment
Table 3-9 Age and sex composition of economicallyactive population aged 16 and above, 2010 (%)
Age
Age composition
group
Female
16-19
3.5
20-24
Female
Male
3.3
46.1
53.9
12.3
10.8
47.9
52.1
25-29
11.6
10.9
46.4
53.6
30-34
11.3
10.8
45.8
54.2
35-39
14.0
13.4
46.0
54.0
40-44
15.1
14.2
46.3
53.7
45-49
12.2
12.0
45.3
54.7
50-54
7.1
8.6
40.2
59.8
55-59
6.5
7.9
39.9
60.1
60-64
3.5
4.2
40.5
59.5
65-69
1.7
2.3
37.9
62.1
70+
1.1
1.6
36.6
63.4
100.0
100.0
44.8
55.2
Total
Male
Sex composition
49
Chart 3-9 Economically inactive population,
by reason of not working, 2010
(%)
Female
60
20.0
30
18.2
26.7
18.0
15.2
11.6
1.9
7.8
1.0
Loss of
working
capacity
School
students
0
Job hunting
after
graduation
10
40.5
Retired
20
7.1
31.4
Full-time
houseworker
40
Others
50
Male
Table 3-10 Sex composition of economically inactive
population, by reason for not working, 2010 (%)
Sex
Total
School
students
FullJob hunting
Loss of
time
after
Retired working Others
houseworker graduation
capacity
Female 62.3
48.9
90.4
47.9
52.7
55.8
52.6
37.7
51.1
9.6
52.1
47.3
44.2
47.4
Male
50
Employment
Table 3-11 Age and sex composition of not
employed population, 2010 (%)
Age
group
Age composition
Sex composition
Female
Male
Female
Male
16-19
12.7
21.1
49.0
51.0
20-24
10.3
13.1
55.7
44.3
25-29
5.0
2.7
75.0
25.0
30-34
4.4
1.8
79.3
20.7
35-39
5.0
2.2
78.1
21.9
40-44
5.2
2.6
76.3
23.7
45-49
5.6
2.8
75.9
24.1
50-54
7.3
3.8
75.3
24.7
55-59
9.4
6.8
68.9
31.1
60-64
8.7
10.0
58.1
41.9
65-69
7.5
9.2
56.4
43.6
70+
19.0
23.8
55.9
44.1
Total
100.0
100.0
61.5
38.5
51
Table 3-12 Composition of unemployed population,
by reason for not working and by sex, 2010 (%)
Reason for not working
Reason composition
Female
Male
Job hunting after graduation
19.8
Lost job due to employer
Sex composition
Female
Male
23.8
44.8
55.2
18.8
27.0
40.3
59.7
Lost job due to personal reasons
13.5
17.9
42.1
57.9
Expropriation of contracted lands
3.5
4.8
41.3
58.7
Urban
1.7
1.3
55.4
44.6
Full-time houseworker
27.0
2.0
92.9
7.1
Others
15.7
23.2
39.6
60.4
100.0
100.0
49.2
50.8
28.1
35.1
45.8
54.2
Retired
Total
Rural
Job hunting after graduation
4.2
7.9
36.1
63.9
Lost job due to personal reasons
10.8
15.9
41.6
58.4
Expropriation of contracted lands
2.7
4.2
40.8
59.2
Lost job due to employer
0.4
1.0
28.2
71.8
Full-time houseworker
35.1
5.5
87.1
12.9
Others
18.8
30.5
39.4
60.6
Total
100.0
100.0
51.3
48.7
Retired
52
Employment
Table 3-13 Age and sex composition of urban
unemployed population, 2010 (%)
Age composition
Age
group
Female
Male
16-19
5.2
20-24
Sex composition
Female
Male
6.7
42.9
57.1
22.0
22.3
48.9
51.1
25-29
15.3
13.2
53.0
47.0
30-34
12.1
9.2
56.0
44.0
35-39
14.3
11.0
55.8
44.2
40-44
13.8
11.2
54.5
45.5
45-49
11.0
10.9
49.6
50.4
50-54
3.4
8.4
28.1
71.9
55-59
1.8
5.5
23.9
76.1
60-64
0.6
1.1
34.8
65.2
65-69
0.3
0.4
39.0
61.0
0.3
0.3
47.0
53.0
100.0
100.0
49.2
50.8
70+
Total
Table 3-14 Sex composition of registered urban
unemployed population (%)
Sex
2000
2005
2010
2011
Female
51.6
50.5
41.3
41.1
Male
48.4
49.5
58.7
58.9
Source: Statistics from the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security
53
Table 3-15 Composition of urban unemployed
population, by job-hunting method, 2010 (%)
Job-hunting methods
Total
Female
Male
Register at employment
intermediaries
13.1
13.1
13.2
Seek help from relatives and friends
36.7
37.8
35.6
Go to job fairs
9.5
9.5
9.5
Seek job opportunities from ads
0.8
0.9
0.8
Prepare for self-employment
15.8
13.2
18.3
Others
24.1
25.5
22.8
100.0
100.0
100.0
Total
2012
Table 3-16 Public services for employment, 2010
Number
(10 thousand)
Sex composition
(%)
Female
Male
Female
Male
Registered number
of job-hunters
2275.7
3112.9
42.2
57.8
Number of people receiving
occupational advices
1080.9
1405.6
43.5
56.5
88.5
122.8
41.9
58.1
1106.6
1445.4
43.4
56.6
Number of people receiving
services for self-employement
Number of people managing
to get a job
2012
54
Employment
Labor force participation rate refers to the proportion of
economically active population among all labor force. It reflects
the extent to which the labor force in a certain region participates in
economic activities, and also indicates the economic active level and
development level.
Economically active population refers to the population aged
16 and above with working abilities who participate or demand to
participate in socioeconomic activities, including the employed and
unemployed.
Employed population refers to the total population engaged in
production activities and gaining labor remuneration/incomes from
these activities. These include people who are employed by stateowned enterprises, collectively-owned enterprises and other entities,
or those who are self-employed, and who are engaged in either full
time or part-time jobs.
Currently-not-employed population refers to the population
aged 16 and above who are currently not working, including
school students, people engaged in full-time housework, retirees,
people without working abilities, unemployed population and other
currently-not-employed population.
Non-economically active population refers to the population who
are at the working age (16 and above), with the working abilities, but
do not participate or do not demand to participate in socioeconomic
activities. The non-economically active population indicates the
number of people who withdraw from the labor market during a
certain period of time in a certain region. It includes the potential
55
labor resources who are subjectively not demanding to participate in
socioeconomic activities, such as the school students, and graduates
who choose not to work, as well as those people who have lost jobs.
Unemployed population refers to the population of the working age
and with working abilities who are not engaged in paid-work, but are
actively hunting jobs and ready to apply for any job vacancy.
56
Income and Social Security
The Third Survey on Social Status of Women in China shows that in
recent years, the income of employed women has seen a significant
increase, but was still much less than that of employed men. Below
are some specific analyses:
Women employees are more likely to be located in the low or the
lower-middle income group. In 2010, women accounted for 59.8%
and 65.7% respectively in the urban and rural low income groups,
19.6 and 31.4 percentage points higher than men. Moreover, in the
urban and rural high income groups, women only take up 30.9% and
24.4% respectively, much lower than men.
The annual income of employed women was less than 60% of that
of men. In 2010, the income of employed women in urban and rural
areas was respectively 67.3% and 56.0% of that of employed men.
And such gap prevailed in all regions regardless of their economic
development levels, such as in the developed areas like Beijing,
Tianjin and Shanghai, and in the developing regions in central and
western China.
The number of elderly living mainly on pension insurance was
disproportionately low. As the Sixth National Population Census
suggested, the proportion was as low as 24.1% with huge urban-rural
disparity. While 50.1% of urban elderly could live on their pension,
only 4.6% of their rural counterparts enjoyed the benefits. In China,
the rural areas in particular, the majority of elderly was mainly
supported by their families, relying on the so-called “Chinese model
57
of supporting the elderly”.
In terms of the social security, with the improvement of China’s
social security system, an increasing number of women are now
participating in social security schemes, and the coverage of
minimum subsistence allowance in both urban and rural areas has
been expanding.
In 2011, the numbers of women participating in the basic pension
insurance and medical insurance for urban employees, the
unemployment insurance, the work-related injury insurance and the
maternity insurance across the country all increased significantly
but were still lower than those of men. Especially, the participation
rate of women in the work-related injury insurance was the lowest,
resting on only 35%.
In 2011, there were 22.77 million urban residents across the country
receiving the minimum subsistence allowance, with women and men
accounting for 40.4% and 59.6% respectively. In the same year, there
were 53.06 million rural residents across the country receiving the
minimum subsistence allowance, with women and men accounting
for 32.1% and 67.9% respectively.
58
Chart 4-1 Sex composition of different income group
in urban areas, by average annual income, 2010
30.9
High income
69.1
Female
35.6
Upper-middle
income
64.4
42.0
Middle income
54.6
Lower-middle
income
45.4
59.8
Low income
0
Male
58.0
20
40.2
40
60
80
100 （%）
Chart 4-2 Sex composition of different income group
in rural areas, by average annual income, 2010
High income
24.4
Upper-middle
income
39.2
Middle income
57.0
52.1
Low income
47.9
65.7
0
20
Male
60.8
43.0
Lower-middle
income
Female
75.6
34.3
40
60
80
100 （%）
59
Table 4-1 Composition of population aged 60 and
above, by source of income and by sex, 2010(%)
Source of income
Composition of source of income
Total
Female
Male
Labor income
29.1
21.9
36.6
Pension
24.1
19.6
28.9
Minimum subsistence allowances
3.9
3.7
4.1
Property income
0.4
0.3
0.4
40.7
52.6
28.2
1.8
1.9
1.8
100.0
100.0
100.0
Supply from other family members
Others
Total
Source of income
Sex composition
Total
Female
Male
Labor income
100.0
38.6
61.4
Pension
100.0
41.6
58.4
Minimum subsistence allowances
100.0
48.6
51.4
Property income
100.0
45.5
54.5
Supply from other family members
100.0
66.2
33.8
Others
100.0
53.1
46.9
Total
100.0
51.3
48.7
60
above, by urban and rural areas, by source of income
and by sex, 2010(%)
Source of income
Composition of source of income Sex composition
Total
Female
Male
Female
Male
Urban
Labor income
12.9
8.6
17.7
34.2
65.8
Pension
50.1
42.5
58.4
43.9
56.1
Minimum subsistence
allowances
3.1
3.5
2.7
58.0
42.0
Property income
0.6
0.5
0.7
46.2
53.8
31.4
43.0
18.9
71.0
29.0
Supply from other
family members
Others
Total
Source of income
1.9
2.0
1.7
55.4
44.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
51.8
48.2
Composition of source of income Sex composition
Total
Female
Male
Female
Male
Rural
41.2
32.1
50.5
39.7
60.3
Pension
4.6
2.1
7.2
23.1
76.9
Minimum subsistence
allowances
4.5
3.9
5.1
43.7
56.3
Property income
0.2
0.2
0.2
43.8
56.2
47.7
59.9
35.1
63.8
36.2
Labor income
Supply from other
family members
Others
Total
1.8
1.8
1.8
51.3
48.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
50.9
49.1
61
Table 4-3 Access to pension insurance and medical
insurance, by type of household registration, 2010
（% ）
120
100
Female
Male
95.0 95.6
73.3 75.9
80
87.6 88.0
60
40
31.1 32.7
20
0
Agricultural
household
registration
Non-agricultural
household
registration
Pension insurance
Agricultural
household
registration
Non-agricultural
household
registration
Medical insurance
The survey results showed no obvious gender gap in terms of the
coverage of pension insurance and medical insurance, regardless
of urban and rural areas. In virtue of the tentative implementation
of new rural cooperative medial insurance and new rural pension
insurance, by 2010, 95% of both men and women with agricultural
household registration had subscribed to the social medical insurance
scheme, and around 32% were covered by pension insurance. As
for population with non-agricultural household registration, 73.3%
of women and 75.9% of men were receiving the pension insurance,
both more than twice as large as the rural coverage.
62
Table 4-3 Number and sex composition of people
participating in basic pension insurance for urban
employees, 2005-2011
Year
Sex composition (%)
Female
Male
Female
2005
7869
9619
45.0
Male
55.0
2006
8445
10321
45.0
55.0
2007
8389
11748
41.7
58.3
2008
9309
12582
42.5
57.5
2009
9904
13646
42.1
57.9
2010
11202
14505
43.6
56.4
2011
12575
15816
44.3
55.7
Chart 4-4 Coverage of pension insurance for
employees in urban entities, 2000 and 2010
（% ）
Female
100
83.8
80
60
58.4
85.4
Male
63.7
40
20
0
2000
2010
63
participating in basic medical insurance for urban
Year
Sex composition (%)
Female
Male
Female
2005
5375
8408
39.0
Male
61.0
2006
6135
9597
39.0
61.0
2007
7535
10485
41.8
58.2
2008
8552
11444
42.8
57.2
2009
9338
12599
42.6
57.4
2010
10537
13198
44.4
55.6
2011
11398
13829
45.2
54.8
Chart 4-5 Coverage of medical insurance for
employees in urban entities, 2000 and 2010
100
92.6
92.8
Female
80
60
46.5
Male
55.5
40
20
0
（%）
2000
2010
64
participating in unemployment insurance, 2005-2010
Year
Female
Male
Sex composition (%)
Female
Male
2005
4026
6622
37.8
62.2
2006
4208
6979
37.6
62.4
2007
4402
7243
37.8
62.2
2008
4662
7738
37.6
62.4
2009
4787
7928
37.6
62.4
2010
5149
8227
38.5
61.5
2011
5815
8502
40.6
59.4
participating in work-related injury insurance,
2005-2010
Year
Sex composition (%)
Female
Male
Female
2005
2713
5765
32.0
Male
68.0
2006
3286
6983
32.0
68.0
2007
4246
7927
34.9
65.1
2008
4886
8901
35.4
64.6
2009
5279
9617
35.4
64.6
2010
5699
10462
35.3
64.7
2011
6202
11494
35.0
65.0
65
participating in maternity insurance, 2005-2010
Year
Sex composition (%)
Female
Male
Female
Male
2005
2273
3136
42.0
58.0
2006
2690
3769
41.6
58.4
2007
3337
4438
42.9
57.1
2008
4040
5214
43.7
56.3
2009
4711
6165
43.3
56.7
2010
5367
6969
43.5
56.5
2011
6033
7859
43.4
56.6
Chart 4-6 Coverage of maternity insurance for urban
（%）
95
100
80
60
40
46
52
60
26
20
0
2000
2005
2006
2007
2010 （Year）
66
Chart 4-7 Reasons of losing land for men and women
with agricultural household registration, 2010
（%）
Female
60
45.8
40
Male
47.2
42.4
27.9
27.7
20
3.7
0
Change in
marriage status
2.0
Expropriation
or circulation
Never
acquired
3.3
Others
Land is the most important means of production and a basic life
guarantee for rural women. In 2010, 21.0% of rural women did not
have any land, 11.8 percentage points higher than the 2000 figure,
and 9.1 percentage points higher than that of men. Specifically,
27.7% of these women lost their land due to marital changes, while
only 3.7% of those men suffered for the same cause. 27.9% of these
women lost land due to land expropriation or circulation (among
which 12.1% of them did not get any compensation, 1.9 percentage
points higher than men). The survey also showed that rural women
faced serious problems such as loss of land and failure to gain
compensation in the process of urbanization, modernization, and
distribution and circulation of contracted land.
67
Table 4-8 Number and sex composition of urban
residents receiving minimum living subsistence
allowance, 2006-2011
Year
Sex composition (%)
Female
Male
Female
Male
788
1452
35.2
64.8
2007
923
1349
40.6
59.4
2008
948
1387
40.6
59.4
2006
2009
961
1385
41.0
59.0
2010
943
1368
40.8
59.2
2011
920
1357
40.4
59.6
Table 4-9 Number and sex composition of rural
residents receiving minimum living subsistence
allowance, 2006-2011
Year
Female
Female
Male
2006
455
1138
28.6
71.4
2007
1169
2397
32.8
67.2
2008
1337
2969
31.1
68.9
2009
1502
3258
31.6
68.4
2010
1673
3541
32.1
67.9
2011
1701
3605
32.1
67.9
68
Sex composition (%)
Male
Number of urban employees covered by basic pension insurance
refers to the number of urban employees and retirees who have
participated in the basic pension for urban employees program in
accordance with the national laws, regulations and relevant policies
and have payment record files set up by social security authorities
by the end of the survey period (including the employees who
suspended the payment, but not yet terminated the subscription;
excluding those who registered but never had any payment record
files set up).
Number of urban employees covered by basic medical insurance
refers to the number of urban employees and retirees who have
participated in the basic medical insurance for urban employees
program (including both the double-track method of social pooling
combined with individual account, and the single-track method of
social pooling) by the end of the survey period.
Number of urban residents receiving the minimum subsistence
allowance refers to the number of urban residents whose average
household income is lower than the minimum living cost stipulated
by the local authorities by the end of the survey period. The elderly
without homes, relatives or source of income, the unemployed, the
people at work, the laid-off people and the retirees who meet the
standards mentioned above are entitled to the allowance.
Number of rural residents receiving the minimum subsistence
allowance refers to the number of rural residents with rural
household registration, in regions where the minimum subsistence
allowance institutions for rural residents has been established, who
have received the allowance from local government or collectives by
the end of the survey period.
69
Education
The education level of the people of a country marks the essential
quality of its population. The Government of China has always
committed to education promotion. In virtue of the strengthened
efforts by the government in educational investment, creating
favorable education environment and conditions, the overall
education level of Chinese nationals is further elevated.
Nine-year compulsory education has been popularized. In 2006, the
Government of China began to gradually promote free compulsory
education by remitting tuition fees, miscellaneous fees and textbook
costs for rural students and the lodging fees for boarders. In 2008, the
Government of China took further actions and remitted the tuition
fees and miscellaneous fees of compulsory education for urban
students, which had basically realized free compulsory education all
over the country. By the end of 2010, the compulsory education had
covered 100% of the population. Moreover, in 2006 gender disparity
has been basically eliminated in compulsory education phase.
The men and women population received higher education are
increasingly balanced. More women are receiving higher education
every year, and the sex structure of enrolled students in higher
education institutions is striking balance. In 2011, female accounted
for 48.5% of all postgraduates, 51.1% of all college/university
undergraduates, and 53.9% of all students receiving adult education.
The difference between two genders in terms of average years of
education has narrowed. In 2010, the average years of education for
population aged 6 and above was 8.8 years, with women 8.4 years
70
Education
and men 9.2 years, a 0.8 years difference lowered from 1.3 years in
2000 .
The illiteracy rate continues to fall, as a result of the constant
consolidation and promotion of the work on basically universalizing
the compulsory education and basically eliminating illiteracy
among youth and adults. In 2010, the illiteracy rates for women and
men among population aged 15 and above were7.29% and 2.52%
respectively, down by 8.86 and 3.34 percentage points compared to
those in 2005.
71
Chart 5-1 Average years of education, 1990-2010
9.2
2010
8.4
8.4
2005
Male
7.3
8.3
2000
Female
7.0
7.8
1995
6.1
7.4
1990
5.5
0
2
4
6
8
10 （Year）
Source: National Bureau of Statistics, 1990, 2000 and 2010 China Population
Censuses; 1995 and 2005 National 1% Population Sample Surveys
Chart 5-2 Average years of education,
by urban and rural areas, 2010
（Year）
Female
12
10
8.4
9.2
9.7
Male
10.3
7.1
8
8.0
6
4
2
0
National
Urban
Rural
Census of The People's Republic of China, 2012
72
Education
Chart 5-3 Illiteracy rate of population
aged 15 and above by urban and rural areas, 2010
(%)
Total
15
Male
10.66
10
5
Female
7.29
7.26
4.88
2.52
4.13
2.66
3.92
1.23
0
National
Urban
Rural
Chart 5-4 Sex composition of illiterate population
(%)
100
80
26.16
23.38
27.26
Male
60
40
73.84
76.62
72.74
National
Urban
Rural
Female
20
0
73
Chart 5-5 Illiteracy rate of youth and adults
aged 15-50 by urban and rural areas, 2010
(%)
3
Total
2
Female
Male
2.55
1.80
1.53
1.08
1
0
1.07
0.65
National
0.48
0.66
0.31
Urban
Rural
Chart 5-6 Sex composition of illiterate population
aged 15-50, 2010
(%)
100
80
Male
30.80
33.01
30.10
69.20
66.99
69.90
National
Urban
Rural
Female
60
40
20
0
74
Education
above, by education attainment and by sex, 2010 (%)
Composition of education
attainment
Female
Male
Sex composition
Female
Male
Never been to school
7.33
2.76
71.83
28.17
Primary education
31.01
26.58
52.89
47.11
Junior secondary education
39.25
44.06
46.15
53.85
Senior secondary education
13.56
16.42
44.28
55.72
Junior college and above
8.85
10.18
45.56
54.44
100.00
100.00
49.03
50.97
Total
Table 5-2 Composition of minority ethnic population
aged 6 and above, by education attainment
and by sex, 2010 (%)
Composition of education
attainment
Female
Male
Sex composition
Female
Male
11.23
5.42
66.60
33.40
Primary education
40.64
38.12
50.63
49.37
Junior secondary education
32.09
38.42
44.55
55.45
9.17
10.70
45.19
54.81
6.88
7.35
47.35
52.65
100.00
100.00
49.03
50.97
Total
75
Table 5-3 Age composition of population aged 15 and
above, by sex and education attainment,
2010 (%)
Age
group
Never been
to school
Female
Male
Primary
education
Female
Male
Junior secondary
education
Female
Male
15-19
0.5
1.4
2.2
2.8
9.4
9.2
20-24
0.9
1.9
3.2
3.4
13.3
11.3
25-29
1.1
1.9
3.4
3.2
11.7
10.2
30-34
1.5
2.4
4.9
4.5
11.2
10.2
35-39
2.5
3.6
8.6
7.5
13.8
13.0
40-44
3.9
4.6
11.9
10.2
14.0
13.8
45-49
4.4
4.2
10.7
8.2
10.6
10.8
50-54
6.3
5.7
10.6
8.9
5.8
6.8
55-59
10.7
9.4
14.2
13.6
4.9
6.4
60-64
11.2
10.7
11.1
12.4
2.5
3.7
65+
56.9
54.2
19.1
25.2
2.7
4.6
Total
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
76
Education
Table 5-3 Continued
Age
College and above
group
Female
Male
15-19
23.3
19.8
8.1
5.8
20-24
14.8
13.8
30.2
24.8
25-29
10.2
9.4
19.0
16.3
30-34
9.5
9.0
12.9
12.1
35-39
9.4
9.5
10.1
11.0
40-44
8.4
8.8
7.2
8.9
45-49
9.6
10.2
5.0
7.4
50-54
7.2
8.2
2.4
4.0
55-59
3.4
4.7
1.9
3.2
60-64
1.8
2.5
1.1
2.1
65+
2.6
4.1
2.0
4.3
Total
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Female
Male
77
above, by age group and education attainment, 2010 (%)
Age
group
Never been
to school
Primary
education
Junior secondary
education
Female
Male
Female
Male
Female
Male
15-19
50.8
49.2
49.1
50.9
46.6
53.4
20-24
56.2
43.8
54.4
45.6
50.3
49.7
25-29
59.9
40.1
56.8
43.2
49.7
50.3
30-34
62.6
37.4
57.6
42.4
48.4
51.6
35-39
65.5
34.5
58.6
41.4
47.6
52.4
40-44
69.4
30.6
59.2
40.8
46.5
53.5
45-49
74.2
25.8
61.9
38.1
45.7
54.3
50-54
74.9
25.1
59.6
40.4
42.0
58.0
55-59
75.5
24.5
56.6
43.4
39.6
60.4
60-64
74.0
26.0
52.7
47.3
37.2
62.8
65+
73.9
26.1
48.6
51.4
33.2
66.8
Total
73.0
27.0
55.4
44.6
46.1
53.9
78
Education
Table 5-4 Continued
Age
group
College and above
Female
Male
Female
Male
15-19
48.2
51.8
53.8
46.2
20-24
46.1
53.9
50.4
49.6
25-29
46.2
53.8
49.4
50.6
30-34
45.5
54.5
47.1
52.9
35-39
43.9
56.1
43.4
56.6
40-44
42.9
57.1
40.3
59.7
45-49
42.7
57.3
36.3
63.7
50-54
40.9
59.1
34.0
66.0
55-59
36.6
63.4
33.6
66.4
60-64
36.0
64.0
30.3
69.7
65+
33.4
66.6
27.9
72.1
Total
44.2
55.8
45.6
54.4
79
Table 5-5 Number and sex composition of enrolled
students at all education levels, 2011
Number of students
(10 thousand)
Regular primary
Junior secondary
education
Senior secondary
education
Higher education
Sex composition
(%)
Female
Male
Female
Male
4589.4
5337.0
46.2
53.8
2415.5
2705.7
47.2
52.8
2224.6
2462.0
47.5
52.5
1790.6
1722.4
51.0
49.0
Source: Ministry of Education, Essential Statistics of Education in China, 2011
Table 5-6 Number and sex composition of full-time
teachers at all education levels, 2011
Number of teachers
(10 thousand)
Regular higher
education
Regular senior
secondary education
Regular junior
secondary education
Regular primary
education
Special education
Preschool education
Sex composition
(%)
Female
Male
Female
Male
65.3
74.0
46.9
53.1
75.3
80.4
48.4
51.6
176.7
175.8
50.1
49.9
328.9
231.6
58.7
41.3
3.0
1.2
72.0
28.0
128.4
3.2
97.6
2.4
80
Education
Table 5-7 Highest degree composition and sex
composition of full-time teachers in regular higher
education institutions, 2011
Highest degree
Items
I. Absolute number
(10 thousand)
Total
Female
Male
II. Highest degree
composition (%)
Total
Female
Male
III. Sex composition (%)
Female
Male
Master Bachelor
College degree or below
Total
PhD
139.3
65.3
74.9
22.7
7.4
15.4
48.8
25.6
23.2
65.5
31.6
35.9
2.2
0.8
1.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
16.3
11.3
20.8
35.1
39.2
31.4
47.0
48.4
45.9
1.6
1.2
1.9
46.9
53.1
32.4
67.6
52.4
47.6
48.2
51.8
34.9
65.1
Table 5-8 Age composition of full-time teachers in
regular higher education institutions, 2011 (%)
Sex
Total
Female
Male
Sex
Total
Female
Male
Total
100.0
100.0
100.0
46-50
13.1
10.7
15.3
30 and below
22.8
28.4
17.8
51-55
6.1
4.3
7.6
31-35
22.4
24.9
20.1
56-60
3.6
1.8
5.1
36-40
16.6
16.6
16.7
61-65
1.1
0.5
1.6
41-45
13.8
12.7
14.8
66 and above
0.6
0.2
1.0
81
Table 5-9 Number and sex composition
of enrolled master students, 1991-2011
Year
Number of students
(10 thousand)
Female
Male
Sex composition (%)
Female
Male
1991
1.9
5.7
25.1
74.9
1995
3.6
8.1
30.6
69.4
2000
8.4
14.9
36.1
63.9
2005
36.2
42.5
46.0
54.0
2010
64.4
63.5
50.4
49.6
2011
69.9
67.5
50.9
49.1
Sources: Ministry of Education, Essential Statistics of Education in China, 19912011
of enrolled PhD students, 1991-2011
Year
Number of students
(Persons)
Female
Sex composition (%)
Male
Female
Male
1991
1309
11022
10.6
89.4
1995
4447
24305
15.5
84.5
2000
16151
51142
24.0
76.0
2005
62310
129007
32.6
67.4
2010
91887
167063
35.5
64.5
2011
98009
173252
36.1
63.9
Sources: Ministry of Education, Essential Statistics of Education in China, 19912011
82
Education
Table 5-11 Number and sex composition of students
enrolled in regular and special education, 2011
Regular university and college
Regular senior secondary
Regular junior secondary
Regular primary
Special education
Preschool education
Number of students
(10 thousand)
Female
Male
1180.5
1128.0
1202.4
1252.5
2387.7
2679.1
4589.4
5337.0
13.5
26.4
1578.9
1845.5
Sex composition
(%)
Female
Male
51.1
48.9
49.0
51.0
47.1
52.9
46.2
53.8
33.8
66.2
46.1
53.9
Chart 5-7 Proportion of age-appropriate popoulation
①
attending schools , by education attainment, 2010
(%)
120
100
114.8
Total
113.2
116.8
81.1
Female
89.7
Male
80
73.3
60
27.8
40
0
27.9
27.8
20
Junior
secondary
Senior
secondary
Higher
education
Sources: (Calculated from) Ministry of Education, Essential Statistics of
Education in China , 2011; National Bureau of Statistics, Tabulation
on the 2010 Population Census of The People's Republic of China ,
2012
Note:① In the practical process of measruing the proportion of ageappropriate population attending school, the ratio of the actual
number of enrolled school students at certain education level to the
population of the age group which is supposed to be correspondent
with that education level is used. For example, junior secondary
school students are supposed to be aged between 13 and 15, but
some children out of that age range might also be attending junior
secondary school, which means that the ratio might exceed 100%.
83
Chart 5-8 Porportion of children aged 10-15 attending
schools, by urban and rural areas, 2010
（%）
100
99.3
Female
99.1
97.6
98
Male
96.7
96
94
92
90
Urban
Rural
Chart 5-9 Proportions of students with academic
performance of intermediate level and above, 2010
（%）
80
Female
Male
62.4
60
40
42.7
52.7
34.2
20
0
Among students aged 10-15
Among college students
Note: the proporrtion of students aged 10-15 with scores at intermediate level
or above; the proportion of cellege students with scores at excellent and
good levels
84
Education
Average years of education refers to the average of total number
of years of formal education (including formal adult education, but
excluding training of various kinds ) by a certain population (aged
6 and above in this publication) in a certain region during a certain
period. The average years of education is calculated based on the
current education system, i.e. 16 years for finishing college education
or higher, 12 years for finishing senior secondary education, 9
years for finishing junior secondary education, 6 years for finishing
primary education and 0 years for illiterates.
Illiteracy rate refers to the proportion of illiterates aged 15 and
above among total population aged 15 and above.
Proportion of age-appropriate population attending schools
refers to the proportion of population in a certain age group actually
receiving a certain level of education correspondingly among all
population in that age group. To be specific, the school age groups
corresponding to primary education, secondary education and higher
education are respectively 7-12 years old, 13-18 years old and 19-22
years old, and secondary education compromise junior and senior
levels, which are corresponding to 13-15 years old and 16-18 years
old age group respectively.
Junior secondary education includes regular junior secondary
education and junior secondary education for adults.
Senior secondary education includes senior secondary education
school, senior secondary education for adults, regular secondary
vocational school, secondary vocational school for adults, vocational
senior secondary school and technician school.
Higher education includes postgraduates (PhD students and Master
students), regular undergraduates and college students, students
in adult colleges and universities, and in online colleges and
universities.
85
Health
With the improvement of people’s livelihood and the medical and
healthcare conditions, life expectancy of Chinese people has been
continuously rising. Following the WHO standard, China has
become a long-living country since 2000. Life expectancy at birth of
the Chinese people in 2010 was 74.83 years, increased by 3.43 years
compared with that in 2000. Specifically, life expectancy for women
was 77.37 years, increased by 4.04 years, and that of men was 72.38
years, increased by 2.75 years.
The maternal health care has been prominently enhanced. The
hospital delivery rate across the country increased from 72.9% in
2000 to 98.7% in 2011. Specifically, hospital delivery rate in rural
areas increased from 65.2% to 98.1%. Such increase has created
favorable conditions for the drop of the maternal mortality rate,
down from 53.0/100,000 to 26.1/100,000.
The child mortality rate has decreased significantly. Compared
with that in 2000, the neonatal mortality rate fell from 22.8‰ to
7.8‰ in 2011, the infant mortality rate from 32.2‰ to 12.1‰,
and the under-five mortality rate from 39.7‰ to 15.6‰. In 2011,
the neonatal mortality rates for female and male were 7.3‰ and
8.2‰ respectively, the infant mortality rates 11.3‰ and 12.8‰
respectively, and the mortality rates for under-five female and male
children were 14.3‰ and 16.2‰ respectively.
The percentage of people with satisfactory health self-assessment
results has been rising. According to the Third Survey on Social
Status of Women in China, the majority of residents rated themselves
86
Health
as in “good” health. In 2010, there were 64.2% of women and 71.9%
of men that had “good” self-health assessment results, up by 9.2%
and 4.2% respectively compared with 10 years ago. It also showed
that the gap between men and women with “good” health selfassessment results has narrowed from 12.7 percentage points in 2000
to 7.7 percentage points in 2010.
The prevention and treatment of HIV/AIDS remains a formidable
task. In recent years, increasing funding from the central and local
finance has strengthened the prevention and treatment of HIV/AIDS.
The rapid spread of HIV/AIDS has to some extent been curbed, and
the case fatality rate has prominently decreased. However, further
and stronger efforts are required in controlling HIV/AIDS. In 2011,
among all the new HIV infections, women accounted for 28.2% of
the total and men 71.8%.
87
Chart 6-1 Life expectancy at birth, 1981-2010
(Years)
80
75
70
73.33
69.27
70.47
66.28
66.84
69.63
65
75.25
70.83
77.37
72.38
Female
Male
60
1981
1990
2000
2005
2010 ( Year)
Source: Population Statistics from the National Bureau of Statistics
Life expectancy is an estimate of the average number of years a
person could expect to live provided that the age-specific death rates
for a given year prevail for the rest of his or her life. Life expectancy
at birth is the most commonly cited life expectancy measure. It is an
important indicator of current health conditions, and can reflect the
social and economic development of a nation or a region, as well as
its medical and healthcare service level.
88
Health
Chart 6-2 Infant mortality rate, 1975-2011
( Deaths per 1,000 live births )
Female
60
Male
50
40
30
20
14.4
12.8
10
13.2
11.3
0
5
5
5
0
0
0
7
6
5
9
8
1
1 97 1 98 1 98 1 99 1 99 1 99 2 00 2 00 2 00 2 00 2 00 2 01 （Year）
Source: Statistics from the Ministry of Health
Table 6-1 Average value of physical development
indicators for children aged 3-6, 2000 and 2010
Age
(Years)
Female
3
4
5
6
Male
3
4
5
6
Height (cm)
Weight (kg)
2000
2010
2000
2010
98.0
104.0
109.9
114.4
99.8
105.9
112.4
117.0
14.9
16.5
18.2
19.6
15.7
17.4
19.5
21.1
99.1
105.2
111.0
115.6
101.2
107.1
113.7
118.6
15.5
17.2
19.0
20.6
16.4
18.1
20.5
22.5
Source: General Administration of Sport of China, National Physique
Monitoring Communique, 2000 and 2010
89
Table 6-2 Average value of physical development
indicators for children aged 7-18, 2000 and 2010
Age
(Years)
Female
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Male
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Height (cm)
2000
2010
Weight (kg)
2000
2010
121.6
126.9
132.5
138.6
144.8
150.2
154.3
156.6
157.6
158.3
158.5
158.4
124.1
129.4
135.0
141.3
147.2
152.2
156.0
157.8
158.5
159.0
159.3
159.2
22.2
24.6
27.6
31.1
35.3
39.5
43.5
46.4
48.7
50.3
50.9
51.4
23.8
26.5
29.7
33.8
38.2
42.3
46.2
48.6
50.1
51.1
51.7
51.7
122.6
128.1
132.9
138.0
143.1
149.1
157.0
162.7
166.8
169.2
170.2
170.2
125.5
130.7
135.8
140.9
146.2
152.4
159.9
165.3
168.8
170.5
171.4
171.4
23.4
26.0
28.7
32.1
35.4
39.5
45.1
49.8
54.1
57.0
58.9
59.8
25.5
28.5
31.8
35.5
39.6
44.0
49.4
53.8
57.2
59.2
61.0
61.5
Source: General Administration of Sport of China, National Physique
Monitoring Communique, 2000 and 2010
90
Health
Table 6-3 Maternal mortality ratio in surveillance
areas, 1990-2011 (Deaths per 100,000 live births)
Year
National
Urban
Rural
1990
88.9
45.9
112.5
1995
61.9
39.2
76.0
2000
53.0
29.3
69.6
2005
47.7
25.0
53.8
2010
30.0
29.7
30.1
2011
26.1
25.2
26.5
Chart 6-3 Causes of maternal deaths in
surveillance areas, 2005 and 2011
（%）
50
2005
44.7
2011
40
30
28.6
20
9.3
10
0
11.1
10.2 10.2
9.0
11.4
0.8
Obstetric
haemorrhage
Pregnancyrelated
hypertension
Heart
disease
Amniotic
fluid
embolism
5.1
Liver
disease
91
Table 6-4 Coverage of maternal healthcare,
1992-2011 (%)
Year
Patient record
setup
Antenatal
care
Postnatal
visit
Systematic
management
1992
76.6
69.7
69.7
1995
81.4
78.7
78.8
2000
88.6
89.4
86.2
77.2
2005
88.5
89.8
86.0
76.7
2010
92.9
94.1
90.8
84.1
2011
93.8
93.7
91.0
85.2
Table 6-5 Skilled attendant at birth and hospital
delivery rate, 1980-2011 (%)
Year
Skilled attendant at birth
among non-hospital delivery
National
Urban
Rural
1980
91.4
98.7
90.3
1985
94.5
98.7
1990
94.0
98.6
2000
96.6
98.8
2005
97.5
98.7
96.7
1995
National
Urban
93.5
43.7
73.6
36.4
93.9
50.6
74.2
45.1
87.6
58.0
70.7
50.2
95.2
72.9
84.9
65.2
85.9
93.2
81.0
Rural
2010
99.6
99.9
99.4
97.8
99.2
96.7
2011
99.7
99.9
99.6
98.7
99.6
98.1
92
Hospital delivery rate
Health
Chart 6-4 Hospital admission rate of residents
in survey areas, 1998 and 2008
（‰）
Female
100
75.6
80
60
49.4
Male
76.7
65.8
58.5
47.1
34.4
40
27.9
20
0
1998
2008
1998
Urban
2008
Rural
Source: Ministry of Health, National Health Service Survey (NHSS), 1998 and 2008
Table 6-6 Two-week hospital visit of residents
in survey areas, 1998 and 2008(‰)
Two-week morbidity rate
Two-week hospital visit rate
Female
Male
Female
Male
1998
Urban
203.5
170.7
175.1
148.5
Rural
150.1
125.1
180.5
149.8
Total
164.1
136.2
179.1
149.5
Urban
240.4
202.2
140.4
113.0
Rural
Total
194.3
206.8
159.4
170.4
166.6
159.5
137.6
131.3
2008
Source: Ministry of Health, National Health Service Survey (NHSS), 1998 and 2008
93
Table 6-7 Crude motality rate of urban residents,
by major diseases, 2011
Type of Disease
Malignant tumor
Heart diseases
Cerebrovascular diseases
Respiratory diseases
Injuries and (outward) toxication
Endocrine diseases, nutrition-related
diseases and metabolic diseases
Digestive diseases
Other diseases
Neurological diseases
Urinary disorders and reproductive diseases
Female
Male
Proportion (%) Rank Proportion (%) Rank
24.0
1
30.7
1
23.7
2
19.5
2
21.4
3
19.4
3
10.4
4
10.7
4
4.5
5
6.2
5
3.7
6
2.5
7
2.4
2.2
1.4
1.2
7
8
9
10
2.8
1.1
1.1
1.0
6
9
8
10
Source: Ministry of Health, Annual Report on Residents' Causes of Death for
Diseases and Injuries, 2011
Table 6-8 Crude motality rate of rural residents,
by major diseases, 2011
Type of Disease
Cerebrovascular diseases
Heart diseases
Malignant tumors
Respiratory diseases
Injuries and (outward) toxication
Endocrine diseases, nutrition-related
diseases and metabolic diseases
Other diseases
Digestive diseases
Urinary disorders and reproductive diseases
Neurological diseases
Female
Male
Proportion (%) Rank Proportion (%) Rank
23.4
1
20.5
2
22.1
2
17.5
3
19.2
3
26.8
1
14.4
4
12.6
4
6.8
5
10.3
5
2.2
6
1.3
7
2.0
1.8
1.0
0.9
7
8
9
10
1.0
2.4
1.1
0.7
9
6
8
11
Source: Ministry of Health, Annual Report on Residents' Causes of Death for
Diseases and Injuries, 2011
Note: The 10th cause of death for men is infectious diseases (not including
respiratory tuberculosis).
94
Health
Table 6-9 Number of registered TB cases,
2000-2011
Year
Number of registered
Number of
new infections
registered TB
cases
Female
Male
Number of registered
TB patients aged 0-14
Female
Male
2000
501478
70126
143640
1420
1131
2005
948576
145007
328197
1866
1416
2010
938062
136257
347859
963
812
2011
911884
106017
270988
733
645
Note: The statistical criterion for 2010 and 2011 is the number of registered
cases of newly-found TB patients.
Chart 6-5 Sex composition of registered TB patients,
2000-2011
(%)
100
80
60
Female
67.2
69.4
71.9
71.9
32.8
30.6
28.1
28.1
Male
40
20
0
2000
2005
2010
2011
( Year )
Note: The statistical criterion for 2010 and 2011 is the number of registered
cases of newly-found TB patients.
95
Table 6-12 Case fatality rates of breast cancer and
cervical carcinoma of women, 1990-2011(1/100,000)
Year
Breast cancer
Cervical carcinoma
Urban
Rural
Urban
Rural
1990
6.70
2.90
3.04
3.61
2000
8.82
4.34
2.21
3.91
2005
6.23
3.69
1.82
1.62
2010
9.27
5.65
3.60
2.45
2011
9.70
5.79
2.95
2.74
Source: Ministry of Health, Annual Report on Diseases/Injuries Related Causes
of Death
Table 6-13 Suicide mortality of residents,
1990-2011 (1/100,000)
Year
Urban
Rural
Female
Male
Female
Male
1990
9.07
8.10
24.64
20.35
2000
5.85
6.07
21.53
20.26
2010
6.32
7.37
9.39
10.61
2011
4.77
5.78
8.58
9.95
Source: Ministry of Health, Annual Report on Diseases/Injuries Related Causes
of Death
98
Health
Chart 6-8 Proportion of residents self-assessed as
in good health, 2000 and 2010
（%）
Female
100
80
67.7
64.2
55.0
60
Male
71.9
40
20
0
2000
2010
( Year )
Chart 6-9 Proportion of residents self-assessed as in
good health, by urban and rural areas, 2000 and 2010
（%）
100
80
60
56.1
64.9
66.8
72.8
54.7
2000
2010
63.5
68.1 71.0
40
20
0
Female
Male
Urban
Female
Male
Rural
99
Infant mortality rate refers to infant deaths that are under one year
old per 1,000 live births in the corresponding period. The infant
mortality rate is an important indicator that reflects the social and
economic development of a region.
Hospital delivery rate refers to the proportion of living births
delivered in the institutions with certified obstetric practice among
all living births within the year. It is an effective way to lower the
maternal mortality rate by increasing the hospital delivery rate.
Maternal mortality ratio refers to the annual number of deaths of
women, within 42 days of delivery, resulting from pregnancy-related
causes per 100,000 live births, excluding deaths caused by accident.
Systematic management rate for maternal care refers to the
annual number of women involved in systematic management per
100 live births. In accordance with the requirements of systematic
management, those women should receive early prenatal care within
28 days after pregnancy, at least 5 antenatal cares, scientific delivery
and postnatal visits.
Hospital admission rate refers to the ratio of number of admissions
into hospitals of residents due to illnesses to the total number of
surveyed population.
100
Social and Political Participation
The Constitution of China stipulates that women and men enjoy
equal political rights. Women’s participation in the political
field is an important symbol of enhancement of women’s status,
achievement of the emancipation of women as well as a essential
manifestation of the socialist political civilization. Women’s
participation in the political field has become a symbol of the state’s
political civilization.
The Government of China has been emphasizing the cultivation
and appointment of women cadres constantly. A large number of
outstanding women have been appointed into important positions and
made important contributions. Statistics showed that the percentage
of women cadres at provincial/ministerial, prefectural/departmental,
and county/divisional levels have been increasing year by year and
the percentage of women at the chief leadership positions have been
also on the rise.
In the 11 th National People's Congress (NPC), women held 637
delegate seats and 29 seats in the standing committee, accounting
for 21.3% and 16.6% of the total respectively. In the 11th Chinese
People's Political Consultative Conference (CCPCC), there were 395
women members with 30 seats in the standing committee, accounting
for 17.7% and 10.1% of the total respectively.
Among the 18th CPC Central Committee members and alternative
members, there are 33 women members, taking up 8.8% of the total.
There are two women among the CPC Political Bureau members,
101
while there were only one woman in the 16 th and the 17 th CPC
Central Committee.
The number of CPC members has been constantly growing in recent
years. Especially, the proportion of women CPC members has been
rising. In 2011, there were 19.25 million women CPC members
around the country, increased by 8.05 million compared with that in
2000. The proportion of women CPC members rose from 17.4% in
2000 to 23.3% in 2011.
Generally speaking, the participation degree of Chinese women
in the political field is still relatively low. On one hand, there are
very few women on the chief leadership positions, and majority of
women cadres are working in the authorities of education, science,
technology, culture and health. On the other hand, the proportion
of women cadres in the local authorities is still very small, and
they show relatively weak willingness to participate in social
management. This phenomenon is not in line with the important
status of women in today’s society or women’s proportion in the
population of China.
On the 18th CPC National Congress, gender equality, as a basic
national policy, was included in the conference report for the first
time. This will further inspire women’s participation in the political
field, and will provide equal opportunities to both men and women in
social participation.
102
Table 7-1 Number and sex composition of NPC
Delegates, 1st-11th session
Number (Persons )
Sex composition (%)
Session and year
of convening
Female
Male
Female
1st Session (1954)
147
1079
12.0
88.0
2nd Session (1959)
150
1076
12.2
87.8
3rd Session (1964)
542
2498
17.8
82.2
th
Male
4 Session (1975)
653
2232
22.6
77.4
5th Session (1978)
740
2755
21.2
78.8
6th Session (1983)
632
2346
21.2
78.8
7th Session (1988)
634
2336
21.3
78.7
8 Session (1993)
626
2352
21.0
79.0
9th Session (1998)
650
2329
21.8
78.2
10th Session (2003)
604
2380
20.2
79.8
11th Session (2008)
637
2350
21.3
78.7
th
Source: Statistics from the NPC
NPC is an important platform where women can practice their
political rights, participate in the state’s legislation and deliberate
on the government’s work reports. It is also the most important field
for women to participate in the administration of the state’s political
and social affairs. In the international community, the number and
proportion of congresswomen has become a vital indicator of the
gender equality progress in politics in a country or region. Ever since
the 1st NPC, the women delegates have been playing an important
role in the political field. According to incomplete statistics, the
women delegates have been submitting or participated in the
submission of hundreds of motions in the NPC each year.
103
Chart 7-1 Sex composition of members of the
Standing Committees of NPC and CPPCC,
8th-11th session
(%)
100
80
60
40
20
0
NPC
CPPCC
NPC
8th
CPPCC
NPC
9th
CPPCC
NPC
10th
CPPCC
11th
Female
12.6
9.7
12.5
10.0
13.7
11.4
16.6
10.1
Male
87.4
90.3
87.5
90.0
86.3
88.6
83.4
89.9
Source: Statistics from the NPC and CPPCC
Chart 7-2 Number and sex composition of members
of previous sessions of CPPCC, 1st-11th session
Session and year
of convening
1st Session (1954)
2nd Session (1959)
3rd Session (1964)
4th Session (1975)
5th Session (1978)
6th Session (1983)
7th Session (1988)
8th Session (1993)
9th Session (1998)
10th Session (2003)
11th Session (2008)
Number ( Persons )
Sex composition (%)
Female
12
83
87
107
293
281
303
193
341
375
395
Female
6.1
11.4
8.1
8.9
14.7
13.8
14.5
9.2
15.5
16.8
17.7
Source: Statistics from the CPPCC
104
Male
186
646
984
1092
1695
1758
1780
1900
1855
1863
1842
Male
93.9
88.6
91.9
91.1
85.3
86.2
85.5
90.8
84.5
83.2
82.3
Table 7-3 Number and sex composition of the
members of the Central Committee of CPC,
8th-18th session
Session and year
of convening
8th Session (1956)
9th Session (1969)
10th Session (1973)
11th Session (1977)
12th Session (1982)
13th Session (1987)
14th Session (1992)
15th Session (1997)
16th Session (2002)
17th Session (2007)
18th Session (2012)
Session and year
of convening
8th Session (1956)
9th Session (1969)
10th Session (1973)
11th Session (1977)
12th Session (1982)
13th Session (1987)
14th Session (1992)
15th Session (1997)
16th Session (2002)
17th Session (2007)
18th Session (2012)
Number of members of
the Central Committee
( Persons )
Female
Male
4
93
13
157
20
175
14
187
11
199
10
165
12
177
8
185
5
193
13
191
10
195
Number of alternative
members of the Central
Committee ( Persons )
Female
Male
4
69
10
99
21
103
24
108
13
125
12
98
12
118
17
134
22
136
24
143
23
148
Sex composition
(%)
Female
4.1
7.6
10.3
7.0
5.2
5.7
6.3
4.1
2.5
6.4
4.9
Male
95.9
92.4
89.7
93.0
94.8
94.3
93.7
95.9
97.5
93.6
95.1
Sex composition
(%)
Female
5.5
9.2
16.9
18.2
9.4
10.9
9.2
11.3
13.9
14.4
13.5
Male
94.5
90.8
83.1
81.8
90.6
89.1
90.8
88.7
86.1
85.6
86.5
Source: http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64162/64168/64569/
105
Table 7-4 Number and sex composition of members
of the CPC Central Commission for Discipline
Inspection, 12th-18th session
Session and year
of convening
Number ( Persons )
Sex composition (%)
Female
Male
Female
12th Session (1982)
13
119
9.8
90.2
13th Session (1987)
8
61
11.6
88.4
14th Session (1992)
9
99
8.3
91.7
15 Session (1997)
14
101
12.2
87.8
16th Session (2002)
14
107
11.6
88.4
17th Session (2007)
17
110
13.4
86.6
18th Session (2012)
13
117
10.0
90.0
th
Male
Source: http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64162/64168/64569/
Chart 7-2 Sex composition of CPC members,
1990-2011
（%）
100
85.5
82.6
80
77.5
76.7
60
40
20
0
Female
Male
1990
23.3
22.5
17.4
14.5
Female
Male
2000
Female
Male
2010
Female
Male
2011
Source: Statistics from the Organization Department of the CPC Central
Committee
106
of democratic parties, 2010
Party
Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese
Kuomintang
China Democratic League
China Democratic National Construction
Association
China Association for Promoting Democracy
Chinese Peasants and Workers Democratic Party
China Zhi Gong Party
(Public Interest Party)
Jiu San Society
Taiwan Democratic Self-Government League
Number
(10 thousand)
Sex composition
(%)
Female
Male
Female
Male
3.4
6.1
35.8
64.2
8.8
12.6
41.1
58.9
4.2
8.7
32.6
67.4
5.8
5.8
6.4
6.0
47.5
49.2
52.5
50.8
1.6
1.9
45.7
54.3
4.8
0.1
7.7
0.1
38.4
48.0
61.6
52.0
Source: Statistics from the United Front Work Department of CPC Central Committee
of central committees of democratic parties, 2010
Party
Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese
Kuomintang
China Democratic League
China Democratic National Construction
Association
China Association for Promoting Democracy
Chinese Peasants and Workers Democratic Party
China Zhi Gong Party (Public Interest Party)
Jiu San Society
Taiwan Democratic Self-Government League
Number(Persons)
Female Male
Sex composition
(%)
Female Male
49
157
23.8
76.2
50
214
18.9
81.1
43
155
21.7
78.3
41
37
27
45
25
155
161
84
179
39
20.9
18.7
24.3
20.1
39.1
79.1
81.3
75.7
79.9
60.9
Source: Statistics from the United Front Work Department of CPC Central
Committee
107
of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Chinese
Academy of Engineering, 2012
Academic division
Number
( Persons )
Sex composition
(%)
Female Male Female
Members of Chinese Academy of Sciences
Division of Mathematics and Physics
43
8
674
127
6.00
5.93
Male
94.00
94.07
8
117
6.40
93.60
14
113
11.02
88.98
Division of Earth Sciences
6
112
5.08
94.92
Division of Information Technological Sciences
3
79
3.66
96.34
Division of Technological Sciences
4
126
3.08
96.92
Members of Chinese Academy of Engineering
36
730
4.70
95.30
Division of Mechanics and Vehicle Engineering
2
108
1.82
98.18
Division of Information and Electronic
Engineering
3
107
2.73
97.27
Division of Chemical Industry, Metallurgy and
Material Engineering
4
94
4.08
95.92
Division of Energy and Mining Engineering
1
101
0.98
99.02
Division of Civil Engineer, Water Conservation
and Constructional Engineering
3
98
2.97
97.03
Division of Environmental and Textile
Engineering
4
39
9.30
90.70
3
68
4.23
95.77
16
1
96
45
14.29
2.17
85.71
97.83
Division of Chemistry
Division of Life Sciences and Medical Sciences
Division of Agricultural Engineering
Division of Medical and Health Engineering
Division of Engineering Management
Sources: Statistics from China Academy of Sciences, China Academy of Engineering
Notes: 1. Among the 46 members of the Division of Engineering Management,
27 (including 1 female) are also members of other divisions.
2. This table does not include any information about foreign members.
3. Data in this table is updated as of the end of August, 2012.
108
Table 7-8 Number and sex composition of
professional and technical staff, by professional rank,
2011
Professional rank
Total
Senior
Sex composition (%)
Female
Male
Female
Male
1322.7
1596.0
45.3
54.7
115.1
210.3
35.4
64.6
10.2
24.1
29.7
70.3
Intermediate
500.5
591.7
45.8
54.2
Junior
603.2
643.6
48.4
51.6
Without certified rank
103.9
150.4
40.9
59.1
#Cheif senior
Note: This table only includes the professional technical staff from publiclyowned entities.
professional and technical staff, by types of
employers, 2011
Type of employers①
Sex composition (%)
Female
Male
Female
Male
Total
1322.7
1596.0
45.3
54.7
Public institutions
1020.5
1017.7
50.1
49.9
302.2
578.3
34.3
65.7
Enterprises
Note: ① refers to publicly-owned entities.
109
of trade unions, 1981-2011
Number ( 10 thousand )
Female
Male
2413
4431
3149
5377
3898
6238
3917
6444
8872
15125
9764
16121
Year
1981
1985
1990
2000
2010
2011
Sex composition (%)
Female
Male
35.3
64.7
36.9
63.1
38.5
61.5
37.8
62.2
37.0
63.0
37.7
62.3
Source: Statistics from All China Federation of Trade Unions
Chart 7-3 Sex composition of representatives
in workers congress of enterprises, the board
①
②
of directors and the board of supervisors in
enterprises, 2011
（%）
70.8
80
68.4
64.4
Male
60
40
Female
29.2
31.6
35.6
20
0
Workers
congress
Board of
directors
Board of
supervisors
Source: Statistics from All China Federation of Trade Unions
Note: ① refers to the proportion of male and female employees who are
board of director members.
② refers to the proportion of male and female employees who are
supervisors committee members.
110
Chart 7-4 Sex composition of members
in grass-roots organizations, 2011
（%）
Female
100
Male
60
49.4 50.6
40
56.9
43.1
22.0
20
0
88.8
78.0
80
Member
Director
Residents committee
11.2
Member
Director
Villagers committee
Chart 7-5 Sex composition of members in social
organizations, 2011
（%）
100
82.5
80
36.5
40
20
0
68.6
63.5
60
31.4
17.5
Social group
Female
Male
Non-enterprise
private
organizations
Foundation
111
Chart 7-6 Major reasons for less women than men
on leadership positions , 2010 (%)
Heavy household
responsibilities
Inadequate
training
67.5
60.5
Social bias
57.6
Lack of
family support
Less capable
than men
26.8
16.2
Not willing to
be a leader
Not suitable to
be a leader
（%） 0
12.2
11.0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
The proportion of women on the leadership positions, especially on
the chief positions, is still small. Even among civil organizations,
the proportion of women who serve on the highand middlelevel
management positions is smaller than that of men. According to
the Third Survey on Social Status of Women in China, in high end
entities, 80.5% of the top positions were occupied by men, and
20.4% of the entities did not have any woman in their management
circles. The main reasons for smaller number of women in the
leadership positions were suggested by the survey respondents as
below: 1). women shouldered heavier household responsibilities than
men; 2). the effort in training and promotion of women cadres was
not enough; and 3). social bias were still holding women back. It was
revealed that the traditional gender division of labor, an ineffective
leadership selection mechanism for women and the gender bias in
the society remained major hindrances to women’s participation in
the social and political fields.
112
The CPC National Congress refers to the highest body within
the CPC. The National Congress is convened every five years by
the CPC Central Committee. When the CPC deems it necessary or
when more than one third of the provincial-level CPC authorities
put up the request, the National Congress can be convened ahead
of schedule. And the National Congress should not be postponed
unless in extraordinary cases. The functions and powers of the CPC
National Congress is to discuss and make decision on major issues,
to amend the CPC constitution, to select members of the Central
Committee and members of the CPC Central Commission for
Discipline Inspection.
Sex composition of members of the residents/villagers committees
refers to the proportion of men and women in all members of the
residents/villagers committees, including the director, the deputy
director and committee members (full-time and part-time members). Sex composition of representatives in workers congress of
enterprises is the proportion of men and women representatives
among all representatives in the workers congress of enterprises.
The functions and power of the employee representatives are to
participate in the democratic administration of the enterprise on
behalf of all employees. The employee representatives shall be
directly elected by the employees of enterprises. This is a key
indicator that reflects employees’ participation in the administration
of an enterprise.
Sex composition of employees' representative on the board of
directors and the board of supervisors refers to the proportions
of men and women directors and supervisor in enterprises. The
employees' representative on the board of directors and the board
of supervisors shall be democratically elected directly from and
by the employees of enterprises. This is a key indicator that
reflects employees’ participation in the production and operation
management of an enterprise.
113
Justice and Crimes
The Government of China has always attached great importance to
the protection of women’s legal rights and interests. The Common
Program enacted in the 1st CPPCC solemnly states that “Women
shall enjoy equal rights with men in political, economic, cultural,
educational and social life.”
The Government of China enacted the Law of the People's Republic
of China on Protection of Rights and Interests of Women in 1992,
marking that China has established a comprehensive legal system
on the protection of legal rights and interests of women. With the
Constitution of China as the fundamentals and the Law on Protection
of Rights and Interests of Women as the core, the sound legal system
which comprises a series of laws, including civil law, criminal law,
administrative law, social law, procedure law, etc has been well
developed.
In 2007, the State Council approved and enacted the National Plan
of Action on Combating Trafficking in Women and Children 20082012 . In order to effectively implement this plan, the public security
system reinforced its efforts in combating the crime of human
trafficking, and has seen prominent achievements. The crime of
human trafficking has been effectively curbed.
In 2011, 3672 legal aid institutions at the provincial, city and countylevel were established, increased by 1,782 compared with that in
2000. There were nearly 60,000 legal services stations, and the
network for legal aid services has been further improved. Legal aid
114
Justice and Crime
services have been provided to 223,000 women, 4.4 times higher
than that in 2000, and to 724,000 men, 2.5 times higher than that in
2000.
The Third Survey on Social Status of Women in China showed that
there were almost one fourth of married women who have suffered
from domestic violence. 24.7% of women have been maltreated
by their spouses in different ways, including humiliation, abuse,
physical assault, physical restraint, financial restraint, sex without
consent, etc. 5.5% of women clearly indicated that they have been
physically abused by their spouses.
In order to curb the rise of domestic violence in certain regions
of China and to fill in the legal gap in this field, in 2008 seven
departments and ministries, including the All-China Women’s
Federation, the Supreme People's Procuratorate, the Ministry of
Public Security and the Ministry of Civil Affairs among others,
jointly released the Several Opinions on Preventing and Curbing
Domestic Violence , which made specific stipulation on the
responsibilities of various departments on preventing and curbing
domestic violence. By the end of 2010, 28 provincial-level NPCs
had formulated local statutes on preventing and curbing domestic
violence.
115
Table 8-1 Position and sex composition of public
procurators, 2000, 2010 and 2011
Items
2000
Female
2010
Male
Female
2011
Male
Female
Male
Position
Composition (%)
Chief prosecutor
0.3
2.5
0.6
3.0
0.6
2.9
Deputy chief prosecutor
2.0
7.0
3.6
9.0
3.5
9.0
Prosecutor
61.1
69.2
69.9
74.2
69.1
74.0
Assistant prosecutor
36.6
21.3
26.0
13.7
26.8
14.2
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
3.3
13.8
3.8
11.1
4.0
11.2
Chief prosecutor
2.8
97.2
5.9
94.1
7.1
92.9
Deputy chief prosecutor
6.4
93.6
12.0
88.0
12.3
87.7
Prosecutor
17.4
82.6
24.4
75.6
24.9
75.1
Assistant prosecutor
29.0
71.0
39.3
60.7
40.2
59.8
Total
19.2
80.8
25.5
74.5
26.2
73.8
Total
Sex composition (%)
Source: Statistics from the Supreme People's Procuratorate
116
Justice and Crime
Table 8-2 Number and sex composition of lawyers,
2000-2011
Year
Sex composition (%)
Female
Male
Female
Male
2000
1.6
10.2
13.3
86.7
2005
2.4
12.9
15.8
84.2
2010
4.7
14.8
24.1
75.9
2011
5.2
16.3
24.2
75.8
Source: Statistics from the Ministry of Justice
Table 8-3 Number and sex composition of full-time
lawyers, 2005-2009
Year
Sex composition (%)
Female
Male
Female
Male
2005
2.2
9.3
18.8
81.2
2006
2.4
9.8
19.6
80.4
2007
2.9
9.9
22.7
77.3
2008
3.4
10.6
24.3
75.9
2009
3.9
11.6
25.1
74.9
117
Table 8-4 Number and sex composition of judges,
2000-2011
Year
Sex composition (%)
Female
Male
Female
Male
2000
4.5
17.5
20.4
79.6
2005
4.4
14.5
23.3
76.7
2010
5.0
14.4
25.8
74.2
2011
5.2
14.3
26.5
73.5
Source: Statistics from Supreme People's Court of PRC.
Chart 8-1 Sex composition of staff in the public
security system, 2006-2011
(%)
Male
Female
120
100
13.4
13.5
13.6
13.7
86.6
86.5
86.4
86.3
80
60
40
20
0
2006
2007
2010
Source: Statistics from the Ministry of Public Security
118
2011
(Year)
Justice and Crime
Chart 8-2 Sex composition of criminal victims,
2000-2011
（%）
80
60
40
20
0
2000
2005
2010
Female
28.3
32.9
33.3
34.3
2011
Male
71.7
67.1
66.7
65.7
Source: Statistics from the Ministry of Public Security
Table 8-5 Number and sex composition of persons
under detention or serving sentences, 2003-2011
Year
Sex composition (%)
Female
Male
Female
Male
2003
7.1
147.5
4.6
95.4
2005
7.7
148.1
5.0
95.0
2010
9.0
155.7
5.5
94.5
2011
9.3
156.4
5.6
94.4
119
Justice and Crime
receiving aids from legal aid institutions,
2003-2011
Year
Sex composition (%)
Female
Male
Female
Male
2003
6.5
22.9
22.1
77.9
2005
7.6
35.8
17.5
82.5
2007
10.8
41.1
20.8
79.2
2009
18.2
55.5
24.7
75.3
2010
19.6
62.5
23.9
76.1
2011
22.3
72.4
23.5
76.5
Chart 8-3 Aid provided by Women's Federations
to women and children victims of violence,
2010 and 2011
55533
2010
52433
2011
4534
8629
Number of aid
institutions
People receiving aid
(person.times)
Source: Statistics from All-China Women's Federation
123
Criminals refer to those people convicted as guilty by people’s
courts at various levels, despite whether they are exempted from
the criminal penalties or not. The criminal charge is determined in
accordance with the criminal law. Sex composition of the criminal victims refers to the proportions
of women and men who have directly suffered from the crimes in a
certain region during a certain period.
Number of solved cases of rape refers to the number of rape cases
solved by the police in a certain region during a certain period . The
rape case refers to the case in which the criminal coerces women
to have sexual intercourse against their will by means of violence,
intimidation, etc. Number of solved cases of women and children trafficking refers
to the number of women and children trafficking cases solved by the
police in a certain region during a certain period of time. Women/
children trafficking case refers to the abduction, trade, transportation,
transfer or receipt of women/children for the purpose of exploitation.
Number of women and children receiving aids from legal aid
institutions refers to the number of women and children who have
received aids from legal aid institutions after being approved by
these institutions as entitled to such aid.
124
Gender-Related Conceptions
According to the Third Survey on Social Status of Women in China
in 2010, around 60% of survey respondents considered the status
of men and women as more or less equal in China, and recognized
women’s capabilities. Most people showed strong objection towards
the traditional gender bias that “men are more competent than
women by nature”.
The idea that household responsibilities should be shared between
men and women has been widely accepted. 91.2% of women and
82.0% of men agreed that men should actively share the household
responsibilities, and urban men were more inclined to agree with this
idea than rural men.
Most women were very self-confident and self-dependent. 86.6%
of all women were confident in their own capacities, and 88.9% of
women believed that they mostly depended on themselves. Such
proportions for men were 92.2% and 95.2% respectively.
The time spent on household activities has been shortened.
Compared with in 2000, men and women in both urban and rural
areas spent less time on household chores, however, women still
shouldered the majority of the household responsibilities.
Gender discrimination has not yet been eradicated. 10.0% of women
and 4.5% of men have encountered gender discrimination during
job-hunting. Among all female university students who have had jobhunting experiences, 24.7% had been treated unfairly. 7.8% of all
125
women have encountered sexual harassment in their work or study
places.
It is worth attention that the traditional ideology on gender division
of labor and gender bias is on the revival. In 2010, 54.8% of women
and 61.6% of men agreed that men should be in charge of the
external affairs and women domestic affairs, up by 7.7% and 4.4%
respectively compared with those in 2000. 44.4% of the survey
respondents approved the controversial notion of “a good marriage is
better than a good job for women”, 10.5% rise in men, and 10.7% in
women.
126
Chart 9-1 Proportion of different notion on the social
status of men and women, 2010
（%）
70
60
59.5
50
40
33.7
30
20
10
0
Men and women
on same status
Men on higher
status
3.4
3.3
Women on
higher status
Hard to say
Chart 9-2 Proportion of men and women with
self-confidence and self-dependence, 2010
（%）
95.2
96
94
92
Male
88.9
90
88
Female
92.2
86.6
86
84
82
Confident in one's
own abilities
Seldom rely on others
127
Chart 9-3 Proportion of men and women being
generally satisfied or very satisfied with their
status at home, 2010
（%）
92
89.3
90
88
85.2
86
84
82
80
Female
Male
Chart 9-4 Proportion of men and women agreeing
that men should share household responsibilities
at home, 2010
（%）
95
90
91.2
87.9
85
82.0
80
77.2
75
70
Female
Male
2000
Female
Male
2010
128
Chart 9-5 Women's participation in decision-making
of major family issues, 2000 and 2010
（%）
100
80
70.5
74.4
66.9
74.7
72.6
60.4
60
2000
2010
40
20
0
Housing
issues
Business
activities
Financial
investments
Men and women are now sharing more balanced say in decisionmaking of major family issues. In 2010, women’s participation
in major family issues such as purchasing or building new house/
apartment, business operation, and financial investment and loans
increased significantly compared to that in 2000. At the same time,
most women were able to make independent decisions on purchasing
valuable items and providing financial support to their own parents.
However, women’s ownership of important family properties such as
bank savings, real estate and motor vehicles was still generally less
than men.
129
Chart 9-6 Family members' ownership of major
properties of the family
（%）
Female
100
Male
80
60
58.5
67.4
67.1
37.9
40
35.6
20
0
12.6
Real estate
Deposits
Automobile
Chart 9-7 Proportion of women being able to make
decisions on their personal matters, 2000 and 2010
（%）
100
95
90
92.9
91.2
94.5
88.7
2000
2010
85
80
Purchase valuable
items for oneself
Provide financial support
to one's own parents
130
Chart 9-8 Proportion of people agreeing that
daughters and sons should share equal rights to
property inheritance of their parents, 2000 and 2010
（%）
100
76.3
80
60
40
25.7
20
0
2000
2010
According to the survey, the gender-related conception on the rights
to property inheritance has seen great changes. In 2010, 76.3% of
all survey respondents were in favor of the idea that daughters and
sons should share equal rights to property inheritance of their parents
under the precondition that they have fulfilled their obligation of
supporting their parents. To be more specific, young people and
urban residents were more inclined to agree with this idea. In
comparison, ten years ago, only 25.7% of people agreed that married
daughters were entitled to share equal rights to family property with
their brothers. The change shows that women’s status in family and
their social status have been greatly enhanced.
131
Chart 9-9 Proportion of people agreeing that men
should be in charge of the external affairs and
women domestic affairs, 2000 and 2010
（%）
80
60
54.8
53.9
50.4
61.6
Female
40
Male
20
0
2000
2010
Chart 9-10 Proportion of people agreeing that a good
marriage outvalues a good job for women,
2000 and 2010
（%）
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
48.0
37.3
40.7
30.2
Female
Male
2000
Female
Male
2010
132
Chart 9-11 Proportion of household responsibilities
shared by men and women, 2010
（%）
80
70
Female
72.0
Male
60
50
45.2
39.7
40
30
20
17.0
16.0
16.8
10
0
Household chores
Tutor child
Attend elderly parents
Chart 9-12 Average time of workers spent on
housework during working days, by urban and rural
areas, 2000 and 2010
( Minutes per day )
2000
300
266
250
200
150
100
172
143
102
73
50
0
2010
Female
94
Male
Urban
50
43
Female
Male
Rural
133
Data by Province
Table 10-1 Population and sex composition, 2010
Province
Population size
(10 thousand)
Sex composition (%)
Sex Ratio
(Female
Female
Male
Female
Male
=100)
Beijing
949
1013
48.4
51.6
106.8
Tianjin
603
691
46.6
53.4
114.5
Hebei
3542
3643
49.3
50.7
102.8
Shanxi
1737
1834
48.6
51.4
105.6
Inner
Mongolia
1187
1284
48.0
52.0
108.2
Liaoning
2160
2215
49.4
50.6
102.5
Jilin
1355
1391
49.3
50.7
102.7
Heilongjiang
1889
1943
49.3
50.7
102.9
Shanghai
1116
1185
48.5
51.5
106.2
Jiangsu
3903
3963
49.6
50.4
101.5
Zhejiang
2646
2797
48.6
51.4
105.7
Anhui
2925
3025
49.2
50.8
103.4
Fujian
1791
1898
48.6
51.4
106.0
Jiangxi
2156
2300
48.4
51.6
106.7
Shandong
4735
4845
49.4
50.6
102.3
134
Data by Province
Table 10-1 Continued
Province
Population size
(10 thousand)
Gender composition
(%)
Sex ratio
(Female
Female
Male
Female
Male
Henan
4654
4749
49.5
50.5
102.1
Hubei
2785
2939
48.7
51.3
105.6
Hunan
3192
3378
48.6
51.4
105.8
Guangdong
4992
5440
47.9
52.1
109.0
Guangxi
2210
2392
48.0
52.0
108.3
Hainan
408
459
47.0
53.0
112.6
Chongqing
1424
1461
49.4
50.6
102.6
Sichuan
3959
4083
49.2
50.8
103.1
Guizhou
1684
1791
48.5
51.5
106.3
Yunnan
2211
2386
48.1
51.9
107.9
146
154
48.6
51.4
105.7
Shaanxi
1804
1929
48.3
51.7
106.9
Gansu
1251
1306
48.9
51.1
104.4
Qinghai
271
291
48.2
51.8
107.4
Ningxia
307
323
48.8
51.2
105.0
Xinjiang
1055
1127
48.3
51.7
106.9
Tibet
=100)
135
Table 10-2 Life expectancy at birth, 2000 and 2010
(Years)
Province
2000
2010
Female
Male
Female
Male
Beijing
78.01
74.33
82.21
78.28
Tianjin
76.63
73.31
80.48
77.42
Hebei
74.57
70.68
77.47
72.70
Shanxi
73.57
69.96
77.28
72.87
Inner
Mongolia
71.79
68.29
77.27
72.04
Liaoning
75.36
71.51
78.86
74.12
Jilin
75.04
71.38
78.44
74.12
Heilongjiang
74.66
70.39
78.81
73.52
Shanghai
80.04
76.22
82.44
78.20
Jiangsu
76.23
71.69
78.81
74.60
Zhejiang
77.21
72.50
80.21
75.58
Anhui
73.59
70.18
77.84
72.65
Fujian
75.07
70.30
78.64
73.27
Jiangxi
69.32
68.37
77.06
71.94
Shandong
76.26
71.70
79.06
74.05
136
Data by Province
Province
2000
2010
Female
Male
Female
Male
Henan
73.41
69.67
77.59
71.84
Hubei
73.02
69.31
77.35
72.68
Hunan
72.47
69.05
77.48
72.28
Guangdong
75.93
70.79
79.37
74.00
Guangxi
73.75
69.07
79.05
71.77
Hainan
75.26
70.66
80.01
73.20
Chongqing
73.89
69.84
78.60
73.16
Sichuan
73.39
69.25
77.59
72.25
Guizhou
67.57
64.54
74.11
68.43
Yunnan
66.89
64.24
72.43
67.06
Tibet
66.15
62.52
70.07
66.33
Shaanxi
71.30
68.92
76.74
72.84
Gansu
68.26
66.77
74.06
70.60
Qinghai
67.70
64.55
72.07
68.11
Ningxia
71.84
68.71
75.71
71.31
Xinjiang
69.14
65.98
74.86
70.30
137
Table 10-3 Composition of contraceptive methods
of population at child-bearing age, 2011 (%)
Province
Contraceptive
Composition of contraceptive methods
prevalence of
married women of
Male
Female
IUD Condom
child-bearing age sterilization sterilization
Beijing
83.6
0.2
3.2
32.8
59.6
Tianjin
91.0
0.1
8.0
53.5
36
Hebei
91.2
4.4
30.2
55.8
7.8
Shanxi
91.3
0.5
39.0
59.1
0.8
Inner
Mongolia
90.7
0.1
20.3
65.9
12.5
Liaoning
88.2
---
5.2
80.8
12.8
Jilin
89.6
---
9.8
78.5
10.8
Heilongjiang
92.1
---
11.6
79.6
7.2
Shanghai
80.5
0.6
7.6
52.5
33.5
Jiangsu
89.4
1.8
13.9
69.1
13.5
Zhejiang
88.0
0.4
25.5
53.1
19.7
Anhui
89.8
2.5
47.1
45.2
3.9
Fujian
82.8
5.6
43.4
43.3
7.2
Jiangxi
94.6
0.3
55.5
34.9
8.6
Shandong
87.9
8.8
20.6
59.9
10.4
Source: NPFPC Annual Statistics in 2011
138
Data by Province
Province
Contraceptive
Composition of contraceptive methods
prevalence of
married women of
Male
Female
IUD Condom
child-bearing age sterilization sterilization
Henan
89.8
12.0
42.3
40.7
4.2
Hubei
86.9
3.5
33.1
53.0
8.6
Hunan
86.1
3.2
43.5
42.0
10.5
Guangdong
87.2
8.5
40.6
34.0
16.0
Guangxi
87.2
9.6
35.7
47.3
5.0
Hainan
81.6
1.0
52.0
40.1
6.4
Chongqing
89.4
8.9
2.6
80.4
6.3
Sichuan
90.6
9.4
3.2
76.4
7.6
Guizhou
88.1
14.8
51.5
31.9
1.4
Yunnan
87.9
3.4
27.7
62.6
3.9
Tibet
75.3
…
11.3
24.8
13.7
Shaanxi
91.4
2.1
44.9
46.1
4.6
Gansu
88.1
0.1
62.6
33.1
3.0
Qinghai
85.1
0.1
40.0
49.9
5.2
Ningxia
91.5
…
33.2
50.0
13.3
Xinjiang
83.2
0.6
7.5
74.9
14.8
139
Table 10-4 Employment of economically active
population aged 16 and above, 2010 (Persons)
Province
Employed population
Unemployed population
Female
Male
Female
Male
Beijing
410367
567020
18544
24524
Tianjin
212708
338079
13597
17452
Hebei
1747474
2257003
45558
44851
Shanxi
673566
1055709
34670
37448
Inner
Mongolia
527397
757624
16848
19135
Liaoning
1004896
1340465
45798
46463
Jilin
622557
806444
23726
27302
Heilongjiang
784317
1083790
35305
36624
Shanghai
517740
733721
25921
31309
Jiangsu
2079021
2407685
53226
51656
Zhejiang
1406541
1873846
58962
46269
Anhui
1317975
1579261
34753
30262
Fujian
830069
1119937
25900
29229
Jiangxi
1003285
1247920
27824
26278
Shandong
2634126
3060094
60307
48905
140
Data by Province
Province
Employed population
Unemployed population
Female
Male
Female
Male
Henan
2342249
2664028
71156
76186
Hubei
1383125
1652738
44587
45935
Hunan
1497570
1891784
56806
53104
Guangdong
2429445
3095633
99957
115890
Guangxi
1142729
1305217
43042
39766
Hainan
190397
236426
10765
12988
Chongqing
630076
744505
25639
24111
Sichuan
2187117
2500886
58092
55582
Guizhou
766261
909979
21806
25071
Yunnan
1234744
1433677
20053
21698
68293
79528
737
723
Shaanxi
881087
1114974
30636
32110
Gansu
655969
758350
25724
22345
Qinghai
128393
162076
3196
3325
Ningxia
143661
183433
3985
3853
Xinjiang
497552
635450
15857
14941
Tibet
141
professional and fechnical staff in publicly-owned
enterprises and public institutions, 2011
Province
Number
(10 thousand)
Sex composition
(%)
Female
Male
Female
Male
Beijing
26.1
20.4
56.1
43.9
Tianjin
17.2
14.1
54.9
45.1
Hebei
63.3
52.5
54.7
45.3
Shanxi
44.2
43.4
50.5
49.5
Inner
Mongolia
28.7
27.3
51.2
48.8
Liaoning
42.4
34.2
55.3
44.7
Jilin
30.3
30.7
49.7
50.3
Heilongjiang
39.6
36.7
51.9
48.1
Shanghai
33.5
28.6
54.0
46.0
Jiangsu
57.8
60.1
49.0
51.0
Zhejiang
46.6
42.6
52.2
47.8
Anhui
32.6
50.6
39.2
60.8
Fujian
29.9
32.4
48.0
52.0
Jiangxi
29.2
41.6
41.3
58.7
Shandong
79.0
101.7
43.7
56.3
142
Data by Province
Province
Number
(10 thousand)
Sex composition
(%)
Female
Male
Female
Male
Henan
64.1
67.3
48.8
51.2
Hubei
36.8
47.6
43.6
56.4
Hunan
44.3
56.5
43.9
56.1
Guangdong
75.4
69.4
52.1
47.9
Guangxi
40.3
42.5
48.7
51.3
Hainan
6.5
8.3
43.9
56.1
Chongqing
20.4
24.0
46.0
54.0
Sichuan
48.5
60.1
44.7
55.3
Guizhou
24.2
33.6
41.9
58.1
Yunnan
36.2
44.0
45.1
54.9
2.8
2.9
49.5
50.5
Shaanxi
32.4
44.7
42.0
58.0
Gansu
21.4
31.3
40.7
59.3
Qinghai
5.6
6.6
46.0
54.0
Ningxia
5.8
6.8
46.2
53.8
Xinjiang
27.4
19.0
59.0
41.0
Tibet
143
above, by education attainment, 2010 (%)
Province
Primary education
Female
Male
Female
Male
Beijing
76.6
23.4
53.1
46.9
Tianjin
74.5
25.5
50.2
49.8
Hebei
72.6
27.4
54.1
45.9
Shanxi
68.9
31.1
53.1
46.9
Inner
Mongolia
68.8
31.2
52.3
47.7
Liaoning
72.1
27.9
52.8
47.2
Jilin
66.6
33.4
52.7
47.3
Heilongjiang
67.7
32.3
53.2
46.8
Shanghai
79.0
21.0
54.4
45.6
Jiangsu
77.0
23.0
56.5
43.5
Zhejiang
72.7
27.3
51.1
48.9
Anhui
72.1
27.9
53.7
46.3
Fujian
77.3
22.7
56.6
43.4
Jiangxi
75.1
24.9
55.2
44.8
Shandong
74.4
25.6
55.3
44.7
144
Data by Province
Table 10-6 Continued 1
Province
Primary education
Female
Male
Female
Male
Henan
71.1
28.9
53.0
47.0
Hubei
73.2
26.8
53.9
46.1
Hunan
72.1
27.9
52.1
47.9
Guangdong
76.3
23.7
53.7
46.3
Guangxi
74.3
25.7
52.2
47.8
Hainan
76.3
23.7
52.4
47.6
Chongqing
71.1
28.9
50.9
49.1
Sichuan
69.3
30.7
50.8
49.2
Guizhou
72.5
27.5
50.0
50.0
Yunnan
68.2
31.8
49.7
50.3
Tibet
58.4
41.6
44.3
55.7
Shaanxi
69.5
30.5
53.4
46.6
Gansu
68.1
31.9
52.4
47.6
Qinghai
64.7
35.3
49.6
50.4
Ningxia
69.5
30.5
52.4
47.6
Xinjiang
59.9
40.1
50.3
49.7
145
Province
Junior and senior
secondary education
Female
Male
Female
Male
Beijing
46.2
53.8
49.0
51.0
Tianjin
44.2
55.8
47.5
52.5
Hebei
46.5
53.5
49.1
50.9
Shanxi
46.4
53.6
48.1
51.9
Inner
Mongolia
44.6
55.4
46.8
53.2
Liaoning
47.8
52.2
47.5
52.5
Jilin
47.8
52.2
47.5
52.5
Heilongjiang
47.4
52.6
47.5
52.5
Shanghai
46.5
53.5
46.3
53.7
Jiangsu
45.9
54.1
44.5
55.5
Zhejiang
44.8
55.2
46.7
53.3
Anhui
44.4
55.6
41.7
58.3
Fujian
43.4
56.6
44.0
56.0
Jiangxi
44.2
55.8
41.1
58.9
Shandong
45.5
54.5
44.7
55.3
146
Data by Province
Province
Junior and senior
secondary education
Female
Male
Female
Male
Henan
47.2
52.8
47.2
52.8
Hubei
45.5
54.5
43.5
56.5
Hunan
46.5
53.5
45.0
55.0
Guangdong
45.3
54.7
43.8
56.2
Guangxi
44.4
55.6
44.7
55.3
Hainan
43.8
56.2
41.3
58.7
Chongqing
47.1
52.9
45.5
54.5
Sichuan
46.2
53.8
45.0
55.0
Guizhou
42.5
57.5
42.3
57.7
Yunnan
42.7
57.3
45.2
54.8
Tibet
41.8
58.2
43.5
56.5
Shaanxi
45.3
54.7
45.3
54.7
Gansu
43.7
56.3
42.5
57.5
Qinghai
42.0
58.0
44.7
55.3
Ningxia
44.4
55.6
45.5
54.5
Xinjiang
46.3
53.7
48.7
51.3
147
Table 10-7 Sex composition and illiteracy rate
of popultion aged 15 and above, 2010 (%)
Province
Sex composition
of illiterates
Illiteracy rate
Female
Male
Female
Male
Beijing
78.2
21.8
3.0
0.8
Tianjin
77.3
22.7
3.9
1.0
Hebei
74.8
25.2
4.7
1.6
Shanxi
70.6
29.4
3.7
1.5
Inner
Mongolia
70.5
29.5
6.9
2.7
Liaoning
74.5
25.5
3.3
1.1
Jilin
68.9
31.1
3.0
1.4
Heilongjiang
70.0
30.0
3.3
1.4
Shanghai
80.9
19.1
5.0
1.1
Jiangsu
78.9
21.1
6.9
1.9
Zhejiang
74.1
25.9
9.8
3.3
Anhui
72.9
27.1
14.4
5.4
Fujian
81.1
18.9
4.8
1.1
Jiangxi
78.5
21.5
6.4
1.7
Shandong
75.8
24.2
8.9
2.9
Source: National Bureau of Statistis, 2010 Population Census
148
Data by Province
Province
Sex composition
of illiterates
Illiteracy rate
Female
Male
Female
Male
Henan
72.9
27.1
7.7
3.0
Hubei
75.5
24.5
8.1
2.6
Hunan
74.3
25.7
4.9
1.6
Guangdong
81.1
18.9
4.0
0.9
Guangxi
79.2
20.8
5.6
1.4
Hainan
78.8
21.2
8.4
2.1
Chongqing
72.7
27.3
7.4
2.8
Sichuan
71.0
29.0
9.4
3.8
Guizhou
74.6
25.4
17.3
5.7
Yunnan
70.0
30.0
11.0
4.4
Tibet
61.4
38.6
40.9
24.2
Shaanxi
71.1
28.9
6.4
2.5
Gansu
69.1
30.9
14.8
6.5
Qinghai
67.8
32.2
18.2
8.0
Ningxia
70.6
29.4
11.2
4.5
Xinjiang
61.8
38.2
3.9
2.2
149
Table 10-8 Coverage of maternal healthcare,
2011 (%)
Province
Hospital
delivery
rate
Beijing
100.0
Tianjin
100.0
Hebei
99.6
Shanxi
Inner
Mongolia
Skilled attendant
at birth (scientific Antenatal Systematic
care
management
delivery) among
non-hospital delivery
99.1
96.9
97.3
85.8
99.5
95.3
88.2
99.4
100.0
89.6
82.2
99.7
75.9
95.9
91.0
Liaoning
100.0
100.0
91.6
93.4
Jilin
100.0
100.0
94.1
89.1
Heilongjiang
100.0
100.0
96.5
90.1
Shanghai
100.0
100.0
82.1
78.8
Jiangsu
100.0
100.0
100.0
99.9
Zhejiang
100.0
82.4
98.5
96.0
Anhui
99.2
91.8
76.3
37.5
Fujian
100.0
98.0
96.5
88.1
Jiangxi
99.5
99.2
94.6
82.8
100.0
21.7
95.0
93.2
Shandong
90.0
150
Data by Province
Province
Hospital
delivery
rate
Skilled attendant
at birth (scientific Antenatal Systematic
care
management
delivery) among
non-hospital delivery
Henan
99.3
77.0
90.0
74.9
Hubei
99.9
71.2
97.6
90.5
Hunan
99.7
83.9
94.6
86.8
Guangdong
98.7
95.8
96.7
89.7
Guangxi
99.4
88.0
94.4
93.5
Hainan
99.6
50.0
91.1
53.3
Chongqing
96.7
83.6
95.4
86.5
Sichuan
94.7
67.8
91.8
86.5
Guizhou
96.3
89.6
94.5
87.7
Yunnan
93.8
81.8
96.7
90.7
Tibet
62.5
61.1
66.7
30.7
Shaanxi
99.5
93.2
96.3
93.4
Gansu
96.7
89.8
96.2
91.1
Qinghai
93.1
43.1
87.4
81.2
Ningxia
99.5
97.5
96.9
95.4
Xinjiang
98.3
26.4
92.6
80.0
151
of registered TB cases, 2011
Province
Number of registered cases of
new TB infections (Persons)
Sex composition (%)
Female
Male
Female
Male
Beijing
412
886
31.7
68.3
Tianjin
353
727
32.7
67.3
Hebei
5185
12532
29.3
70.7
Shanxi
3968
7399
34.9
65.1
Inner
Mongolia
2409
5754
29.5
70.5
Liaoning
2190
7095
23.6
76.4
Jilin
2411
6149
28.2
71.8
Heilongjiang
3544
8976
28.3
71.7
754
1741
30.2
69.8
Jiangsu
3131
8287
27.4
72.6
Zhejiang
3518
7983
30.6
69.4
Anhui
4748
14665
24.5
75.5
Fujian
2390
6947
25.6
74.4
Jiangxi
4507
13223
25.4
74.6
Shandong
4643
11504
28.8
71.2
Shanghai
152
Data by Province
Province
Number of registered cases of
new TB infections (Persons)
Sex composition (%)
Female
Male
Female
Male
Henan
6946
20858
25.0
75.0
Hubei
6295
16546
27.6
72.4
Hunan
6215
19409
24.3
75.7
Guangdong
9301
25381
26.8
73.2
Guangxi
3563
10981
24.5
75.5
Hainan
899
3038
22.8
77.2
Chongqing
2778
7189
27.9
72.1
Sichuan
6651
17523
27.5
72.5
Guizhou
4143
8895
31.8
68.2
Yunnan
3989
8816
31.2
68.8
374
492
43.2
56.8
Shaanxi
2637
5846
31.1
68.9
Gansu
3125
5759
35.2
64.8
Qinghai
948
1466
39.3
60.7
Ningxia
430
616
41.1
58.9
Xinjiang
3560
4305
45.3
54.7
Tibet
153
Table 10-10 Number of people receiving minimum
subsistence allowance, 2011 (10 thousand)
Province
Urban
Rural
Female
Male
Female
Beijing
5.4
6.3
3.0
4.0
Tianjin
8.4
9.6
3.9
5.9
Hebei
36.2
51.9
57.0
151.4
Shanxi
38.9
52.8
46.5
90.3
Inner
Mongolia
40.8
44.0
46.9
69.6
Liaoning
50.2
68.4
30.7
62.9
Jilin
40.4
75.2
23.8
74.1
Heilongjiang
61.3
94.3
34.1
87.3
Shanghai
12.4
20.0
3.1
3.6
Jiangsu
15.9
25.0
44.6
97.1
Zhejiang
3.5
5.3
19.4
38.7
Anhui
34.4
49.8
71.4
145.2
Fujian
6.0
12.1
20.1
52.6
Jiangxi
42.1
56.0
61.5
88.6
Shandong
22.8
37.8
74.2
165.1
154
Male
Data by Province
Province
Urban
Rural
Female
Male
Female
Male
Henan
52.8
89.1
106.3
259.3
Hubei
58.0
79.2
77.9
152.2
Hunan
56.6
88.5
65.4
195.2
Guangdong
16.4
23.6
63.2
120.9
Guangxi
20.6
36.7
99.7
225.4
Hainan
8.1
9.0
10.8
13.6
Chongqing
26.5
30.4
41.1
60.2
Sichuan
75.4
113.9
114.1
311.0
Guizhou
22.7
31.6
202.2
328.7
Yunnan
35.2
57.9
119.8
283.6
1.9
2.4
10.1
12.9
Shaanxi
33.1
51.5
71.4
149.3
Gansu
32.6
55.5
101.3
220.5
Qinghai
11.4
12.1
12.6
27.5
Ningxia
8.1
12.7
10.8
27.2
Xinjiang
42.3
53.7
53.7
81.2
Tibet
155
Table 10-11 Sex composition of NPC delegates
and CPPCC members, 2011 (%)
Province
NPC delegates
CPPCC members
Female
Male
Female
Male
Beijing
30.4
69.6
31.1
68.9
Tianjin
22.0
78.0
26.6
73.4
Hebei
22.5
77.5
21.9
78.1
Shanxi
27.4
72.6
21.8
78.2
Inner
Mongolia
25.4
74.6
23.4
76.6
Liaoning
18.4
81.6
20.6
79.4
Jilin
16.0
84.0
21.5
78.5
Heilongjiang
19.6
80.4
20.3
79.7
Shanghai
28.2
71.8
20.6
79.4
Jiangsu
23.6
76.4
17.1
82.9
Zhejiang
26.4
73.6
37.8
62.2
Anhui
28.3
71.7
22.1
77.9
Fujian
23.7
76.3
20.3
79.7
Jiangxi
24.0
76.0
19.5
80.5
Shandong
15.8
84.2
18.6
81.4
Source: Statistic Communique for Monitoring of Children and Women
Development Programs in 2011
156
Data by Province
Province
NPC delegates
CPPCC members
Female
Male
Female
Male
Henan
19.2
80.8
23.2
76.8
Hubei
22.6
77.4
18.8
81.2
Hunan
17.1
82.9
19.2
80.8
Guangdong
27.4
72.6
18.5
81.5
Guangxi
27.8
72.2
23.2
76.8
Hainan
24.2
75.8
17.3
82.7
Chongqing
23.1
76.9
20.2
79.8
Sichuan
23.3
76.7
20.0
80.0
Guizhou
25.8
74.2
23.5
76.5
Yunnan
26.7
73.3
25.5
74.5
Tibet
22.2
77.8
20.9
79.1
Shaanxi
24.7
75.3
21.8
78.2
Gansu
22.6
77.4
15.5
84.5
Qinghai
19.1
80.9
20.2
79.8
Ningxia
19.0
81.0
25.3
74.7
Xinjiang
25.5
74.5
24.1
75.9
157
If you are interested in this publication, please contact the
Department of Social, Science and Technology, and Cultural
Statistics of the National Bureau of Statistics of China.
Editor-in-Chief: JIA Nan
Associate Editor-in-Chief: LI Suoqiang GUAN Xiaojing
LIU Wei
Editors: XIAO Li XU Jianlin LUO Qiushi
Executive Editor: XU Jianlin
English Proofreader: LUO Qiushi
Supporting Partners: National Working Committee on Children
and Women under the State Council
Women's Studies Institute of China
Technical Consultants: JIA Guoping, UNFPA China
YAN Fang, UNICEF China
Contact Tel: 86-10-68782766
Fax: 86-10-68782764

Women and Men in China

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