memoria cima 2000 ingles - Consellería do Mar

Transcription

Consellería de Pesca, Marisqueo e Acuicultura CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIÓNS MARIÑAS - CIMA Annual Report 2000
UNTA
DE GALICIA
Consellería de Pesca, Marisqueo
e Acuicultura
CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIÓNS MARIÑAS - CIMA
Annual Report 2000
CONSELLERÍA DE PESCA,
MARISQUEO E ACUICULTURA
X U N TA D E G A L I C I A
e Acuicultura
Centro de Investigacións Mariñas
Annual Report 2000
XUNTA DE GALICIA
Technical Information
Published by
XUNTA DE GALICIA
Autonomus Ministry of Fisheries, Shellfishery and Aquacultura
CIMA (Marine Research Center)
Coordination
CIMA (Marine Research Center)
Makeup
Ninfa e Riveiro
Annual Report 2000
Index
11 1.- INTRODUCTION
15 2.- CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIONES MARINAS (MARINE RESEARCH CENTER)
15
2.1. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
16
2.2. MANAGEMENT BODIES
2.2.1. BOARD OF DIRECTORS OF THE CIMA
2.2.2. BOARD OF SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS OF THE CIMA
18
2.3. CIMA STAFF
2.3.1. STAFF EMPLOYED AT THE CENTER IN PEDRAS DE CORÓN
2.3.2. STAFF EMPLOYED AT THE HATCHERY IN RIBADEO
2.3.3. STAFF EMPLOYED AT THE HATCHERY IN COUSO
25 3.- SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITY
25
3.1. SUMMARIES OF THE RESEARCH PROJECTS
A.- PROJECTS IN WHICH THE CHIEF RESEARCHER BELONGS TO THE CIMA
3.1.1. AREA OF AQUACULTURE
- Floating systems for the procurement of mussel spat using “long-lines”
- A study of the nutritional necessities of the blackspot sea bream, Pagellus bogaraveo, in the larval and growth stages.
- The design of a system for the pre-growth of mollusk spat reared on rafts
- Culture and production of commercial solenaceans: razor clams (Ensis ensis) and (Ensis siliqua)
in three areas of Galicia (NW Spain).
- The use of microcapsules in the diet of different culture stages of hatchery-reared bivalve
mollusks.
- The influence of selective processes on growth and seed bed stages in the culture of the
European flat oyster (Ostrea edulis, L.)
- A study of the conditioning of the carpet shell clam, Ruditapes decussatus L. The effect of external factors.
3.1.2. AREA OF MARINE RESOURCES
- Larval ecology of the goose barnacle Pollicipes pollicipes: seasonal patterns, control mechanisms
and behavior from hatching to settlement.
- Spatial-temporal distribution of the larvae and postlarvae of the mussel in the plankton of the
Ría de Arousa.
- Immunological and biochemical identification of larvae of the mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis.
3.1.3. AREA OF PATHOLOGY
- A pathological study of the European flat oyster (Ostrea edulis) in Galicia: determining culture
strategies.
- Perkinsosis of the carpet shell clam of Galicia. Morphological characterization, effects of the disease and how environmental conditions affect its modulation.
- A study of disseminated neoplasia and other pathological changes affecting the populations of
the cockle Cerastoderma edule in the Galician rías.
3.1.4. AREA OF COASTAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROCESSES
- Accumulation of paralytic type (PSP) and amnesic type (ASP) toxins in bivalve mollusks.
- Oceanographic conditions and toxic phytoplankton in the Galician rías from 1992 to 2001 with
a special focus on the proliferations of Dinophysis acuminata.
- An analysis of photosynthetic pigments by mass liquid spectrometry chromatography and its
application to the taxonomic characterization of phytoplankton.
- The application of an analysis of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to the
study of the composition and distribution of marine phytoplankton.
B.- PROJECTS IN WHICH THE CHIEF RESEARCHER BELONGS TO ANOTHER INSTITUTION
A study of the integral culture of the blackspot sea bream (Pagellus bogaraveo).
- A study of the culture of the blackspot sea bream (Pagellus bogaraveo B.). Reproduction in the
natural environment and in captivity. Growth in tanks and floating cages.
- A genetic analysis of solenaceans having commercial interest in Galicia: cytogenetic and molecular markers.
- Improving the survival of bivalve mollusks reared in aquaculture by means of the use of probiotics. An analysis of the active products and semi-pilot trials. Characterization of the bacterias
involved. Larval survival in mollusk hatcheries.
65
3.2. SUMMARY OF THE RESEARCH ACTIVITIES
- Development, start-up and control of two hatcheries –with a lightweight roof structures- to procure commercial bivalve mollusk spat.
- Development of a Geographic Information System oriented towards the integral regulation of
the fishery of specific resources: the goose barnacle, the sea urchin, the razor clams (Ensis ensis
and Ensis siliqua).
- Determination of the parameters of the growth curve, mortality coefficients and minimum marketable size of the cockle (Cerastoderma edule) in Galicia.
73
3.3. SUMMARY OF DOCTORAL THESES DONE AT THE CIMA
- The kinetics of the intoxication-depuration of PSP toxins in Mytilus galloprovincialis Lmk.
- The Histophysiology of reproduction in the carpet shell clam Ruditapes decussatus (Linné, 1758)
in the Ría de Arosa (natural population and aquaculture population).
79
3.4. ADVISORY SERVICES FOR THE SECTOR AND THE ADMINISTRATION
83
3.5. SCIENTIFIC AND TRAINING ACTIVITIES CARRIED OUT BY THE STAFF
3.5.1. ORGANIZATION, CHAIRMANSHIP AND PARTICIPATION IN SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS
3.5.2. DIRECTION OF DOCTORAL THESES AND INTERN TRAINING
3.5.3. THE DIPLOMA OF ADVANCED STUDIES
3.5.4. COURSES GIVEN
3.5.5. PARTICIPATION ON EXAMINING BOARDS TO JUDGE DOCTORAL CANDIDATES
3.5.6. PUBLICATION OF SCIENTIFIC JOURNALS
3.5.7. REVIEW OF ARTICLES IN SCIENTIFIC JOURNALS
99
3.6. STAFF TRAINING
3.6.1. VISITS TO OTHER CENTERS
3.6.2. COURSE ATTENDANCE
105
3.7. COLLABORATION AGREEMENTS
109
3.8. OUTSIDE VISITORS
113
3.9. PUBLICATIONS
3.9.1. ARTICLES IN JOURNALS LISTED IN THE SCI
3.9.2. ARTICLES IN JOURNALS NOT LISTED IN THE SCI
3.9.3. CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOOKS
119 4. SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS AND TRAINING ORGANIZED BY THE CIMA
119
4.1. MEETINGS
120
4.2. COURSES
1. INTRODUCTION
Once again I have been given the opportunity to
present the introduction to the report of the Centro de
Investigacións Mariñas (Marine Research Center) and I
would like to make some reflections here on what we
have accomplished and the ground yet to be covered.
First of all, I would like to draw attention to the fact
that the contents of this report already show a considerable increase in the activity of the CIMA, and particularly, in aspects related more to scientific and technical productivity. We believe that this confirms that we
have been right on target with the new phase launched last year, marked primarily by the Galician
Program for Research and Technological Development
1999-2001.
Although entering into a competitive scheme of
financing to carry out research projects is fraught with
enormous difficulty, it has not slowed down the
Center’s activities in the least. On the contrary, it has
acted as a stimulus for the researchers, who have boosted the projects in both number and quality.
If, as we have said, the results have been good and
appear to be promising, we must also remember that
there are still some aspects left to be resolved. These
aspects are considered to be important to better fulfill
the specific functions that have been entrusted to the
research centers belonging to the Autonomous
Government of the Xunta de Galicia as well as to be
able to participate in the public invitations for research
funding on the same level as other OPIs.
As a result, important steps were taken towards the
creation of the pay scale of the research staff, and a
measure was passed through parliamentary procedures at the end of the year. However, it will still take
some time before its application goes into effect.
We are still lacking a quick and efficient method of
contracting staff to be paid with funds from the research projects, based on the scientific and technical criteria as required by the evolution of each project.
Lastly, we are still attempting to find a solution that
will facilitate the necessary autonomy or expedience of
financial management that will allow us to head projects funded by European Union programs.
These three aspects, essential to optimizing sectoral
research, must be resolved by the start of the PGI+DT
2001-2003.
In conclusion, I would like to thank all of the people
who, through their hard work and dedication, have
made this report possible.
Joaquín Mariño Cadarso
Director-General of Fisheries
Training and Research
CONSELLERÍA DE PESCA, MARISQUEO E ACUICULTURA CIMA Annual Report 2000
11
2. CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIONES MARINAS (MARINE RESEARCH CENTER)
2.1. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
The basic function of the CIMA is to carry out research aimed at achieving the rational management of
renewable marine resources within the geographic
scope under the jurisdiction of the Administration of
Galicia. The headquarters of the CIMA are located
across from Borreiros beach, in the village of de Piedras
de Corón (Vilanova de Arousa, Pontevedra). Also part
of the CIMA are the Marine Hatcheries located at the
Muelle de Porcillán in Ribadeo (Lugo), and at the
Punta
de
Couso
(Ribeira,
A
Coruña).
The scientific activity is divided into the following areas:
Aquaculture. Aimed at developing and improving
the methods of rearing species considered to be marketable.
Marine Resources. The objective is to gain knowledge on the biology, ecology and population dynamics
of marine species having commercial interest in order
to develop and plan the rational exploitation of the
natural populations.
Pathology. The objective is to study the pathological
alterations affecting bivalve mollusks of commercial
interest in order to set up strategies that will effectively combat these alterations leading to a reduction in
the pathological effects.
Coastal Oceanographic Processes. Aimed at obtaining
information on the dynamics of oceanography in the
rías and, in particular, on the processes of bivalve
mollusk poisoning by phycotoxins, with a view to develop predictive models and to establish procedures able
to mitigate its effects.
The CIMA is also involved in training new researchers
and laboratory technicians with the temporary placement of these people at the Center itself and by teaching courses in doctoral programs.
Pedras de Corón s/n. Apartado 13. 36620 Vilanova de Arousa (Pontevedra)
Tel. 986 50 01 55 – 986 50 01 61 – Fax 986 50 67 88
e-mail: [email protected]
Centro de Cultivos Mariños
Muelle de Porcillán s/n. Apartado 94. 27700 Ribadeo (Lugo)
Tel. 982 12 81 00- 982 13 04 92 – Fax 982 13 03 91
Centro de Experimentación en Acuicultura
Pta. de Couso s/n. 15965 Aguiño-Ribeira (A Coruña)
Tel. 981 84 16 00 – 981 84 17 50 – Fax 981 84 15 16
Director CIMA, e-mail: [email protected]
15
CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIÓNS MARIÑAS
2.2. MANAGEMENT BODIES
2.2.1. BOARD OF DIRECTORS OF THE CIMA
- GENERAL-DIRECTOR OF FISHERIES TRAINING AND RESEARCH :
The Honorable Joaquín Mariño Cadarso
- DIRECTOR OF THE CIMA:
Dr. Alejandro Guerra Diaz
-MANAGER OF THE CIMA:
Mr. José Barreiro Piñeiro
- MANAGER OF THE HATCHERY IN COUSO:
Ms. Mª Isabel Seoane Ramallo.
-MANAGER OF THE HATCHERY IN RIBADEO:
Ms. Dorotea Martínez Patiño
- HEAD OF THE AREA OF AQUACULTURE:
Dr. Alejandro Guerra Díaz
- HEAD OF THE AREA OF MARINE RESOURCES:
Dr. José Molares Vila
- HEAD OF THE AREA OF PATHOLOGY:
Dr. Antonio Villalba García
- HEAD OF THE AREA OF COASTAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROCESSES:
Dr. Juan C. Blanco Pérez
- REPRESENTATIVE OF THE RESEARCH SUPPORT STAFF:
Mr. José Lago Torrado
16
2.2.2. BOARD OF SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS OF THE CIMA
- HEAD OF THE AREA OF AQUACULTURE :
- HEAD OF THE AREA OF MARINE RESOURCES:
- HEAD OF THE AREA OF PATHOLOGY:
- HEAD OF THE AREA OF COASTAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROCESSES:
17
2.3. CIMA STAFF
The structure of the distribution of staff in the centre of investigations
23%
36%
16
Researches
26
Assistans
Administrations
Others
9
13%
20
28%
15%
6
47%
15%
19
6
9
23%
21%
41%
Centro de Corón
Vilanova de Arousa
7
3
18%
29%
3
4
14%
2
1
6%
5
35%
Centro de Couso
Ribeira
18
5
36%
Centro de Ribadeo
2.3.1. STAFF EMPLOYED AT THE CENTER IN PEDRAS DE CORÓN
Researchers
Dr. José L. Alonso Fernández de Landa
[email protected]
Dr. Juan Carlos Blanco Pérez
[email protected]
Dr. Mª Jesús Carballal Durán
[email protected]
Mr. Antonio Cerviño Eiroa
[email protected]
Mr. Alberto de Coo Martín
[email protected]
Dr. José Miguel Fuentes González
[email protected]
Mr. Antonio García Fernández
[email protected]
[email protected]
Dr. Salvador Guerrero Valero
[email protected]
Ms. Fátima Linares Cuerpo
[email protected]
Dr. Mª del Carmen López Gómez
[email protected]
[email protected]
Dr. Jaime Montes Pérez
[email protected]
Ms. Mª José Outón Caamaño
[email protected]
Ms. Carmen Pérez Acosta
[email protected]
Dr. Mª Eugenia Rodríguez Moscoso (1)
[email protected]
Mr. Ignacio Santos Piñeiro
[email protected]
[email protected]
Dr. Manuel Zapata Gago
[email protected]
Interns, University Graduates
Ms. Sandra Mª Casas Liste
Ms. Susana Darriba Couñago
Ms. Patricia Mirella da Silva Scardua
Mr. Antonio Gómez Rodríguez
Mr. David Iglesias Estepa
Mr. Rafael Iniesta Soto
Ms. Mónica Lion Vázquez
Mr.Gonzalo Macho Rivero
Ms. Susana Prado Plana
Mr.Francisco J. Rodríguez Hernández
Ms. Isabel Soares de Menezes Ranjel
Lab Analysts
Mr.Salvador Cores Robado
Mr.Juan Antonio Fariña Iglesias
Lab Technicians
Ms. Carmen Mariño Cadarso
Ms. Mª Victoria Gregorio Chenlo
Mr.Ramón Giráldez Rivero
Lab Assistants
Ms. Mª José Cores González
Ms. Mª Isabel Meléndez Ramos
Ms. Elena Penas Pampín
Mr.Elias Saz Falque
Interns, Vocational Training.
Mr.José Alvarez Vázquez
Ms. Marta Andrade García
Ms. Irene Barrientos González
Ms. Josune Benito Domec
Ms. Dolores Domínguez González
Ms. Cristina Gianzo Quintela
Ms. Leticia Lado Pose
Ms. Mª Jesús Llevot González
Ms. Elena Martín Sánchez
Mr.Juan Miguens Ramos
Ms. Margarita Pereiro González
Ms. Ana Mª Rivas Martínez
Ms. Iria Santamarina Búa
General Maintenance
Mr.Ramón García García
Manager of the CIMA
Mr.José Barreiro Piñeiro
[email protected]
19
2.3.2. STAFF EMPLOYED AT THE HATCHERY
IN RIBADEO
Head of the Administrative Department
Mr.Gonzalo García Paz
Senior Administrative Staff
Ms. Lucinda Caamaño Pérez
Administrative Assistants
Ms. Mª del Carmen Jamardo Rodríguez
Mr.José Lago Torrado
Mr.Pablo Ventoso Padín
Ancillary Employees
Mr.Luis Manuel Agra Carregal
Mr.José Manuel Martínez Crespo
Cleaners
Ms. Josefa Hermida López
Ms. Ramona Maneiro Lamas
Security Guard
Ms. Mª Elena Gulías Pérez
(1) Staff in a special situation who are currently carrying out
Researchers
Ms. Aurora Fernández Álvarez
[email protected]
Ms. Dorotea Martínez Patiño
[email protected]
Ms. Susana Nóvoa Vázquez
[email protected]
Ms. Justa Ojea Martínez
[email protected]
Lab Analyst
Mr.Luis Manuel Álvarez Llamas
Lab Technician
Mr.José Casal Gómez
Lab Assistants
Ms. Mª José Cotarelo Jardón
Mr.Francisco Javier Páez Pérez
Ms. Mercedes Ruiz Misioné
Senior Maintenance Staff
Mr.José Mª Loureiro Barcón
their duties at other centers.
Senior Administrative Staff
Ms. Ana Cruzado Estévez
Ms. Concepción Neira Páez
Interns, Vocational Training
Ms. Miryam Séfora Couso Dacosta
Ms. Alicia Alvarez Padin
Ancillary Employee
Ms. Mercedes Loureiro Rodríguez
Cleaner
Ms.Carmen Fernández Goás
20
2.3.3. STAFF EMPLOYED AT THE HATCHERY IN COUSO
Researchers
Mr.Carlos Brezmes Comesaña
[email protected]
Mr.Valentín Rodríguez Castro
[email protected]
Ms. Mª Isabel Seoane Ramallo
[email protected]
Lab Analysts
Ms. Azucena Rodríguez Patón-Teira
Ms. Mª Luisa Enseñat Berea
Lab Technician
Ms. Marta Paz Márquez
Administrative Staff
Mr.Isolino Penas Gómez
Ancillary Employees
Mr.José Manuel Ajeitos Luaces
Ms. Flora Carpente Leira
Security Guards
Mr.Manuel Crujeiras Sampedro
Mr.José Manuel Pardavila Álvarez
Cleaner
Ms. Mª del Carmen Santos Novo.
Lab Assistants
Ms. Teresa Andrade Roca
Ms. Mª Esther Vascuas Martínez
Ms. Mª Victoria Castro Löehmann
Intern, Vocational Training
Ms. Mª Isabel Graña Pereira
Senior Maintenance Staff
Mr.Juan José Martínez García
Mr.José Ramón Carreño Carleos
21
3. SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITY
3.1. SUMMARIES OF THE RESEARCH PROJECTS
3.1.1. AREA OF AQUACULTURE
PROJECT
MAIN RESEARCHER
Salvador Guerrero Valero
Floating systems for the procurement of mussel spat
using “long-lines”
TECHNICIAN
RESEARCHER
Elías Saz Falque
José Luis Alonso Fernández de Landa
FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE
START: January 1998
FINISH: December, 2000
Plan Nacional de Cultivos Marinos - (The National
Program for Marine Culture) (JACUMAR)
SUMMARY
The aim of this study is, on the one hand, to mitigate the problems arising from the extraction of mussel
spat in areas where natural settlement takes place, and
on the other, to set up a study of the effect of predation by fish on mussel spat. This project has examined
the possibility of using simple floating systems to
collect mussel spat, including an evaluation of the yield
in the selected areas of the rías. A comparative analysis is also presented with a sampling point outside the
area of the mussel parks.
From 1998 until 2000 experiments were carried out
to obtain mussel spat using collectors made from 6m
lengths of rope attached to a long-line along the
Galician Coast. These experiments were included in a
JACUMAR project in collaboration with the
Autonomous Government, Xunta de Galicia, the
Mussel Farmers Association of
Muros and the
Aquaculture companies, Arrecifes del Atlántico,
Proinsa and Marcultura S.A. in order to acquire information on the possible use of floating systems to
collect spat and to seek out alternative methods to
keep up with the demand in Galicia which produces
around 200,000 Tm.
The long-line is comprised of two main floating
corks joined by a rope strung with secondary floating
corks, a mussel collector rope in three stations located
in the rías of Muros and Lorbé and Muxía. The values
of the parameters of the seawater are provided by the
Centro de Control de Calidad del Medio Marino
(Center for the Quality Control of the Marine
Environment).
Bivalve larvae were found on the collectors from
early spring, while the presence of mussel postlarvae
were only seen when the overall chlorophyll values
were high. The first attachments took place in the
month of May, in 1998 and 2000, and in July, 1999,
which would indicate that the reproductive strategy of
the mussel goes beyond the seasonal reproductive
peaks, allowing for occasional spawnings which are
viable or there may be delays of up to two months in
the appearance of the first mussel seed on the collectors.
In the comparison of the two rías, we found differences in the size and weight of the mussel spat settled
on floating collectors, which run parallel to the accumulated differences in seawater temperature. Mussel
attachment took place from May to August, however
the greatest yields in mussel biomass were obtained in
the months of May and June.
We observed fish of the family Sparidae preying sporadically on small mussel spat (up to one centimeter) at
two of the sampling locations, while no predation was
recorded at one sampling point. This predation coincides with the seasonal migration of schools of fish
moving towards the inner rías to spawn and they make
stops at both the rafts and long-lines. In our opinion,
the subject of predation on mussel spat should be
dealt with in greater detail to establish parameters
that will be able determine the appearance of these
schools of fish. On the ropes with developed mussel
spat, we also found new recruitments of mussel postlarvae which compete with the larger-sized mussels
for oxygen and food.
25
SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITIES
PROJECT
A study of the nutritional necessities of the blacks
pot sea bream, Pagellus bogaraveo, in the larval and
growth stages.
RESEARCHERS
Mercedes Olmedo Herrero (IEO), José Benito
Peleteiro Alonso (IEO)
MAIN RESEARCHER
Fátima Linares Cuerpo
TECHNICIANS
Mª José Cores González, Marta Paz Márquez, Juan
Carlos Pazos Pazos
INTERNS
Cristina Gianzo Quintela, Leticia Lado Pose
START: October, 1999
Plan Galego de Investigación e Desenvolvemento
Tecnolóxico - (Galician Program for Research and
Technological Development) (PGIDT)
Identification code: PGIDT99MAR50101
SUMMARY
The main objective of this project is to shed light on
the nutritional needs of the blackspot sea bream
(Pagellus bogaraveo) during the larval and growth stages.
From November, 1999 until May, 2000 a nutrition
experiment was carried out on 1200 fry with a mean
weight of 25.05g to test the efficiency of 4 types of
feed having two different protein qualities and two
different fat contents. The experiment took place at
the facilities of the Aquaculture Enterprise, Empresa
Luso-Hispana de Acuicultura, in Valdoviño (A Coruña)
with fry from the Spanish Oceanographic Institute IEO
of Vigo. The fishes were sampled on a monthly basis
(weight and size) and 3 fishes per tank were removed
for dissection. The perivisceral fat and liver were weighed to monitor the % of fat/ body weight and the
hepatosomatic index (IHS). Muscle and liver samples
were also taken for biochemical analysis. Analyses of
the proteins and lipids were performed. After transesterification and methylation, the fatty acids were
analyzed using Gas Chromatography. The results point
to a clear difference in the growth of the fry fed with
the (D1) feed, with a protein/fat composition of 54/16,
as compared to the three other types of feed used: D2
(50/24), D3(42/14) and D4 (43/22). Moreover, the protein quality in feeds D1 and D2 was the same and better than that of feed types D3 and D4. The mean
weights at the end of the experiment were 72g with
feed D1 versus 41.6, 40.7 and 46.1g with D2, D3 and
D4. The protein quality of the diet has a great influence on growth, although this should be accompanied by
the appropriate fat content. Thus, fry that were fed
with feed having the same protein quality (D1 and D2)
26
but different fat content exhibited poorer results in
growth than those fed with feed type D2, which has an
excess of fat. There does not appear to be any correlation between the perivisceral fat content in fry and the
fat content of the diet. As regards the biochemical
composition of the fry, the protein content in the liver
of fishes fed with the D1 diet generally presented higher values than those obtained with the other diets,
and at the end of the experiment, accounted for
30.5% of the dry weight. In the muscle, the proteins
ranged between 64 and 80%, with no significant differences being found between fry fed with the different feeds. The percentage of lipids in the liver usually
decreased with the growth of the fry. This was particularly clear in fishes nourished with feeds D1 and D3,
where they dropped from 56% to 43 and 47% respectively. However, fishes given feeds having a higher
fat content (D2 and D4), showed an initial decline as
the size of the fishes increased, although the percentage of lipids eventually escalated. The muscle of the fry
fed with D2 and D4 exhibited slightly higher values in
lipid content than those given D1 and D3. In terms of
fatty acids, no relationship was found between the
increased growth obtained with diet D1 and the content of PUFAs in the liver. An increase was seen in all
cases as compared to the initial value (24 ng/mg Dry
weight) ranging between 53.5 and 122 ng/mg Dry
weight throughout the experiment.
Experiments were also performed on the diet of larvae using larvae from the spring 2000 spawnings at
Luso-Hispana de Acuicultura (Valdoviño) and cultivated at the IEO in Vigo.
These experiments consisted of testing different
types of microalgae to enrich the live diet and determining their effectiveness on the growth and composition of the larvae. The following microalgae were
used: Isochrysis galbana, Tetraselmis suecica and
Nannochloropsis gaditana. Larval growth was monitored (dry weight and size) and samples of larvae were
taken for biochemical analyses at the start of the experiments (day 0) and on day 16 of life in the diet trials
with enriched rotifers and on days 41 and 48 for the
feeding period with Artemia. All the food components
used were also analyzed. The recently hatched larvae
had a mean dry weight of 65.4 mg and a size of 4.04
mm. On day 16 of life, the larvae fed with
Rotifer+Isochrysis had a higher dry weight (304.3 mg)
than those fed with rotifer with Tetraselmis (219 mg)
or Nannochloropsis (258 mg). On day 52 of life, the larvae had a mean weight of 21 mg. In terms of biochemical composition, protein content fluctuated betwe-
en 46 and 53%. throughout the entire larval period.
Lipids were consumed in large amounts throughout
the larval period, dropping from 26% in the first 15
days of life to values of around 15%. There were no
significant differences between the 3 microalgae used
to enrich the diet. On day 41 of life, the larvae had a
lipid percentage of approximately 20%, which remained stable until day 48 in larvae fed with
Artemia+Isochrysis. Lipid values were lower in larvae
fed with Artemia enriched with Tetraselmis and
Nannochloropsis (15 and 16%). As regards the fatty
acids, it is noteworthy that in the feeding period with
rotifers, there were significant differences in the content of the docosahexanoic fatty acid, 22:6 (n-3),
which is essential to the metabolism of fishes, among
larvae fed with Rotifer+Isochrysis (16% of the total )
versus 6.8 and 6.2% found in larvae given
Rotifer+Tetraselmis and Rotifer+Nannochloropsis, respectively.
27
PROJECT
The design of a system for the pre-growth of
mollusk spat reared on rafts
RESERACHERS
Alberto de Coo Martín, Anton García Fernández,
Manuel Bao Iglesias (Univ. Santiago), Marcos J.
Dominguez Gondelle (Univ. Santiago)
MAIN RESEARCHER
Antonio Cerviño Eiroa
TECHNICIANS
Juan Antonio Fariña Iglesias
START: March, 1999
FINISH : December, 2001
Tecnolóxico – (Galician Program for Research and
Identification code: PGIDT-CIMA-99/3
SUMMARY
Once the project was set up the previous year,
trial runs were carried out to determine the capacity of
an eolian system to generate electric power. On the
one hand, using the data recorded at the meteorological station of the CIMA, the airflow of the winds was
found to be similar both on the raft and at the CIMA.
Based on data recorded at the station and taking into
account that power can be generated if the winds are
over 3 m/s and below 20 m/s (the wind-driven system
must be slowed down to avoid problems and damage),
it was confirmed that 58.50 % of the hours during the
year are apt for use to produce electric power, which
translates to a little over 5,000 hours.
Amp meters were used to measure the amperes produced at specific times, which along with the measurement of the wind speed at these times, were employed
to draw the electric power generation curve in terms
of the wind speed for the wind-operated equipment
mounted on the raft. The resulting calibration curve
related the two parameters. According to this equation in addition to an analysis of the different wind
speeds and the number of hours corresponding to each
speed, the amount of power generated in the year
2000 was between 65,000 and 70,000 amperes, which
is equivalent to a mean production of approximately
7.5 Amps/hour.
The trial runs performed in the laboratory provided
the necessary information on the ratio of air required
to move the water depending on the density of the
spat placed in the culture containers. The resulting
values were later compared with other tirals carried
out on the raft itself. A mean ratio of 1:1 was established; in other words, every ml of water that must be
moved requires 1 ml of air. Based on the water flows
28
tested, the oxygen requirements were not a limiting
factor, and therefore did not cause the value of this
parameter to drop.
Water circulates through the spat held on the raft by
means of a system that injects air into cylinders submerged in the water at a depth of 1.5 meters. Air is
generated by a compressor which is driven by the electric energy produced by the wind-operated system The
spat is placed on the bottom of the cylinder.
Based on the power generated, the capacity of this
pilot system would allow for the generation of
20 m3 of air daily, which means that it would have
the capacity to move 20 tons of water a day.
After setting up the pre-growth system, biological
tests were carried out with spat of the carpet shell clam
and the European flat oyster. During the months of
June and July, the tests were done using 3 different
sizes of flat oyster spat having a mean wet weight
(Mww) of 2.2 mg., 3.2 mm; 11.5 mg., and sizes (Ml) of
5.6 mm; 78.6 mg., 11.0 mm. In October and November
the carpet shell clam was tested, using a Mww and Ml
of 5.0 mg. and 2.9 mm; 24.5 mg, 4.8 mm. respectively.
The experimental culture densities ranged between 1
and 25 Kg m2 and the seawater flows used were between around 1.75 and 0.54 l/min. All the trials used
subsamples of the different types of spat, which was
then cultured in the same way in oyster collectors at a
standard density of l Kg/m2, as a reference point.
Growth (% m, Gm, Km) and mortality (%m, Zm)
rates were comparatively better than those obtained
rearing oysters on collectors as well as the values
reported in the bibliography, which would make it
possible to substantially cut the times and the safety of
the pre-growth stage. Based on these results, and as
regards small sized spat (Ml<5.0 mm), we may infer
that the water flow system pumped through the rafts
will reduce water pumping costs and feeding in landbased hatcheries and/or the risk of mortality and the
low level of growth inherent to the method of oyster
collectors.
The trial runs also proved that the flow values
reached an asymptotic level in the growth results for
each species and density. Moreover, the aqueous load
carrying capacity of the compressed air in the raft
tanks is conditioned by the barrier effect of the layer
of spat. Therefore, for the above reasons, and with a
view to optimize the available power, it will be necessary to draw up tables detailing the power consumed/density/growth rate/species.
29
PROJECT
MAIN RESEARCHER
Alejandro Guerra Díaz
Culture and production of commercial solenaceans:
razor clams (Ensis ensis) and (Ensis siliqua) in three
areas of Galicia (NW Spain).
TECHNICANS
RESEARCHERS
Salvador Cores Robado
Jaime Montes Pérez, Dorotea Martínez Patiño,
Eugenia Rodríguez Moscoso, Antonio Rodríguez, J.L.
Catoira Gómez
INTERNS
Susana Darriba Couñago, Iria Santamarina Búa
START: December, 1997
Plan Nacional de Cultivos Marinos – (The National
Program for Marine Culture) JACUMAR-
SUMMARY
The invertebrates commonly known as “solenidae or
razor clams” constitute a group of bivalve mollusks
that live buried in the substrate of the inter-and subtidal zones. In Galicia the most important commercial
species belong to the genus Ensis: - the razor clamEnsis ensis (Linnaeus, 1785, 1865) and –the razor clamEnsis siliqua (Linnaeus, 1758). The most frequent method used to harvest these populations –and the one
that accounts for the greatest volume of captures- is by
skin diving; which allows for a broad selectivity, does
not disturb the environment and facilitates the monitoring of the harvest.
In 1999, 109 Tm of Ensis ensis and 35 Tm of Ensis siliqua were harvested, which is a substantial increase
over the captures reported in 1995 of 133 kg of Ensis
ensis and 745 kg of Ensis siliqua.
The primary objective of this project is to obtain a
more in-depth knowledge of the biology of these species, especially in terms of reproductive strategies and
production, since these are the aspects that will help us
to provide a more rational and sustainable exploitation of the resource.
The biology of these species is not very well-known
and the publications regarding them are scarce, and
virtually non-existent in terms of studies carried out in
the geographical area of the Galician coast. The species
that has been the subject of greatest study in this
paper was the razor clam Ensis ensis from the naturally
occurring bed off the Cíes Islands (Ría de Vigo). The
30
following aspects were examined: procurement of larvae in the hatchery, growth during the first two years
of life, reproductive cycle and the influence of oceanographic parameters and biochemical composition.
Procurement of spat in the hatchery.- At the facilities of the CIMA in Ribadeo, the stage of larva procurement was carried out using parent stock obtained
from the natural environment during the maturity season and the spat was reared until it was planted outside. Spawning was stimulated by thermal “shocks”.
Larval metamorphosis took place after 19-20 days, with
an approximate size of 400 µm. For the first three
months, the spat was kept in trays with reverse water
flow (upwelling), and a supplementary diet of phytoplankton; and they reached a length of 27 mm. At this
point in time they were moved to trays with a thick
layer of fine sand until they were twelve months old.
The spat was then placed in an intertidal park located
in en Corón, Vilanova de Arousa, in quadrangular shaped metallic enclosures (0.5x0.5x0.3 m), with the entire surface covered with a mesh.
Growth.- The periodic monitoring of the biometric
parameters of the hatchery reared spat of the razor
clam Ensis ensis later grown in the natural environment has provided us with preliminary data which
reflect the growth pattern of this razor clam. Parallel
experiments were performed with seed collected from
the natural environment and reared in similar conditions to those obtained in the hatchery.
The results show that this species reaches an mean
size of 6.5 cm and a mean weight of 5.3 g after twelve months of life. At the age of two years, the mean
length was around 9.0 cm and mean weight, 11.7 g.
Growth followed a logarithmic equation model:
Length (mm)= 43.23 Ln (month no.) – 44.46 R2=0.99;
weight (g)= -13.45 + 7.58 Ln (month no.) [R2=0.92].
Reproductive cycle.- The state of maturity of the
population of the razor clam Ensis ensis from the bank
of the Cíes Islands (Ría de Vigo) was monitored periodically and systematically from 1998 to 2000. A gonad
condition index was drawn up and histological sections
were taken to establish a scale of gametogenic and
reproductive development stages. For an understanding of the influence of the oceanographic parameters, we used data provided by the Center for the
Quality Control of the Marine Environment (CCCMM).
Also studied in 1999 and 2000 was the natural bed of
the razor clam Ensis siliqua from Sardiñeiro beach
(Fisterra) to determine the behavior of this razor clam
and compare it with that of Ensis ensis.
The results would suggest that both species have a
long period of gonad rest- from July to October in
Ensis ensis (coinciding with the maximum temperatu-
res) and from July to February in Ensis siliqua. The former reaches maturity in January-February and spawns
consecutively until May, while the latter does not reach
maturity until May at which time this razor clam
spawns only once, and then returns to its rest stage.
Biochemical composition.- We determined the
amount of proteins, total lipids, triglycerides, glycogen
and free glucose in different tissues (digestive gland,
foot, anterior adductor muscle and gonad), to analyze
their association with the reproductive cycle and to
gain knowledge of the tissues that accumulate reserves
and their mobilization throughout the year. According
to our findings, the digestive gland stands out as the
accumulating tissue for reserve lipids (triglycerides)
during the rest period of the gonad, showing values of
nearly 300 mg/g of fresh tissue between July and
October, plunging to 125 mg/g on average between
January and June. The foot and the anterior adductor
muscle accumulate glycogen during the summer
months (30 mg/g in the foot and 20 mg/g in the muscle) exhibiting a sharp drop to minimum levels (10
mg/g in the foot and 5 mg/g in the muscle) from
December to February, coinciding with maximum levels
of gonad development.
31
PROJECT
The use of microcapsules in the diet of different cul
ture stages of hatchery-reared bivalve mollusks.
MAIN RESEARCHER
Susana Nóvoa Vázquez
RESEARCHERS
Dorotea Martinez Patiño, Justa Ojea Martínez,
Carlos Brezmes Comesaña, Valentín Rodríguez
Castro.
INTERNS
TECHNICIANS
Mercedes Ruiz Misioné, Mª José Cotarelo Jardón,
José Mª Loureiro Barcón, Francisco Javier Páez Pérez,
Luis Manuel Álvarez Llamas, Mª Victoria Castro
Löehmann
Alicia Alvarez Padín, Miryam Séfora Couso Dacosta
START: March, 1999
Tecnolóxico (Galician Program for Research and
SUMMARY
The main purpose of this project is to manufacture
acacia-gel and protein wall microcapsules and to study
their possible use as artificial preparations in mixed
diets. This project also seeks to examine the effect of
liposoluble and soluble substances on the diet as well
as the essentiability of some fatty acids that may be
included in bivalve cultures by means of these inert
particles.
In this stage of the project, we continued to manufacture acacia-gel microcapsules containing lipids and
to carry out tests with standard and mixed diets (microalgae and microcapsules) on cultures of the carpet shell
clam and the pullet carpet shell. All of these trials
underwent the same monitoring and analyses as
carried out previously and just as in these cases, there
were no significantly different results between larvae
that consumed a normal diet and those that received
diets where half of the phytoplankton was substituted
by prepared microcapsules. It is possible to postulate
that half the amount of microalgae would produce the
same yield in the culture, owing, perhaps to the fact
that the microcapsules make up for this deficiency. To
confirm this, a new diet was introduced, consisting of
half the amount of algae without microcapsules, and
neither the growth rates nor the analytical data exhibited the decrease that was expected. This led us to
consider two possible explanations: either we were not
supplying the sufficient quantities necessary to obtain
better results, for which we endeavored to find the
most appropriate portion of particles; or simply that
they did not contribute anything at all, as they are
32
neither digested or assimilated, for which reason we
investigated the assimilation and incorporation of
encapsulated fatty acids to the reserve and structural
lipids.
When the dose was increased, problems began to
appear with bacterial proliferations that destroyed the
acacia-gel walls, causing the lipids to remain suspended in the culture water. Hence, they were inaccessible
to the larvae, which were also affected by these proliferations. This led us to the conclusion that it was
necessary to improve the manufacture process of the
microcapsules, either by sterilization or lyophilization
Microcapsules were prepared with olive oil (rich in
oleic acid, 18:1(n-9)), and 10% deuterated arachidonic
acid to check the assimilation and incorporation of the
encapsulated fatty acids into metabolism. Two experiments were performed with larvae of the pullet carpet
shell clam. The first was on a small scale using two 6
liter tanks : one having larvae that had not been fed
in 24 hours and the other with the same number of
individuals that were supplied with microcapsules for
12 hours and then were left without food for another
12 hours. The second experiment was carried out in
150 liter tanks with two different broods of larvae of
the pullet carpet shell clam. The two broods were divided into two groups each to be fed two types of foodone with only phytoplankton, and the other with
algae supplemented with the microcapsules. Samples
were collected for 7 days in two ways: one sampling
took place immediately after changing the water and
the other after the larvae had been 24 hours without
food. At the present time the first replicates of the two
trials are being analyzed and the data are being studied. Based on the results, not only do the larvae
ingest and digest the microcapsules, but they also assimilate and metabolize the fatty acids of their lipids.
The analyses detected the presence of the deuterated
arachidonic acid in the larvae that had been fed with
particles prepared with this acid, and they also were
found to have a greater amount of oleic acid as compared to individuals that were not fed or only consumed microalgae. It is even possible to see the elongations of the oleic acid and perhaps of the marked arachidonic acid, and the assimilation of the latter is similar to what was seen in the normal arachidonic acid
supplied with the phytoplankton.
All of these data would lead us to believe that, although the microcapsules containing oils may not
actually be a substitution for the natural diet as yet,
they are still able to add liposoluble substances (vitamins and fatty acids) in which they are lacking, and
which are also necessary to obtain a good yield in the
conditioning of the parent stock , attachment and
growth of the cultures. They would also be useful in
the study of the essentiability, pathways and metabolic
behavior of the as yet unknown fatty acids, since it
would be possible to find out their final destination
within the families of polar (structural) lipids and sterols in the neutral lipids (reserve).
Additionally, trials continued on the preparation of
protein wall microcapsules resistant to all manufacture
and preservation processes to be apt for use in feeding
bivalve mollusks. In principle, the sole ingredient used
was the fish protein (CPSP 90) and polymerizing
agents such as benzene tricarbonyl (TTB) or “sebacoilo” chloride (CSB). Other compounds were added such
as sucrose carbohydrate and dextrin polysaccharide.
However there was a dispersion of large sizes and
almost all the particles turned out to be very big; moreover, they did not withstand the lyophilization process.
After making a number of changes in the method- the
use of another polymerizing agent, (BHT), for instance,
they are currently manufactured with casein.
Carbohydrates such as sucrose or dextrin may be added
using only TTB as a polymerizing agent. Working on a
round bottom and at a stirring time of 2000 rpm for
30 minutes, particles of less than 20 microns were
obtained, which are able to withstand lyophilization
for 24 hours, thus improving preservation.
33
PROJECT
The influence of selective processes on growth and
seed bed stages in the culture of the European flat
oyster “Ostrea edulis” L.
RESEARCHERS
Valentín Rodríguez Castro, Carlos Brezmes
Comesaña
MAIN RESEARCHER
Mª Isabel Seoane Ramallo
TECHNICIANS
Teresa Andrade Roca, Victoria Castro Löehmann,
Azucena Rodríguez Patón-Teira
INTERNS
Mª Isabel Graña Pereira
START: March, 1999.
FINISH: December, 2001.
Identification Code: PGIDT-CIMA-99/1
SUMMARY
The European flat oyster is a species that is characterized by the great variability in the size of the individuals from the early stages of its culture. The purpose
of this study is to determine whether the selection of
individuals in different stages of culture in the hatchery will affect their future culture in the sea, with a
view to lay down a strategy for the farming of the
European flat oyster. Over the course of 1999, larvae
were obtained and cultured and individuals in three
different stages were selected: (a) the early spat stages,
(b) the larval stage and (c) larval and seed bed stage.
These individuals then began growth in the sea in
three different stations: Cambados (ría de Arousa) and
Noia (ría de Muros y Noia) where they were reared on
rafts and at Cabo de Cruz (ría de Arousa) where they
were reared in bags (intertidal culture). During the
year 2000, periodic samplings were carried out to
collect biometric data and for subsequent biochemical
analyses of the samples.
With regard to the results obtained in the hatchery,
in experiment (a) in which a selection of spat was made
including spat greater than 2 mm (“heads”) and smaller than 0.5 mm (“tails”) one month after attachment,
after two months in the seed bed, we still observed dif-
34
ferences in mean size (interval 10.9 ± 1.4 mm in the
heads, and 6 ± 1.1 mm in the tails, _ = 0.05); unlike
what occurred in experiments (b) and the first part of
experiment (c) (in which the selection was carried out
during the larval stage) where the two groups reached
practically the same size. Later, prior to placing the
spat in the sea, in experiment (c) the spat was again
divided into two groups, so that the largest and smallest specimens of “heads” (11.5 and 3.5 mm mean
size, respectively) were again separated from the
“tails” (11.4 and 3.4 mm mean size, respectively).
The results from the trials in the sea showed that
the mean size of the “heads” and “tails” tended to
even out in all the experiments and in the three stations, with the exception of Noia where significant differences can still be seen between the two experimental groups (a) ( interval 51.6 ± 4.5 in the “heads”, and
40.8 ± 2.6 in the “tails”, _ = 0.05).
Based on our findings to date, it is possible to point
out that the early differences between the initial mean
size of the individuals, which are the result of the selection made in each case, tend to disappear over the
course of the culture.
PROJECT
A study of the conditioning of the carpet shell clam,
Ruditapes decussatus L. The effect of external fac
tors.
SUBPROJECT
A study of the conditioning of the carpet shell clam,
Ruditapes decussatus L. The effect of external fac
tors.
TECHNICIANS
Luis Manuel Alvarez Llamas, Mª José Cotarelo
Jardón, José Mª Loureiro Barcón, Francisco Javier
Páez Pérez, Mercedes Ruiz Misioné
MAIN RESEARCHER
Dorotea Martínez Patiño
RESEARCHERS
Susana Nóvoa Vázquez, Justa Ojea Martínez,
Eugenia Rodríguez Moscoso, José Luis Rodríguez
Rodríguez (Univ. Santiago)
INTERNS
Myriam Séfora Couso Dacosta, Alicia Alvarez Padín
START: September, 2000
FINISH: September, 2002
Identification code: PGIDT00MAR23501 PR
SUMMARY
This subproject is part of a coordinated research
Project which includes the participation of a group
from the Center of Marine Culture in Ribadeo and a
group from the Department of Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology of the Aquaculture Institute at the
University of Santiago de Compostela.
The main objective of this project is to improve and
optimize the conditioning process of mollusks in the
hatchery. This is a key process in a hatchery, in terms of
ensuring a stable supply of spat in the amount and
quality required to meet the demand of the productive sector.
This study focuses on one species –the carpet shell
clam, Ruditapes decussatus. We have chosen this
mollusk for a number of reasons, among which we
may cite the tradition of it being farmed in Galicia, its
high socioeconomic importance, the fact that it is an
autochthonous species, its wide distribution throughout the Galician rías and the high consideration afforded to its culture by both producers and the administration.
The common practices used to condition the parent
stock of this species in the hatchery might not be the
appropriate ones, since, according to a principle of
metabolic logic in marine bivalve mollusks, situations
of stress might arise which could cause the great variability that has been so often observed in these proces-
ses. Therefore a systematic research project was designed to examine the effect of several external and internal factor on the gametogenic development of the
parent stock of the carpet shell clam conditioned in the
hatchery.
At the Center of Marine Culture of the CIMA in
Ribadeo, we will study the effect that external factors
such as temperature and the food rations have on the
different initial stages of the parent stock in their seasonal cycle of metabolic reserve storage and gametogenic development.
In order to assess this effect, it is absolutely essential
to have a reference standard. To this end, a natural
population is being monitored from which the parent
stock to be used in the experiment will be extracted at
different times. Samples from the natural population
of the carpet shell clam located in Baldaio are collected
monthly for 18 months. This is the population that the
hatchery in Ribadeo usually works with. After being
brought to the laboratory, parts of the gonad are cut
and extracted for histological staining by means of
routine techniques to obtain information on the reproductive cycle of the natural population. At the same
time, storage cycles and the mobilization of metabolic
reserves associated with gametogenic development
are determined using biochemical techniques.
Different parts of the specimens are dissected (gonad,
byssus, siphons, mantle edge, gills and muscle) and frozen and then lyophilized for the subsequent analysis of
35
their composition of glycogen, proteins, total lipids
and fatty acids.
The temperature during the conditioning process
will be studied by inducing two different situations.
First, a reference is taken by means of a treatment
whereby after the parent stock is extracted from the
natural bed, they are placed at a constant temperature of 20º C in order to stimulate gametogenic development. In contrast to this situation, a treatment is
tested where the temperature is gradually increased
0.2ºC/day until it reaches 20º C. The first experiment to
analyze the interaction of the temperature with the
stage of the gametogenic cycle began at the end of
October and be continued through November and
December. This procedure will be continued during
two other periods pertaining to different stages in the
seasonal reproductive cycle. The experiment is performed using 120 specimens of parent stock per tank and
each treatment is repeated three times. Each container
is supplied with a mixed diet consisting of 6 species of
microalgae (Isochrysis sp, Paulova lutheri, Skeletonema
costatum, Tetraselmis suecica, Chaetoceros calcitrans
and Phaeodactylum tricornutum) with a volume ratio
of 1:1:1:1:1:1. The amount added daily is 3% of the
dry weight in relation to the dry weight less the shell
of the parent stock. The tanks have an open circuit
water flushing system of 50 l/h. Samples are taken
36
from each replicate at the beginning and end of the
experiment and at a minimum of one intermediate
point in time. The state of gametogenic development
will be analyzed by comparing it to that of the natural
population. Biochemical analyses will also be performed to determine the state of the reserves of glycogen
and lipids, as well the presence of fatty acids and
essential sterols.
The effect of the food ration will be determined by
using the results of the effect of temperature.
Therefore the appropriate temperature will be established for each period. In these conditions, the parent
stock will be fed a diet of microalgae consisting of a
daily ration of 3% of the dry weight in relation to the
dry weight of the parent stock, versus another situation in which the diet will reach 6% of the dry weight.
The same analyses carried out in the previous experiment will also be applied here.
The success of the conditioning will also be assessed
through the number of spawnings obtained in each
case and by means of an analysis of the oocytes (total
lipids, fatty acids and sterols). We will also evaluate the
quality and viability of the larvae in each of the larval
cultures that are produced as a result of the different
spawnings obtained in each conditioning experiment.
3.1.2. AREA OF MARINE RESOURCES
PROJECT
Larval ecology of the goose barnacle Pollicipes pollicipes: seasonal patterns, control mechanisms and
behavior from hatching to attachment.
MAIN RESEARCHER
José Molares Vila
RESEARCHERS
Elsa Vázquez Otero (University of Vigo)
TECHNICIANS
Ramón Giráldez Rivero, Mª Victoria Gregorio Chenlo
INTERNS
Gonzalo Macho Rivero
START: March, 1999
Technological Development (PGIDT)
SUMMARY
The reproductive pattern of the goose barnacle showed little variation during the 1998–2000 period, with
spawning starting in the month of April and lasting 6
months until October. Over the course of these years,
the recruitment period was more variable, even
though the maximum intensity always occurred in the
autumn. It would appear that the recruitment period is
influenced by the hydrographic conditions, and particularly by the phenomenon of upwelling. This relationship is currently being studied.
Over the course of the last year, preliminary tests
were being done to determine the mechanisms controlling the release of larvae into the medium. During
a stay at the Plymouth Marine Laboratory, England,
headed by Dr. Anthony Clare, we extracted the pheromone that induces the hatching of larvae. These
extracts were tested on goose barnacle ovisacs, which
caused the larvae to hatch. This pheromone would
appear to be very similar to the one found in other
cirripedes, and its effectiveness was proven in ovisacs
of Balanus amphitrite. Next year quantitative tests will
be done to determine the times of year when there is
the greatest synthesis of this pheromone.
At the same laboratory, experiments were carried
out to isolate the substance that induces attachment
with a view to study the mechanisms that control the
selection of the substrate selected by goose barnacle
cypris at the time of attachment. By means of elec-
trophoresis studies and “western blotting”, the goose
barnacle was found to have a protein with a molecular
weight that is similar to other proteins that induce
attachment in other cirripedes. This protein was also
found to cause attachment in the cypris of Balanus
amphitrite. Attachment experiments with goose barnacle cypris will be carried out next year.
During a stay at the University of Halifax, Canada
from August to September, under the direction of Dr.
Anna Metaxas, we learned how to operate flume flow
aquariums used in studies on larval behavior. In these
aquariums we were able to observe the “behavior” of
the current as it flowed by s cluster of goose barnacles.
This information is of great importance in terms of finding out how the size and shape of the clusters of goose barnacles may affect larval attachment.
Over the course of this year, several experiments on
larval behavior were designed. Vertical aquariums
were built to perform experiments on larval behavior
in the presence of irregular salinity levels and temperatures. We also built the necessary aquariums to perform phototaxis and geotaxis experiments. Next year
we are planning experiments on vertical migration in
diel cycles on mesocosmos placed on a raft in the Ría
de Arousa.
Based on the results of the studies of the seasonal
patterns and larval behavior experiments, as well as a
joint analysis of oceanographic and larval abundance
37
data provided by the Center for the Control of the
Marine Environment, an oceanographic expedition will
be planned during which trawls will be taken with nets
38
for zooplankton at different depths in order to determine the spatial and bathymetric distribution of goose
barnacle larvae.
PROJECT
Spatial-temporal distribution of mussel larvae and
postlarvae in the plankton of the Ría de Arousa.
RESEARCHERS
José Molares Vila, Angeles Moroño Mariño
(CCCMM), Yolanda Pazos González (CCCMM), Mª
Teresa Alvarez-Ossorio (IEO)
MAIN RESEARCHER
José M. Fuentes González
TECHNICIANS
Mª Victoria Gregorio Chenlo, Ramón Giráldez Rivero
INTERNS
Marta Andrade García
START:
March, 1999
FINISH :
December, 2001
SUMMARY
The farming of the mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis,
in Galicia is the most important sector of Spanish
aquaculture. This activity is based on growing wild spat
on rafts obtained through the extraction of juveniles
settled on populations of the intertidal zones and/or
by collecting larvae from the inner rías by means of
collector ropes. In both cases the success or failure of
spat collection will depend on the previous evolution
of different biological events (reproduction, larval
dynamics, attachment and subsequent development).
All of these events except for larval dynamics have
been widely studied in the Galician rías in recent years.
Despite the key role that the knowledge of larval
dynamics plays in improving techniques for collecting
natural spat, there have been very few studies done in
our rías that provide data on this subject.
This research project aims to provide a thorough
knowledge of the spatial and temporal distribution of
the abundance of mussel larvae and postlarvae in the
Ría de Arousa. We also intend to establish links between larval abundance and certain oceanographic meteorological and biological variables that will enable us
to better understand the patterns of variability. All of
this information is extremely relevant in terms of
designing a spatial-temporal model for mussel larvae
in the Ría de Arousa for a future research project. This
model will allow us to be able to plan, rationally and
effectively, strategies for collecting mussel spat in this
ría.
Over the course of the year 2000, the collection of
plankton and seawater samples started the previous
year continued. Every fifteen days samples were taken
at 4 stations in the Ría de Arousa (stations included in
the Monitoring Program of the CCCMM) as follows:
one in the inner ría (station A3), two in the middle
area (stations A1 and A4) and one in the outer ría (station A9). In each sampling the following was determined: the number and type of mussel larvae and postlarvae, the number of larvae and adults from other
zooplankton groups and the physicochemical characteristics of the seawater. Also, starting in March, 2000,
every fifteen days as well, postlarval (spat) collector
ropes were hung from three rafts located in aquaculture parks in the middle area (two rafts) and in the
outer ría (1 raft).
Over the course of the year 2000, three peaks of the
release of larvae into the ría were detected. The first
peak (mean = 65,470 larvas/m3), belonging to the first
massive spawning of the year, was detected on March
7th, mainly in the middle area of the ría. The second
peak (mean = 75,992 larvae/m3), from the second most
important spawning of the year, was observed on May
15th in the middle and outer zones of the ría. The third
peak (mean = 9,749 larvae/m3), which was probably
the result of several, less intense, local spawnings, was
detected primarily in the inner ría. As a consequence
of these three larval release peaks, we were also able
to detect the relevant peaks of larvae apt for attachment and the subsequent metamorphosis ( pediveliger
larvae with an “eye”). The first peak (mean =705 larvae/m3) was found on April 4th, the second peak
(mean = 764 larvae/m3) on June 27th and the third
peak (mean = 811 larvae/m3) on august 21st. It is inte-
39
resting to note that despite the large initial difference
in the abundance of larvae among the first, second
and third peaks, the density of apt larvae is extremely
similar in the three. This would imply that larval viability varies depending on the time of year that spawning takes place. This difference in viability affects not
only the life span of the larvae, but also the attachment process and metamorphosis, as can be inferred
from the mean values for postlarval collection on the
collector ropes. The first collection peak (mean = 14.39
postlarvae/4 cm2) was detected on May 2nd , approximately two months after the maximum number of larvae was found. The second collection peak (mean =
77.41 postlarvae/4 cm2) was detected on July 12th, also
two months after the larval peak. The third peak
(mean = 64.92 postlarvae/4 cm2) appeared on
September 6th, a month and a half after the larval
maximum. In synthesis, we may conclude that during
2000, three incidences of larval release took place in
the Ría de Arousa. The first and second were of consi-
40
derable importance in terms of the number of larvae
released, however they both showed very low viability
in the larval life stage (1.08 %, 1.00 %, respectively). In
the first release, the low viability also affected the
attachment process, which in turn caused a low level of
collection on he ropes. In the second release, the viability during the attachment stage was greater, which
produced a substantial collection. The third release,
which was much poorer in terms of the number of larvae released but exhibited a higher viability than the
previous two (8.32 %), also resulted in an abundant
collection on the ropes. In both 1999 and 2000, the
maximum values of larvae apt for attachment were
recorded in the middle and outer zones of the Ría.
However, in June, 2000 a high concentration of apt larvae was detected in the inner ría (A3), which would
explain the exceptionally high recruitment observed by
the mussel farmers in the summer of 2000 on rafts
located in the inner area of the Ría de Arousa.
PROJECT
Immunological and biochemical identification of lar
vae of the mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis.
SUBPROJECT I
Procurement of specific proteins from the larvae of
the mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis
INTERNS
Marta Andrade García, Silvia Lorenzo Abalde
MAIN RESEARCHER
José M. Fuentes González
RESEARCHERS
José Molares Vila, José Luis López Rodríguez (Univ.
Santiago), Bernardo Fernández Souto (IGAFA)
TECHNICIANS
Mª Victoria Gregorio Chenlo
START: August, 2000
FINISH: December, 2002.
SUMMARY
The quick and accurate identification of the larvae
of different species of bivalve mollusks found in plankton samples is one of the main bottleneck situations
that researchers are faced with in the studies on larval
ecology being carried out in Galicia and in other parts
of the world.
At the present time, the identification and sorting of
larvae of the different species is done by using as diagnostic criteria, the shape and structure of the articulation system of the veliger larva observed under an electronic scanning microscope. While this method is accurate, it becomes virtually unfeasible when working
with large sample quantities due to the amount of
time needed.
galloprovincialis, by employing the conventional technique described by Dr. Cesar Milstein and Dr. George
Köhler, where they carry out a fusion of B lymphocytes
activated by an antigen with a tumoral line of mieloma cells that are lacking in one enzyme. This makes it
possible to obtain a single specific antibody in unlimited quantities, in principle, which would enable the
standardization of quicker and more accurate techniques than the ones currently being used to identify or
sort larvae.
The aim of this research project is to develop a more
rapid and efficient methodology for the identification
of mussel larvae. The idea behind the project is to
obtain antibodies that will be able to recognize, in a
specific way, these larvae in the early stages, and that
may be used in techniques that are reliable, quick, sensitive and specific, for the identification and sorting of
mussel larvae on a routine and systematized basis. As
has been demonstrated by Canadian researchers, the
use of specific, monoclonal antibodies together with
immunodetection techniques offers an acceptably
reliable identification of pectinid larvae, while, at the
same time, cutting the time needed to complete this
task by a large measure.
Given the great homology among the larvae of the
different bivalves and the possible cross reactions that
might occur with antibodies created in relation to complete larvae (such as those described by the Canadian
group), in this research project we have attempted to
take two approaches. The first entails the use of complete larvae in immunization, thus obtaining antibodies directed in relation to these larvae. The follow-up
study on the different larvae will reveal whether or not
they are totally specific. The second procedure aims to
immunize the mussel larvae with proteins which are
specific to these larvae or which show a low degree of
homology in other bivalves. This approach requires the
comparison of the proteins present in the different
bivalve larvae by means of two-dimensional electrophoresis and the purification of those bands of proteins only found in mussel larvae and not in the others.
Immunization with these specific proteins will allow us
to obtain antibodies with a greater specificity, thus
avoiding cross reactions with other bivalves.
This project aims to obtain specific monoclonal antibodies in relation to larvae of the mussel, Mytilus
Owing to the great socioeconomic importance that
mussel farming has in Galicia and the interest there is
41
in gaining a more in-depth knowledge of the larval
biology of this species, this approach strikes us as being
of enormous interest. Therefore, with this research
project, we will endeavor to develop a quick and reliable method for the identification of the larvae of the
mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis found in the plankton
samples collected from our coasts, based on immunological techniques such as the production of monoclonal antibodies, the identification of specific proteins
and immunodetection techniques.
During the five months that have transpired since
the project was approved, we have carried out the
following tasks included in the schedule of the work
plan:
42
From STAGE 1. Procurement of larvae
We have obtained larvae from the mussel (M. galloprovincialis), European flat oyster (Ostrea edulis), the
king scallop (Pecten maximus) and pullet carpet shell
clam (Venerupis pullastra).
From STAGE 2 Procurement of specific proteins from
mussel larvae.
The technique of separating the proteins from bivalve larvae by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE)
using immobilins is being perfected. At the present
time we already have the first 2-DE gels of total proteins from the larvae of the mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis.
3.1.3. AREA OF PATHOLOGY
PROJECT
A pathological study of the European flat oyster
(Ostrea edulis) in Galicia: determining culture strate
gies.
MAIN RESEARCHER
Jaime Montes Pérez.
TECHNICIANS
RESEARCHERS
Alejandro Guerra Díaz, Ramón Fernández Conchas
(CCCMM), Beatriz Ferro Soto (CCCMM), Jesús
Santamarina Fernández (CCCMM)
Mª Isabel Meléndez Ramos, Elena Penas Pampín,
Salvador Cores Robado, Eulalia Mª Hernández
Basanta (CCCMM), M.D. Amo Doce (CCCMM), L.
Queimadelos Díaz (CCCMM)
INTERNS
Ana Mª Rivas Martinez, Dolores Domínguez
González
START: March, 1999
SUMMARY
This Project is included in the research proposals put
forth in the “Sectoral Workshops on Marine Research
in Galicia” for the purpose of assessing the pathological situation of different stock cultured on the Galician
coast in addition to “designing strategies to combat
disease in mollusks”.
The project is also related to Council Directive
91/67/CEE, modified by 93/54/CEE, which includes the
parasites Marteilia refringens and Bonamia ostreae in
List II of Annex A, and considers the European flat oyster (Ostrea edulis) as being sensitive to these pathologies.
This Project comprises two well-differentiated objectives:
I) The pathological situation of different stocks of
the European flat oyster cultured on the Galcian coast:
This includes the monitoring of the pathological state of different populations of the European flat oyster
with a specific age profile (over 18 months) and culture status (over 6 months of culture in Galicia in the
case of imported oysters) to collect up-to-date data.
In order to do this, we carried out 24 inspections
where, in collaboration with the Centro de Control de
Calidade do Medio Mariño, the main pathologies associated with this culture were monitored. It was confirmed that bonamiasis continued to be the major pathological problem, both in the natural beds as well as
in oysters reared on rafts and in raised culture.
Overall, the prevalence of the parasite was not high,
with the exception of the spring inspection in Domaio
(ría de Vigo) which was 36.3%, and the monitoring
carried out in autumn in Aldán (ría de Pontevedra)
with 39.6%, Ortigueira (ría de Ortigueira) with 33.3%
and Ferrol (ría de Ferrol) with a value of 52.8%. Also
noteworthy is the high prevalence detected in the
natural bed in the ría de Ferrol, which, according to
the compiled data, does not agree with the high yield
produced by this bed. So, it is likely that this population is somewhat resistant to bonamiasis. This hypothesis will be given special attention in future research
on the prevalence of the parasite – mortality.
As regards other parasitologies, it is fitting to note
that cases of Marteilia refringens (25.0%) were found
in oysters originating from Portugal and reared in
Domaio.
Based on the monitoring conducted, the area of A
Creba (ría de Muros-Noya) may be considered not to be
43
affected by these diseases, as no cases of B. ostreae or
M. Refrigens have been detected.
II) Supervision of pathology in monitored stocks:
The aim of this section is to delve deeper into the
study of the dynamics of the disease caused by B. ostreae over the course of the culture cycle, to set up more
appropriate strategies of production and profitability
taking into account the type of oyster populations and
culture areas.
To this end, three populations of oyster, obtained
from the hatchery and identified as to origin (parent
stock of wild oysters from an underwater residual type
bed in Coroso, Riveira) were monitored. From the
parent stock, we compared batches of spat (more than
2000 units), originating from progenies F1 and F2,
which were reared in areas with a varying endemic
degree of bonamiasis. Monitoring was carried out in
three culture zones that differed in terms of the situation of the presence of B. ostreae: the Ría de
Pontevedra (Bueu), the Rías de Arosa (Cambados) and
the Ría de Ortigueira (Sismundi).
Pending a detailed analysis of the abundance of
data collected, it would appear that the mortality
44
affecting the cultured oysters – mainly in the last stages- is directly related to the level of Bonamiasis in
each culture area, and the selection of the parents
which was the origin of F2 is unrelated. The presence
and incidence of the parasite in the culture areas is a
determining factor in the evolution and final outcome.
In view of the data on the prevalence of B. ostreae
–in some cases greater than 50%- as detected in
Cambados, the solution may lie in the implementation
of culture strategies that would allow the oyster to be
marketed before the situation becomes, what we
could call, “critical” in terms of the high prevalence,
which accompanied by mortality, make the culture
unsustainable.
In areas where the disease is not detected, the culture could continue until the oyster reaches a larger
size and market value. However, we must never forget
that the point “where we draw the line” will be closely
linked to the course of the disease and that it is probably unrelated to the origin of the populations.
At the present time a final histopathological evaluation is underway and to date we have detected no
cases of Marteilia refringens or Haplosporidium armoricanum, as occurred last year.
PROJECT
Perkinsosis of the carpet shell clam of Galicia.
Morphological characterization, effects of the disea
se and how environmental conditions affect its
modulation.
MAIN RESEARCHER
Antonio Villalba García.
TECHNICIANS
RESEARCHERS
Mª Isabel Meléndez Ramos, Elena Penas Pampín
Mª Jesús Carballal Durán
INTERNS
Sandra Mª Casas Liste, Begoña González González,
María Jesús Llevot Sánchez
START: March, 1999
SUMMARY
At the end of this year, we completed the monitoring of the evolution of perkinsosis in an intertidal bed
of carpet shell clams in the Ría de Arousa. The programme, which had been started in 1996, was based
on the analysis of the prevalence and intensity of perkinsosis in monthly samples of clams from different
cohorts. The intensity of parasitization is significantly
related to age. An annual pattern of variation in the
mean intensity of parasitization was detected with one
peak in spring and another in late summer. Minimum
values were recorded in winter. The pattern of variation in the monthly mortality rate of the clam was similar to the intensity of parasitization, with high values
in summer and low values in winter. However, it is not
possible to attribute all mortalities to perkinsosis, as
the parasitization in the larger sized individuals (the
oldest specimens) was significantly greater, so mortality did not correlate with size (age). The decline in
mean intensity after the population reached maximum
yearly values is probably due to a remission of the disease in the clams, favored by a drop in temperature rather than to the death of individuals more severely
infested with parasites.
For a period of 6 months, the monthly mortality rate
was compared between clams from the bed under
study (considerably affected by perkinsosis) and clams,
originating from a bed located in the same ría that was
affected very lightly by the disease, introduced every
month into the bed under study. Five replicates were
done for each origin. The differences due to the month
and origin of the clams were found to be significant,
with cumulative mortality rates of 17.6% and 6.5% in
the 6 month period respectively.
The ultrastructural study of the known stages of the
perkinsosis agent inside (trophozoites and multiplication by palintomy) and outside the host (zoosporangia
and y zoospores) confirm the morphological identity of
this parasite with the type description of Perkinsus
atlanticus. Also, in the laboratory, Dr. Kimberly Reece
of the “Virginia Institute of Marine Science”
(Gloucester Point, Virginia, USA) sequenced the fragments of DNA that correspond to the small subunit of
ribosomal RNA and ITS, confirming that the perkinsosis agent in the clams of Galicia is Perkinsus atlanticus.
In collaboration with Dr. Jerome La Peyre, of
“Louisiana State University” (Baton Rouge, Louisiana,
USA), we set up in vitro cultures of the parasite, kept
in our laboratory, taken from three inoculum sources:
the hemolymph of infested clams, gill fragments and
isolated hypnospores in a fluid medium of thioglycolate. The ultrastructural study of the cells grown in the
different stages of culture (increase in cell size, multiplication, rest) and the sequence of the DNA fragments
that correspond to the small subunit of ribosomal DNA
and ITS, determined by Dr. K. Reece, confirm that the
organism that was cultured is Perkinsus atlanticus.
In order to evaluate the effect of perkinsosis on the
energy physiology of the carpet shell clam experiments
were designed which included the estimation of the
physiological rates that determine the “scope for
growth” and , subsequently the intensity of perkinsosis in the clams was determined. We did not detect any
significant effect of parasitization on the clarification
rate, the efficiency of food absorbencey, breathing
rate or ammonia excretion rate, in the 2 experiments
45
conducted at 15ºC or in the one carried out at 20ºC.
Cases of extremely severe parasitization had values of
around 2 million parasite cells per gram of meat (wet
weight). The estimated amount of energy consumed
through production and respiration is clearly higher
than the energy that would be available to the clam
after meeting its breathing needs. These data agree
with the significant decline in the condition of the
clams with intense systemic parasitization recorded in
previous experiments.
46
The elaboration of this experiment was made possible thanks to collaboration of the Fishermen’s Guild
“San Martiño” do Grove. Carmen Canosa and Miguel
Lastres (IGAFA) supplied the phytoplankton cultures
used to estimate the energetic physiology rates.
Carmen Mariño (CIMA) determined the ammonia concentrations.
PROJECT
A study of disseminated neoplasia and other pat
hological changes affecting the populations of the
cockle Cerastoderma edule in the Galician rías
RESEARCHERS
Antonio Villalba García, Jesús Santamarina
(CCCMM), Beatriz Ferro Soto (CCCMM)
MAIN RESEARCHER
Mª Jesús Carballal Durán
TECHNICIANS
Mª Isabel Melendez Ramos, Elena Penas Pampin,
Belén Alonso Fariña (CCCMM), M. D. Amo Doce
(CCCMM)
INTERNS
David Iglesias Estepa, Josune Benito Domec
START: March, 1999
SUMMARY
In the first year the project was underway, parasites
and pathological changes affecting the cockles of the
most important natural beds in Galicia were described
. The results of this first study indicated that a disseminated neoplasia and an infection caused by trematodes were the most pathogenic diseases. A new pathology called “large foci with a strong hemocytarian
reaction” also caused major pathological lesions;
however it was found in very few natural beds. This
pathological alteration consists of large accumulations
of hemocytes which contain unidentified cells in the
cytoplasm.
Starting in April 1999 and throughout the year 2000
the pathological changes occurring in cockles in the Ría
de Noia were monitored monthly. Over the course of
the year 2000, the cockle populations of Carril and
Lombos del Ulla (Ría de Arosa) were also monitored on
a monthly basis. These studies were carried out by
taking monthly samples of 25 adult specimens and processing them using histological techniques for observation under the optical microscope. In addition, samples of the hemolymph were extracted from the cockles in Noia to do a poly-l lysin smear in order to study
the presence of neoplasia. The preliminary results of
these studies show that the neoplasia observed in the
cockles from Noia is present all year round and has a
seasonal cycle, with two periods of maximum prevalence- one in spring, and the other in autumn and early
winter. This seasonal model for neoplasia was also
found in Lombos de Ulla and coincides with the seasonality described in neoplasic cockles from Ireland.
Some months had a high prevalence and intensity of
neoplasia. The mean prevalence values during the
period under study were 27.3% in Lombos del Ulla,
23.3% in Noia and 12,4% en Carril.
The cockles from Carril exhibited large foci with a
strong hemocytarian reaction and a very high prevalence (54%) with values of greater than 85% in
November, February and August. The prevalence of
this pathology was lower in Lombos de Ulla (mean prevalence 6.4%) and was not detected in Noia. Studies
using the electron microscope are being conducted to
determine whether the unidentified cells detected in
the hemocytes which form these lesions, are a new,
unidentified protist or damaged cells from the cockle
itself.
Three trematode larval stages were identified in the
histological preparations: sporocysts, cercariae and two
types of metacercariae, metacercariae surrounded by
the edge of the mantle and metacercaria encysted in
the foot, digestive gland and gonad. Ultrastructural
studies are underway to identify the species that these
parasites belong to and also to determine whether the
metacercariae and sporocysts are different stages of
life of the same species or if they pertain to different
species. The mean prevalence of trematoda was greater in Noia (20.5 %) than in Lombos del Ulla (12 %)
and Carril (6.8 %).
As regards other parasites and pathological changes,
it is important to note that there was a high prevalence of the gregarina Nematopsis sp. and of bacterial
bags in the gills during all the months of the year. In
47
Noia, ciliates were found to be present in higher concentrations in late spring and summer, with the prevalence being much greater during the second year of
study. Ciliates were also observed in the two beds of
the Ría de Arosa, and they were more prevalent in the
summer. Branchial copepods were also more plentiful
in the Ría de Arosa, with the highest concentrations
detected in the summer months.
The presence of Perkinsus sp. in cockle populations
was assessed by collecting 30 specimens during one
month from each season of the year in the beds of
Noia and Camaxe (Illa de Arousa). A branchial plume
was incubated in a liquid medium of thioglycolate for
5 days, then stained with lugol and inspected under
the optical microscope. Perkinsus was not found to be
present in any of the specimens.
For the purpose of estimating the effect of age on
the prevalence and concentration of neoplasia, in late
August, we collected 150 juvenile specimens (mean
length =16.11 mm; E S = 0.13) and 150 adults (mean
48
length = 33.73 mm; E S = 0.18) which were processed
using histological techniques. Preliminary results show
that the prevalence and concentration of neoplasia are
lower in the younger specimens.
In order to assess the influence of neoplasia on the
condition index, during the period of sexual maturity
(late spring), we collected 150 market size individuals,
and determined their length, total and wet weight of
meat. Next, a section of tissue was cut and processed
using histological techniques. The wet and dry weights
were estimated from the remaining meat. The shell
was also weighed fresh and after a drying process at
100ºC for 24 h. Using these measurements, we were
able to determine several condition indices. The histological preparations are being examined under an
optical microscope to detect the presence of neoplasic
cells. The intensity of neoplasia is quantified from 0
(absence) to 4 (maximum intensity) following a modification of the Collins scale (1998), in which cockles only
having local tumors were included in value 1.
3.1.4. AREA OF COASTAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROCESSES
PROJECT
Accumulation of paralytic type (PSP) and amnesic
type (ASP) toxins in bivalve mollusks
RESEARCHERS
Carmen Pérez Acosta, Covadonga Salgado Blanco
(CCCMM), Magdalena Bermúdez de la Puente
(CCCMM), Angeles Moroño Mariño (CCCMM), Aurea
Míguez Francisco (Lab. Comunitario de Ref.
Biotoxinas Marinas)
MAIN RESEARCHER
Juan Carlos Blanco Pérez
TECHNICIANS
Mª de Carmen Mariño, Susana Muñiz (CCCMM),
Jorge Correa (CCCMM)
INTERNS
Mónica Lión Vázquez, Rafael Iniesta Soto, Margarita
Pereiro González, Irene
Barrientos
START: March, 1999
Identification Code: PGIDT99PXI50101
SUMMARY
The appearance of ASP and PSP toxicity was monitored. We detected a strong episode of the first type of
toxicity and a moderately intense episode of the
second type. The first episode was the object of a study
of the complete cycle of intoxication-detoxification in
the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis, which proved to
be extremely quick. A number of other experimental
studies were also conducted on ASP toxicity in the king
scallop, Pecten maximus, where its incidence is especially high. The first experiment quantified the depuration rate of these types of toxins in land-based facilities, and also compared this rate between a recent and
past episode of poisoning with no major differences
being found. We are also finishing up another experiment which determines the effect of different environmental variables such as temperature, salinity and
the availability of food on the depuration rates of these types of toxins in different parts of the body of the
scallop. A third experiment deals with the distribution
of the main ASP toxin, domoic acid, in different fractions of the digestive gland of the scallop, and similar
to the first experiment described above, checks the
possible differences that may exist between organisms
that recently accumulated the toxin and that presen-
ted an earlier intoxication. These findings suggest that
this toxin is a free form or possibly linked to small sized
molecules; however it is necessary to check the results
from another experiment carried out this year.
Another study was carried out on the depuration
kinetics of domoic acid in the mussel in vitro. Similar to
our observations during naturally occurring episodes,
we found that the depuration of this type of toxicity is
extremely fast in this species. Neither temperature nor
body weight were found to affect the depuration rate,
salinity however did have an effect. Although it was
found that kinetics could be adequately described
using a one-compartment mathematical model, the
use of a two-compartment model was judged to be
better, as in the latter it is possible to add a small portion of the toxicity that is eliminated very slowly or
remains in residual form in the mussels.
In order to make progress in modeling the addition
of toxins in the king scallop Pecten maximus, it was
necessary to conduct a study of its nutritional physiology given that their is an overwhelming lack of data
on the basic feeding parameters of this animal, such as
49
clearance and assimilation. The first study dealt with
the clearance rate in relation to the amount of food
and the flow rate of the surrounding water. Our findings show a wide range between 4 and 20 L/h
depending on the conditions.
The study of the PSP type toxins focused on the mussel. An experiment was carried out to corroborate the
hypothesis that metabolic fecal loss is an important
factor in the depuration of these types of toxins.
Metabolic fecal loss was impossible to estimate using
the only technique described in the bibliography to
date. This forced us to develop a mathematical model
of its production to carry out this estimation. The resulting model provides a simultaneous estimation of
metabolic fecal loss and assimilation efficiency, with a
good fit of the real egestion data, for both organic and
inorganic matter. Based on the existing bibliography,
50
the pH was expected to affect the depuration of these
types of toxins. Although it was found to influence
depuration, it had the opposite effect of what was originally expected, owing to the fact that perhaps degradation (which occurs at an alkaline pH) has a greater
affect on the link induced by more acid pHs. The size of
the mussel had no significant effect on the rate at
which it eliminated toxins although it did have an
effect on the production of metabolic fecal loss.
By implementing an intoxication/depuration model
that includes transformations between toxins (using
data obtained previously by J. Franco), which after the
assimilation of PSP toxins of Alexandrium minutum in
the mussel, generate a number of transformations that
lead to the accumulation of GTX1. The depuration
rates were similar in all the different toxins, also using
the same model.
TITLE
Oceanographic conditions and toxic phytoplankton
in the Galician Rías from 1992 to 2001 with a special
focus on the proliferations of Dinophysis acuminata
RESEARCHERS
Juan Carlos Maneiro Cadillo (CCCMM), Yolanda
Pazos González (CCCMM)
INTERNS
Antonio Gómez Rodríguez, Mercedes Miranda
Bamio (CCCMM), Margarita Pereiro González,
Helena Martín Sánchez
START: March, 1999
MAIN RESEARCHER
Juan Carlos Blanco Pérez
TECHNICIANS
Mª del Carmen Mariño Cadarso, Isabel Lemos
Esperón (CCCMM), Silvia Roura Rodríguez (CCCMM),
Pilar García Novás (CCCMM), Florentina Amoedo
Fernández (CCCMM), Adela López Gómez (CCCMM),
Jesús Mouriño (CCCMM)
Technological Development) (PGIDT).
SUMMARY
The Marine Environment Quality Control Center
(CCCMM) compiles a wealth of oceanographic data by
means of a system monitoring the marine environment
of Galicia. The sheer volume of the data obtained is so
great that it is difficult to get an overall picture of the
oceanographic conditions in the Galician Rías based on
the annual reports issued by this center. The main purpose of this program supporting the CCCMM is to summarize and systematically process these data as well as
to compile other complementary information, particularly data that will enable us to understand the proliferation of the primary species (Dinophysis acuminata)
responsible for diarrhea type toxicity (DSP).
To date, the data bases on temperature, salinity, pH,
dissolved oxygen, fluorescence, light transmittance,
abundance of Dinophysis acuminata and abundance of
other associated species were debugged. The existing
data on these variables as of 1992 were compiled by
means of box and whisker type graphs showing the
mean values and margin of fluctuation in the different
stations and depths included. Analyses were conducted
on inorganic nutrients- nitrates, nitrites, ammonia,
phosphates and silicates- in the water samples of all of
Galicia, compiled by the CCCMM under the marine
environment monitoring system. Also analyzed were
carbon and nitrogen content in the suspended matter
in the water from a station located in the ría de
Pontevedra, in which there was a very high incidence
of DSP type toxicity.
After the start of the stratification study, it was
found that the principle component analysis applied to
each individual station was able to afford an accurate
description of the vertical and temporal variation,
requiring only two components that explain over 90
% of the variance. Only in the case of fluorescence was
it necessary to use a third component because of the
marked curve of the variable under study in relation to
depth. The relation between the values of the variables studied and the principle components was remarkably constant, for which reason it was considered to
be an accurate approach. Different fits, particularly
polynomial ones, were previously tested; however the
degree of polynomials needed to obtain a good fit of
the vertical profile was extremely variable. Therefore
this method was not considered appropriate for subsequent interpretation and systematization.
The temporal variation of each component obtained
for each variable and season was studied by means of
an analysis of time series. The first approach used was
descriptive, generating spectrograms of each one and
attempting to find regularities or homogeneous subsets of stations and/or variable using a new set of
analyses of principle components. In principle it is possible to see that the spectrograms of all the components studied present a number of similarities, although there are considerable differences between the
descriptors of the stratification and temporal variation.
At the present time the results are being interpreted
51
with the use of one-variable predictive stochastic
models, and more specifically AR and ARMA models,
which, in a preliminary approach, are able to explain
over 70% of the variance of actual data by means of
predictions with a horizon of one week.
A study was conducted to examine some of the environmental effects on the proliferation of Dinophysis
acuminata and its DSP type toxin content by means of
weekly analyses of the concentration of this type of
toxin in plankton filtering from a station located in the
ría de Pontevedra, and from two additional experiments. A detailed analysis of the data obtained from
the start of the project showed an inverse relationship
between abundance of D. acuminata and seston concentration, but there was no evidence of existing relations with other variables or physicochemical situations, such as ammonia concentration or thermal or
saline stratification. The first experiment was designed
52
to quantify the effect of pH and a group of vitamins
and growth factors on the growth of two size fractions
of D. acuminata included in a natural population of
plankton. In the experiment none of the factors under
consideration exhibited any effect. There was, however, a very high predation rate of a heterotrophic dinoflagellate on the smallest Dinophysis, which were not
detected in any case after one week of culture. The
possible extrapolation of the ability of these organisms
to regulate populations of D. acuminata is currently
being studied using available data from natural proliferations. The second experiment focused on the study
of the possibility that the chemical form of CO2 might
be relevant to the development of this species, but,
taking into account the possible interaction with
metals, as their shape, and the toxicity of the latter are
affected (and control, in the former case) by the pH.
The contribution of both carbonic anhydrase and CO2
led to a higher rate of disappearance.
PROJECT
An analysis of photosynthetic pigments by mass
liquid spectrometry chromatography and its applica
tion to the taxonomic characterization of phyto
plankton.
RESEARCHERS
José Luis Garrido Valencia (Intituto de
Investigaciones Marinas, CSIC), Isabel Bravo Barreiro
(IEO, Vigo), Santiago Fraga Rivas (IEO, Vigo), Jorge
Otero (Servicio Xeral Apoio Investigación,
Universidade da Coruña)
MAIN RESEARCHER
Manuel Zapata Gago
TECHNICIAN
Elias Sanz Falque
Technological Development)
Identification Code: PGIDT99MAR50102
SUMMARY
Over the course of the year 2000 progress was made
in the study of carotenoids typical of marine microalgae using an interface of atmospheric ionization by
electrospray connected to a four polar mass spectrometry system (ESI/MS). The study was carried out in different stages: 1) The variables of the ionization system
were optimized, examining their effect on total ionic
response, the type of pseudo-molecular ion obtained
(protonated or sodium adducts) and the degree of
molecular fragmentation that is generated. In this
study we chose the allenic xanthophyll, fucoxanthin, as
a probe, since it is the most abundant carotenoid in the
marine environment (it is actually the most abundant
carotenoid in nature) and one of the most widespread
in the different taxonomic groups of marine algae.
Thus, by means of sample infusion flows (methanol:
water 95:5 v/v) ranging between 200 and 300 microliters/min, we observed the influence of the temperature variation of the probe (between 150 and 300 ºC), of
the ionization or voltage potential of the probe (between 3 and 5 kV) and of the extraction potential or
“cone voltage” (between 15 and 100 V), on the mass
specter obtained between m/z 400 and 1000 Da. It
may be generally said that the most relevant variable
is the potential applied in the extraction cone: the
total ionic current increases with this variable, reaching
its maximum values at medium potentials (30-40 V)
and decreases at higher voltages, which may be attributed to an increase in the “in cone” fragmentation.
This, in turn, generates ions having a mass of under
400 Da which can no longer be detected. At medium
and moderate voltages (up to approximately 60-65 V)
the base peak of the specter is the protonated adduct
[M+H]+, with the appearance of large proportions of
high peaks pertaining to fragments produced by the
loss of hydroxyl groups [M+H-18]+ and hydroxyl and
acetate [M+H-18-60]+; while at high potentials the
sodium adduct prevails [M+Na]+, and the proportion
of fragments largely declines ([M+Na-18]+ is not
detected). The optimum temperature ranges between
200 and 250 ºC, which ensures the correct vaporization
of the eluent , while at the same time preventing the
thermal degradation of the compounds. The ionization potential was the variable that had the least
effect, exhibiting similar results in the entire range tested . 2) The optimum conditions resulting from the previous study were applied (Temperature: 200 ºC,
Ionization potential: 4 kV, Extraction potential: 30 V)
to the creation of a collection of carotenoid specters of
marine origin isolated from macroalgae taken from
the collections of institutions participating in the project (CIMA, IEO, IIM), checking to make sure that they
were apt for compounds having different molecular
structures. In general, the best responses were obtained for the more oxygenated xanthophylls, with sensitivity decreasing as the number of oxygen atoms drops.
In these conditions we were still unable to obtain any
ionization in the hydrocarbide type compounds (carotenes). Special attention should be afforded to the
derivatives of fucoxanthin esterified with mean chain
acids (C-4, C-6). These compounds always have the
sodium adduct as the base peak of the specter at any
extraction potential, showing very little fragmentation
at low and medium potentials and the appearance of
a single fragment, corresponding to the loss of the
esterified acid, hydroxyl in C 19’, at high potentials (>
53
70). We are currently working on broadening this
collection of specters. 3) The procurement of the mass
specters characteristic of many carotenoids of marine
origin has allowed us to set down general rules for
their ionization and corresponding fragmentation
schemes. Based on this knowledge, we have begun a
study on algal carotenoids of unknown structure. To
date we have obtained the ES/MS specters of five new
carotenoids, isolated from species of the Haptophyta
and Chlorophyta divisions, and their molecular ions
54
CONSELLERÍA DE PESCA, MARISQUEO E ACUICULTURA
and principle fragments have been identified. One of
them has been completely characterized by means of
mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance
spectroscopy (in collaboration with the University of
Trondheim, Norway) and its structure has been
recently published. At the present time work continues
on the characterization of the above-mentioned carotenoids and on the isolation and study of other pigments from other species of algae.
PROJECT
The application of an analysis of high performance
liquid chromatography (HPLC) to the study of the composition and distribution of marine phytoplankton
MAIN RESEARCHER
Manuel Zapata Gago
RESEARCHERS
TECHNICIANS
José Luis Garrido Valencia (Instituto de
Investigaciones Marinas de Vigo, CSIC), Miguel Angel
Maestro Saavedra (Servicio Xeral de Apoio
Investigación, Universidade da Coruña), Juan Maneiro
Cadillo (Centro de Control de Calidade do Medio
Mariño, CCCMM)
Florentina Amoedo Fernández, Pilar García Novas,
Isabel Lemos Esperón, Adela López Gómez, Silvia Roura
Rodríguez, Jesús Mouriño Reboredo (CCCMM), Elías
Sanz Falque
INTERNS
Francisco Rodríguez Hernández
START: March, 1999
SUMMARY
An HPLC method was developed to separate phytoplankton pigments based on a combination of a C8
column (Waters Symmetry) and a mobile phase which
includes pyridine. This method was applied to the
study of the pigmentary composition of six types of
algae (CSIRO Marine Laboratories, Hobart, Tasmania,
Australia) and several stocks of Phaeocystis antarctica
isolated from the water and ice of the Antarctic
(Australian Antarctic Division, Kingston, Tasmania,
Australia), cultures of species of algae that produce
harmful proliferations (collection of harmful microalgae from the IEO, Vigo), as well as in the analysis of
samples taken from the Galician coasts, oligotrophic
zones of the Bay of Biscay, the subtropical North
Atlantic and waters of the coastal shelf off the
Antarctic Peninsula. The method developed was an
excellent compromise for the simultaneous separation
of the chlorophyll and carotenoids of marine phytoplankton. In the field of marker pigments, a new high
molecular mass chlorophyll c found in the cocolithophore Emiliania huxleyi: chl c2-MGDG [14:0/18:4] was
characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, fluorescence
and mass spectrometry (MS). A novel aspect of note
was that the acrylic acid in this molecule, characteristic
of chlorophyll c, bonds by means of an ester link with
a galactolipid comprising the thylacoidal membranes
of the chloroplasts (monogalactosildiacilglycerol:
MGDG). A chlorophyll having similar characteristics
was detected
and characterized as chl c2-
MGDG[14:0/14:0] in the haptophyte Chrysochromulina
polylepis. The detection of this species is important
because of its ability to form proliferations that lead to
serious economic consequences for a number of countries of the European Union. Also examined was the
distribution of this new pigment among other species
of the genus Chrysochromulina with a view to assess its
utility as a chemotaxonomic marker. We characterized
a carotenoid, initially detected in Emiliania huxleyi,
and later in other associated species responsible for
harmful algal blooms. The structural explanation was
completed (MS, NMR) in collaboration with the
Department of Organic Chemistry of the Norway
Institute of Technology (NTNU), Throndheim. This carotenoid presents a new terminal group which makes it
highly reactive. Over the course of two diatom blooms
of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia detected by the Marine
Environment Quality Control Center, in the Ría de
Pontevedra (Station P2, Bueu), pigment samples were
analyzed using HPLC. Based on the different pigment
composition of the different species of this genus, we
were able to demonstrate the ability of HPLC to provide useful information in discriminating toxic species (P.
australis and P. multiseries) from others having a lower
risk of toxicity. This information may be helpful in the
initial identification of the species involved, pending
the characterization by transmission and scanning
electron microscope required for the unequivocal
identification at the species level. In any case, we
55
should bear in mind that for ASP type toxicity, the relevant data necessary to determine the pertinent closures are the result of an analysis of domoic acid by
HPLC. Therefore, the information obtained through
56
the analysis of pigments by HPLC will be useful in
making decisions while waiting for the results on the
toxin level.
B.- PROJECTS IN WHICH THE CHIEF RESEARCHER BELONGS TO ANOTHER INSTITUTION
PROJECT
A study of the integral cultivation of the blackspot
sea bream (Pagellus bogaraveo)
RESEARCHERS
José Benito Peleteiro Alonso (IEO), Fátima Linares
Cuerpo (CIMA)
START: December, 1999
MAIN RESEARCHER
Mercedes Olmedo Herrero (IEO)
TECHNICIANS
Blanca Alvarez Blazquez Fernández (IEO), Castora
Gómez Ceruelo (IEO), J. Carlos Pazos Pazos (IEO),
Marta Paz Márquez (CIMA)
Fondos Europeos de Desarrollo Regional - (European
Funds for Regional Development) (FEDER)
SUMMARY
The general aim of the project is to develop and
implement techniques for the reproduction and larval
culture of the sea bream in order to determine its viability on an industrial scale, based on the previous
experimental stage.
The parent stock from the Oceanographic Center of
Vigo and from the Marine Research Center are held at
the facilities of the aquaculture company, LusoHispana de Acuicultura, (Valdoviño, Ferrol), participating in this project. Over the course of the year 2000
the above-mentioned parent stock underwent a rigorous control and each individual was examined separately. The condition of the tags of the stock from the
IEO was checked and each specimen from the CIMA
stock was tagged.
During the spawning season of 2000, a total of
9,733,000 eggs were obtained. A small portion of these eggs came from the parent stock born in captivity
and the rest was from the stock of fished caught in the
natural environment.
Larval culture was carried out using 1,385,726 viable
larvae in two stages –one at the Oceanographic Center
of Vigo which procured approximately 10,000 weaned
larvae for pre-growth and growth in cages. The rest of
the larval culture was carried out at the facilities of
Luso-Hispana de Acuicultura.
At the Oceanographic Center of Vigo the technique
for larva production was standardized according to the
traditional method for rearing sparids with specific
modifications for the sea bream, and the survival indices were between 20 and 40%.
The projected experiments on larval feeding were
conducted by taking samples of eggs and larvae with
different diets that had been enriched for biochemical
analysis.
The biochemical analyses pertaining to the different
experiments on the diets of larvae and fry were carried
out at the Marine Research Center.
The fry obtained at the Oceanographic Center of
Vigo were grown until they reached the appropriate
size, approximately 20 gr. in 6 months, to be transferred to the feeding experiment that will be performed
in the growth tanks and cages.
57
PROJECT
A study of the culture of the blackspot sea bream
(Pagellus bogaraveo B.). Reproduction in the natural
environment and in captivity. Growth in tanks and
floating cages.
RESEARCHERS
Mercedes Olmedo Herreo (IEO), Fátima Linares
Cuerpo (CIMA)
INTERN
MAIN RESEARCHER
José Benito Peleteiro Alonso (IEO)
TECHNICIANS
Blanca Alvarez Blazquez Fernández (IEO), Castora
Gómez Ceruelo (IEO), J. Carlos Pazos Pazos (IEO), Mª
José Cores González (CIMA), Marta Paz Márquez
(CIMA), Gema Pazos Sieiro (CIMA)
Francisco Javier Urbieta
START: January, 2000
Junta Nacional de Cultivos Marinos – (The National
Board on Marine Culture) (JACUMAR)
SUMMARY
Although the financial assistance for this project was
initially established for the year 2000, it has been continued until the year 2003 in a project coordinated on
a national level which includes the participation of 4
Autonomous Communities
(Cantabria, Asturias,
Andalucía and Galicia).
The objectives of this project in the reproductive stage of the sea bream focus on two fundamental
aspects: studies of the behavior of this species in the
natural environment and a study on the reproduction
of specimens held in captivity. In the growth stage the
studies are geared towards continuing the comparative examination between growth in intense culture
tanks and culture cages.
Studies on specimens from the natural environment,
begun as early as 1997 at the CIMA, monitored the stage of gonad development in the sea bream by means
of monthly samplings of adult specimens, except in the
spawning period, when samples were collected every
two weeks. Samples of the liver, muscle and gonad
were also taken to perform biochemical analyses. The
results indicate that the spawning period lasts from
February to April in the natural environment off the
Galician coasts. A clear relationship was also established between the degree of maturity in females and
the lipid content of the gonads, which accumulates
lipids during the maturity period of females, reaching
its highest values when the females are mature, and
subsequently declining after spawning occurs. At the
same time analyses were carried out on the muscle and
58
liver of these specimens, which provided information
on the differences between these specimens and those
from the intensive culture. Specimens form the intensive culture had a higher perivisceral and intramuscular
fat content than those in the natural environment. This
could be a problem in the marketing of this species,
since the accumulation of excess fat is harmful to the
health and external appearance of the fishes. The solution to this problem resides in achieving the appropriate diet to fulfill the nutritional needs of the sea
bream
As regards the study on reproduction in captivity,
the spawning period in 2000 ranged between early
February and mid-May, which was slightly earlier than
in 1999, when it lasted from late February until the end
of May, reaching maximum values from the middle of
March until the middle of April in 2000 and from late
April until mid-May in 1999. Viable broods of parent
stock were obtained from the natural environment at
the facilities of Luso-Hispana de Acuicultura and larval
culture was carried out at the IEO of Vigo.
The preliminary results of a comparison of growth in
tanks and in cages in 1998 and 1999, with specimens
weighing between 100 and 500 g, showed that
growth was significantly greater in the culture cages.
Based on this, an experiment was started in November
1999 with specimens weighing 30 g at the start. The
experiment is being carried out in duplicate in two
cages measuring 2.5x1.5m and 6m deep placed in park
B in Bueu consisting of 250 specimens each and in two
land-based tanks measuring 1m high x 2.5m in diameter at the Experimental Aquaculture Center of Couso.
Monthly samplings were done on weight and size on
the specimens in the cages and tanks. After 12 months
of growth, the mean weight of the specimens was
233.59±24.58 g and 197.9±25.35 g in the cages and
183.6±27.71 g and 131.18±32.13 g in the tanks in per-
taining to large and small specimens respectively.
These results agree with previous findings and clear
the way for enormous possibilities for the farming of
this species. Several experiments have been programmed in 2001 to optimize growth in cages, dealing primarily with diet, as well as establishing specific aspects
such as minimum size for transfer to the cages etc…..
59
PROJECT
A genetic analysis of solenaceans having commercial
interest in Galicia: cytogenetic and molecular markers
MAIN RESEARCHER
Dr. Josefina Méndez Felpeto (Universidad de A
Coruña)
INTERNS
RESEARCHERS
Alejandro Guerra Díaz (CIMA), Ana Mª González
Tizón, Andrés Martínez Lage, Julia Ríos Vázquez
Susana Darriba Couñago (CIMA), Juan Fernández
Tajes, Fernanda Rodríguez Fariña
FINISH: September, 2002
SUMMARY
The solenaceans of commercial interest in Galicia
may be grouped into the following species: the razor
clam (Ensis ensis), (Ensis siliqua), and (Solen marginatus). The natural beds of these species are distributed
all along the Galician coast, from the north (Ribadeo),
to the south (Bayona). Proof of the growing commercial interest in these species are the 26 Management
Programs approved by the Autonomous Ministry of
Fisheries, Shellfishery and Aquaculture, through which
the Government regulates the commercial harvesting
of these species. The reasons for focusing attention on
these species are twofold: there is very little knowledge on the biology of these species and they hold a
potential for commercial development.
The need to optimize harvesting and to consolidate
the “quality” of the species marketed with a view to
being granted the label of “appellation contrôlée”, in
addition to the promotion of these autochthonous
species instead of other similar non-native species
made it necessary to design a genetic study that would
lead to the characterization and identification of the
species native to the natural beds of our coast.
During the first stage of the project carried out at
the CIMA in Vilanova de Arousa, natural beds were
located and identified, and sampling was done at several points along the coasts of Galicia and Southern
Portugal. A study was conducted on the biometric
parameters of the above species.
The resulting length-weight relationship for the specimens of commercial size of the three species would
appear to point to a potential relation according to
the following equations:
a) Ensis ensis.- Weight (g) = 1.2 E –05 x Length
(mm)2.99; R2= 0.802.
60
Technological Development)
b) Ensis siliqua.- Weight (g) = 8.1 E –06 x Length
(mm)3.08; R2= 0.898.
c) (Solen marginatus).- Weight (g) = 7.7 E –05 x
Length (mm) 2.68; R2= 0.838.
The second stage of the experiment was carried out
in the Genetics Lab at the School of Sciences at the
University of A Coruña. This was the first time that
cytogenetic techniques were applied to solenaceans to
determine the karyotypes of these species, thus indicating the analysis of chromosomal markers. The specimens used originated from two different populations
– one from Sardiñeiro beach (E. siliqua) and the other
from the Rodas beach on the Cíes Islands. An analysis
of the morphological characteristics of the shells of the
specimens from the population of Rodas on the Cíes
indicated that this species might be E. arcuatus and
not E. ensis, as it had been classified previously. The
first cytogenetic parameter analyzed was the DNA content, which was very similar in the two species: E.
arcuatus 3.80 pg and E. siliqua 4.00 pg. The diploid
number in both species is 2n=38; however the two karyotypes are markedly different. Thus the karyotype of
the razor clam Ensis ensis is comprised of 5 metacentric, 7 submetacentric and 7 telocentric pairs, while
Ensis siliqua, has a chromosomal composition consisting of 3 metacentric, 7 submetacentric and 9 telocentric pairs. One of the most remarkable findings was
the discovery of the existence of B chromosomes in the
chromosomal complements of Ensis ensis and Ensis siliqua, and they appeared in a variable number ranging
between 1 and 3 chromosomes per diploid complement.
Using different band techniques, we discovered a
greater number of differences between the two. The
application of the C band technique enabled us to pin-
point regions of heterchromatin comprising 9 pairs of
chromosomes of the complement, while 11 regions of
C bands appeared in Ensis siliqua. Staining with the
fluorochrome chromomycin A3 located regions rich in
the base pairs guanine-cytosine in 12 regions corresponding to 10 chromosomal pairs in Ensis ensis and in
13 regions distributed on 11 pairs of chromosomes in
Ensis siliqua. All of these regions were also DAPI negative.
Staining with silver nitrate allowed us to locate the
nucleolar organizers on a single pair of chromosomes:
in Ensis ensis on submetacentric pair no. 9, and in
Ensis siliqua on submetacentric pair no. 6. The in situ
fluorescent hybridization with a ribosomal DNA probe
18S-5.8S-28S enabled us to see a ribosomal cluster in
both species in the same locations where the nucleolar
organizers were mapped.
Lastly, hybridization with the telomeric sequence
ATTGGG showed the same distribution on the telomeres of all the chromosomes of the complements of the
two species.
An analysis of the cytogenetic characteristics of the
solenaceans is a preliminary step towards gaining an
in-depth knowledge of the genomes of these mollusks.
We will soon start an analysis of the different molecular markers in order to shed light on the genetic structure of different solenacean populations and to conduct phytogenetic studies.
61
PROJECT
Improving the survival of bivalve mollusks reared in
aquaculture by means of the use of probiotics. An
analysis of the active products and semi-pilot trials.
RESEARCHERS
Dr. Teresa Pérez Nieto (Chief Researcher Subp.) (U.
Vigo), Dr. Alicia Estévez Toranzo (USC), Susana Prado
Plana (CIMA-USC), Dr. Mª. José Pérez Álvarez (U.
Vigo), Dorotea Martínez Patiño (CIMA, collabora
tor), Dr. Jaime Montes Pérez
(CIMA, collaborator)
MAIN RESEARCHER
Dr. Juan Barja Pérez (USC)
INTERNS
Mª. Mercedes Montes Campos (U. Vigo), Rosa Mª
Farto Seguin (U. Vigo), Susana Pereira Armada (U.
Vigo)
Identification Code: PGIDT00MAR20002PR
SUMMARY
The culture of marine bivalve mollusks is of great
economic importance in Galicia, and is firmly established with a consolidated market. For a long time, the
collection of seed from natural beds provided the
necessary spat supply, but in recent years, the culture
of the oyster (Ostrea edulis) and the clam (Tapes
decussatus, Venerupis pullastra, Tapes philippinarum)
is faced with a considerable decline in the natural
beds, which may be attributed both to overharvesting
as well as the introduction of diseases into the cultures
causing high mortality rates.
Now that we have established that the collection of
natural spat no longer fulfills the demands of the sector and realize the great risks involved by massive
importation, it has become necessary to foment hatcheries. Induced spawning could generate a regular
supply of spat, while, at the same time allowing the
native populations to be closely monitored for the
detection of pathologies.
The procurement of bivalve spat by means of induced spawning has been underway for a number of
years and many papers have been written on the technical and physicochemical conditions required.
However, unlike in fish farming, in the aquaculture of
mollusks, and particularly regarding the larval culture
of the more traditional species of Galicia, there is a
great lack of knowledge on associated pathological
problems, and high mortality rates are one of the main
difficulties that commercial hatcheries are faced with.
The aim of this Project, which is in its initial stage, is
to acquire knowledge on the microbiot associated with
62
the larval culture of bivalve mollusks (oyster and clam)
and their pertinent characterization and to establish
the main bacterial groups commonly found in the cultures. The relationship between the different taxonomic groups and their origin within the different compartments of the hatchery will expedite the location of
the entryways and may contribute information on
parent stock in conditioning.
The characterization of pathogen bacteria will help
in this detection. Also, by means of different pathogenicity tests, it will be possible to have a better understanding of lethal doses as well as processes of colonization and propagation of these isolates.
Moreover, special attention will be given to the
search for probiotics with antimicrobial activity which
may provide an alternative to using chemotherapy
agents that are problematic because of the appearance of resistant stocks and costly water treatments. This
will allow us to improve the microbiological quality of
the cultures, by preventing the appearance of known
pathogens, without having any detrimental effect on
the larvae.
In addition, an analysis of the biologically active products responsible for the different effects will help to
provide an insight into their nature and acting mechanism.
After these conditions have been established on a
small scale, we will attempt to gradually adapt them to
the procedures for the purpose of developing a useful
model able to be transferred to the industry.
3.2. SUMMARY OF THE RESEARCH ACTIVITIES
TITLE
Development, start-up and control of two hatcheries
with lightweight roof structures to procure com
mercial bivalve mollusk spat
RESEARCHERS
Dorotea Martínez Patiño, Valentín Rodríguez Castro,
Mª del Carmen Andrés Rivas (IGAFA), Miguel Lastres
Couto (IGAFA), Carlos Gabin Sánchez (IGAFA),
Ricardo Figueiro Casas (IGAFA)
MAIN RESEARCHER
Alejandro Guerra Díaz
TECHNICIANS
Juan José Martínez García, José Mª Loureiro Barcón
INTERNS
Rosa María García Moure (FP-II), Victor Manuel
Muñiz Iglesias (FP-II), Lucía Graña Pérez (FP-II), María
Isabel Graña Pereira (FP-II)
START: May, 2000
FINISH: May, 2003
SUMMARY
In general, the techniques for the production of
spat of commercial bivalve mollusks by induced spawning in the hatchery are well-known and the basic processes for the procurement of spat are similar, although there are subtle differences depending on the
species in question. Despite the great demand and consumption of mollusks and the traditional culture habits
of the Galician mollusk and shellfishery sector, the hatcheries rearing bivalve mollusk spat have not reached
or consolidated a predictable level of expansion in keeping with the rate of development of the sector.
The purpose of this activity is to develop two hatchery facilities with lightweight roof structures, which
are versatile and low-cost. Each hatchery is under the
supervision of an aquaculture specialist, trained at the
Instituto Galego de Formación en Acuicultura –(The
Galician Institute for Aquaculture Training) (IGAFA).
The development and start-up period of these hatcheries should serve as a guideline to validate this type of
facility and the qualifications of the Technicians in
charge. This research activity aims to plan and offer the
mollusk sector -and primarily the shellfishery associations-, units for the production of bivalve mollusk spat
to be used in aquaculture or to repopulate areas, in
order to start or to increase natural production.
Characteristics of the facility:
a) Main body.- Two greenhouses with a galvanized
steel structure enclosed with PVC measuring 26.8 x 8.5
m each, with an automatic side opening and roof ventilation and sliding doors. The structure housing the
boiler room to heat water consists of two furnaces of
25,000 Kcal/hour and grated piping. The seawater is
pumped by a motorized pump with a capacity of 84
m3, and a 5.5 Kw engine; to a polyester salt water storage tank with a capacity of 40,000 liters, measuring
2.9 m in diameter and 6.4 m high.
b) Interior Facilities.- The general distribution of the
water at the facility is carried out by gravity, except in
certain cases where the demand requires the water to
be pumped in using pressure pumps.
- Filtration: general: for larvae (10, 5 microns), for
microalgae (10,5,1 microns).
65
- Seawater is heated using two alternative systems :
by a titanium panel heat exchanger or by means of a
polyethylene coil 65 m long and 22 mm thick.
- Culture tanks : for larvae, polyester truncated coneshaped tanks (400 l). For spat, polyester cylindrical
tanks holding 600 l. For the production of microalgae,
20 units of polyethylene bags (500 l), 800 gauge, translucent and transparent.
c) Management.- The staff of each hatchery is made
up of two technicians (FP-II), specialists in marine culture, who have been collaborating in the development
of the facilities since July.
d) Protocols and production support.- Operational
protocols and the analysis of alternative proposals in
the event of possible malfunction in production are
aspects that are dealt with by the researchers participating in the research activity.
e) Production.- Since the system and installation proposed are strongly affected by external climatic factors
(light and temperature); the hatchery will use semi-
66
continuous aquaculture methods –in larvae- and in the
production of -microalgae-. In this way we will be able
to reduce the ranges of fluctuation and obtain a greater equilibrium in the culture systems. We will work
with and produce primarily bivalve species (pullet carpet shell clam, carpet shell clam, Ruditapes philippinarium and the European flat oyster), taking advantage
of the natural spawning periods. The estimation and
assessment of these criteria are considered to have top
priority in the production schedule and the work and
operational protocol of the hatchery.
The following stages have been completed to date:
- Development of the exterior and interior facilities.
- Equipment
- Start-up and systematic trial runs of microalgae
production circuits and culture systems
- Operational protocols of the hatcheries.
- Start of conditioning of the parent stock of the
flat oyster.
- Design of the seed bed facility.
TITLE
Development of a Geographic Information System
oriented towards the integral regulation of the fis
hery of specific resources : the goose barnacle, the
sea urchin, the razor clams (Ensis ensis and Ensis sili
qua)
RESEARCHERS
Ignacio Santos Piñeiro, Aurora Fernández Álvarez,
José Daniel Cerdeira Arias (CPMA), Rosa Ramonell
Goyanes (CPMA), Margarita Malvar Álvarez (CPMA),
Ramón José Menéndez Rocha (Fisherman’s Guild of
Ribadeo), Javier César Aldariz (University of
Santiago)
INTERNS
José Alvarez Vázquez, Juan Luis Miguens Ramos
START: May, 2000
FINISH: May, 2001
MAIN RESEARCHER
José Molares Vila
TECHNICIANS
Ramón Giráldez Rivero
SUMMARY
One of the greatest revolutions brought about by
computer science was the introduction of Information
Systems. Recent years have witnessed the development
of a wealth of methodological tools designed to expedite the processing of large quantities of information.
Among these advances, the Geographic Information
Systems (GIS) are a clear example of how computer
science has changed research techniques and work
methods, with regard to the information on the territory.
A GIS is a tool that is able to combine graphic information (maps...) and alphanumerical information (statistics...) to obtain information on space. This work is
done by a group of people who design and monitor
the process, and they are supported by a set of machines and information packs. Geographic Information
Systems (GIS) have a wide variety of applications, and
one of the most recent is in the field of marine science:
oceanography, fisheries, aquaculture, resource management, etc. The possibilities afforded by this tool to
build dynamic and accessible computer systems allows
for the integration, by means of complex, independent
data bases, of all the elements that might affect fisheries and shellfishery operations.
The Autonomous Community of Galicia has an enormous interest in regulating the fishery sector, proof of
which is the establishment of regulations governing
the harvesting of marine resources. Some of these
resources – the goose barnacle, the sea urchin, the
razor clams Ensis siliqua and Ensis ensis are classified as
specific resources owing to certain characteristics related to their biology, economic interest or catch, which
has enabled the harvesting of these species to be
under a different level of regulation than the other
resources. In view of the high level of organization reached by the shellfish harvesters who extract these
resources in recent years, and their clear interest in
improving the regulation and management of their
activity, with this project we have set out to achieve
the integral regulation of the fisheries of the specific
resources by using a GIS.
The project consists of designing the data bases needed to store and process the information obtained
from the populations under exploitation, designing
the interfaces that will allow data from different sources to be integrated into the GIS, with a view to eventually be able to design a web page and keep an upto-date web page with maps on specific topics showing
the spatial distribution of the most relevant parameters in population dynamics: resource abundance,
recruitment, fishing effort, CPUE, fishing yield, market
prices, income, etc.
67
At the Centro de Investigacións Mariñas (Marine
Research Center) (CIMA) a team was created to design
and operate the Geographic Information System, comprised of researchers from the Area of Marine
Resources of this Center and other biologists from the
Autonomous Ministry of Fisheries, Shellfishery and
Aquaculture, the University of Santiago de Compostela
and the Fishermen’s Guild of Ribadeo, directly involved in marine resource management. During the course of the project, this team of biologists will be supported by a team of computer experts from the GIS
Department of the Centro de Supercomputación de
Galicia (CESGA) and by a team of statisticians from The
Department of Statistics and Operational Research of
the University of Alicante.
Over the course of this year data bases have been
designed and the information from the harvesting
regulation programs from the year 2000 has been
68
entered. The operation of the data bases was subjected to a number of analyses to detect errors and
defects. The harvesting regulation programs of the fishermen’s guilds of Ribadeo and Bueu were used as
pilot programs to design sampling protocols, for both
direct assessments of the natural populations and
monitoring of the harvesting and sale of shellfish.
The Administration and the Sector itself will have
direct access to both the cartographic and alphanumerical information through an Intranet and the general
public will be able to access part of this information on
the Internet, which will expedite the dissemination of
the information in the least amount of time possible
and with utmost efficiency. These web pages are being
designed by the team of computer experts of the CESGA and will be available on the Internet upon the completion of the project.
TITLE
Determination of the parameters of the growth cur
ve, mortality coefficients and minimum marketable
size of the cockle (Cerastoderma edule) in Galicia
MAIN RESEARCHER
Ignacio Santiago Santos Piñeiro
RESEARCHERS
José Molares Vila, Amelia Caamaño Otero
(Fishermen’s Guild of Rianxo), María del Carmen
Barcia Leal (Fishermen’s Guild of Muros), José
Manuel Parada Encisa (Fishermen’s Guild of Cabo de
Cruz)
START: May, 2000
FINISH: October, 2001
SUMMARY
This project focuses on the most important aspects
of the population dynamics of the cockle
(Cerastoderma edule) in Galicia. This species is extremely abundant in our rías and, although it does not
reach a high economic value in market sales, it is a primary resource in artisanal shellfishery. With this program we hope to achieve results that will allow us to
improve the management of these populations.
calculated by tabulating all dead and missing cockles.
Another objective of the project is to determine the
minimum marketable size of the species for which 4
samplings were carried out in Rianxo during the
months of May, June, July and August, with the cockles being collected at the height of the reproductive
season in order to perform histological analyses and
determine the condition of the gonads.
Firstly, an investigation is underway on the growth
in length and weight of the species in three intertidal
beds located in Rianxo, Cabo de Cruz and Muros.
During the period from June to December, a total of 8
samplings were performed in each station in the plots
where the experimental boxes containing cockles are
kept. These cockles were taken form the natural environment and marked with indelible ink and kept at a
density of 200 specimens per square meter. For each
season of the year, we recorded the growth parameters such as Maximum Size (a), Intrinsic Growth Size (k)
and Growth Constant (b), to be able to formulate the
von Bertalanffy equations according to the method of
Fabens based on the catch and recatch of the specimens. The natural mortality of the cockles in boxes
over time is being analyzed, making the distinction
between the mortality calculated from the dead cockles that were recovered and the maximum mortality,
In each of the stations under study during the period
from June to October, the mean increase in length was
3.54 mm., in A Torre (Rianxo); 4.68 mm., in Barraña
(Cabo de Cruz) and 5.62 mm., in Muros. In terms of
weight, the mean increase was 3.93 g., 5.74 g., and
7.36 g., respectively. During the same time period mortalities amounted to 76.70 % in Rianxo, 60.58 % in
Cabo de Cruz and 53.38 % in Muros. In November and
December the mean increase in length was 1.05 mm.,
in Cabo de Cruz and 0.66 mm., in Muros, while the
mean weight increase was 0.95 g., and 0.78 g., respectively. The sharp drop in salinity due to the heavy rainfall during this period caused a high mortality in the
populations under study, with the maximum rate
found in Rianxo and Cabo de Cruz at 100 % and 98.10
% respectively, and a somewhat lower value, 64.67 %
in Muros.
69
3.3. SUMMARY OF DOCTORAL THESES DONE AT THE CIMA
TITLE
The kinetics of intoxication-depuration of PSP toxins
PSP in Mytilus galloprovincialis Lmk.
DIRECTOR
RESEARCHER
Angeles Moroño Mariño
DEPARTAMENT
Coastal Oceanographic Processes
DATE PRESENTED: 21/01/2000
SUMMARY
Phytoplankton is the main component of the diet of
bivalve mollusks, however some species produce
powerful toxins, which, through bivalve mollusks or
fish, can be transmitted to humans, and this is a major
problem to public health. Bivalve mollusks accumulate
toxins by ingesting the phytoplankton species that produce them, hence, in order to study how they are accumulated, it is essential to understand the processes
involved in nutrition and all the environmental factors
that may cause changes in these processes. Chapter 1
presents a study of the environmental factors that may
affect the uptake and loss of toxins by means of weekly
samplings taken at 3 stations in the la Ría de Arousa
over the course of one year.
Chapter 2 examines the effect of the following:
body size, temperature, seston volume, diet quality,
and toxin quality on the rate of the accumulation of
PSP toxins in the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis by
means of a surface response method. Mussels were fed
artificial diets containing Alexandrium minutum AL1V
(PSP toxin producer), Tetraselmis suecica, Ensiculifera
sp1 and silt at the levels required for each treatment
for three days. When the total toxin concentration was
analyzed per gram of wet weight, the following factors were found to be significant : body size, seston
volume, and toxin quality. Also significant were the
quadratic term of body size and two interactions: body
size-toxin quality and body size-diet quality. However,
on analyzing toxin accumulation by individual specimen, only one main factor –toxin quality and two interactions –body size-food quality and food quality-seston volume were significant. The toxin quality was the
most important factor, which was probably due to the
fact that the uptake of toxins is primarily regulated by
the probability of contact between toxins and the cell
walls of the digestive system. Also important is the size
of the bivalve mollusk, particularly because toxin concentration is generally calculated by unit of weight and
the smaller the size of the mussel, the greater the
ingestion by unit of weight will be. Diet quality, which
is directly related to the assimilation of organic matter,
had a negative effect on toxin uptake, which may be
attributed to the effect of the inorganic particles
found in poor food quality diets which may lead to the
rupture of Alexandrium cells.
Chapter 3 focuses on the kinetics of depuration in
mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis that had been previously exposed to a natural bloom of the PSP toxin
producing dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum.
Depuration rates declined gradually from 0.25 to 0 d-1
following a reverse hyperbolic curve in all the sampling
points. These rates were related to the environmental
factors under study (salinity, temperature, live fluorescence and transmission) and body weight, in varying
degrees, during each sampling period (estimated by
multiple regression). One and two-compartment depuration models were used, with two variations (with
fixed and variable rates depending on the environmental conditions and body weight) to describe the
depuration kinetics observed. Neither of the two
variants of the one-compartment model accurately
describe the depuration kinetics. The two-compartment models, especially the model using the rates
monitored by the environmental factors, have a good
fit with the depuration kinetics observed. However, the
difference between the two latter models is very small,
which would suggest that the actual effect of the envi-
73
ronmental factors on the depuration process is not
very important.
Mathematical models are a fundamental tool in
acquiring any predictive ability that will help to minimize the financial loss caused by toxic episodes. In
Chapter 4 a simple mathematical model is developed
(one compartment) for the accumulation and loss of
toxins and its fit is checked with the actual toxin data
for the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis obtained by
means of a mouse bioassay (data provided by the
CCCMM). After subsequent analysis of the fit to the
model, the initial model is changed to include the
following modifications: 1) substitution of the constant toxicity per cell of Gymnodinium catenatum for a
dependent variable of the toxic episode and geographic location, 2) introduction of a time lapse of five days
in the assimilation of toxins, 3) introduction of a
74
second compartment and 4) substitution of the constant accumulation efficiency for a variable depending
on toxin content per seston unit (toxin quality).
Last comes the study of the effect that the changes
in the environmental conditions may have on the resulting model, by means of a sensitivity analysis, in which
each of the parameters of the model is changed in
terms of its probably range of uncertainty, while the
other parameters remain constant. The strength of the
model was corroborated, since the changes in the
parameters tested did not cause any sudden alterations in the model response. The change in the structure of the model (one or two compartments) was the
only element that slightly changed the response pattern of the model as compared to what was seen in the
other simulations.
TITLE
The histophysiology of reproduction in the carpet
shell clam Ruditapes decussatus (Linné, 1758) in the
Ría de Arosa (natural population and aquaculture
population)
RESEARCHER
Eugenia Rodríguez Moscoso
DEPARTAMENTS
DIRECTORS
Dr. Joaquín Espinosa Gallego, Dr. Oscar García
Martín
Department of Physiology, Department of
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
DATE PRESENTED: 06/07/2000
SUMMARY
Two populations of the carpet shell clam (Ruditapes
decussatus) – a natural population and a cultured
population are studied. The following model for
reproduction strategy was generated: the gametogenesis period of the population: January–
August/September; and the maturation period: AprilAugust/September. There is a gametogenic rest period
in autumn and part of the winter, understood as a
period in which the gonad activity does not cease, but
rather slows down. The quantification (stereologic
technique) of the maturation processes of the gametes
and the start of new germinal lines, along with the
small percentage of oocytes in lysis, define two spawning patterns: I) a continuous spawning during the
maturation period with a small but continuous release of gametes and II) a specific massive spawning at
the end of maturation with the release of practically
all the gametes and fertilization of 32% of the females. The fluctuations in the condition index during the
maturation period indicate that there are small, successive losses of body mass and a much larger one in
August, which would corroborate the conclusion that
there are continuous spawnings and one final massive
one.
Also included is a study of the identification of the
energy reserves that sustain gonad development. The
synthesis and storage areas were located is the mussel
tissue (alpha and beta glycogen,), vesicular cells (beta
glycogen and triacilglycerides) and digestive gland
(triacilglycerides).
The cytological dynamics of the muscle tissue presents an opposite pattern to gonad development. The
alpha and beta glycogen is processed according to the
following model: I) the beta glycogen fraction is accumulated in autumn coinciding with the autumn phy-
toplankton bloom, and is used between the start of
gametogenesis and the maturation of the gametes, II)
the alpha glycogen fraction is stored in spring and used
during the maturation period. The neutral lipids are
virtually absent from the muscle tissue as a reserve
substance.
The vesicular cells are intrafollicular and their cycle is
the opposite of gametogenic development. They
appear once the massive spawning of the gametes has
begun and reach maximum values in autumn, decreasing as gametogenesis takes place. These cells produce
and accumulate beta glycogen and neutral lipids. As
gametogenesis progresses, the glycogen may be used
in the biosynthesis of triacilglycerides which are then
transferred to the oocytes.
The digestive gland contains alpha glycogen during
the whole year, while the neutral lipids are only present in large quantities during the maturation period
of the gametes, and disappear after spawning, which
means it might play an important role in providing
lipids to sustain the maturation of the gametes. The
bioenergy reserves of the mature oocytes are comprised of alpha glycogen (granules of 1µm) with the inclusion of neutral lipids (triacilglycerides) of up to 14 µm.
Spermatozoa contain alpha glycogen in the flagellum.
The visceral mass accumulates between 30 and 50%
of the glycogen and of the total lipids present at all
times in the animal.
The higher rate of biosynthesis and glycogen mobilization is produced in the visceral mass (beta glycogen
in the vesicular cells and alpha glycogen in the mature
oocytes, followed by the muscular edge of the mantle
(alpha and beta glycogen of the muscle tissue) where
the highest levels are recorded prior to the massive
75
spawning of gametes. Glycogen mobilization appears
to have little importance in the adductor muscles and
foot, given their constant glycogen composition
(mean) and in the siphons and gills (minimum), except
at certain times, such as in the restoration of the gonad
before the massive spawning.
A greater accumulation of lipids is detected at the
beginning of the maturation period and the highest
concentration of lipids occurs in the gills followed by
the visceral mass. It is in the visceral mass where the
maximum recharge of this component takes place,
with successive productions and uses of this energy
reserve during the cycle. This, supported by histochemistry with the lipid of the visceral mass being largely
neutral, would imply that there are triacilglyicerides in
the digestive gland. The recharge rate of the lipid in
the gills is much lower than in the visceral mass and the
functions are basically structural (components of the
membranes). The dynamics of the total lipid present in
the adductor muscle, siphons, muscular edge and foot
is low, which leads us to consider that the functionality
76
of the lipid found in these parts is structural and has little importance as a reserve lipid. It is concluded that
the model of reproductive strategy is conservative.
In order to gain knowledge of the zoosanitary condition of the populations, we monitored the presence
of the protozoan Perkinsus, in addition to the intensity
and evolution of this epizoite. For an accurate diagnosis of Perkinsus by microscope observation, it was concluded that it is necessary to verify al the tissues. In the
hatchery, the transmission of the protozoan by the
parent stock to the spat affects more than 50% of the
spat, seen 6 months after spawning occurred. The seed
measuring 15 mm sown in the culture park –which has
the highest growth rate, as it reaches the legal extraction size a year and a half after the start of the culture, despite being infected by Perkinsus with a prevalence of 100%- is held in culture until it reached two
years and nine months. However, the reproductive
capacity of the population suffers a decrease in fertility
of 75% after the second year of culture.
3.4. ADVISORY SERVICES FOR THE SECTOR AND THE ADMINISTRATION
A.- Reports issued.
- Report on the impact of the increase in the length of
the mussel ropes on the rafts from different parks.
Requested by the Autonomous Ministry of Fisheries,
Shellfishery and Aquaculture. Author: Blanco Pérez,
J.C.
- Report on the possible impact of the dumping of
mussel shells in the open sea. Requested by the
Autonomous Ministry of Fisheries, Shellfishery and
Aquaculture. Author: Blanco Pérez, J.C.
- Report on the mortality of the cockle in Lombos do
Ulla. Requested by the Directorate General of
Marine Resources. Authors: Carballal Durán, Mª. J.,
Villalba García, A.
- Report on the Plan Galicia 1999. Participation in
meetings of the Commission for the Monitoring of
the Plan Galicia. Author: Cerviño Eiroa, A.
- Report on minimum market size to improve the yield
of populations and to provide new channels of
knowledge of natural populations of the pullet carpet shell clam (Venerupis senegalensis, Gmelin,
1971). Author: De Coo, A.; Cerviño Eiroa, A.
- Report on the draft of the Order regulating the use
of the technique known as “chicoteo” by the mussel
sector (26/04/2000). Requested by the Directorate
General of Marine Resources. Author: Fuentes
González, J. M.
- Report on the alternatives and viability of a seed bed
for the pre-growth of European flat oyster spat originating from natural collection. Requested by OPOGA. Author: Guerra Díaz, A.
- Annual and quarterly report on the “production and
operation of the mollusk hatchery of Punta Quilme
on the Isla de Arousa managed by OPP-20”; in the
framework of the collaboration agreement between
this institution and the Autonomous Ministry of
Fisheries, Shellfishery and Aquaculture. Author:
Guerra Díaz, A.
- Report on the state of the razor clam (Ensis ensis)
from the natural bed of the Islas Cies (Ría de Vigo),
with a view to regulate the harvesting period.
Territorial Delegation of Fisheries, Shellfishery and
Aquaculture. Vigo. Author: Guerra Díaz, A.
- Report on the draft of the Order regulating the use
of the technique known as “chicoteo” by the mussel
sector (26/04/2000). Requested by the Directorate
General of Marine Resources. Author: Guerrero
Valero, S.
- Report on “Studies conducted on perkinsosis in the
Area of Pathology at the CIMA and the zoosanitary
map of Perkinsus”. Requested by the Directorate
General of Marine Resources. Author: Villalba
García, A.
B.- Participation in scientific and technical meetings.
- Blanco Pérez, J.C.: Management of the Marine
Research Program of the Galician Program for
Research and Technological Development. Year
2000.
- Carballal Durán, Mª J. Member of the examining
board awarding the degree of Advanced Studies to:
Antonio Gómez Rodríguez, David Iglesias Estepa and
Rafael Iniesta Soto.
- Guerra Díaz, A.: Coordinator of the workshop:
“JACUMAR-solenid depuration”. Preparation of the
JACUMAR meetings at the Directorate General of
Marine Resources.
- Molares Vila, J.; Guerra Díaz, A.: Participation in
meetings of the Coordinating Panel of the Galician
Program.
- Linares Cuerpo, F.: Representative of the C.A. of
Galicia at the workshop entitled “The Culture of
New Species (sea bream) of the JACUMAR National
Program”.
- Linares Cuerpo, F.: Representative of the C.A. of
Galicia at the workshop entitled “The Culture of
New Species (octopus) of the JACUMAR National
Program”.
- Molares Vila, J.: Review of the models of exploitation plans for specific resources.
79
C.- Participation on examining boards and commissions.
D.- Other
- Guerra Díaz, A.: Member of the examining board to
select FP-II (vocational training) technicians for the
mini-hatcheries of bivalve mollusks on the Illa de
Arousa. (D.O.G. nº 41, 29.02.2000).
- Martínez Patiño, D.; Nóvoa Vázquez, S.; Ojea
Martínez, J.: Delivery of pullet carpet chell clam and
European flat oyster spat to a number of Fishermen’s
Guilds. Spat was obtained at the Hatchery in
Ribadeo as a result of the experiments carried out in
the research projects. Delivery dates. January, April,
August and December.
- Guerra Díaz, A.: President of the Commission awarding grants to specialist technicians, FP-II (vocational
training) and advanced training
(D.O.G. nº 50,
13.03.2000).
- Guerra Díaz, A.: member of the examining of the
First Award “JACUMAR for Aquaculture Research”
(B.O.E nº 29, 14.12.1999).
- Fuentes González, J. M.: member of the Commission
awarding grants to specialist technicians, FP-II vocational training) and advanced training (D.O.G. nº 50,
13.03.2000).
80
3.5. SCIENTIFIC AND TRAINING ACTIVITIES CARRIED OUT BY THE STAFF
3.5.1. ORGANIZATION, CHAIRMANSHIP AND PARTICIPATION IN SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS
3rd International Conference on Molluscan Shellfish
Safety. Southampton, New York, USA.
International Conference and Exhibition. Aqua
2000. Niza, Francia.
- Carballal, M. J.; Iglesias, D.; Santamarina, J.; Ferro, B.;
Villalba, A. Parasites and pathological conditions of
the populations of cockle Cerastoderma edule from
Galician estuaries.
- Linares, F.; Olmedo, M.; Peleteiro, J.B.; Gianzo, C.
Biochemical composition of blackspot seabream larvae, Pagellus bogaraveo, throughout larval development. Initial results.
- Santamarina, J., Ferro-Soto, B., Iglesias, D., Carballal,
M.J., Otero, X., Villalba, A. Mortality of cockle
Cerastoderma edule associated with a protistan
parasite (CPX) in the estuary of the Ulla river (Galicia,
NW Spain)
- Martínez D.; Nóvoa, S.; Ojea, J.; Alvarez, L. M. Larval
rearing of razor clams Solen marginatus (Pennant,
1777), Ensis siliqua (Linne, 1758).
- Blanco, J.; Bermúdez, M.; Arévalo, F.; Salgado, C.;
Moroño, A. Domoic acid depuration in the mussel
Mytilus galloprovincialis: effects of size, temperature
and salinity.
- Saavedra, Y.; Blanco, J.; Carro, N.; Maneiro, J.;
Fernández, P. The effect of size on trace metal levels
in raft mussels.
- Moroño, A.; Arévalo, F.; Fernández, M. L.; Maneiro,
J.; Salgado, C.; Blanco, J. Following the intoxication
and detoxification process caused by a Dinophysis
acuminata bloom in Mytilus galloprovincialis Lmk.
- Guerrero, S.; Alonso, J. L. Settlement of the blue
mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis on long-line systems
in two rías of Galicia, Spain.
- Prado, S.; Osorio, C.R.; Barja, J.L.; Montes, J. Studies
on the bacteria causing mortalities in cultures of oysters and clams larvae and the probiotic strains used
for their control.
- Darriba, S.; Guerra, A. Somatic condition indexes of
the razor clam (Ensis ensis): relation to the amount
of phytoplankton.
V Congreso de Ciencias del Mar, Marcuba 2000. La
Habana, Cuba.
- Linares, F.; Olmedo, M; Peleteiro, J.B.; Ortega, A.
Composición lipídica del besugo (Pagellus bogaraveo) procedente del medio natural y de cultivo
intensivo. Resultados preliminares.
- Darriba, S.; Martínez, D.; Guerra, A. Estudio del crecimiento de la navaja (Ensis arcuatus, Jeffreys, 1865)
en Galicia (N.O. de España).
XI Simposio Ibérico de Estudios del Bentos Marino
- Montes, J.; Santamarina, J.; Ferro-Soto, B.; Prado, S.;
Guerra, A. Recent Evolution of the pathology of flat
oyster Ostrea edulis L. in Galicia (NW Spain).
- Molares, J.; Macho, G.; Vázquez, E.; Gregorio, V.;
Giráldez, R. Períodos de puesta, abundancia larvaria
y reclutamiento del percebe Pollicipes pollicipes
Gmelin en la costa batida del sur de Galicia (N.O.
España).
92nd Annual Meeting of the National Shellfisheries
Association. Seattle, USA.
- Molares, J.; Macho, G.; Gregorio, V.; Giráldez, R.;
Fuentes, J. Períodos de puesta, abundancia larvaria y
reclutamiento del cirrípedo intermareal Elminius
modestus Darwin en la Ría de Arousa (N.O. España).
- Villalba, A.; Casas, S.; Carballal, M. J.; López, C.
Effects of perkinsosis on the clam Ruditapes decussatus industry of Galicia (NW Spain).
- Macho, G.; Molares, J.; Giráldez, R.; Gregorio, V.;
Vázquez, E. Períodos de puesta, abundancia larvaria
y reclutamiento de los cirrípedos intermareales
Balanus perforatus Bruguière y Chthamalus montagui Southward en la costa batida del sur de Galicia
(N.O. España).
83
- Darriba, S.; Guerra, A. Indice de condición gonadal
de la navaja (Ensis ensis): relación con el índice de
condición somático y abundancia de fitoplancton.
- Guerrero, S.; Alonso, J. L. Relación entre la temperatura del agua y presencia de postlarvas de mejillón
(Mytilus galloprovincialis Linnaeus,1750) en colectores long-line en las rías gallegas.
CYTED. Subp. II: Aquaculture. Technical consultation
for project II.6: Research and technological development for the culture of Pectinids in Latin America.
Costa Rica.
- Blanco, J.
VII National Conference on aquaculture. Santander.
4th International Larval Biology Meeting
- Cerviño, A. Member of the Scientific Committee.
- Vázquez, E.; Molares, J.; Macho, G.; Giráldez, R.;
Gregorio, V. Reproduction, larval abundance and
recruitment of barnacles from exposed coast of
Galicia (NW Spain).
- Macho, G.; Molares, J.; Gregorio, V.; Giráldez, R.;
Fuentes, J. Spatial and seasonal species composition
of barnacle larvae in estuarine waters (Ría de
Arousa, NW Spain).
- Molares, J.; Macho, G.; Gregorio, V.; Giráldez, R.;
Fuentes, J. Breeding period, larval abundance and
recruitment of the barnacle Elminius modestus
Darwin in the Ría de Arousa (NW Spain)
ICES Annual Science Conference. Bruges, Belgium.
- Molares, J.
VI Technological and Sectoral Meeting, GaliciaNorthern Portugal: Public Administrations Meeting.
Santiago de Compostela.
- Guerra, A.
Euroconference “ Oceanography and marine resources in the context of the global environmental change
and ecosystem sustainability”. Vigo.
- Blanco, J. Member of the Scientific Committee and
Chairman of the Session.
- Fuentes, J M. “Rapporteur” of the thematic session.
- Villalba, A. Member of the Organizing Committee.
84
Red-Natura 2000
- De Coo, A.
Workshop on New Species for Aquaculture.
University of Algarve. Faro. Portugal
- Guerra, A.; Darriba, S.; Martínez, D.; Catoira, J. L.;
Montes, J. Commercial razor clams in Galicia (NW of
Spain): The new candidates for the shellfish-culture.
- Peleteiro, J.B.; Olmedo, M.; Linares, F. Recent advances in the cultivation techniques for blackspot sea
bream (Pagellus bogaraveo B.): perspectives for
industrial cultivation.
III Scientific Meeting on the Microbiology of the
Aquatic Medium
-
Montes, J. Moderator of the Session on “Microbial
Contamination I”.
- Montes, J. Member of the Scientific Committee
9th International Conference on Harmful Algal
Blooms. Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
- Zapata M.; Rodríguez F.; Fraga S. Pigment patterns
of toxic and non-toxic Pseudo-nitzschia species
(Bacillariophyceae).
- Rodríguez, F.; Pázos, Y.; Maneiro, J.; Fraga, S.;
Zapata, M. HPLC pigment composition of phytoplankton populations during the development of
Pseudo-nitzschia spp. Proliferation.
Chlorophyll Workshop, QUASIMEME-BEQUALM.
Büsum, Germany.
- Zapata, M. Advances in HPLC methods for the analysis of chlorophylls from seawater samples.
- Rodríguez, F.; Pazos, Y.; Moroño, A.; Maneiro, J.;
Blanco, J.; Zapata, M. Relationship between in vivo
fluorescence and chlorophyll a in a coastal station in
the Ría de Pontevedra (Galicia, NW Spain)
- Cortes, M. A.; Zapata, M.; Rodríguez, F.; Garrido, J. L.
Liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry of chlorophyll c compounds.
- Van Lenning, K.; Zapata, M.; Wright, S.W.; Garrido,
J. L.; Rodríguez, F.; Probert, I. Pigment patterns of
the bloom-forming haptophyte Emiliania huxleyi.
- Rodríguez, F.; Van Lenning, K.; Zapata, M. Divinyl
chlorophyll a and b in ocean and coastal waters: Two
or three pigment patterns?.
Aquatic Science Meeting ASLO. Copenhagen,
Denmark.
Southern Ocean-JGOFS Symposium. Brest, France.
- Zapata, M.; Wright, S. W.; Garrido, J. L.; Rodríguez, F.
Phytoplankton pigment diversity: How to make use
of pigment diversity in oceanographic research?.
- Rodríguez, F.; Zapata, M. Pigment signatures in the
Gerlache Strait (Antarctic Peninsula) as determined
by HPLC analysis using a C8 column and a pyridinecontaining mobile phase.
- Wright, S. W.; Zapata, M.; Garrido, J. L.; Jeffrey, S. W.
Recent advances in HPLC separation of phytoplankton pigments.
- Garrido, J. L.; Otero, J.; Maestro, M.; Rodríguez, F.;
Zapata, M. Non polar chlorophyll c-like pigments
from some marine haptophytes.
85
3.5.2. DIRECTION OF DOCTORAL THESES AND INTERN TRAINING
• Employees with Post-Graduate Degrees
At the CIMA
Subject: “Accumulation of PSP and ASP type toxins in
bivalve mollusks”
Doctoral Candidate: Iniesta Soto, R.
Degree: Master’s Degree in Marine Science
Tutor and Thesis Director: Dr. Blanco Pérez, J. C.
Subject: “Population Dynamics of Dinophysis acumi
nata”
Doctoral Candidate: Gómez Rodríguez, A.
Degree : Master’s Degree in Biology
Subject: “PSP type toxin production by phytoplank
ton”
Doctoral Candidate : Lión Vázquez, M.
Subject: “Kinetics of intoxication-detoxification of
PSP toxins in Mytilus galloprovincialis Lmk.”
Doctoral Candidate: Moroño Mariño, A.
Subject: “Cysts in dinoflagellates from Angola”
Doctoral Candidate: Soares de Menezes Rangel, I
Subject: “Study of perkinsosis in the carpet shell
clam, Tapes decussatus (Linnaeus 1758), of Galicia”.
Doctoral Candidate : Casas Liste, S. M.
Degree: Master’s Degree in Biology
Tutor and Thesis Director: Dr. Villalba García, A.
Subject: “Susceptibility to bonamiosis, immunologi
cal abilities and productive traits in the European
flat oyster of diverse geographic origin. Selection of
a resistant stock”.
Doctoral Candidate: da Silva Scardua, P. M.
Tutor and Thesis Director: Dr. Villalba García, A.
86
Subject: “Application of pigment analysis using High
Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) to the
study of the composition and distribution of marine
phytoplankton”
Doctoral Candidate: Rodríguez Hernández, F.
Tutor and Thesis Director: Dr. Zapata Gago, M.
Subject: “A study of pathological changes in the coc
kle, Cerastoderma edule, in Galicia”
Doctoral Candidate: Iglesias Estepa, D.
Tutor and Co-Director of the Thesis: Dra. Carballal
Durán, M. J.; Co-director: Dr. Villalba García, A.
Subject: “Larval ecology of the goose barnacle
Pollicipes pollicipes: seasonal patterns, control
mechanisms and behavior, from hatching to attac
hment”.
Doctoral Candidate: Macho Rivero, G.
Tutor and Co-director of the Thesis: Dr. Molares Vila,
J.; Co-director: Dr. Vázquez Otero, E.
Subject: “A biological and productive study of
the razor clam (Ensis ensis), off the Cies Islands
(Ría de Vigo)”.
Doctoral Candidate: Darriba Couñago, S.
Tutor and Co-director of the Thesis: Dr. Guerra Díaz,
A.; Co-director: Dr. San Juan Serrano, F.
Subject: “Improving the production of spat of the
European flat oyster (Ostrea edulis L.) through the
modification of the microbiota”.
Doctoral Candidate: Prado Plana, S.
Tutor and Co-director of the Thesis : Dr. Montes
Pérez, J.; Co-director: Dr. Barja Perez, J.
At other Institutions:
Subject: “A study of the pathological changes in the
oyster, Ostrea puelchana, in natural beds and cultu
re areas of the San Matías Gulf, Río Negro”.
Doctoral Candidate: Kroeck Sesgonds, M.
Work center : Instituto de Biología Marina y
Pesquera “Alte. Storni”. Argentina.
Tutor and Thesis Director: Dr. Montes Pérez, J.
Subject: “Variability in biomass and structure of phy
toplankton populations in the Canary Islands waters,
as determined by HPLC analyses of pigments”.
Doctoral Candidate: Van Lenning, C.
Degree: B.Sc. (Marine Biology)
Centro de Trabajo: Institut de Cienciès del Mar de
Barcelona, CSIC
Tutor and Thesis Director: Dr. Zapata Gago, M.
Subject: “A study of the biology and improvement of
the culture techniques of the prosobranchial gastro
pod Haliotis tuberculata L”.
Doctoral Candidate: Lastres Couto, M.
Work Center : Instituto Galego de Formación en A
cuicultura
Tutor and Thesis Director: Dr. Guerra Díaz, A.
Subject: “Spatial and temporal variability of dissol
ved organic carbon in the rías baixas”
Doctoral Candidate: Miranda Bamio, M.
Work center : Centro de Control da Calidade do
Medio Mariño
Tutor and Co-director of the Thesis: Dr. Blanco Pérez,
J. C.; Co-directo: Dr. Álvarez Salgado, X. A.
Subject: “Bonamia ostreae: a quick diagnostic met
hod ”.
Doctoral Candidate: Ferro Soto, B.
Work Center : Centro de Control da Calidade do
Medio Mariño (CCCMM)
Tutor and Co-director of the Thesis : Dr. Montes
Pérez, J.
• Interns FP II
- Tutor: Dr. Blanco Pérez, J. C.
Intern: Margarita Pereiro González
Laboratory Specialist
Intern: Elena Martín Sánchez
Specialist in Marine Culture
Intern: Irene Barrientos González
Specialist in Clinical Analysis and Basic Processes
- Tutor: Dr. Carballal Durán, M. J.
Intern: Josume Benito Domec
Specialist in Pathological Anatomy
- Tutor: Linares Cuerpo, F.
Intern: Cristina Gianzo Quintela
Laboratory Specialist. Field of Chemistry (Analysis
and Basic Processes)
Intern: Leticia Lado Pose
Laboratory Specialist. Field of Chemistry (Analysis
and Basic Processes)
- Tutor: Dr. Molares Vila, J.
Intern: José Alvarez Vázquez
Specialist in the Administration of Computer Systems
Intern: Juan Luis Miguens Ramos
Technical Engineer of Computer Management
- Tutor: Seoane Ramallo, M. I.
Intern: Mª Isabel Graña Pereira
Specialist in Aquatic Production
- Tutor: Dr. Fuentes González, J. M.
Intern: Marta Andrade García
87
- Tutor: Dr. Guerra Díaz, A.
Intern: Iria Santamarina Búa
- Tutor: Dr. Villalba García, A.
Intern: María Jesús Llevot Sánchez
Specialist in Analysis and Basic Processes
- Tutor: Dr. Montes Pérez, J.
Intern: Ana Mª Rivas Martínez
- Tutor: Martínez Patiño, D.
Intern: Miryam Séfora Couso Dacosta
Intern: Dolores Domínguez González
88
Intern: Alicia Alvarez Padín
3.5.3. THE DIPLOMA OF ADVANCED STUDIES
TITLE
TITLE
A study of the parasites and pathological changes in
the cockle Cerastoderma edule populations of the
Galician Rías.
Identification, quantification and isolation of toxic
or possibly toxic dinoflagellates. The determination of
PSP toxins in mollusks from Angola.
RESEARCHER
RESEARCHER
David Iglesias Estepa, M.sc.
TUTOR
Dr Mª Jesús Carballal Gomez
Isabel Soares de Menezes Rangel, M.sc.
TUTOR
Dr Juan Blanco Perez
SUMMARY
SUMMARY
In order to identify the parasites and pathological changes affecting the populations of the cockle
Cerastoderma edule of the most important natural
beds in the Galician Rías in the summer of 1999, the
distribution of these animals was mapped. Among the
organisms found were bacterial symbiotes, protist
parasites, metazoans, disseminated neoplasia and large foci of with a strong hemocytarian reaction. The
most pathogenic changes were found to be disseminated neoplasia and trematodes.
An in-depth examination of the disseminated
neoplasia was carried out by means of a comparison of
three diagnostic techniques to detect the disease: a
smear of the hemolymph by the spontaneous adhesion
of the hemocytes to the slide covered with poly-Llysin, another smear using cytocentrifugation and histological preparations. The first method was the most
sensitive, although we would recommend the use of
histological sections because of the additional information they provide.
In order to lay down the guidelines to begin a monitoring system of toxic episodes caused by bivalve
mollusks in Angola, the main objectives of this study
were: the perfection of techniques able to identify the
toxic phytoplankton species in that country and to
carry out a preliminary prospecting examination of PSP
toxicity, which is, a priori, the most dangerous. In order
to do this, the study centered firstly, on the procurement of dinoflagellate cultures from mobile proliferations in the form of cysts present in the sediment, and
secondly, on the analysis of samples of sediment and
bivalves from Angola. In order to isolate the cells from
the cysts, it was also necessary to refine the taxonomic
identification techniques. A number of dinoflagellate
cultures were obtained from the samples collected in
Galicia, however we were unable to identify and therefore, isolate any dinoflagellate cyst suspected of producing toxicity in the sediments from Angola. The
analyses performed on different species of mollusks
from the area of Luanda point to the existence of PSP
type toxicity in this area, which means that the consumption of mollusks without control is a serious
health risk.
89
TITLE
TITLE
The effect of body size and metabolic fecal loss on
the elimination of PSP type toxinsin the mussel Mytilus
galloprovincialis.
The effect of the concentration of metals, pH and a
vitamin complex on the dinoflagellate Dinophysis
acuminata.
RESEARCHER
Rafael Iniesta, M.Sc.
RESEARCHER
Antonio Gómez Rodríguez, M.Sc.
TUTOR
Dr. Juan Blanco Pérez
TUTOR
Dr Juan Blanco Pérez
SUMMARY
The kinetics of the depuration of PSP toxins is
relatively well-known in the mussel, however the physiological mechanisms that regulate depuration have
yet to be discovered. Similarly, there are factors that
may affect the velocity of depuration, such as body
size, which have generated contradictory results. This
paper studies the importance of metabolic fecal loss on
the depuration of PSP toxins, as well as the possible
influence of the size of the specimen.
Metabolic fecal loss (MFL) is the elimination of endogenous organic matter in the feces, as a result of the
intracellular digestion in the mussel and has been
associated with the depuration of PSP toxins in a number of research papers. In order to quantify MFL, we
first applied the method proposed by Hawkins, but we
did not have very satisfactory results. Next, we developed a mathematical model in Matlab, with which good
fits were obtained. The second method was used to
calculate MFL. The results show that MFL increases
with the size of the mussel, but as MFL/weight becomes normalized, the opposite occurs.
In order to determine the effect of size on toxin elimination, a detoxification experiment was performed
in the lab, using mussels that had accumulated PSP
toxins on the raft during a proliferation of the toxic
dinoflagellate, Alexandrium minutum, and dividing
them into three size classes. Samples were also taken
of the feces to analyze their toxin content. A wide range of differences were observed between the toxin
profiles of the toxic species and the mussel, owing to
interconversions inside the bivalve. In contrast, the
toxic profile found in the feces was similar to that of A.
minutum, due to the presence of intact toxic cells.
90
SUMMARY
The species that is responsible for most of the
DSP episodes in the world is Dinophysis acuminata.
The study of D. acuminata is currently dependent upon
the season, as it has not been possible to obtain a viable culture of this species. For this reason, progress in
acquiring knowledge on its biology and physiology is
very slow.
Based on the hypothesis that a nutritional deficiency is responsible for the impossibility of obtaining
a culture of the species in laboratory conditions, we
designed an factorial experiment which was conducted
on a mixed population of enriched phytoplankton on
D. acuminata and D. skaggi. The most significant
results were the negative effect of the vitamin complex
and the predation of Diplopsalis lentícula on these two
species.
3.5.4. COURSES GIVEN
DOCTORAL PROGRAMS
Interuniversity Doctoral Program on “Marine
Biology and aquaculture:
Interuniversity Doctoral Program on “The Biology of
Organisms and Ecosystems”. University of Vigo
Course: “The immune system in bivalve mollusks”
Professors: Dr. Villalba García, A. And Dr. Carballal
Durán, M.J.
Course: “A study of phytoplanktonic diversity through
pigment analysis”.
Professor: Dr. Zapata Gago, M.
Course: “Episodes of phycotoxicity in bivalve
mollusks”
Professor: Dr. Blanco Pérez, J. C.
Course: “The structure and function of the photosynthesis system in algae”
Professor: Dr. Zapata Gago, M.
Course: “Genetics of Marine Mollusks”
Author: Fuentes González, J. M.
Interuniversity Doctoral Program on “Plant resources and Soil Science”. University of Vigo.
Course: “Mollusk culture techniques. The study and
incidence of bonamiasis”.
Professors: Dr. Montes Pérez, J. and Dr. Guerra Díaz,
A.
Course: “A study of the pigments in marine phytoplankton”
Professor: Dr. Zapaga Gago, M.
Course: “Pathological changes and the immune sys
tem in bivalve mollusks”
Professors: Dr. Villalba García, A. and Dr. Carballal
Durán, M.J.
Interuniversity Doctoral Program on “The Biology of
Organisms and Ecosystems”. University of Vigo
Course: “The mussel raft as an ecosystem”
Professor: Dr. Blanco Pérez, J. C.
91
LECTURES
“Gestión de los recursos marinos: la importancia de
los técnicos en la gestión de los recursos vivos”.
Author: Molares Vila, J.
IGAFA, Illa de Arousa.
“Patologías en cultivos marinos. Tratamiento de
enfermedades. Agentes quimioterápicos”.
Author: Montes Pérez, J.
Department of Marine Science. University of Vigo.
“Los quistes de dinoflagelados y su papel como
potencial inóculo de las floraciones de algas
nocivas”.
Author: Blanco Pérez, J.C.
IV COI-AECI-IEO course on toxic microalgae and
phytotoxins. Vigo.
“Composición pigmentaria de microalgas”.
Course: Fitoplancton tóxico Cultivos de microalgas
tóxicas en investigación y programas de vigilancia.
Author: Zapata Gago, M.
COI-IEO, Programa HAB. Vigo.
“Los cultivos de moluscos bivalvos: criaderos y
semilleros. Lineas de investigación”.
Author: Guerra Diaz, A.
Department of Marine Science. University of Vigo.
92
“Parásitos y alteraciones patológicas de los
berberechos de las Rías Gallegas”. Oral Presentation
to obtain the Diploma of Advanced Studies.
Author: Iglesisas Estepa, D.
3.5.5. PARTICIPATION ON EXAMINING BOARDS TO JUDGE DOCTORAL CANDIDATES
Montes Pérez, J.
- Title: “Histofisiología de la reproducción de almeja
fina Ruditapes decussatus (Linné, 1758) en la
ría de Arosa (población natural y población de cultivo).”
- Doctoral Candidate: Eugenia Rodríguez Moscoso
- Place : Pharmacy School. University of Santiago de
Compostela
Alonso Fernandez de Landa, J. L.
- Title: “Cinética de Bioacumulación de metales pesados y strés ecofisiológico en Ulva sp.”
- Doctoral Candidate: José Enrique Barraza Sandoval
Place: Biology School. University of Santiago de
Compostela
93
3.5.6. PUBLICATION OF SCIENTIFIC JOURNALS
- Rey Méndez, M.; Fernandez Casal, J.; Izquierdo
Dominguez, M.; Cerviño Eiroa, A.
II Foro dos Recursos Mariños e da Acuicultura das
Rías Galegas. ISBN 84-000-9566-5. O Grove.
94
3.5.7. REVIEW OF ARTICLES IN SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS
Review of articles for scientific journals:
- Fish & Shellfish Immunology. Carballal Durán Mª. J.
- Ciencias Marinas. Inst. de Invest. Oceanológicas. U.
Aut. Baja California (México). Linares Cuerpo, F.
-
Fish and Shellfish Immunology. Villalba García, A.
-
Sarsia. Villalba García, A.
-
Marine Chemistry. Zapata Gago, M.
95
3.6. STAFF TRAINING
3.6.1. VISITS TO OTHER CENTERS
López Gómez, C.
- Project “Viruses associated with hemocytarian neoplasia and granulocytomes in bivalve mollusks”.
Duration: Post-doctoral grant (biannual).
Center: University of Taipei. Academia Sinica.
(Taiwan).
Nóvoa Vázquez, S.
- Intercalibration of the technique of neutral lipid
and polar separation by silica microcolumns.
Intercalibration of the technique of identification
and quantification of methylated fatty acids by gas
chromatography.
Intercalibration of the technique of purification of
methylated fatty acids by HPLC
Duration: 3 months
Center: IFREMER and the Department of Marine
Biochemistry. University of Western Brittany.
Macho Rivero, G.
- Learning techniques of lipid and protein extraction
in cirripedes, in order to experiment with the agents
causing hatching and larval attachment in the goose
barnacle.
Duration: 1 month
Center: Plymouth Marine Laboratory. England
- Learning the use of experimental channels with
variable flow in order to study the larval behavior of
the goose barnacle in environments with different
hydrodynamics.
Duration: 1 month
Center: Dalhousie University, Halifax. Canada
Casas Liste, S. M.
- Culture “in vitro” of the parasite Perkinsus atlanticus and the enzymatic characterization of the extracelulares products releases by the parasite in culture, under the direction of Dr. Jerome F. La Peyre.
Duration: 1 month
Center: Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge,
EEUU.
Zapata Gago, M.
- Study of the variability in the pigment composition
of stocks of Phaeocystis antarctica isolated from the
waters and ice of the Antarctic.
Duration: 1 month
Center: Australian Antarctic Division, Kingston,
Tasmania, Australia
Rodríguez Hernandez, F.
- Study of the variability in the pigment composition
of stocks of Phaeocystis antarctica isolated from the
waters and ice of the Antarctic.
Duration: 1 month
Center: Australian Antarctic Division, Kingston,
Tasmania, Australia
Darriba Couñago, S.
- Cytogenetic analysis of commercial species of solenaceans: razor clams Ensis ensis and Ensis siliqua.
Duration: 2 weeks
Center: Department of Cell and Molecular Biology
–School of Science- Univ. of A Coruña
Molares Vila, J.
- Design of a Geographic Information System focusing on the integral regulation on the fishery of
marine resources.
Duration: 1 week.
Centro: Department of Statistics and Operative
Research - University of Alicante
Iglesias Estepa, D.
- Study of the ultraestructure of trematode parasites
of the cockle Cerastoderma edule in Galicia.
Duration: 1 week
Center: Universidade de Ciencias Biomédicas of
Oporto
Benito Domec, J.
- Study of electron microscopy techniques
Duration: 1 week
Center: Departament of Animal Biology - University
of Alcala de Henares
99
Guerrero Valero, S.
- Triploidy and tetraploidy of mollusks in american
hatcheries and culture systems of the oyster, clam,
mussel and pectinids.
Duration: 1 week
Center: Taylor´s Hatchery , Coast Oyster Company y
University of Washington, in Seattle, USA
100
3.6.2. COURSE ATTENDANCE
- GIS ARCVIEW 3.0
Molares Vila, J; Gregorio Chenlo, Mª. V.; Santos
Piñeiro, I. ; Andrade García, M.; Fernández Alvarez,
A.; Casas Liste, S.; Giraldez Rivero, R.; Gómez, R.;
Miguens Ramos, J.L.; Alvarez Vázquez, J.; Darriba
Couñago, S.
- Introduction to GIS applications and teledetection
techniques in ecology.
Molares Vila, J.; Fernández Alvarez, A.
- Basic statistics applied to Fisheries Biology.
Molares Vila, J. ; Iglesias Estepa, D.; Darriba
Couñago, S.; Martínez Patiño, D.; Santos Piñeiro, I.;
Fernández Alvarez, A.; Casas Liste, S.
- Basic Course on Prevention for Representatives
De Coo Martín, A.
- Advanced course in Prevention for specialists
De Coo Martín, A.
- V course of Biotoxicology, Pathology and Physiology
in the Aquatic Environment. Puerto Real. Cádiz.
Gianzo Quintela, C.
- Processing of Statistical data using office techniques“. EGAP.
Rodríguez Castro, V.; Montes Perez, J.; Linares
Cuerpo, F.
-
- Management of Galician Artisanal Fisheries:
Integration of Social and Biological Aspects. A
Coruña.
Molares Vila, J.
- Technical Meeting on Geographic Information
Systems.
Molares Vila, J.
- Workshops on Pathology in Aquaculture
Iglesias Estepa, D.
Course in Business Galician (intermediate level ).
Consellería
de
Educación
e
Ordenación
Universitaria. Pontevedra.
Pablo Ventoso Padín.
- Doctoral Program in Marine Biology and Aquaculture
Santos Piñeiro, I.
- Lecture series on Aquaculture. Real Academia Galega
de Ciencias. Pontevedra.
Guerra Diaz, A.
101
3.7. COLLABORATION AGREEMENTS
- Collaboration Agreement between the a CPMA and
the Sociedade Anónima de Xestión do Centro de
Supercomputación de Galicia
- Basic Collaboration Agreement CPMA-IEO
- Basic Collaboration Agreement with the University of
Vigo
- Agreement in collaboration with the University of
Vigo to carry out joint educational and research activities.
- Basic Collaboration Agreement CPMA-ANFACO
- Basic Collaboration Agreement with the University of
A Coruña
105
3.8. OUTSIDE VISITORS
- Lucio Grassia. Centro Servizi Formazione e Impresa,
Chioggia. Italy. A group of 12 fishery professionals
interested in learning about marine resource management models and the state of aquaculture in Galicia.
- Dr. José Luis López Rodríguez. Área de Genética,
Departamento de Biología Fundamental, Facultad de
Santiago de C. Discussion an planning of aspects related to the research project: “Biochemical and immunological identification of mussel larvae, M. galloprovincialis.
- Ms. Lillemor Svärdh. Tjarno Marine Biologocal
Laboratory, Suecia. Reproduction and pathology of the
mussel in Sweden and Galicia
- Delegation of Researchers from the IEO-Centro
Costero de Vigo and Peruvian Researchers from the
Program of Development of the Fisheries and
Aquaculture Sector of Peru (PADESPAPERÚ).
- Dr. César Lodeiros. Instituto Oceanográfico de
Venezuela. Universidad de Oriente (UDO). 15 day visit
to draw up a research report and promote collaboration agreements between the Universidad de Oriente
and the CIMA.
109
3.9. PUBLICACIONES
3.9.1. ARTICLES IN JOURNALS LISTED IN THE Science Citation Index (SCI)
- Moroño, A.; Franco, J.; Miranda, M.; Reyero, M. I.;
Blanco, J. The effect of mussel size, temperature, seston volume, food quality and volumE-specific toxin
concentration on the uptake rate of PSP toxins by mussels (M. gal. Lmk.) Journal of Experimental Marine
Biology and Ecology (In press)
- Egeland, E. S.; Garrido, J. L.; Zapata, M.; Maestro,
M. A.; Liaaen-Jensen. Algal carotenoids. Part 64.
Structure and chemistry of 4-keto-19’-hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin with a novel carotenoid end group. Journal
of Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 1, 8-2000:
1223-1230 (2000).
- Fuentes, J.; Gregorio, V.; Giráldez, R.; Molares, J.
Within-raft variability of the growth rate of mussels,
Mytilus galloprovincialis, cultivated in the Ría de
Arousa (NW Spain). Aquaculture 189: 39-52 (2000).
- Garrido, J. L.; Otero, J.; Maestro, M.A.; Zapata, M.
The main nonpolar chlorophyll c from Emiliania huxleyi (Prymnesiophyceae) is a chlorophyll c2-monogalactosyldiacylglyceride ester: a mass spectrometry study.
Journal of Phycology 36: 497-505 (2000).
- Zapata, M.; Rodríguez, F.; Garrido, J. L. Separation
of chlorophylls and carotenoids from marine phytoplankton: a new HPLC method using a reversed-phase
C8 column and pyridine-containing mobile phases.
Marine Ecology Progress Series,195: 29-45 (2000).
113
3.9.2. ARTICLES IN JOURNALS NOT LISTED IN THE SCI
- Brezmes, C.; Estévez, A.; Rodríguez, V.; Seoane, M.
I.. Ensayos de laboratorio para la obtención de microcápsulas destinadas a la alimentación de moluscos
bivalvos. Monografías del Instituto Canario de Ciencias
Marinas, nº 4. (in press).
- Rodriguez, J., M.I. Seoane; Guerra, A. Comparación
del rendimiento de dos tipos de colectores en la fase
de fijación de la ostra plana (Ostrea edulis, L.) en criadero. Monografías del Instituto Canario de Ciencias
- Martínez, D.; Nóvoa, S.; Ojea, J.; Alvarez, L.M.
Larval rearing of razor clams Solen marginatus
(Pennant, 1777), Ensis siliqua (Linne, 1758) and Ensis
ensis (Linne, 1758). Aqua 2000. European Aquaculture
Society. Special publication nº 28. pp. 448.
- Mª P. Sebe; A. Cabada; A. Cerviño; A. Coo y M.
Martínez. Acondicionamiento y recuperación de la
zoná submareal de la playa de Borreiros Vilaxoán,
mediante el aporte de áridos procedentes de cantera.
Ría de Arousa. Galicia. Monografas del Instituto
Canario de Ciencias Marinas, n° 4 (in press).
- Linares, F.; Olmedo, M.; Peleteiro, J. B.; Gianzo, C.
Biochemical composition of blackspot seabream larvae, Pagellus bogaraveo, throughout larval development. Initial results. Aqua 2000. European Aquaculture
- Darriba, S.; Guerra, A. Somatic condition indexes of
the razor clam (Ensis ensis): relation with the amount
of phytoplankton. Aqua 2000. European Aquaculture
- Guerra, A.; Montes, J.; Lomba, S.; Darriba, S. Cultivo
en batea de semilla de ostra plana (Ostrea edulis L.).
Actuales perspectivas del cultivo en Galicia (N.O. de
España). Monografias del Instituto Canario de Ciencias
- Darriba, S.; Guerra, A.; San Juan, F.; Montes, J.
Estudio del ciclo reproductivo de la navaja (Ensis ensis,
L.), en las Islas Cíes (Ría de Vigo, N.O. de España).
Monografias del Instituto Canario de Ciencias Marinas,
nº 4. (in press).
- Linares, F.; Olmedo, M.; Ortega, A., Peleteiro, J. B.
Experiencias de engorde de besugo, Pagellus bogaraveo, (Brunnich,1768) en jaulas y tanques de cultivo.
Monografías del Instituto Canario de Ciencias Marinas,
nº 4. (in press).
- Peleteiro, J. B.; Olmedo, M.; Linares, F. Recent
advances in the cultivation techniques for Blackspot
seabream (Pagellus bogaraveo B.): perspectives for
industrial cultivation. Workshop on New Species for
Aquaculture. Centre of Marine Sciences. pp:41-43.
114
- A. Coo; A. Cerviño y Ma. P. Sebe. Evolución productiva, económica y organizativa del marisqueo tradicional en la ría de Arousa. 1994-1998. Monografias del
Instituto Canario de Ciencias Marinas n° 4 (in press).
- A. Cabada; A. Coo y A. Cerviño. Evolución de los
precios de primera venta y la oferta de los moluscos
bivalvos de las rías gallegas en el periodo 1994-1998.
Monografias del Instituto Canario de Ciencias Marinas.
n° 4 (in press).
- Mª I. Seoane y V. Rodríguez. Evaluación de la supervivencia larvaria de ostra plana (Ostrea edulis, Linnaeus
1750) en cultivos tratados con cloranfenicol.
Monografias del Instituto Canario de Ciencias Marinas
n° 4 (in press).
- Mª P. Sebe; A. Cabada; A. Coo; A. García y M.
Martínez. Dinámica de poblaciones naturales de almeja babosa Venerupis pullastra (Montagu, 1803) en la ría
de Arousa. Galicia. Monografias del Instituto Canario
de Ciencias Marinas n° 4 (in press).
- E. Abella, M. Martínez; Mª P. Sebe; A. Alcalde; P.
Mosquera y J. M. Parada. Experiencia de cultivo de
almeja babosa (Venerupis pullastra): preengorde y
engorde en la ría de Arousa. Galicia. España.
n° 4 (in press).
- M. Martínez; A. Cabada; J. M. Parada y Ma p Sebe.
Cultivo comparado de almeja fina Ruditapes decussatus (Linnaeus, 1758) en parque intermareal, en cultivo
sobreelevado en sumergido y en parque sumergido.
Monografas del Instituto Canario de Ciencias Marinas
n° 4 (in press).
- M. Martínez; A. Coo y Mª P. Sebe. La formación de
biso como indicador de calidad en la semilla de moluscos bivalvos. laS experiencias como almeja fina
Ruditapes decussatus (Linnaeus, 1758). Monografias
del Instituto Canario de Ciencias Marinas n° 4 (in press).
- A. García; A. Alcalde; A. Coo; M. Martínez; J.M.
Parada y Ma p Sebe. Dinámica de poblaciones de almeja fina Ruditapes decussatus (Linnaeus, 1758) de fijación natural en diferentes zonas marisqueras interrnareales de la ría de Arousa, Galicia. Monografías del
Instituto Canario de Ciencias Marinas n° 4 (in press).
especies de solénidos: Solen marginatus (Permánt,
1777) y Ensis siliqua (Linné, 1758), a lo largo del ciclo
gametogénico. Monografas del Instituto Canario de
Ciencias Marinas n° 4 (in press).
- J. Ojea; S. Nóvoa; D. Martínez Patiño y J.L.
Rodríguez. Evaluación de la calidad nutritiva del fitoplancton en tres sistemas de cultivo empleados en criadero de moluscos. Monografias del Instituto Canario
de Ciencias Marinas n° 4 (in press).
- S. Nóvoa; D. Martínez Patiño; J. Ojea; J. Blanco; M.
Buján y J.L. Rodríguez. Fabricación de microcápsulas a
partir de aceites naturales (atún, caballa, bacalao y sardina) para su empleo como suplemento lipídico nutricional en los cultivos larvarios de almeja. Monografias
del Instituto Canario de Ciencias Marinas n° 4 (in press).
- A. Alcalde; M. Martínez; P. Mosquera; J.M. Parada;
E. Abella y Mª P. Sebe. Engorde de almeja fina
Ruditapes decussatus (Linnaeus, 1758) en zonas intermareales de la ría de Arousa. Galicia. Espana.
n° 4 (in press).
- A. Coo; E. Abella; A. Alcalde; A. García y J.M.
Parada. Primeros datos sobre el reclutamiento y el crecimiento de las poblaciones naturales de almeja japonesa, Ruditapes philippinarum (Adams & Reeve 1850)
en la zona de Vilaxoán, ría de Arousa, Galicia.
n° 4 (in press).
- D. Martínez Patiño; E. Rodríguez Moscoso; J. Ojea;
S. Nóvoa Vázquez y J.L. Rodríguez. Evolución de la
composición de ácidos grasos de las familias de lípidos
neutros y polares en la gónada y masa visceral de las
115
3.9.3. CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOOKS
- Olmedo, M.; Peleteiro, J. B.; Linares, F.; AlvárezBlázquez, B.; Gomez, C.; Ortega, A. Experience with
ongrowing juvenile blackspot sea bream (Pagellus
bogaraveo) born in captivity, in tanks at different temperatures. Cahiers Options Mediterranéennes. Vol. 47.
153-157. INO Reprod. I.S.S.N:1022-1379
- Blanco, J. Chapter 15: Episodios Nocivos por
Fitoplancton. Cultivo de Pectínidos en Iberoamérica.
Ciencia y Tecnología. CYTED. (In press).
- Corral, M.; Grizel, H.; Montes, J.; Polanco, E. Análisis
del desarrollo de los cultivos: medio, agua y especies.
La acuicultura: biología, regulación, fomento, nuevas
tendencias y estrategia comercial (Tomos I y II). MundiPrensa. ISBN: 84-7114-864-1. Madrid.
- Bravo, I.; Franco, J. M.; Molist, P.; Lastres, M.;
Alonso, A.; Zapata, M. Estudio de la toxicidad de
Haliotis tuberculata. Hipótesis sobre su posible origen.
VI Reunión Ibérica sobre fitoplancton tóxico y biotoxinas. Junta de Andalucía, Consejería de Agricultura y
Pesca, ISBN: 84-89802-88-2, Sevilla, pp. 149-154 (2000).
116
- Rodríguez, F.; Pazos, Y.; Moroño, A.; Maneiro, J.;
Blanco, J.; Zapata, M. Variación en la relación entre la
fluorescencia in vivo y la clorofila a asociada a la dinámica oceanográfica. VI Reunión Ibérica sobre
Fitoplancton Tóxico y Biotoxinas. Junta de Andalucía,
Consejería de Agricultura y Pesca, ISBN: 84-89802-88-2,
Sevilla, pp. 281-290 (2000).
- De Coo, A. Resultados económicos e productivos do
“Plan Galicia” de marisqueo a pé. II Foro dos Recursos
Mariños e da Acuicultura das Rías Galegas. O
Grove.1999 pp: 147-157.
- De Coo, A. A defensa do recurso e a reducción das
capturas nas rías galegas. ¿Un discurso político con
base científica?. A súa realidade e os seus resultados. II
Foro dos Recursos Mariños e da Acuicultura das Rías
Galegas. O Grove.1999 pp: 159-168.
4. SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS AND TRAINING ORGANIZED BY THE CIMA
4.1. MEETINGS
Title: “Chemical signals in barnacles”.
Speaker: Dr. Anthony S. Clare. Department of
Marine Sciences & Coastal Management Newcastle
University, Newcastle, U. K.
Date: January 21st
Title: “Patrón reproductor del percebe y otros cirrípedos intermareales en la costa sur de Galicia”.
Speakers : Dr. José Molares; Gonzalo Macho. Area de
Recursos Marinos. CIMA.
Date: March 3rd
Title: “A exploraçao de moluscos bivalves na costa portuguesa. Aspectos da biologia, ecologia e da pescaria dos recursos de interesse económico”.
Speaker: Dr. Miguel Gaspar. Centro Regional de
Investigaçao Pesqueira do Sul (IPIMAR).
Date: April 7th l
Title: “Identificación de factores endógenos y exógenos que influyen en el crecimiento de moluscos
bivalvos tropicales, en condiciones de cultivo”.
Speaker: Dr. César Lodeiros. Dpto. de Biología
Pesquera del Instituto Oceanográfico de Venezuela
(IOV-UDO).
Date: October 24 th
Title: “Los criaderos de moluscos bivalvos: evolución,
análisis de la situación actual y estrategias de futuro”.
Speaker: Dr. John Bayes. Seasalter Shellfish Ld. Kent
(U.K.)
Date: October 27 th
Title: “La conchicultura francesa: estrategias actuales y
el papel de los criaderos de moluscos”.
Speaker: Dr. Jean Claude Cochard. IFREMER, Centro
de Brest (France)
Fecha: 3 de noviembre
Title: “Dinámica de poblaciones y gestión de pesquerías costeras: El caso gallego”.
Speaker: Dr. Juan Freire. Departamento de Biología
Animal, Biología Vegetal y Ecología. Universidad de
La Coruña.
Date: December 1st
Title: “El cultivo del pulpo en Galicia: resultado de cuatro años de
investigaciones” .
Speaker: Dr. José Iglesias. IEO-Centro Oceanográfico
de Vigo.
Date: December 18 th .
119
SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS AND TRAINING ORGANIZED BY THE CIMA
4.2. COURSES
- Titulo: Curso de Informática. Programas básicos.
Taught by: INFO-JC
Directed at: Personal del CIMA
Held at: CIMA de Corón (Vilanova de Arousa).
- Title: Computer Course- Basic Program.
Taught by: Microcenter (Ribeira)
Directed at : CIMA Staff at the Center of Couso
Held at : Santa Eugenia de Ribeira (La Coruña).
- Title: Basic Statistics Applied to Fisheries Biology.
Taught by: Dra. Pilar Hernandez. Universidad de
Alicante.
Directed at: Marine Resource staff.
Held at : CIMA (Vilanova de Arousa).
- Title : SIG ARC VIEW 3.0
Taught by : Mr. Emilio Abad.
Directed at : Marine Resource staff.
Held at: CESGA (Santiago).
120
Consellería de Pesca, Marisqueo e Acuicultura CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIÓNS MARIÑAS - CIMA Annual Report 2000
UNTA
DE GALICIA
e Acuicultura
CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIÓNS MARIÑAS - CIMA
Annual Report 2000
CONSELLERÍA DE PESCA,
MARISQUEO E ACUICULTURA
X U N TA D E G A L I C I A

memoria cima 2000 ingles - Consellería do Mar

Transcription

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