Lions of Tsavo

Transcription

Lions of Tsavo

Earthwatch.
2009 EXPEDITION BRIEFING
Lions of Tsavo
Dr. Bruce D. Patterson
Dr. Samuel M. Kasiki
Alexander Mwazo Gombe
The Field Museum
Kenya Wildlife Service
Tsavo East National Park
AFRICA
2009
Our Mission
Earthwatch engages people worldwide in scientific field research and
education to promote the understanding and action necessary for a
sustainable environment.
We believe that achieving a sustainable future requires objective
scientific data from the field—and that the scientific process must engage
the general public if it is to change the world. To that end, we involve
people from all walks of life directly in global field research.
We invite you to join us.
Offices:
Earthwatch Institute
3 Clock Tower Place
Suite 100
P.O. Box 75
Maynard, MA 01754 U.S.A.
[email protected]
www.earthwatch.org
Toll-free: +1 (800) 776-0188
Phone: +1 (978) 461-0081
Fax:
+1 (978) 461-2332
Earthwatch (Europe)
Mayfield House
256 Banbury Road
Oxford
OX2 7DE
UNITED KINGDOM
[email protected]
www.earthwatch.org/europe
Phone: +44 (0) 1865-318-838
Fax:
+44 (0) 1865-311-383
Earthwatch (Australia)
126 Bank Street
South Melbourne
VIC 3205
AUSTRALIA
[email protected]
www.earthwatch.org/australia
Phone: +61 (0) 3-9682-6828
Fax:
+61 (0) 3-9686-3652
Earthwatch (Japan)
Sanbancho TY Plaza 5F
Sanbancho 24-25, Chiyoda-ku,
Tokyo 102-0075 JAPAN
[email protected]
www.earthwatch.jp
Phone: +81-(0)3-3511-3360
Fax:
+81-(0)3-3511-3364
www.earthwatch.org
-- An international nonprofit organization founded in Boston, Massachusetts in 1971--
Dear Earthwatcher,
Welcome to Earthwatch! We greatly appreciate your decision to contribute to important hands-on environmental
science and conservation. As an Earthwatch volunteer, you have the opportunity to create positive change for our
world while having a life-changing experience. Each year we send thousands of people just like you into the field
to understand and help an array of species, habitats, and cultures on approximately 85 research projects in more
than 40 countries. These projects focus on: Sustainable Management of Natural Resources, Climate Change,
Oceans, and Sustainable Cultures.
We place the highest priority on the health and safety of all those involved in our activities anywhere in the
world. Although risk is an inherent part of the environments in which we work, careful risk management and
diligent planning means all participants can have safe, educational, and inspirational Earthwatch experiences.
Our dedicated Field Management team works around the clock to assess and manage the risks of conducting field
research in a variety of locations and conditions. We’ve been providing safe experiences for more than 35 years,
so you’re in good hands.
To keep Earthwatch teams safe and happy, we require all expedition participants prepare for their experience
by reading this Expedition Briefing and completing a number of volunteer forms, which vary by expedition
and by regional Earthwatch office. Volunteers signing up through the US office can find the forms online at
http://www.earthwatch.org/volforms. Volunteers signing up through Earthwatch offices in the UK, Australia,
or Japan should contact those offices at the information listed below for more information.
It is essential that you carefully read your Expedition Briefing, which includes important logistical
information such as instructions for reaching the project site, what to pack, where your team will stay, what
immunizations you need, how to physically prepare for your expedition, entry requirements for the project
country, and more. Your Briefing also explains the research being conducted on the project, why it’s important,
and what role you’ll play as an Earthwatch volunteer.
If you have questions as you prepare for your expedition, contact the appropriate Earthwatch office:
Australia Office
Japan Office
UK Office
US Office
T: +61 (0) 3-9682-6828
T: +81-(0)3-3511-3360
T: +44 (0) 1865-318-838
T: +1 800-776-0188
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
Well prepared volunteers are better able to enjoy the unique and exciting experiences that an Earthwatch
expedition offers, and are also a greater help to the scientists’ important work. Most expeditions do not require
prior experience. Volunteers who are attentive and open-minded, can work in a team environment, and are eager
to learn will be most successful. Your expedition may have fitness requirements, so please review the Project
Conditions section. Those with photography and film skills are encouraged to share media from the expedition
with Earthwatch.
Thank you for your support, and enjoy your expedition!
Sincerely,
Anne T. Ogilvie
Acting International Director of Field Management
PS: Upon returning from your expedition, you will receive an email welcoming you back and asking you to fill
out an online Expedition Evaluation. Please take the time to complete this evaluation in order to help us improve
the Earthwatch experience. Your feedback is appreciated!
i
EXPEDITION UPDATE:
Lions of Tsavo
Team V
August 12, 2009
Dear Earthwatch Volunteer,
We would like to provide you with an update on the accommodations for your expedition. You will be staying in
the Camp Tsavo bandas, which provide cooler accommodations than the tents as they have 20 foot-high thatched
roofs. The banda for men has both double and twin beds and a shared bathroom with a toilet and shower. The
banda for women has 6-8 bunk beds, and is adjacent to a facility with multiple toilets and showers. Participants
will have access to a lower-level bunk and the additional beds can be used for storing your personal items. For
more information see the Camp Tsavo website http://www.campsinternational.com/gap/tsavo-camp.php
Australia Office
Japan Office
UK Office
US Office
T: +61 (0) 3-9682-6828
T: +81-(0)3-3511-3360
T: +44 (0) 1865-318-831
T: +1 800-776-0188
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
EXPEDITION UPDATE:
Lions of Tsavo
Team III
June 10, 2009
Dear Team 3 Volunteers,
We would like to inform you that due to some recent tensions on the Taita Ranch, your team will
conduct research exclusively at the Rukinga Wildlife Sanctuary.
On a recent Lions of Tsavo team in the field, there were aggressive encounters with Kenyan Wildlife
Service (KWS) rangers and cattle herders at Taita Ranch, where the teams were refused entry onto the
ranch – despite having the proper permits and permissions to do so.
The Lions of Tsavo project has been on the front lines of conservation at Tsavo for several years.
Poaching has been on the rise recently causing tensions to run a bit higher than usual. Earthwatch
Scientist Bruce Patterson feels that this accounts for the herder’s wariness about the surveys and the
increased KWS presence there.
Bruce and his colleague, Dr. Samuel Kasiki, the Deputy Director of Research and Biodiversity at Kenya
Wildlife Service, and other interested parties and friends of conservation in the area are currently
investigating these issues to ensure that any problems or confusion is sorted out as soon as possible.
As always, safety is our primary concern. Therefore, until all issues are satisfactorily resolved, project
staff and volunteers will not be conducting research surveys on Taita Ranch. Nonetheless, there is plenty
of vital work to do on the 80,000 acres that make up the Rukinga Wildlife Sanctuary.
Australia Office
Japan Office
UK Office
US Office
T: +61 (0) 3-9682-6828
T: +81-(0)3-3511-3360
T: +44 (0) 1865-318-831
T: +1 800-776-0188
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
EXPEDITION UPDATE:
Lions of Tsavo
All Teams
April 23, 2009
Dear Lions of Tsavo Volunteers,
We would like to inform you about a few changes that have been made to this project. Please read this update
carefully, alongside the rest of your Expedition Briefing, to ensure that you come to Kenya as prepared as
possible. Please don’t hesitate to contact Earthwatch with any questions. Thank you, and enjoy your expedition!
Accommodations:
Camp Tsavo has been hard hit by the economic recession and subsequent tourism slump and now lacks the
resources to develop the private tented camp that they agreed to prepare for the Earthwatch teams last fall – and
which is described in the Expedition Briefing.
Therefore, most teams will be housed at the "Twiga Camp" within Camp Tsavo, which is similar to that described
in the briefing. Twiga Camp is small tented compound with a lovely open air dining area. It is likely that
Earthwatch volunteers during June – August will share this camp with Gap Year (university age) students. This
camp is also managed by Sammy Kabaiko, our wonderful and very professional host who also managed the Lions
of Tsavo camp from 1999-2004. Sammy understands well the project's needs and requirements, particularly due to
our work-sleep schedule, and will ensure our teams’ needs are successfully met.
There is also a possibility that some teams will stay at either Ndovu House or in the Camp bandas (similar to a
rondovel—a hut with cement walls and a thatched roof). Ndovu House is a very comfortable lodge consisting of
four bedrooms (sleeping two to three people each) with two bathrooms. Each banda consists of two double rooms
and a shared bathroom in the rear. Meals at the bandas will be served in a covered, open-sided shelter
overlooking the bush. Both Ndovo House and the bandas feature a nearby firepit for evening fires.
Unfortunately, at this time, we do not know which option will be available for which particular Earthwatch team.
We greatly appreciate your flexibility and willingness to accept that this is all part of the adventure!
Personal Funds:
•
•
•
Camp Tsavo has changed the policy set by Southern Cross Safaris and all beverage/souvenir accounts in
camp must be settled in cash (the briefing incorrectly states that Visa and MasterCard are accepted).
Entrance fees for non-residents at Tsavo East National Park, a common destination for our day off, have
increased since the printing of the briefing. They are now $50 daily (up from $40).
The cost of a tourist visa, required for entry into Kenya, has fallen from $50 to $25 per person.
Staffing Updates:
We are pleased to announce that Natasha Godard will join Teams VI-VIII as the Field Team Leader.
Natasha Godard, M.Sc. is currently pursuing graduate studies looking at the behavior and genetics of lions,
including Tsavo’s lions, at the University of Illinois at Chicago. She will be joining the Earthwatch teams, from
September to December.
Additionally, these staffing charts replace those found in your printed briefing.
Staff Member Present
Bruce Patterson
Samuel Kasiki
Alex Mwazo Gombe
Andy Dosmann
Simon Wanjohi
Chui N’gan’ga *
Natasha Godard
Bruce Patterson
Samuel Kasiki
Alex Mwazo Gombe
Andy Dosmann
Simon Wanjohi
Chui N’gan’ga *
Natasha Godard
Team II
Team III
Team IV
Will not be in the field for 2009
×
×
×
×
×
×
×
×
×
Team V
x
×
×
Team VI
Team VII
Team VIII
×
TBD
×
×
x
×
×
x
×
×
x
Australia Office
Japan Office
UK Office
US Office
T: +61 (0) 3-9682-6828
T: +81-(0)3-3511-3360
T: +44 (0) 1865-318-831
T: +1 800-776-0188
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
Dear Earthwatch Volunteer,
Welcome to the Lions of Tsavo expedition! I hope you will join me, along with Samuel Kasiki and Alex Mwazo Gombe, of the
Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) and Tsavo Research Centre, respectively, in an extraordinary project on the wildlife of Kenya.
The project is focused on the lands surrounding Kenya’s largest and most secure wildlife sanctuary - Tsavo. Its very name
inspires fear and awe in those familiar with its history. Here, over the course of nine months in 1898, two male lions killed and
ate dozens, perhaps hundreds, of people as they tried to bridge the Tsavo River during the construction of the “Lunatic
Express.” Those notorious animals, named “Ghost” and “Darkness,” were finally shot by railroad engineer Lt. Col. John
Henry Patterson (no relation of mine, by the way).
Years later, in 1924, Col. Patterson lectured on Tsavo’s “Reign of Terror” and sold the lions’ remains to Chicago’s Field
Museum, where they went on public display. Viewed by hundreds of thousands of visitors annually, this exhibit stirs both
primal fears and scientific curiosity. Why did these cats attack so many people? Why do adult male lions in Tsavo often lack
manes? Do Tsavo’s lions continue to prey on people? Is there some way to lessen their conflict with people and promote
coexistence? My colleagues and I have been sorting out these mysteries both in the laboratory, using state-of-the-art
technology, and in Tsavo, the lions’ home territory. Some preliminary answers are discussed in my book, The Lions of Tsavo:
exploring the legacy of Africa’s notorious man-eaters (2004, McGraw-Hill), but our research seeks more detailed perspectives.
With Earthwatch teams, we are now investigating the behavior and ecology of lions in the dense woodlands between the
Tsavo National Parks. This work is part of a larger effort that includes collaborators Roland Kays (New York State Museum),
Tina Ramme (Harvard University) and Jean Dubach (Chicago Zoological Society), and doctoral students Andy Dosmann
(University of Chicago) and Natasha Godard (University of Illinois at Chicago). On a private conservancy, Earthwatch teams
study how social organization, food habits, and daily and annual cycles of lions coincide with local climate and ecology. In the
parks, our colleagues inventory lion populations, study variation in manes, social systems, and pride compositions, and
analyze genetic and population structures. In recent years, the geographic range of lions has shrunk dramatically due to
conflicts with humans, but the Greater Tsavo Ecosystem in southeast Kenya still supports one of the largest and most secure
lion populations in Africa. By following radio-collared individuals on private lands adjacent to the National Parks, we can
shed light on regional demographics and ecological roles, and on the significance of manelessness.
We use safari-style vehicles with roof hatches, enabling safe but unobstructed viewing of lions. Most of our time is spent
searching for lions; even lions fitted with radio-collars are difficult to locate in dense woodlands. While searching for tracks,
eye shine, and radio contacts, we survey and monitor populations of more than 100 other species of wildlife in these arid
woodlands. The resulting biodiversity database is useful for ecological studies and in garnering protection and support for the
conservancy. Volunteers will identify and census mammals and predatory birds, spot lions, determine their identifying
characteristics, collect photos, recordings, and biological samples, and contribute in other ways to this research project.
We have great accommodations in a private tented camp adjacent to “Camp Tsavo” on Rukinga Ranch, far from the nearest
town or paved road. Our camp staff is extraordinarily skilled, helpful, and experienced. Volunteers will find the meals
remarkably healthful and delicious, especially those who enjoy African and Asian flavors. The rugged woodlands and
wilderness experience is indescribable – this country is literally filled with marvelous animals of beguiling diversity.
Samuel, Alex and I will alternate as team leaders. Each of us has years of experience in Tsavo and on the Taita-Rukinga
Conservancy, and our different perspectives and expertise should offer novel insights even to returning volunteers. We look
forward to welcoming you and sharing our knowledge and experience. Our program is designed to elucidate some scientific
mysteries and alleviate some pressing social problems, but we’re certain to have lots of fun, too!
All the best,
Bruce D. Patterson
MacArthur Curator of Mammals
Department of Zoology
The Field Museum
ii
Lions of Tsavo
Table of Contents
GENERAL INFORMATION...................................................................................................................................................1
VOLUNTEER FORMS OVERVIEW .....................................................................................................................................2
THE EXPEDITION...................................................................................................................................................................4
1. PROJECT OVERVIEW ............................................................................................................................................................4
2. RESEARCH AREA.................................................................................................................................................................5
3. PROJECT STAFF ...................................................................................................................................................................6
DAILY LIFE IN THE FIELD ..................................................................................................................................................8
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
VOLUNTEER TRAINING AND ASSIGNMENTS ........................................................................................................................8
TEAM ITINERARY ................................................................................................................................................................9
DAILY SCHEDULE AND TASKS...........................................................................................................................................10
ACCOMMODATIONS ..........................................................................................................................................................10
FOOD .................................................................................................................................................................................11
TRAVEL PLANNING ............................................................................................................................................................13
9. BEFORE YOU LEAVE ........................................................................................................................................................13
10. PROJECT CONDITIONS .....................................................................................................................................................17
11. HEALTH INFORMATION ...................................................................................................................................................20
12. PACKING CONSIDERATIONS ............................................................................................................................................21
13. RECOMMENDED READING ...............................................................................................................................................22
14. EMERGENCIES IN THE FIELD ............................................................................................................................................23
15. COMMUNICATIONS ..........................................................................................................................................................23
16. HELPFUL RESOURCES......................................................................................................................................................24
APPENDIX...............................................................................................................................................................................27
EXPEDITION PACKING CHECKLIST
iii
GENERAL INFORMATION
PROJECT TITLE:
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR(S):
Lions of Tsavo
Bruce D. Patterson, Ph.D.
MacArthur Curator of Mammals, The Field Museum
Samuel M. Kasiki, Ph.D.
Assistant Director, Research and Biodiversity, Kenya
Wildlife Service
Alexander Mwazo Gombe, B.S.
Affiliated Scientist, Tsavo Research Centre, Tsavo East
National Park
RESEARCH SITE:
EXPEDITION DATES:
EXPEDITION LENGTH:
Taita-Rukinga Conservancy, Greater Tsavo Ecosystem,
Kenya
Team I:
Team II:
Team III:
Team IV:
Team V:
Team VI:
Team VII:
Team VIII:
March 23 – April 4, 2009
May 18 – 30, 2009
June 15 – 27, 2009
July 13 – 25, 2009
August 17 – 29, 2009
September 14 – 26, 2009
October 12 – 24, 2009
December 7 – 19, 2009
13 days
TEAM SIZE MINIMUM/MAXIMUM:
8 / 10 volunteers
MINIMUM AGE OF PARTICIPATION:
18 years of age *
*Note: It may be possible for 16- and 17-year-olds to participate on standard teams if accompanied by a parent or
guardian. Contact Earthwatch for more information and see Section 9 ‘Before You Leave’ for traveling advice for
minors.
1
VOLUNTEER FORMS OVERVIEW
All Earthwatch expedition participants are required to read and complete a number of volunteer forms. Some of
these forms are used to ensure your safety in the field, to inform Earthwatch and project staff of your current
health and fitness as they pertain to your expedition, to notify Earthwatch and project staff of your travel plans,
etc. These forms must be filled out and returned to Earthwatch AFTER you sign up for an expedition. Other
forms are for your reference and will inform you of certain Earthwatch policies and resources. You do not need to
return these forms. See the letter at the front of this Briefing to learn how to get the forms you need to return;
volunteer forms vary by Earthwatch office.
Some details below apply ONLY to volunteers signing up through the US Earthwatch office.
Volunteer forms are available at http://www.earthwatch.org/volforms. Instructions for completing your forms
are included on this web page. However, you may not need to complete all of the forms listed online. Please see
below for a list of the specific forms required for this expedition.
Note: It is very important that you read and understand both your Expedition Briefing and the volunteer forms
listed below.
Volunteers Forms to be Returned to Earthwatch
Please complete and return the following forms to Earthwatch:
•
•
•
•
A: Personal Profile
B: Health Form
C: Travel Details Form
D: Liability Release
How to return your forms: Forms B and D require written signatures and must therefore be printed out and
signed. All other forms may be filled out electronically. You may return your forms to your Earthwatch by mail,
fax (+1 978-461-2332 for US volunteers), or email (forms requiring signatures may be scanned and emailed). If you
mail hard copies of your forms to Earthwatch, please do not staple them together and be sure to keep a copy of
each form for your records. Please see the welcome letter at the start of this briefing for contact information for
all Earthwatch offices.
Deadline for form submission: Your volunteer forms must be completed and returned to Earthwatch no later
than 60 days prior to your expedition.
If you sign up within 60 days of your expedition: If signing up to participate within 60 days of an expedition’s
start date, please complete each form to the best of your ability and send them to Earthwatch immediately. Please
note the date of your doctor’s appointment on Form B: Health Form. You will need to resend Form B: Health
Form after having it completed and signed by your doctor.
2
Other Forms for Your Reference
The forms listed below are for your reference only and do not need to be returned to Earthwatch. However, it is
very important that you read and understand these forms, which are included in the Appendix of your printed
Expedition Briefing.
•
•
Earthwatch Policies and Participants’ Rights and Responsibilities
Financial Terms and Conditions
The additional forms below are also for your reference and benefit and are available online at
http://www.earthwatch.org/volforms.
•
•
Tax Deduction (Earthwatch expeditions, with the exception of Family Teams, are tax-deductible for US
residents only)
Medical and Evacuation Insurance FAQs and Upgraded Coverage Application (these forms include
important information on both the insurance included in your expedition contribution and upgraded
coverage available to Earthwatch participants) *
* In addition to the medical and emergency evacuation insurance included in your expedition contribution,
Earthwatch also recommends that participants purchase travel insurance. Optional travel insurance is available
through CSA Travel Protection. See http://www.csatravelprotection.com/?aff=83534816 and
www.earthwatch.org/getinvolved/supportus/shoponline/travelins for more information.
3
THE EXPEDITION
1. PROJECT OVERVIEW
Lions are apex predators with enormous energy and space requirements. Once one of nature’s most widely
distributed species, lions’ population and range have contracted dramatically over the last century due to
conflicts with humans. The Greater Tsavo Ecosystem in southeast Kenya supports the largest protected
population of lions in Kenya and is one of Africa’s largest and most secure refuges. Unlike lions from the grassy
plains, adult male lions in parts of Tsavo typically lack manes. How these lions become maneless and the
ecological and behavioral correlates and consequences of this loss are unknown. This project documents the
ecology and behavior of Tsavo’s lions by following radio-collared individuals on private lands adjacent to the
National Parks. Observing lion ecology and behavior from vehicles, volunteers document their adaptations to
arid woodlands and collect samples to be analyzed by collaborating scientists. The aim is to understand the lions’
regional behavior and ecology and learn how to mitigate lion-human conflicts, which currently jeopardize both
lions and people outside the parks.
The Tsavo National Parks surround and encroach upon the densely populated towns of Voi and the Taita Hills.
To the southeast lie 17 private ranches. Two of the largest, adjacent to Tsavo East, are biologically intact and are
being managed as a conservancy. In one or two vehicles (depending on team size, with four or five volunteers in
each vehicle) guided by researchers, volunteers survey the distribution and abundance of more than 100 species
of wildlife as they search for and locate groups of lions using tracks, radio contacts, and eye shine. Once lions are
located, teams make observations, record images and vocalizations, and collect samples. Project staff are
especially interested in information on lions’ space-use patterns, interactions, and food habits. The teams record
lion activities with respect to time, habitat, social context, proximity of water, and proximity and abundance of
native prey. In addition to observing lions and their signs (especially tracks) and documenting their prey, lion
feces and hair samples are also collected when possible for hormonal and genetic analyses.
The project camp immerses volunteers in one of Africa’s last great wilderness areas and the tremendous variety
of wildlife that lives there. The ranch setting introduces volunteers to major issues faced by people who live
alongside the country’s largest concentrations of elephants and lions. Tsavo’s lions are infamous for their attacks
on people and livestock, and abating these conflicts is a high priority for the Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS).
Information generated by this project on the ecology and social biology of lions in the ranchlands surrounding
Tsavo has given KWS officials and ranch managers crucial information for managing livestock and wildlife
populations and mitigating the adverse interactions of lions, people, and livestock.
Note: See Lions of Tsavo: The Research in the Appendix of this briefing for more detailed information on the
research objectives, methods, and results of this project.
4
2. RESEARCH AREA
Encompassing some 20,000 square kilometers, Tsavo East and Tsavo West National Parks comprise Kenya’s
largest wildlife sanctuary, equaling the size of Massachusetts in the US or Wales in the UK. Its unspoiled beauty
and wildlife rival any wilderness area in Africa. The project’s base camp is on Taita Ranch, a 96,000-acre tract of
privately owned land nestled between the southern arms of Tsavo East and West. Both Taita and neighboring
Rukinga Ranch, which is managed by Wildlife Works (www.wildlifeworks.com), contain extensive acacia
savannas that have disappeared elsewhere in Kenya due to cropland conversion and exploitation for charcoal.
The ranches form a vital migration corridor for almost 1,000 elephants and hundreds of buffalo that move
seasonally between the parks in search of water. As a private sanctuary, the ranches offer research opportunities
that are impractical in the National Parks, including round-the-clock surveillance and radio and satellite
telemetry. The Taita-Rukinga Conservancy also hosts another Earthwatch-supported project – Elephants of Tsavo,
led by Dr. Barbara McKnight and Dr. Samuel Kasiki..
Teams stay in a private, rustic tented camp adjacent to "Camp Tsavo" on Rukinga Ranch
(www.campsinternational.com/gap/tsavo-camp.php, formerly the Taita Discovery Center). Rukinga Ranch is
part of an informal private conservancy, the Taita-Rukinga Conservancy, whose integrity was disrupted last year
when up to 10,000 cattle were brought in to graze the savanna’s grasslands. Efforts are underway to remove the
cattle from Taita Ranch, but meanwhile monitoring drives will continue to explore and document wildlife on
both Taita and Rukinga ranches. At night, you’ll hear the sounds of Africa take over – the hoots of eagle owls, the
rumbling and trumpeting of elephants, and the thundering roar of a lion on patrol. Many experienced travelers
regard the conservancy as one of Kenya’s premier wilderness spots. The seclusion of the ranches and their
unbroken natural landscape are a nature-lover’s delight.
Kenya is an English- and Swahili-speaking country made up of 42 different tribes and many different religions. It
is a 44-year-old democratic republic headed by only the third president in the nation’s history, Mwai Kibaki.
Islam is especially prevalent on the coast, and your team may travel to the major city of Mombasa on the
recreational day. Modest dress is expected of both men and women in public areas. Kenyans are remarkably
tolerant and respectful of the beliefs of others, but many are desperately poor and petty crime is rampant in urban
areas. While traveling, you should be mindful of your possessions at all times and take safeguards against pickpockets. The project camp, however, is very safe and secure.
5
3. PROJECT STAFF
Principal Investigator(s)
Bruce Patterson, Ph.D., is a curator at Chicago’s Field Museum and teaches at the University of Chicago and
University of Illinois at Chicago. He is responsible for the overall direction and orientation of the project. Based in
Chicago for most of the year, he will lead two or three Earthwatch expeditions in 2009.
Samuel Kasiki, Ph.D., is Acting Deputy Director of the Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) and an authority on
animal-human conflict. He may lead one or two Earthwatch expeditions, although at the time of printing, his
schedule was undetermined.
Alex Mwazo Gombe, B.Sc., is affiliated with the Tsavo Research Centre and is currently pursuing graduate
studies in Wildlife Ecology at Kenyatta University in Nairobi. He joined the Lions of Tsavo project at its inception
and has collared each of the project’s lions. He plans to lead several Earthwatch teams in the summer and fall of
2009.
Project Staff
Andrew Dosmann, B.Sc. is currently pursuing graduate studies in the Behavioral Endocrinology of Tsavo’s lions
at the University of Chicago. Andy’s schedule is not confirmed at the time of printing, but we hope he will be
leading Earthwatch teams again with us in 2009.
Chui N’gan’ga will serve as a driver and guide on the project. Formerly with National Museums of Kenya,
N’gan’ga has worked with Patterson and Kays since their lion studies in Tsavo began in 1998.
Simon Wamuya Wanjohi will also serve as a driver and guide. He is an accomplished guide and naturalist who
has worked on Taita Ranch and with Earthwatch teams since 1999. He was an assistant for Dr. Barbara
McKnight’s Elephants of Tsavo project and is especially knowledgeable about botany.
Current Staffing Schedule (Subject to Change)
Note that staffing schedules are tentative and are subject to change. At the time of printing schedules for all staff
members had not been determined for the upcoming Earthwatch season. Mwazo and Wanjohi will likely be
present for every expedition. Patterson expects to lead Teams I and VI. Ng’ang’a will serve as an additional driver
for Earthwatch teams with seven or more volunteers.
Bruce Patterson
Samuel Kasiki
Alex Mwazo Gombe
Andy Dosmann
Simon Wanjohi
Chui N’gan’ga *
Team I
×
TBD
Team II
Team III
TBD
×
TBD
×
×
×
×
×
×
×
Bruce Patterson
Samuel Kasiki
Alex Mwazo Gombe
Andy Dosmann
Simon Wanjohi
Chui N’gan’ga *
Team IV
Team V
TBD
×
TBD
Team VI
×
TBD
TBD
×
×
×
×
×
×
6
Bruce Patterson
Samuel Kasiki
Alex Mwazo Gombe
Andy Dosmann
Simon Wanjohi
Chui N’gan’ga *
Team VII
Team VIII
TBD
×
×
TBD
×
×
7
DAILY LIFE IN THE FIELD
4. VOLUNTEER TRAINING AND ASSIGNMENTS
Training
Day 1:
An initial orientation in camp will acquaint each volunteer with camp life, the project’s schedule,
and details of bush safety. At meals and during “down time,” features of lion biology and other
topics will be reviewed, such as mane size and condition, social systems, food habits, and
conflicts with people. Project staff will also explain how observations and samples (genetic,
hormone, and dietary) relate to the primary hypotheses being tested. These discussions are
ongoing and informal – please do not expect lectures as they would formalize the camp’s relaxed
atmosphere.
Additionally, each morning during the first week in camp there will be an activity/program to
help volunteers more fully appreciate the scientific, ecological, and cultural contexts of the
project:
Day 2:
Day 3:
Day 4:
Day 5:
Day 6:
Overview of the specialized scientific equipment used to collect data and the protocols used in
recording data.
Swahili lessons (reinforced during game monitoring drives and at meals).
Nature walk through the woods around camp, with a review of local vegetation.
Overview of the 42 cultures of Kenya, drawing on the tribal affiliations and personal experiences
of the camp and project staff.
Additional research and community development projects underway on adjacent properties.
The goal of these activities is to give volunteers a greater connection to their work environment and the people
with whom they share it. We also hope these aspects of the expedition offer a welcome change from the 8-9 hours
each day spent in vehicles looking for lions and monitoring wildlife.
Assignments
Earthwatch volunteers are critical members of the research team and collect much of the field data needed to
document biodiversity and lion behavior. However, much time is spent looking for lion groups, not looking at
them. Extended search times are unavoidable, because the lions range over large areas and the vegetation is quite
dense – were it not for this difficulty, these lions would be much better known and there would be far less to
discover about them! But even time spent searching for lions is productive, as data on wildlife distributions and
densities is constantly being recorded. An astonishing diversity of wildlife lives on the conservancy.
Once a lion or group is located, each volunteer is responsible for one or more tasks. It is critical that the team
maintain focus and organization during lion encounters, when the excitement of a long-awaited encounter and
photo-op could threaten to push responsibility to the side. Volunteers may be asked to:
Watch:
Photograph:
Record:
Scribe:
Collect:
Spot:
Use GPS:
Identify and keep track of individual lions (conducted by one or two people).
Obtain digital photographs for individual identification and/or video of interesting behaviors.
Use a directional microphone to record vocalizations.
Record data dictated by other volunteers.
Assist staff with collecting feces and hair samples.
Manage spotlight(s) for behavioral observations, photographic records, etc.
Use a handheld GPS (Global Positioning System) device to record time, group composition, and
coordinates of all wildlife observations.
Additionally, when the team encounters an unknown lion, the group will quickly assess and digitally record its
morphological traits (scars, notches, whisker-spot pattern and mane).
8
Note that while proficiency in Swahili is not necessary for participation, volunteers who can speak the language
can interact more fully with drivers, camp staff, and residents. Speaking Swahili greatly facilitates interactions
with local residents while traveling to and from camp, and may get you better prices at the markets.
5. TEAM ITINERARY
Below is a tentative team itinerary. There will be a recreational day half-way through the expedition. During the
first week (with the exception of Day 1, the rendezvous day) there will be evening and night drives to survey and
monitor lions and other wildlife. There will be evening and early morning drives during the second week (with
the exception of Day 13, the departure day). A staff member will lead each vehicle group. With your help, a sense
of team spirit will develop over the course of the expedition through group training, game-drives, dinner-table
discussions, and teamwork in data collection, and during the recreational day exploring Mombasa, Voi, Kasigau
or other local settlements.
Day 1:
Day 2:
Day 3:
Day 4:
Day 5:
Day 6:
Day 7:
Days 8-11:
Day 12:
Day 13:
Depart Nairobi by minivan or air-conditioned coach for Rukinga Ranch, arriving in midafternoon; welcome, late lunch, and orientation to the facilities; short drive and orientation to the
project and research area.
Equipment and data training in the morning; evening and night drives.
Swahili lessons in the morning; evening and night drives.
Nature walk in the morning; evening and night drives.
Cultures of Kenya presentation in the morning; evening and night drives.
Drive to Kasigau and visit the local community of Bungule; “Africa Night”.
Recreational day; may include a trip to Mombasa, safari in Tsavo East, climbing Mt. Kasigau, or
resting in camp (decision made by majority-rule vote).
Early morning and evening drives.
Early morning drive; pack; “sundowner” at Kisima Rocks.
Early morning departure and return to Nairobi, with abundant time for late evening flights to
US, Europe, or Asia.
Volunteers should consult a travel guidebook for information on local attractions. See the ‘Helpful Resources’
Section for suggested guidebooks.
Earthwatch Recreational Time Policy
Earthwatch has a duty of care to our participants from the rendezvous to the end of the expedition. In order to
ensure you are as safe during your recreational time as you are during research time, we have put a number of
measures in place.
• If there is a recreational day during the expedition, the project staff will offer either a planned team activity or
a small choice of recreational activities that have been vetted and comply with Earthwatch standards. You will
also have the option of remaining at the project accommodations to rest. All participants are strongly
encouraged to take part in the group activity, but if you are determined to pursue other options you will be
asked to sign a release before doing so, stating that Earthwatch is not responsible for your welfare.
• When there is a period of free time scheduled into a regular research day, the staff will ask you to sign out of
the project (using a means which may vary by project and project location) if planning to leave the group. This
will include your destination and estimated time of return. If participants do not show up to the next activity
the project staff will then know where to begin a search.
• In the evenings when you can go out at night, you will again be asked to sign out of the project as above. The
project staff will give you 24-hour contact information for them should assistance be needed. The sign-out is
informational only and will not be used to enforce a curfew. Please be aware that project staff would not start
a search until the following morning or the next scheduled activity unless contacted for help sooner.
9
6. DAILY SCHEDULE AND TASKS
Volunteers should be aware that schedules can and do fluctuate due to weather, research needs, and work
conditions (e.g. low water or fuel supplies). Your cooperation and understanding are appreciated. Lions outside
National Parks tend to be nocturnal, and during the day most lions simply rest. Accordingly, your team must be
active at night, and schedule sleep around drives. Camp schedules are organized to minimize noise and permit
naps, but volunteers must be adaptable and considerate of others.
Days 2-6 call for a “normal schedule” for those on North American time – the schedule will correspond to 9:00 am
to 6:00 pm EST. In the middle of the expedition, however, the schedule shifts to early morning departures, which
enables sampling of lion behavior around the clock. Although this schedule is challenging at first, nighttime is
special in the African bush, as it is not just lions that are up and about. You will see many animals that few people
have the opportunity to see, as most African game parks do not allow game drives after dark.
Below are tentative schedules for the first and second weeks of the expedition. Again, your flexibility regarding
changing schedules is appreciated.
First Week: Evening and Night Drives
9:00 am:
10:00 am:
1:00 pm:
2:00 pm:
4:00 pm:
8:30 pm:
10:00 pm:
~2:00 am:
Breakfast in camp
Orientation, briefing, activity (1-2 hours)
Lunch in camp
Rest, read, etc.
Survey and monitoring drive
Dinner in camp
Resume drive
Return to camp/tents to sleep
Second Week (Early Morning and Evening Drives)
2:30 am:
2:45 am:
3:00 am:
8:00 am:
8:30 am:
1:00 pm:
2:00 pm:
4:00 pm:
8:30 pm:
9:30 pm:
Awaken
Snack (coffee, tea, bread)
Breakfast in camp
Rest, read, etc.
Lunch in camp
Rest, read, etc.
Dinner in camp
Return to tents to sleep
7. ACCOMMODATIONS
Meals and accommodations will be at ”Camp Earthwatch,” a cluster of modern walk-in tents adjacent to Camp
Tsavo on Rukinga Ranch in the Taita/Rukinga Conservancy (www.campsinternational.com/gap/tsavocamp.php, formerly the Taita Discovery Center). Both camps are managed by Sammy Kabaiko, who managed
the Lions of Tsavo camp from 2002-2004 and understands the project's needs and requirements. Rukinga is run by
Camps Kenya, a division of Camps International. Camp Kenya, in turn, leases the camp from Wildlife Works, an
organization devoted to preserving African savanna by involving local people in sustainable enterprise
(www.wildlifeworks.com/projects/current.html ). By patronizing Wildlife Works, volunteers help to solidify
their important role in stabilizing Tsavo's biggest private conservation enterprise.
10
Volunteers will be assigned in pairs to walk-in canvas tents with integral screens and floors. Tents are equipped
with lights and twin beds, with ample room below for storing bags, gear, etc. Flagstone walkways connect tents
with both the dining area and the bathroom/shower complex. The dining area is a generous thatch-covered
veranda in the middle of camp, protected from sun and rain but open to the sights and sounds of the bush. Camp
staff prepare and serve meals and clean up afterwards; they also maintain the tents. The ablutions block includes
flush toilets and showers which often have warm (but seldom really hot) water. Shower & bed linen is included
and will be changed as and when required. Volunteers are able to do their own personal laundry in the camp
dhobi, and a laundry service is available at minimal rates during the first week of the program.
The site has intermittent electricity (240 volts, British-style three-prong plugs) supplied by remote generators
from 6-10 PM. Volunteers with adaptors will have opportunities to charge small equipment and batteries. You
should bring any batteries you need; don’t plan to buy them in Kenya. The project will gratefully accept
donations of any unused D, AA, AAA, and nine-volt batteries at the end of your stay, as various pieces of
equipment run on these batteries.
Note to couples/traveling companions joining the expedition together: While it will be possible to share a tent,
you are asked to be flexible with respect to seating on drives and at meals. Driving in separate vehicles and sitting
at opposite ends of the table can actually enhance your experience together; by doing so, you will be assured that
one of you was there for the memorable sighting or funny story and you each will have something to share later!
8. FOOD
Delicious meals prepared by camp staff are served in a spacious dining room built into the wall of a kopje (hill
rising out of the African veld). The camp’s chef is well trained in preparing European and Kenyan cuisines.
Kenyan cooking relies heavily on vegetables and gravies, with Indian and Masala flavor accents. The project has
hosted many vegetarians and people with allergies or strong dislikes who were able to eat well and happily in
camp. The camp staff handles all shopping, food preparation, dish cleaning and tent maintenance.
Below are examples of the foods you might expect at camp, served buffet-style. Please bear in mind that variety
depends on availability. This list is intended to provide a general idea of food types, but it is very important to be
flexible and bring along anything you medically or nutritionally depend upon.
Breakfast:
Eggs and bacon or sausage, cold cereal, toast, jam and margarine, juice and fresh fruit when
available (the camp is 60 kilometers from a market).
Lunch/Dinner: Lunches and dinners often feature a fish, chicken, beef or pork dish with rice, potatoes, chapatti
(fried bread), or pasta and vegetables (carrots, peas, green beans, lentils, squash and/or corn,
often in curried sauces); desserts follow both meals; dinners begin with hot soup.
Snacks:
Bread, butter and hot beverages are available before the early morning drives; those who require
something substantial when they get up should pack granola or protein bars, trail mix, etc.
during the second week’s morning drives (bring such items from home or buy in transit as
additional snacks will not be available at or near camp).
Beverages:
Coffee, tea, milk and fruit juice (at breakfast) are provided; chilled soda, beer, bottled water and
wine may be purchased from the camp steward.
Water:
The tap water is clean but not potable; filtered water will be provided but if preferred, bottled
water will be available for purchase.
Special Dietary Requirements
Please alert Earthwatch to any special dietary requirements (e.g. diabetes, lactose intolerance, nut or other serious
food allergies) as soon as possible, and note them in the space provided on your volunteer forms.
Accommodating special diets is not guaranteed and can be very difficult due to availability of food, location of
field sites, and other local conditions.
11
Special note to vegans and strict vegetarians: Please be aware that it is often difficult to accommodate strict
vegetarians and vegans. It may be possible to get meatless meals but vegans and strict vegetarians may have a
problem avoiding animal products altogether. If this poses a problem, then participation on this Earthwatch
expedition should be seriously reconsidered.
12
TRAVEL PLANNING
9. BEFORE YOU LEAVE
Note: Earthwatch Institute’s international travel insurance company, International SOS, has a wealth of useful
information available at their website, including visa, passport, currency, medical, etc. information for the
country in which this project takes place. See www.internationalsos.com and enter Earthwatch’s member
identification number: 14ACPA000075. Under “Select Resource” choose “English Country Guide,” and then select
this project’s country from the list. For a listing of other useful websites for passport and visa requirements, see
the ‘Helpful Resources’ Section.
Passport Information
Most volunteers traveling from outside Kenya will require a passport valid for at least six months beyond the
dates of travel.
Visa Information
Most visitors to Kenya will require tourist visas. Tourist visas may be obtained by US, EU, Japanese and
Australian citizens upon arrival at the airport in Kenya for US$50 or £30; alternatively, they may be obtained in
advance from the nearest Kenyan Embassy or Consulate or from a visa service. Nationals from other countries
should consult a tour agency, travel agency, or the Kenyan embassies and high commissions in their respective
countries for details on requirements; not all nationals are allowed to get a visa in Nairobi. If you need or wish to
apply for a visa in advance, the chart below should be useful.
Essential Information for Volunteers Requiring Visas
Type of Visa
Where to Get
a Visa
Required
Information
Contact
Information
Cost of a
Visa
You must get a TOURIST VISA.
If you wish to or must obtain a visa in advance of your travel (see above), you should contact
the nearest Kenyan Consulate or Embassy and be sure to apply for the visa well in advance.
In the US contact the Kenyan Embassy in Washington, DC for additional information (+1202-387-6101). There are also consulates in New York City and Los Angeles, CA. In the UK,
contact the Kenyan High Commission in London at +20-7636-2371/5. You may also
download the visa application forms at http://www.kenyaembassy.com. Please note that
this process can take weeks or more. If you have less than six weeks or wish to save yourself
trouble, you are strongly encouraged to use a visa agency, which can both expedite and
simplify the process.
You will need to send your passport (valid for at least six months beyond your stay), a Visa
Application and Immigration Form, 2-4 passport-size photos plus payment to the embassy
or visa agency (if applicable). Please be sure that your passport is valid for at least six months
beyond your stay.
You may be required to list the following contact information on your Visa Application and
Immigration Form:
Southern Cross Safaris
P.O. Box 90653
Mombasa, Kenya
Tel: +254 (0) 41-475074/5/6; +254 (0) 41-471948/60/71
Generally between US$40-100, but varies from country to country and can potentially cost
up to US$180. A visa agency will charge an additional fee (depending on the amount of time
it takes to process the application), which you can inquire about directly.
13
Reminder: The purpose of your visit is for vacation, holiday or travel. Foreign immigration officials do not
always understand the concept of a “working vacation” or even “volunteering.” Words such as
“working”/”volunteering,” “research” or a “scientific expedition” can raise questions concerning the country’s
foreign labor laws and/or prompt questions about official scientific research permits and credentials, etc., to
which volunteers on their own will not be equipped to respond. All required research permits for the project are
in place and have been approved by the proper authorities.
Visa Agencies
In the United States
PassportVisaExpress.com
1911 North Fort Myer Drive, Suite 104
Arlington, VA 22209
Tel: +1 888 596-6028, +1 703 351-0992
Fax: +1 703 351-0995
Email: [email protected]
Web: www.passportvisasexpress.com
In Europe
In Australia
CIBT, Inc.-UK
25 Wilton Road
Lower Ground Floor
Victoria SW1V 1LW
T: 0844 736 0211
Fax: +44 (0) 207 828 5411
Calling from Europe outside UK:
+44 (0)207 802 1000
Web: www.uk.cibt.com (has alternate
address for urgent requests)
Ask your travel agency if they
can send your visa application on
your behalf.
Volunteers Under 18 Years of Age
Entry to Foreign Countries
In an effort to prevent international child abduction many governments have initiated procedures at entry/exit
points. It may be possible for 16- and 17-year-olds to participate in the project if accompanied by a parent or
guardian. In this case, if the minor will be traveling with only one guardian or if for any reason they will be
traveling alone, it may be necessary to have a notarized letter from all legal guardians stipulating that they may
travel unaccompanied or in the presence of a single guardian. This letter must give an explanation for why only
one parent or someone other than a parent is signing the letter. For example, if one parent is deceased, only one
parent has legal guardianship, or someone other than the parents are legal guardians, the letter should state that.
In addition, airlines may also have documentation requirements for unaccompanied minors. Parents of minors
are responsible for checking with each airline that their child will be flying to ensure that sufficient
documentation is provided. This could include a copy of a birth certificate or a notarized letter stating that the
minor has his or her parent’s permission to travel alone or with only one parent.
Note: Requirements by specific countries and airlines vary and change frequently. You MUST keep informed of
the requirements on your own to avoid problems at immigration. If a letter is not available, the volunteer under
18 can be refused entry into the country. There is nothing Earthwatch Institute can do to help in this circumstance.
Travel Medical Insurance
Travel medical and evacuation insurance is mandatory for Earthwatch volunteers while on an Earthwatch
expedition anywhere in the world. The cost of this insurance is included in your volunteer contribution. It covers
volunteer travel medical risk, including medical expenses and medical evacuation, while traveling with
Earthwatch overseas or on an expedition within your home country. Without insurance, the costs of such
measures can range from US$20,000 to $50,000.
The emergency medical and evacuation assistance provider for Earthwatch is On Call International. On Call is a
24-hour international operation which provides medical assistance and evacuation, a 24-hour nurse help line and
other travel assistance services such as lost baggage and lost document assistance.
14
Basic coverage is valid in the country of your Earthwatch expedition and during international travel to and from
your expedition. If the expedition takes place in your home country, coverage begins when your group forms for
the expedition and ends when the group disbands, and is incremental to your existing health insurance. Options
are available for volunteers who would like to extend the period of coverage, increase insurance amounts or
purchase additional cancellation or baggage insurance. Application forms for additional coverage are included in
your volunteer packet.
A detailed description of the Volunteer Medical and Evacuation Insurance Program policy, including the optional
coverage increases, will be sent with this briefing. Please note that policies are specific to each Earthwatch
office.
To contact On Call International in the event of an emergency, dial:
•
•
1-866-509-7715 from within the US
+1-603-898-9159 from outside the US
State that you are on an Earthwatch expedition. The Earthwatch policy number is #US008020.
Cancellation Insurance
Trip cancellation insurance is highly recommended for Earthwatch volunteers. Depending on the level of
coverage you purchase, cancellation insurance will help cover your airfare and Earthwatch contribution if
you need to cancel your expedition due to medical or other covered reasons. Earthwatch Institute does not
reimburse airfare or costs associated with cancelled flights or expeditions. Levels of reimbursement for cancelled
airline tickets or ticket change fees will vary depending on what type of trip cancellation policy you purchase.
You are strongly advised to buy flexible or refundable plane tickets. Note that volunteers with preexisting
medical conditions are encouraged to explore their coverage options.
For US and Canadian Volunteers
Earthwatch is offering comprehensive optional travel insurance through CSA Travel Protection as a service to our
US and Canadian volunteers. While our inclusive insurance covers your emergency medical needs while in the
field, this optional policy covers trip cancellation insurance due to medical emergencies, lost luggage, travel
delays, etc. For more information on the insurance policy, call Earthwatch at 1‐800‐776‐0188 or visit
www.csatravelprotection.com. Please note that some coverage is dependent on purchasing insurance within 24
hours of paying in full for your expedition. Should you decide to take out our optional insurance, please use the
following producer code to indicate your affiliation with Earthwatch: 83534816.
For Volunteers Signing Up through Earthwatch Europe
Earthwatch Europe volunteers can purchase travel insurance from Earthwatch that is underwritten by Endsleigh
and includes Additional Cancellation Cover. Additional Cancellation Cover insurance includes cover for nonrefundable travel expenses should your expedition be cancelled. Alternatively, if Earthwatch Europe volunteers
hold their own travel insurance they may be able to purchase Additional Cancellation Cover through their
existing insurer.
Travel Agencies
Southern Cross Safaris (SCS), the project’s tour operator in Kenya, is a travel agency that serves a diverse
international clientele. SCS can furnish inexpensive and seamless travel plans, including extended East African
safaris, from start to finish.
•
Southern Cross Safaris
P.O. Box 90653
Mombasa, Kenya
Tel: +254 (0) 41-475074/5/6 or +254 (0) 41-471948/60/71
Fax: +254-(0)41-473533 or +254 (0)41-471257
Web: www.southerncrosssafaris.com
15
You are also free to use your own travel agent or the internet to plan travel. A list of suggested travel agents can
be found in the ‘Helpful Resources’ Section. However you choose to travel, you must be sure to take your team’s
rendezvous and departure details into consideration when making arrangements (see the ‘Rendezvous’ Section).
Accommodations Before and/or After the Expedition
The Fairview Hotel, the rendezvous location for this project, is strongly recommended for volunteers who choose
to stay in Nairobi before or after the expedition. Note that it will be necessary to meet your team at the Fairview
on the first day of your expedition, so you are strongly advised to make a reservation at this hotel for the night
before the rendezvous (see ‘Rendezvous’ Section for more information). The Fairview is one of Nairobi’s most
popular hotels and is an exceptional value for the quality.
Reservations at the Fairview must be made early, as it is often fully booked. Please identify yourself as an
Earthwatch volunteer joining Lions of Tsavo (#918) and the project will get credit for your booking. It is important
that you book your own room at the Fairview and that you identify yourself as being with the Lions of Tsavo
project so that the project will get the booking fee, which is used to offset costs of housing the Principal
Investigators. Please do not book your room through a travel agent, otherwise the agent will claim this fee. Note
that Kenyan phone/email/fax lines are often down and this could delay a response from the Fairview. Reserve
early and be prepared to be patient. Note that you are responsible for your own expenses and arrangements
before and after the expedition.
•
Fairview Hotel
Bishops Road
P.O. Box 40842
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: (254-20) 2881000, 2710090, 2723211, or 2711321
Fax: (254-20) 721320
Web: www.fairviewkenya.com
Other Advice / Information
•
Local currency: Kenyan shilling (KES) = 100 cents. Notes are in denominations of KES 1,000, 500, 200, 100 and
50. Coins are in denominations of KES 20, 10 and 5. Kenyan shillings are required at almost all shops. See the
International SOS website (above) and www.xe.com/ucc for currency information and exchange rates.
•
Language: Kiswahili is the national language, but English is widely spoken in the Tsavo area. Most of those
you will interact with (at hotels, restaurants, taxis, parks and in airports) also speak English. There are also
many different indigenous languages.
•
Telephone dialing codes: When calling Kenya from another country, dial the country’s international dialing
code, followed by “254” (Kenya’s country code) and the number. When calling within Kenya, omit the “254“
and dial “0“. When calling another country from Kenya, dial “000“ (Kenya’s international dialing code),
followed by the other country’s country code and the number. PLEASE NOTE: you should check with your cell phone provider to obtain any carrier‐specific dialing codes you may need; many providers have dialing procedures that may differ in whole or in part from these directions. •
Electricity: 220/240 volts, 50 hertz, three-prong plug (see image)
•
Time zone: GMT/UTC +3
•
Personal funds: Most volunteers spend US$150-400 on incidentals, souvenirs, and beverages during the
expedition. It is also recommended that volunteers have approximately 7,080 KES in cash (equivalent of
US$100) to keep in reserve for minor medical needs (see the ‘Emergencies in the Field’ Section). Hotel and
restaurant bills in Nairobi and Mombasa can be paid with Visa or MasterCard, as can camp beverage bills, for
a 5% surcharge. Most merchants will accept USD (and some pounds sterling), but change is given in KES.
16
There is a currency exchange booth at the airport, in the baggage claim area, , as well as an ATM. Volunteers
with Visa or MasterCard debit cards can use Kenyan ATMs to withdraw shillings from their home accounts
at very favorable rates. Most hotels will also exchange money for their guests and accept either cash or
traveler’s checks, usually at less than favorable rates. Banks and tourist businesses will also buy and sell
Kenyan shillings. Please exchange any money you need before leaving Nairobi. ATMs are available in both
Nairobi and Mombasa but not elsewhere.
•
Checking luggage: Please note that if you will be taking an international flight that has one or more connections
within the country of your destination, it will be necessary to collect any checked bags at the airport where
you first arrive in the destination country. After proceeding through Customs, you will have to recheck your
luggage before flying on to your final destination.
•
Tipping in Kenya: In general, tour and camp operators in Kenya are paid wages that only represent a portion
of their expected incomes. The remainder of their income derives from satisfied customers. Kenyans aim to
please, and do just that most of the time. There is no formula or accepted percentage for tipping in Kenya.
Instead, customers should use their own judgment in evaluating the worth of services.
•
Tipping at camp: Besides the team leader, two groups of people assist your stay: the drivers/guides and the
camp staff. You will spend 8-10 hours a day with the former, often in the middle of the night; the latter
pamper you like royalty (doing your cooking, cleaning, shopping and bed making) and keep dangerous
animals at bay. If you are happy with the services you’ve received, then US$5 per volunteer per day is a
modest, but appreciative, gratuity for each group. Of course, if you are dissatisfied for any reason, you should
feel free to express that verbally as well as financially. And if some member of the staff stands out and
transforms your Kenyan experience, by all means feel free to use your discretion. Different teams have
handed staff a collective tip (which was then divided equally) or else passed around individually designated
envelopes. Please note that it is not appropriate to tip your Principal Investigator for leading the trip!
•
Smoking Ban: On 8 July 2008 the Tobacco Control Act came into force in Kenya, prohibiting smoking in public
places except for designated smoking areas. Heavy fines and/or imprisonment may be imposed on those
violating the Act. As of the fall of 2008, Earthwatch staff in Kenya report that is in effect more in Nairobi than
in other cities. However, all volunteers are strongly urged to play it safe and smoke only in the designated
“smoking corners” on the streets and/or smoking sections in hotels and restaurants, or risk encounters with
law enforcement.
10. PROJECT CONDITIONS
Please show this section to your physician when he/she is completing your health statement. Be sure to discuss inoculation
requirements with your physician well in advance of your departure date. See Section 11 ‘Health Information’ for inoculation
information.
To the examining physician:
Your patient has volunteered to join a field research team that has specific physical demands of which you and
your patient should be aware. We need your accurate evaluation of your patient’s ability to meet the conditions
detailed below in order to safeguard his/her health and safety and ensure that he/she can participate fully and
effectively.
General Conditions of the Research Site
The weather is hot by day (reaching 90-95°F/32-35°C in mid-afternoon) but quite comfortable at night (6872°F/20-22°C). The coolest and driest months are June-August when a cold-weather parka, knit cap and gloves
are needed to stay warm at dawn in the open vehicles. The warmest and most humid months are usually
November-January, when a long-sleeved shirt or windbreaker is more than adequate. Most rains fall in MarchApril and in November-December but arid zones are notoriously unpredictable. In the tropics, an umbrella is
often more comfortable than a poncho or rain suit.
17
Humidity
Temperature range
Altitude
Rainfall
30%
68°F/20°C
1150 ft/350 m
23 in/585 cm
to
to
to
per
100%
95°F/35°C
1375 ft/420 m
year
Physical Demands
Observation from vehicles is not very physically demanding for most, though the bumpy, unpaved and
sometimes rutted roads could make drives uncomfortable for anyone with back problems. It can actually be a
full-body workout, and quite tiring, to stand erect in the vehicle throughout a four- or five-hour bumpy drive.
You should expect to spend up to nine hours in the vehicles each day. Care must be taken to avoid bruises from
jolting collisions with the vehicle’s frame. The roads can also be dusty, aggravating sinus conditions. Those with
contact lenses should bring extra saline. Since the area around the camp contains potentially dangerous animals,
your mobility while not out on assignment will be restricted to the camp’s boundaries or the vehicles and their
immediate vicinity, and camp life does not offer much physical activity for those accustomed to daily workouts.
Successful volunteers will be comfortable working in teams and be able to suspend the activity schedules they
follow at home.
Potential Hazards
Teams will be briefed on safety on the first day in camp. Volunteers must be mindful of their own safety and the
safety of teammates at all times, and must follow guidelines set by staff or risk being asked to leave the project.
Below are the types of potential hazards associated with the project and research area, as well as precautions that
can be taken to avoid them.
Hazard Type
Transportation
Walking/
Terrain
Larger Animals
Associated Risks and Precautions
The road from Nairobi to Tsavo is paved, but the ride is bumpy. Road hazards include
slow, fast, and reckless drivers, broken-down trucks, livestock and wildlife, rain and mud,
poor lighting, construction and related traffic, and occasional banditry. Traffic moves on the
left side of the road. Drives on the ranches can be very dusty and bumpy, so you may want
a bandana to cover your nose and mouth. Alternatively, roads may be slick and rutted after
rain. Deep ruts in roads can cause violent lurches of the vehicle. Viewing wildlife from the
moon-roofs of the vehicles may expose inattentive volunteers to contact with overhanging
branches and thorns so it is imperative that you be aware of your surroundings at all times.
The research vehicles are not air-conditioned. Volunteers are not permitted to drive, and
seat belt use is mandatory whenever belts are available.
On the nature walk, you will cross unstable terrain and are therefore advised to walk slowly
and carefully and to be aware of your surroundings. Thorny bushes may also be present
and can puncture shoes and scratch skin.
You will live in the midst of a wilderness area filled with dangerous animals, large and
small. Risks are mitigated by following camp protocols and staff instructions. Volunteers
must adhere to these rules and protocols at all times. On the nature walk, team members
could be exposed to snakes and large dangerous mammals. Volunteers are accompanied by
staff at all times and are coached in how to respond to wildlife.
In addition to lions, potentially dangerous animals in the research area include scorpions,
centipedes, spiders, ticks, mosquitoes, cheetahs, leopards, hyenas, baboons, numerous
venomous snake species (see below), buffalo, and elephants.
Snakes are rarely seen, but spitting cobras, mambas and puff adders are all present. All of
these are more conspicuous during the wet seasons (October-December, March-April).
18
Insects
Climate/Weather
Personal
Security
Terrorism and
Civil Unrest
Disease
Although flying insects are scarcely noticeable (except during the rains), malarial
prophylaxis is strongly recommended as several staff and volunteers contracted malaria
during the 2002 season. East African Plasmodium falciparum is one of the most dangerous
forms of chloroquine-resistant malaria. Tsetse flies, which deliver bites as painful as those of
horseflies, are present, but rarely encountered. Other insects (wasps, bees, ticks, etc.) will
also be present, so volunteers with potential for allergic reactions should bring appropriate
medication (e.g. antihistamines, at least two Epi-pens as necessary) and care should be
taken to prevent insect bites/stings.
Due to high temperatures and low humidity, dehydration is a potential problem and
volunteers will need to ensure that they drink plenty of water throughout the expedition.
Filtered water is freely available, and bottled water is available for purchase at camp. You
may need to protect yourself from the sun through the use of high SPF sunscreen and
protective clothing, such as a wide brimmed hat, but on most days you will be sheltered
from the mid-day sun. It can be very dry and dusty, and this may affect those with allergies,
contact lenses, or dry skin.
Traveling to and from camp, you will pass through poverty-stricken areas and should be
mindful of your possessions and personal space. Avoid conspicuous displays of jewelry,
electronics, or other objects that might be stolen. The project camp is secure and your
belongings will all be fine in your tent. However, it is always best practice to leave
unnecessary valuables at home.
Like many countries in the developing world, Kenya has been a victim of international
terrorism. Terrorist attacks took place in Kenya in 1998 and 2002. Since then, Kenya has
instituted more rigorous screening procedures at the borders. After the 2007 elections in
Kenya, demonstrations took place in market centers and other public places. Some of these
gatherings turned violent, and people have been displaced from many areas of the country
as a result. There may be political rallies or groups demonstrating in market centers during
your time in Kenya. Avoid such gatherings, demonstrations, or protests while in Nairobi
and other areas of the Central Province and the Rift Valley. These rallies and
demonstrations will not be an issue while you are at the expedition accommodations or
research sites. Note that any political violence is very localized and that non-locals are not
typically targeted.
Diseases found in Kenya include hepatitis, rabies, HIV/AIDS, polio, tuberculosis,
meningitis, measles, cholera, plague, and typhoid. Recent disease outbreaks include cholera
(early 2008), meningitis (early 2006, in western areas, but not in the vicinity of the project
area) measles (2006, mostly in Nairobi and the Northwestern Province to date), and Rift
Valley fever (early 2007). Insect-borne diseases in Kenya include malaria, Dengue, Rift
Valley Fever, filariasis, leishmaniasis, onchocerciasis (river blindness), African Sleeping
Sickness, and yellow fever.
Note that the HIV infection rate in Kenya is 15%, so unprotected sexual behavior is
dangerous, particularly in tourist areas (which attract prostitutes, who have high rates of
infection).
You may be exposed to chloroquine-resistant malaria, so it is important that you consult a
physician on prophylaxis.
Traveler’s
diarrhea
See Section 11 ‘Health Information’ for a list of diseases in the area and recommendations on
inoculations and prophylaxes.
Traveler’s diarrhea affects 20-50% of all international travelers. Always wash your hands
with soap and water or a hand sanitizer before eating, and drink filtered or bottled water.
You should also carry an over-the-counter anti-diarrheal medication in your personal First
Aid kit. Speak to your doctor about other options for treating traveler’s diarrhea and see the
ISOS or CDC websites for advice on avoiding this condition.
19
Medical Conditions of Special Concern
Below are conditions that would make participation in this project difficult or uncomfortable.
Condition
Back, neck, ankle and
knee problems
Claustrophobia or
introversion
Motion sickness
Sensitivity to dusty
conditions
Concerns and Precautions
Riding and standing in the vehicles may aggravate these problems due to bouncing
and long hours. While the team will take frequent breaks, you will not be permitted
to get out of the vehicle and walk around at will.
The tent roof is within a meter of the bed and there are two people per tent. You will
also spend up to nine hours a day in a vehicle with six people.
Riding and alternately standing and sitting in the vehicle over bumpy roads can lead
to motion sickness. Those who are particularly prone to motion sickness may wish to
bring medication or other remedies. Discuss the potential side-effects of motion
sickness medication with your physician.
Particularly during the dry seasons (January-March and May-September), the roads
can be dusty, which may pose problems for those with contact lenses, asthma,
allergies, respiratory problems, etc. Inform Earthwatch and the Principal Investigator
of any such conditions. Bring eye drops, personal medications, protective glasses,
bandannas, etc. as appropriate.
11. HEALTH INFORMATION
See www.internationalsos.com for information on the current health conditions in Kenya. At the homepage, enter
Earthwatch’s member identification number: 14ACPA000075. Under “Select Resource” choose “English Country
Guide,” and then select Kenya from the list.
Routine Immunizations
All volunteers should make sure to have the following up-to-date immunizations: DPT (diphtheria, pertussis,
tetanus), polio, MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) and varicella (if you have not already had chicken pox). Please
be sure your tetanus shot is current.
Project Inoculations
The following are recommendations only. Medical decisions are the responsibility of each volunteer. Note that
health conditions around the world are constantly changing, so keep informed and consult your physician, a local
travel health clinic, the US Center for Disease Control (www.cdc.gov), the World Health Organization
(www.who.int), International SOS (see above), and/or the resources in the ‘Helpful Resources’ Section for the latest
health information for travelers. Please consult your physician for guidance on inoculations if you intend to travel
to other parts of the country.
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis B
Typhoid
Polio
Yellow Fever
These inoculations are recommended for health reasons.
A one-time booster is recommended for all adults (in addition to an adequate
primary series).
Yellow fever is endemic to Kenya and vaccination is therefore recommended for
all travelers. If traveling from a country or region where it is endemic, a
Certificate of Vaccination is required. For onward travel after Kenya, some
countries may require a current yellow fever vaccination certificate in order to
gain entry.
20
Other Advice / Information
•
Malaria: Chloroquine-resistant malaria is present at the research site. Outbreaks are not uncommon and
Malaria is also present elsewhere in Kenya Speak with your physician or a travel health clinic about
prophylaxis. Most visitors take Malarone or Larium (Mefloquin). Your medical provider should know that
antibiotics like doxycyclin have proven unreliable in preventing malaria in Tsavo.
•
Meningitis: Only the far northwestern part of Kenya is considered part of the Meningitis Belt. Vaccination is
therefore not necessary, but may be recommended by some health authorities.
•
Rabies: Most health authorities recommend rabies vaccination for travelers who will experience “extensive
unprotected outdoor exposure in rural areas” (from the CDC). However, exposure to rabies is unlikely as
direct animal contact is not required; the greatest risk is probably from stray dogs while traveling to or from
the study site. Avoid unfamiliar animals at all times.
•
Tuberculosis: The WHO estimates that one-third of the world’s population is infected with the bacterium
(M.tuberculosis) that causes tuberculosis (TB). Incidence of tuberculosis is higher in developing countries,
particularly in Asia, Africa, the Caribbean and Latin America. In general, approximately 10% of persons
infected with M. tuberculosis are at risk for developing active TB during their lifetimes. TB is considered
highly treatable with medications that are of relatively low toxicity and cost. Volunteers returning from
developing countries are encouraged to have a (PPD)-tuberculin skin-test to screen for potential infection.
•
Other diseases: Other diseases found in Kenya (in addition to those listed above) include cholera, dengue fever,
tick fever, filariasis, leishmaniasis, onchocerciasis, sleeping sickness, schistosomiasis, Rift Valley fever, plague,
and HIV/AIDS. In the research area it is possible, though unlikely, that you will encounter scrub typhus,
sleeping sickness, and/or cholera.
12. PACKING CONSIDERATIONS
PLEASE SEE THE PACKING CHECKLIST AT THE BACK OF THIS BRIEFING AND REMEMBER TO TAKE
YOUR BRIEFING WITH YOU ON YOUR EXPEDITION.
General Considerations
Do not bring more luggage than you can carry and handle on your own. All personal gear brought to camp
should fit in a single soft-sided duffle bag (or similar) and a daypack. Large, hard-sided suitcases cannot be
accommodated. Both the Fairview Hotel and Southern Cross Safaris will store additional baggage for a
reasonable fee for those intending to travel before or after the expedition. Note that you are strongly encouraged
to pack an extra set of field clothing and personal essentials in your carry-on bag in case your luggage is lost
and/or takes several days to catch up with you.
Note: Many airlines have strict baggage policies. Please check with your airline(s) on baggage weight limits,
liquid restrictions, fees for checked baggage, etc.
Weather Considerations
Please take weather conditions into consideration when packing for your expedition. Climate information can be
found in Section 10 ‘Project Conditions.’ Although temperatures are moderate, Tsavo feels hot in the wet season
and cold during the dry season; volunteers are encouraged to bring loose-fitting cotton clothes. Substantial daily
swings of temperature (20-25°F) make layering a must. Keep in mind that early morning drives, particularly in
June-August, will be quite cool, so warm layers will be essential.
21
Essential Items
Make sure to bring your Earthwatch Expedition Briefing with you! It includes essential information to which
you may need to refer during your expedition, as well as during your journey to and from the project site. A hat,
sunglasses and sunscreen are also essential, as well as a small portable flashlight/torch and sufficient batteries for
two weeks of operation. Alternatively, a small headlamp with LED lights is extremely useful in freeing your
hands for project assignments.
Please see the Expedition Packing Checklist for a complete list of what you will need to take with you. You are
encouraged to go through the list and mark off each required item right before you leave for your expedition.
13. RECOMMENDED READING
Please read Lions of Tsavo: The Research in the Appendix of this Expedition Briefing. This document was prepared
by the Principal Investigator(s) and Earthwatch and explains the research conducted through this project as well
as some results to date. Below are additional recommended materials for those interested in further preparing for
the expedition. Many can be purchased online through popular vendors. See the ‘Helpful Resources’ Section for
suggested vendor websites.
Scientific Books
•
•
•
•
•
Bertram, B.C.R. 1978. Pride of lions. Scribner, NY.
Kat, P. and C. Harvey. 2000. Prides: the lions of Moremi. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
Packer, C. 1994. Into Africa. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Patterson, B.D. 2004. The lions of Tsavo: exploring the legacy of Africa’s notorious man-eaters. McGraw-Hill, NY.
Schaller, G.B. 1972. The Serengeti lion. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Scientific Articles
Available for download at http://fm1.fieldmuseum.org/aa/staff_page.cgi?staff=patterso&id=308:
•
•
•
•
Kays, R.W. and B.D. Patterson. 2002. Mane variation in African lions and its social correlates. Canadian Journal
of Zoology 80:471-478.
Patterson, B.D., S.M. Kasiki, E. Selempo and R.W. Kays. 2004. Livestock predation by lions (Panthera leo) and
other carnivores on ranches neighboring Tsavo National Parks, Kenya. Biological Conservation 119, 507-516.
Patterson, B.D., R.W. Kays, S.M. Kasiki and V.M. Sebestyen. 2006. Developmental effects of climate on the
lion’s mane (Panthera leo). Journal of Mammalogy 87: 193-200.
Patterson, B.D. 2007. On the nature and significance of variability in lions (Panthera leo). Evolutionary Biology
DOI 10.1007/s11692-007-9003-6.
Popular Books
•
•
Patterson, J.H. 1914. The man-eaters of Tsavo and other East African adventures. MacMillan and Co., Ltd., London.
Ridgeway, R. 1998. The shadow of Kilimanjaro: on foot across East Africa. Henry Holt, NY.
Field Guides
•
•
•
•
Alden, P.C., R.D. Estes, D.A. Schlitter and B. McBride. 1995. National Audubon Society Field Guide to African
Wildlife. Alfred A. Knopf, NY.
Estes, R.D. 1993. The Safari Companion. A guide to watching African mammals. Chelsea Green Publishing Co,
White River Junction, VT.
Kingdon, J. 1997. The Kingdon Field Guide to African Mammals. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
Zimmerman, D.A., D.A. Turner and D.J. Pearson. 1996. Birds of Kenya and northern Tanzania. Princeton
University Press, Princeton, NJ.
22
Project Field Report
Each Earthwatch Institute-supported project submits a report on the past year’s research and results to
Earthwatch, generally on an annual basis. The most recent field report for this project may be available online
through www.earthwatch.org/expeditions/patterson.html. Note that reports are not available for all projects.
14. EMERGENCIES IN THE FIELD
Emergency telephone numbers: 999 (emergency services); 2222 (police in Voi)
The team will never be more than three hours away from a full-facility hospital in either Voi (65 kilometers from
camp) or Mombasa (120 kilometers from camp). Vehicles and drivers are always available to transport volunteers
in need of medical attention. Scrapes and rashes are treated topically in camp, unless a volunteer wishes expert
attention. Minor injuries and diagnosis would be dealt with in Voi, while major injuries and illnesses would be
taken to Mombasa.
Moi Hospital
P.O. Box 18
Voi, Kenya
Distance: Approximately 90
minutes
Hospitals in Voi and Mombasa
St. Luke’s Hospital
P.O. Box 16, Kaloleni
Mombasa, Kenya
Distance: Approximately 2 hours
The Mombasa Hospital
P.O. Box 90294, Mombasa, Kenya
Tel: +254-11-312191/312099
Fax: +254-11-225086/229254
Web: www.mombasahospital.com
Distance: Approximately 2 hours
Please note that doctors and hospitals in Kenya require payment prior to treatment. Although insurance should
cover you for all emergencies, for your safety and convenience you are encouraged to keep some cash on hand
(approximately 7,800 KES, or the equivalent of US$100) for minor/non-emergency concerns (e.g. prescription
medicine or First Aid visits). This will help you access care quickly for non-critical needs.
Should a volunteer have to leave the expedition early for a personal emergency, customized arrangements can be
made for reasonable fees with SCS in Mombasa. Volunteers will be transported to Buchuma Gate, where they will
be met by SCS’s motorized coach, which will transport them to Mombasa. SCS can also arrange delivery to
Mombasa’s airport or a day-room in a Mombasa hotel. Note that volunteers may leave early ONLY in cases of
emergency.
15. COMMUNICATIONS
•
PLEASE NOTE: you should check with your cell phone provider to obtain any carrier‐specific dialing codes you may need while on your expedition or en route there or home; many providers have dialing procedures that may differ in whole or in part from directions listed in this Briefing. Emergency Communications in the Field
Project staff usually have access to a mobile phone in case of emergencies, although not all parts of the research
area have mobile phone coverage. The camp lies just within Safaricom and Kencel’s coverage
(www.safaricom.co.ke/2005/default2.asp?active_page_id=324). The project phone number may be used only in
case of emergencies and is only effective when the team is “in-network.” The best time to reach team members
is actually during monitoring drives. Emergency contact may also be arranged through the main offices of
Southern Cross Safaris, which monitors several hotlines 24 hours a day and has telephone, two-way radio, and
telex communications.
23
Contact information for emergencies ONLY is provided in the full version of this briefing given to volunteers
who have signed up for the project.
The emergency contact number at Earthwatch headquarters in the US is +1 978 461-0081. After business hours,
leave your message with the live answering service. State that you have an emergency communication and leave a
clear message with the name of the expedition, your name, location from which you are calling, and if possible, a
phone number where you can be reached. An Earthwatch staff person will be contacted and will respond to your
call within one hour.
Personal Communications
Please note: Family and friends of Earthwatch volunteers should be aware that personal communication with
outsiders is not always possible while participating in an expedition. Earthwatch encourages volunteers to
minimize outgoing calls; likewise, family and friends should restrict calls to urgent messages only. Volunteers are
asked to be considerate of the researchers, staff, and other team members, and restrict personal communications
to times when not involved in project tasks or activities. Measures have been taken to ensure that appropriate
communication tools are available in cases of emergency.
Volunteers should be able to place calls or send emails from public facilities in Voi or Mombasa on Day 7, but this
may not be possible. About 35% of the Taita-Rukinga Conservancy has mobile telephone coverage (GSM
standard). Typically, mail from the US to Tsavo requires 10-14 days and is therefore not recommended.
Volunteers can be reached for emergency purposes at the numbers listed under Emergency Communications above.
16. HELPFUL RESOURCES
Project-Related and Principal Investigator Websites
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Bruce Patterson: http://sites.google.com/a/fieldmuseum.org/bruce-pattersons-lab/
Studies at Tsavo: www.fieldmuseum.org/projecter/tsavo.html
Field Museum expedition programs: www.fieldmuseum.org/expeditions
Kenya Wildlife Service: www.kenya-wildlife-service.org
Rukinga Conservancy and Wildlife Works: www.wildlifeworks.com
Southern Cross Safaris: www.southerncrosssafaris.com
Origins Safaris: www.originsafaris.com
Passport and Visa Information
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Embassies around the world: http://www.embassyworld.com
For Japanese citizens: http://www.rainbowt.jp/travel/visa_top.html
For Australian citizens: https://www.passports.gov.au and http://www.dfat.gov.au/visas/index.html
Passport Visa Express (for US citizens): www.passportvisasexpress.com
The Visaservice: http://www.visaservice.co.uk
Thames Consular Services Ltd: http://www.visapassport.com
Travel Document Systems: http://www.traveldocs.com/index.htm
Travel Guidebooks and Booksellers
•
•
•
•
Lonely Planet: http://www.lonelyplanet.com
Rough Guide: http://travel.roughguides.com
Amazon: http://www.amazon.com
Barnes and Noble: http://www.bn.com
24
Travel Agencies and Advice
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
STA Travel: http://www.statravel.com
65 Mt. Auburn St.
Cambridge, MA 02138
Tel: +1 617 576-4623
Fax: +1 617 576-2740
STA Travel (UK): http://www.statravel.co.uk
Tel: +44 (0) 1865 792800
Fax: +44 (0) 1865 792911
Quote code: EWE01/02
Wexas International (Europe): http://www.wexas.com
Tel: +44 (0) 20 7581 8761
Fax: +44 (0) 20 7581 7679
Quote code: EWE01/02
Democracy Travel (contact Jean S. West, Assistant Manager)
4818 MacArthur Blvd NW
Washington DC 20007
Tel: 202 965 7200 or 866-557-9968 (toll free US and Canada)
Fax: 202 342 0471
World Travel Guide: http://www.worldtravelguide.com
UK Foreign Office travel advice: http://www.fco.gov.uk/travel
Third World Traveler: http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Travel/Travel_Links.html
Airline/Airport Resources
•
•
Flight comparison tools: http://www.bookingbuddy.com and http://www.1800-fly.com
Airport codes worldwide: http://www.logisticsworld.com/airports.asp
Country Information
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Country information from around the world: http://www.countryreports.org
Travel Document Systems: http://www.traveldocs.com/index.htm
National Geographic Map Machine: http://plasma.nationalgeographic.com/mapmachine
US State Department: http://www.state.gov
Time worldwide with GMT/UTC: http://www.worldtimeserver.com
Currency converter: http://www.xe.com
Electrical current converter: http://kropla.com/electric2.htm
Telephone dialing codes: http://kropla.com/dialcode.htm
Online unit conversions: http://www.onlineconversion.com
Worldwide weather: http://www.wunderground.com or http://www.tutiempo.net/en
ATM locator: http://visa.via.infonow.net/locator/global/jsp/SearchPage.jsp or
http://www.mastercard.com/atmlocator/index.jsp
Health Information
•
•
•
•
•
•
Travel health website: http://www.mdtravelhealth.com
Center for Disease Control: http://www.cdc.gov
Tel: +1 800 311-3435 or +1 888 232-3228
World Health Organization: http://www.who.int
The Travel Doctor: http://www.tmvc.com.au
Disease outbreaks: http://www.who.int/csr/don/en
Hospital for Tropical Diseases: http://www.thehtd.org
25
•
•
Travellers Healthline Advisory Service
Tel: 020 7950 7799
MASTA Travelers’ Healthline (UK)
Tel: 0906 8 224100 (within UK)
26
APPENDIX
LIONS OF TSAVO: THE RESEARCH
The following information was taken from the research proposal submitted by the Principal Investigator(s) to
Earthwatch Institute. Included is a description of the research conducted through this project, some results to
date, and other information regarding the accomplishments of the project and the staff. Specific details
regarding research sites, methods, etc. is subject to change slightly from year to year and such changes may
not be incorporated into this document.
BACKGROUND, OBJECTIVES, AND METHODS
Research Background
The Lion
The lion (Panthera leo) was once the most broadly distributed land
mammal, occurring in a wide variety of habitats (Patterson 2004).
Historically, the species ranged over much of Africa, the Middle
East and Balkan Europe, and southwestern Asia into central India
(Divyabanusinh 2005, O'Brien et al. 1987). Only 20,000 years ago,
lions ranged over much of Eurasia and throughout North
America, perhaps even to Peru (Kurtén 1985, Turner and Anton
1997). The Lions of Tsavo project operates under the belief that to
occupy such an enormous geographic range, lions must have
varying ecological, genetic, and morphological traits. Studies of
geographic variability can be expected to reveal novel ecological
and evolutionary responses in lions (Kays and Patterson 2002,
Patterson 2004).
Most of what is known about lions has come from a remarkable
series of detailed, long-term studies conducted in the highelevation grassland savannas of Serengeti and Maasai Mara
(Schaller, 1972, Bertram 1978, Packer and Pusey 1983, Packer and
Ruttan 1988, Packer et al. 1988). These studies provide a sound
framework for general evolutionary theory and concepts, as
The shrinking range of African lions (Kingdon 1997).
well as understanding the species elsewhere. However,
scientists are beginning to recognize that lions appear, behave and organize themselves quite differently in other
environments (Funston et al. 2001, Funston et al. 1998, Kat and Harvey 2000, Kays and Patterson 2002, Spong and
Creel 2002, Spong and Creel 2004, Patterson 2007). Understanding variation in their behavior and ecology will aid
in conserving and managing lion populations in various habitat types.
Low-elevation savannas make up some of the largest parks and reserves in East Africa, including both Tsavo and
the Selous, and may be the final stronghold for many savanna species. Life-history and population data on lions
are crucial to land managers who actively manage their lands by burning and culling (Kays 2000), and are vital to
conservationists seeking to safeguard apex predators and those in ecotourism. The fates of several more critically
endangered species may also be at stake, because lions are known to adversely affect populations of prey and
smaller competitors, such as wild dogs (Mills and Gorman 1997) and cheetahs (Kelly and Durant 2000).
27
Lions of Tsavo studies three distinct but related issues: lion adaptations and responses to the local environment,
lion conflicts with humans over livestock, and the conservation value of the arid savanna woodlands in which the
project is conducted. Observations made by Earthwatch volunteers have contributed to all three components of
the project. First, volunteers help locate lions, describe their behavior and ecology and collect samples useful in
understanding relatedness, population structure and manelessness of lions. Second, volunteers document the
behavior and ecology of lions on ranches sporadically used by cattle, goats and sheep, and bordering small
communities of subsistence agriculturalists. Ecological studies here will illuminate lion ecology in humandominated systems outside parks, where most conflicts with people occur. Finally, the ranches are currently
managed as a nature conservancy and are the nucleus of plans for additional protection; volunteers help
document the distribution and abundance of more than 100 species of mammals, birds and other wildlife
inhabiting this ecosystem.
Manes and Maneless Lions
The lion’s mane has been called “the only really striking example of sexual dimorphism in the Carnivora” (Ewer
1973). Lions are the only cats with manes and only maturing males develop them (Werdelin and Olsson 1997).
Castrated or chronically dominated males lose or fail to grow manes (Guggisberg 1961, Pocock 1931), and longterm studies show a significant correlation between mane size and color with age, condition and testosterone
levels (West and Packer 2002). Recent studies on captive populations show the lion’s mane is strongly influenced
by climate, independent of genetics, nutrition, or social grouping (Patterson et al. 2006). Manes appear useful
exclusively in lion interactions – they communicate a lion’s physical condition so as to intimidate other males and
intimidate or attract females (Bertram 1978, Patterson 2004, Pusey and Packer 1983, Schaller 1972, West 2005).
West and Packer (2002) convincingly refuted the belief that manes offer protection to vital body parts during
aggression. However, manes are costly in terms of natural selection – they entail growth and maintenance, make
lions more conspicuous to prey and cumbersome in maneuvering, harbor parasites and impede heat exchange
(Kays and Patterson 2002, Patterson 2004, West and Packer 2002, Yamaguchi et al. 2004). Therefore, manes
represent a tradeoff between natural and sexual selection.
In and around Tsavo East National Park, where the Lions of Tsavo project is based, adult male lions often lack
manes, and female prides are usually tended by a single male (Caputo 2002, Kays and Patterson 2002).
Meanwhile, in the cool moist hills of Tsavo West, lions with quite substantial manes are common, and coalitions
of two to four males are typical of Serengeti lions (Schaller 1972). Lions inhabiting the Tsavo ranches are
intermediate, with modest manes; these vary from little more than a ruff around the neck, a dorsal crest and a bib
of hair covering the chest to much more substantial manes. Prides on the ranches are tended by males acting
alone as well as in pairs (Patterson 2005).
This project is aiding in the understanding of how the environment shapes and constrains lion responses. A
crucial part of the region’s climate is an extended drought that lasts from May through September. Project staff
hypothesize that this drought is responsible for manelessness and novel social systems in the most arid stretches
of Tsavo (Kays and Patterson 2002, Patterson et al. 2006). Maneless males avoid overheating in these low-elevation
savannas (West and Packer 2002), and thereby avoid excessive water loss through panting (Patterson 2004).
Distributional evidence is consistent with this hypothesis, and remote temperature information is now being
collected from collared lions to help test it.
Developing a baseline understanding of ecology and behavior in lions in xeric woodlands will identify important
similarities and differences with lions in other African habitats. These woodlands are crucial to conservation
because they harbor some of East Africa’s largest remaining tracts of natural landscapes, including the Greater
Tsavo Ecosystem and the even larger Selous wilderness in southern Tanzania. Whatever the findings of this
project, they will be useful in documenting and managing the plasticity of the lion (Patterson 2007).
Lion-Human Conflict
Lions account for a substantial fraction of human-wildlife conflict in Kenya (Frank 1998). In Tsavo, they trail only
elephants in the number of complaints filed with the Community Office of the Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) in
Voi or in local medical clinics (Kusimba, in prep.). Each year lions kill hundreds of cattle, sheep and goats on the
ranches surrounding Tsavo National Park (Patterson et al. 2003). This may cause ranches to fail and lead to habitat
28
conversion (e.g. sisal plantations or subsistence agriculture). Alternatively, the predominantly nomadic herdsmen
who tend livestock there may initiate poisoning campaigns, killing lions and other carcass-visiting predators.
Using lion density estimates generated by Earthwatch teams in 2002, it was possible to analyze livestock
depredations on Taita and Rukinga ranches between 1996 and 1999 and it was determined that livestock made up
less than 6% of a ranch lion’s diet. They relied most of the year on healthy wildlife populations on the ranches.
Most livestock was killed after the initiation of the rains, when dense aggregations of wildlife move away from
the region’s few permanent water sources (Patterson et al. 2004). Curiously, this wet-season vulnerability is
precisely the reverse of the situation in Maasai Mara or Laikipia (Frank 1998, Karani 1994).
Data collected by this project show that each lion costs ranchers US$290 annually in livestock losses, far less than
its value as a magnet for ecotourism but far more than subsistence agriculturalists can sustainably afford. But
because losses to lions are predictable (being heaviest in the wet season), heightened vigilance, seasonal stocking
and stronger bomas (corrals) all loom as strategies for making ranches more profitable and promoting coexistence
(Patterson et al. 2004). KWS is under relentless pressure to resolve problems involving lions; this research project
is currently its only prescription for southeastern Kenya.
Rukinga Ranch is now strictly managed as a wildlife sanctuary by Wildlife Works (www.wildlifeworks.com)
whereas Taita remains periodically stocked with 300-3,000 cattle, sheep and goats managed by the Galana Cattle
Company. Flux in land use makes it difficult to conduct experiments involving rates of predation by lions.
However, the project continues to monitor livestock on the ranches and to inform the mitigation of animal-human
conflict through studies on seasonal shifts in space-use, social groups, and diet.
Woodlands Biodiversity
Deforestation and the bushmeat trade are twin plagues ravaging the biodiversity of East Africa’s savannas – both
extract natural resources far faster than they are regenerated (Patterson 2004, Western 1997). Most private lands
have already been cut over for charcoal (including the acacia tree, a favorite food of giraffe and elephant) or for
construction materials. Despite legal protections, episodic drought and fluctuating elephant populations have all
but denuded Tsavo East of its woodlands. With them go the diversity of animals and plants that depend on these
habitats.
Taita and Rukinga ranches support some of the best remaining acacia woodlands in Kenya, and their biotas are in
excellent, near-pristine condition. Many rarely-seen species are quite abundant on the ranches. Although this
project’s field methods are tailored for lions, project staff see twice as many aardwolves and nearly as many
Grevy’s zebra (globally endangered and listed in CITES Appendix I). Documenting the diversity of animals using
the ranches will aid efforts to protect and support their biodiversity and offer insights into populations of lion
prey and competitors.
Research Objectives
To live in such varied habitats as coastal deserts, alpine moorlands and grassland savannas, lions must be
adaptable. Their behavior, social groupings and even appearance may change in accordance with local
environmental circumstances. Studies in Serengeti have produced a remarkable understanding of lion biology
there. However, these high-elevation grasslands do not reveal all the adaptations and capabilities of the lion.
Studies in contrasting environments such as the Okavango Delta, Kruger woodlands and Tsavo thorn scrub
reveal important differences in diet, behavior, habits and appearances (Funston et al. 2001, Kat and Harvey 2000,
Kays and Patterson 2002, Patterson 2007). Manelessness and a distinctive social system may be responses of
Tsavo’s lions to a different environment, one that challenges their ability to lose heat and conserve water (see
Patterson et al. 2006). The objective of this research is to characterize the physical and biotic environments of
Tsavo’s lions to better understand the appearance, food- and space-use and social groupings of its lions. This lifehistory research is conducted in the context of three broader collaborative studies:
•
Description and characterization of the hormonal and developmental mechanisms that produce
manelessness, led by Roland Kays and Julie Thornton (proposal posted at
http://fm1.fieldmuseum.org/aa/Files/patterso/CRE_Grant.pdf)
29
•
•
Regional inventories and surveys of mane and social variation, led by Tina Ramme (continuing and
extending methods used by Kays and Patterson, posted at
http://fm1.fieldmuseum.org/aa/Files/patterso/CanJZool.pdf)
Continental genetic surveys of lions, led by Jean Dubach (see
http://fm1.fieldmuseum.org/aa/Files/patterso/Dubach_et_al_2005_Conserv_Genet.pdf)
Another objective of the Lions of Tsavo project is to mitigate lion conflict with humans through more detailed
understanding of lion ecology in Tsavo. By identifying and localizing risks to people and livestock, both in space
and time, more effective management decisions can be promoted.
Finally, the project aims to collect information on the distribution and abundance of more than 100 species of
mammals, birds and reptiles that inhabit the Taita-Rukinga Conservancy. Many are regional endemics and some
are globally threatened or endangered.
Research Methods
Lions of Tsavo staff and Earthwatch volunteers search for lions from vehicles on roads cut through dense
woodlands. Pugmarks, telemetry collars, eye shine, roars and luck are used to locate lions. Most observations are
made on members of two prides that use both Taita and Rukinga ranches, but transients are routinely
documented as well. In the often long intervals between lion encounters, various other woodland species are
identified and documented – mostly lion prey and competitors and other associates.
During three years of monitoring drives, the project tallied 25,346 different observations of 84,082 individuals
belonging to 108 species of mammals, birds and reptiles. Many are rarely seen and some are globally endangered.
Data on the diversity, density and distribution of these wildlife species are useful for understanding how
seasonally shifting resources affect lion social biology and space-use patterns. They are also vital for documenting
the conservancy’s value as a biodiversity refuge. Additional levels of governmental protection and donor support
are possible only with clear documentation of the conservancy’s conservation
value.
When lions are encountered during drives, each one is identified by means of
whisker patterns, scars and other markings. Characteristics and digital images
are dated and recorded in a central catalogue, a “mug book” of ranch lions.
Observations of behavior and activity are individually specified wherever
possible. Project staff monitor the ranches year-round, sharing monitoring
duties with Earthwatch teams and volunteers from the Taita Discovery
Centre. This provides accurate, uniform records on the lions and continuous
observations on key resources (e.g. water levels in dams and tanks).
Information on pride composition, individual identification and mane
condition for known and new lions is recorded when possible. Data collected
include location relative to home-range boundaries, water sources, prey and
human habitations (continual recording on GPS, downloaded each day);
pride size and composition (continual assessment of departures and arrivals);
successful and unsuccessful hunting bouts (each hunt attempt is recorded on
a special data sheet); general behavior patterns (resting, walking, hunting,
eating and socializing); mating behavior and choices and aggressive behavior
within and between prides (opportunistically collected).
Questions to be addressed include:
•
•
•
A page from the lion “mug book.” Note the
How does pride size vary seasonally and in relation to prey size and
diagnostic “beauty mark” behind the whiskers
geographic location (water, other prides, etc.)?
on this lion’s left cheek.
How much time do males spend with the pride?
How is male association related to genetic relatedness, hunting behavior, parasitism, hunting success, prey
size hunted, and geographic location?
30
•
•
What prey types are hunted and how does this relate to pride membership, composition and geographic
location?
How do ranch lions orient with respect to humans and cattle? Do they gravitate towards or away from
seasonally used bomas? How is this related to pride composition, water location and the success of recent
hunts?
At night, bright spotlights are used to search for lions and other wildlife, but behavior is monitored using
flashlights and a red-filtered spotlight. Prior experience demonstrates the effectiveness of this approach in
discerning subtle behavioral interactions without visibly annoying or distressing the lions. Focal groups of lions
were able to rapidly habituate to the project’s vehicles and observations.
Most observations are of casual interactions while the pride is at rest, but even these can be quite important. For
example, preliminary data suggest that prides fragment during the rainy season. At this time of year (MarchApril and November-January) lone lionesses are often encountered, and every observation helps to distinguish
this pattern of pride fission-fusion from dry season patterns. Other anecdotal observations, such as possible
paternal care of cubs (Patterson 2005), have likewise enlarged the species’ known behavioral and social repertoire.
The project will be using three types of collars for lions: radio collars, GPS
collars with memory storage, and GPS-GSM collars (see image).
Depending on type of collar and vegetation density, signals can be
received from up to five kilometers away, so it is still quite difficult to
locate lions. However, once deployed, the GPS-GSM collars will permit
near real-time location of lions, accessing the last GPS location of each
collar (typically a few hours old) from a mobile base-station in camp.
Currently three lions are collared (all with radio collars, perceptible from
up to two kilometers). Collars are deployed opportunistically whenever
lions can be reliably located (e.g. feeding on a fresh carcass) and KWS vets can be scheduled for fieldwork. We are
hoping to collar more lions during the 2009 fielding season.
Whenever in the presence of lions, project staff attempt to make use of the opportunity to collect biological
samples in non-invasive ways. Hormone titers and DNA analyses can now be executed on fecal samples or a few
strands of hair, and lions often leave some of both behind near carcasses. These materials provide opportunities
to gather repeated hormone levels from selected free-ranging individuals in different ecological or social
circumstances. Fecal samples will be collected (by project staff, not volunteers) only when lions are more than 100
meters away. All feces collected will be preserved for future analyses. Dietary analyses (Kays 1999, Mukherjee et
al. 1994), will be performed in Nairobi by Co-Principal Investigator Alex Mwazo Gombe as he pursues his M.Sc.
degree.
RESULTS AND OPPORTUNITIES
During 2006, 52 different encounters with lions were recorded, averaging 5-6 encounters with 6-7 different lions
per Earthwatch team. Teams witnessed lions Elton and Calvin reach independence from their mother Diana, and
watched the latter become a new mother. Pride males Cassius, Kabochi and Bahati all were active throughout the
year; they were joined by a new three-year-old (Dickens) at year's end. All of these life-history events help to
detail the life of lions in Tsavo’s woodlands.
Groups and individuals benefiting from this research project include KWS wildlife managers, the ranching
community bordering the Tsavo parks, conservation biologists, tourists interested in lion behavior and ecology
and naturalists interested in the lion’s mane and social organization. The project is yielding the first detailed and
quantified information on annual cycles, space-use and diets of lions in this region. Park managers will gain
information on the distribution, abundance and activities of one of the most charismatic of Africa’s megafauna
and an apex predator. Ranching communities can tailor husbandry practices to minimize exposure of livestock to
31
the depredations of lions, for example, by intensively herding cattle during high-risk periods or by using
especially effective boma (livestock enclosure) designs. Conservation biologists are gaining better estimates of
lion density, social structure and survivorship, and the first detailed estimates of biodiversity, distribution and
density of more than 100 wildlife species in the woodlands surrounding Tsavo. Evolutionary biologists can
evaluate the different responses of scrub lions in the exploitation of differentiated habitats.
Taita and Rukinga ranches are home to one of the most pristine woodlands left in southeastern Kenya and
support natural populations of woodland plants and animals. Their wild landscapes buffer the adjacent national
park and provide a vital seasonal corridor for elephants and buffalo migrating between Tsavo West and Tsavo
East (pers. comm. from B. McKnight). The ranches are more heavily vegetated than the national parks, which are
drier, more fragile and more heavily impacted by elephants.
Lion depredations on neighboring tracts of land continue to affect their profitability – lions alone account for half
of acceptable annual losses on ranches in this region (Patterson et al. 2004). Failing ranches raise the likelihood of
land conversion for sisal or subsistence agriculture, or of damaging charcoal extraction to compensate for losses.
By identifying information on the space- and resource-use patterns of lions, ranchers can minimize risk.
Biodiversity and density estimates generated by this project will also serve to forestall habitat conversion, helping
to secure legislation and donations that will safeguard these properties.
This project is also beneficial as a vehicle for both emerging and established scientists. Alex Mwazo Gombe, a
young Kenyan scientist, has been involved with the project as an assistant (2002 onwards), as a Co-Principal
Investigator (2005 onwards), and as a graduate student. During this time he has visited the analytical labs at the
Field Museum and New York State Museum and attended international meetings at the Earthwatch Institute in
Massachusetts and at Carnivore 2004 in Santa Fe, New Mexico. Co-Principal Investigator Samuel Kasiki, a leading
scientist with KWS, was already an expert in mediating elephant-human conflicts; this project enlarges his
exposure to include understanding of human-carnivore conflicts. And Principal Investigator Bruce Patterson has
discovered the woodlands of Tsavo to be the world’s best classroom for teaching volunteers about the
interdependencies of nature and the intricacies of conservation in an increasingly human-dominated world.
Continuing publicity about Tsavo’s lions fuels regional tourism both in East Africa and abroad, a much-needed
source of foreign currency. Posters on the project’s research methods and findings are displayed in the Discovery
Centre in Mtito Andei (Tsavo West), at the Education Centre and Staff Headquarters in Voi (Tsavo East), at the
Taita Discovery Centre (near Maungu) and at the Amy Nichols Centre (in Bungule, on Mt. Kasigau) to educate
students, volunteers and park-goers on the facts of lion ecology and the value of our work.
Continual presence of Earthwatch teams in this remote location (more than 400 volunteers from 30 nations on 56
teams between 2002 and 2007) has led the District Commissioner to take steps to provide strong security. Police
checks along the main road discourage illegal and destructive activities such as bushmeat and charcoal extraction.
In addition, teams patrol ranch roads day and night, looking for lions while also foiling poachers and foresters.
Over the last three years, 28,391 kilometers worth of ranch roads and tracks have been patrolled, creating a level
of surveillance and monitoring that is unmatched in many of the world’s national parks.
As reports on the Lions of Tsavo project continue to popularize the region’s biodiversity and its special lions, the
ranches have attracted new investment from the ecotourism industry. The animals here have become more
habituated to observation from cars, and South Cross Safaris has recently begun operating Satao Rock, a luxury
camp based on an adjacent kopje. Because ecotourism is far more profitable than ranching in the area, this
enterprise enables more frequent and better patrols to intercept poachers and charcoalers. In addition, the ranch
charges all of its visitors (including Earthwatch volunteers) a daily use fee that reduces its dependence on cattle
for income. Therefore, the project is directly responsible for conserving Rukinga Ranch in a natural state on an
ongoing basis. On the other hand, lions negatively affect cattle rearing in surrounding regions. Information
generated by the project should identify circumstances and husbandry practices that protect cattle from lions, and
those that place cattle at gravest risk.
32
Project staff hope to publish results in the following journals: Biological Conservation, Journal of Zoology, Evolution,
Journal of Animal Ecology, Journal of Wildlife Management, Oikos, Journal of Mammalogy, Canadian Journal of Zoology,
Natural History, National Geographic, and Discover.
LITERATURE CITED
Bauer, H., Merwe, S.V.D., 2004. Inventory of free-ranging lions Panthera leo in Africa. Oryx 38, 26-31.
Bertram, B.C.R., 1978. Pride of lions. Scribner, New York.
Brown, J.L., Wasser, S.K., Wildt, D.E., Graham, L.H., 1994. Comparative aspects of steroid hormone metabolism
and ovarian activity in felids, measured noninvasively in feces. Biology of Reproduction 51, 776-786.
Caputo, P., 2002. Maneless in Tsavo. National Geographic Magazine 201 (4), 38-53.
Divyabanusinh, C., 2005. The story of Asia's lions. Marg Publications, Dehli.
Dubach, J.M., Patterson, B.D., Briggs, M.B., Venzke, K., Flammand, J., Stander, P., Scheepers, L., Kays, R.W., 2005.
Molecular genetic variation across the southern and eastern geographic ranges of the African lion, Panthera
leo. Conservation Genetics 7, 15-24.
Ewer, R.F., 1973. The carnivores. Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca, New York.
Frank, L.G., 1998: Living with lions: Carnivore conservation and livestock in Laikipia District, Kenya. U.S. Agency
for International development, Conservation of Biodiverse Resource Areas Project, 623-0247-C-00-3002-00, 163 pp.
Frantzen, M.A.J., Silk, J.B., Ferguson, J.W.H., Wayne, R.K., Kohn, M.H., 1998. Empirical evaluation of preservation
methods for faecal DNA. Molecular Ecology 7, 1423-1428.
Funston, P.J., Mills, M.G.L., Biggs, H.C., 2001. Factors affecting the hunting success of male and female lions in the
Kruger National Park. Journal of Zoology, London 253, 419-431.
Funston, P.J., Mills, M.G.L., Biggs, H.C., Richardson, P.R.K., 1998. Hunting by male lions: ecological influences
and socioecological implications. Animal Behaviour 56, 1333-1345.
Graham, L.H., Brown, J.L., 1997. Non-invasive assessment of gonadal and adrenocortical function in felid species
via faecal steroid analysis. Zeitschrift Für Säugetierkunde 62278-82.
Guggisberg, C.A.W., 1961. Simba, the life of the lion. Howard Timmins, Capetown, South Africa.
Karani, I.W., 1994: An assessment of depredation by lions and other predators in the group ranches adjacent to
Masai Mara National reserve, Department of Wildlife Management, Moi University, 70 pp.
Kat, P.W., Harvey, C., 2000. Prides: the lions of Moremi. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.
Kays, R., 2000. Keeping the peace in Tsavo National Park. In the Field 71, 2-5.
Kays, R.W., 1999. Food preferences of kinkajous (Potos flavus): A frugivorous carnivore. Journal of Mammalogy
80, 589-599.
Kays, R.W., Patterson, B.D., 2002. Mane variation in African lions and its social correlates. Canadian Journal of
Zoology 80, 471-478.
Kelly, M.J., Durant, S.M., 2000. Viability of the Serengeti cheetah population. Conservation Biology 14, 786-797.
Kohn, M.H., Wayne, R.K., 1997. Facts from feces revisited. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 12, 223-227.
Kohn, M.H., York, E.C., Kamradt, D.A., Haught, G., Sauvajot, R.M., Wayne, R.K., 1999. Estimating population size
by genotyping faeces. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B 266, 657-663.
Mills, M.G.L., Gorman, M.I., 1997. Factors affecting the density and distribution of wild dogs in the Kruger
National Park. Conservation Biology 11, 1397-1406.
Mukherjee, S., Goyal, S.P., Chellam, R., 1994. Refined techniques for the analysis of Asiatic lion Panthera leo persica
scats. Acta Theriologica 39, 425.
O'Brien, S.J., Martenson, J.S., Packer, C., Herbst, L., Vos, V.d., Joslin, P., Ott-Joslin, J., Wildt, D.E., Bush, M., 1987.
Biochemical genetic variation in geographic isolates of African and Asiatic lions. National Geographic
Research 3, 114-124.
Packer, C., Herbst, L., Pusey, A.E., Bygott, J.D., Cairns, S.J., Hanby, J.P., Borgerhoff-Mulder, M., 1988.
Reproductive success of lions. In Reproductive success, ed. T. H. Clutton-Brock, pp. 363-383. University of
Chicago Press, Chicago.
Packer, C., Pusey, A.E., 1997. Divided we fall: cooperation among lions. Scientific American 276, 52-59.
Packer, C., Ruttan, L., 1988. The evolution of cooperative hunting. The American Naturalist 132, 159-198.
Patterson, B.D., 2004. The lions of Tsavo: exploring the legacy of Africa's notorious man-eaters. McGraw-Hill,
New York.
33
Patterson, B.D., 2004. Maneless and misunderstood. Earthwatch Institute 23 (2), 12-15.
Patterson, B.D., 2005. Living with lions in Tsavo, or some notes on managing man-eaters. Travel News & Lifestyle
- East Africa 129, 28-31 + cover.
Patterson, B.D., Kasiki, S.M., Selempo, E., Kays, R.W., 2004. Livestock predation by lions (Panthera leo) and other
carnivores on ranches neighboring Tsavo National Parks, Kenya. Biological Conservation 119, 507-516.
Patterson, B.D., R.W. Kays, S.M. Kasiki, and V.M. Sebestyen. 2006. Developmental effects of climate on the mane
of the lion (Panthera leo). Journal of Mammalogy 87, 193-200 + cover.
Patterson, B.D., Neiburger, E.J., Kasiki, S.M., 2003. Tooth breakage and dental disease as causes of carnivorehuman conflicts. Journal of Mammalogy 84, 190-196.
Pocock, R.I., 1931. The lions of Asia. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 34, 638-665.
Pusey, A.E., Packer, C., 1983. Once and future kings. Natural History, 54-62.
Schaller, G.B., 1972. The Serengeti lion; a study of predator-prey relations. Wildlife behavior and ecology,
University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Scheel, D., Packer, C., 1995. Variation in predation by lions: tracking a moveable feast. In Serengeti: dynamics of
an ecosystem, ed. A. R. E. Sinclair, P. Arcese, pp. 299-314. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Spong, G., Creel, S., 2002. Deriving dispersal distances from genetic data. Proceedings of the Royal Society of
London, Series B 268, 2571-2574.
Spong, G., Creel, S., 2004. Effects of kinship on territorial conflicts among groups of lions, Panthera leo. Behavioral
Ecology and Sociobiology 55, 325 - 331.
Taberlet, P., Griffin, S., Goossens, B., Questiau, S., Manceau, V., Escaravage, N., Waits, L.P., Bouvet, J., 1996.
Reliable genotyping of samples with very low DNA quantities using PCR. Nucleic Acids Research 24.
Thomas, L., Laake, J.L., Strindberg, S., Marques, F.F.C., Buckland, S.T., Borchers, D.L., Anderson, D.R., Burnham,
K.P., Hedley, S.L., Pollard, J.H., Bishop, J.R.B., 2004. Distance 4.1. Release 2. www.ruwpa.stand.ac.uk/distance. Research Unit for Wildlife Population Assessment, University of St. Andrews, UK.
Werdelin, L., Olsson, L., 1997. How the leopard got its spots: a phylogenetic view of the evolution of felid coat
patterns. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 62, 383-400.
West, P.M., 2005. The lion's mane. American Scientist 93, 226-235.
West, P.M., Packer, C., 2002. Sexual selection, temperature, and the lion's mane. Science 297, 1339-1343.
Western, D., 1997. In the dust of Kilimanjaro. Island Press/Shearwater Books, Washington, DC.
Yamaguchi, N., Cooper, A., Werdelin, L., Macdonald, D.W., 2004. Evolution of the mane and group-living in the
lion (Panthera leo): a review. Journal of Zoology 263, 329-342.
34
Earthwatch Institute Policies &
Participant Rights and Responsibilities
(Revised October 10, 2008)
This document contains important information concerning Earthwatch Institute (EW) policies and Participant rights
and responsibilities for inclusion on an Earthwatch expedition. Please read this document thoroughly and sign and
return the release forms that have been provided to you (either online or by mail from your regional Earthwatch
office) to indicate that you understand the risks inherent to your expedition and the policies, rights, and
responsibilities enumerated in this document. You will not be permitted to partake in an expedition until
Earthwatch has received the signed release form.
Contents:
1. Consent to Inherent Risks
2. Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)
3. Sexuality, Sexual Behaviour, and Drug and Alcohol Policies
• Fraternization
• Sexual Harassment
• Drugs
• Alcohol Policy
4. Recreational Time
5. In the Event of an Emergency: “Good Samaritan” Actions
6. Participants and Driving
7. Right of Refusal
8. Removal from an Expedition
9. Responsible Behavior
• Cultural and Community Interactions
• Sustainable Field Practices
1. Consent to Inherent Risks
An Earthwatch expedition can be an enjoyable, enlightening, and potentially life-changing experience, but some
of the characteristics that may make an expedition attractive to you may also put you or your property at risk. All
true expedition work involves a degree of risk which varies from expedition to expedition. The expedition Briefing
describes some of the foreseeable inherent risks involved in the activities that you are choosing to participate in.
You must review and consider these risks carefully before signing and returning the Liability Release and
accepting a Participant position. By signing the Liability Release, you are accepting the potential consequences of
these risks. The conditions present for field research projects, many of which take place in remote areas of the
world, include limited access to emergency and health services and limited or nonexistent communication
facilities or other local infrastructure or services. Participants on Earthwatch Institute expeditions experience the
whole range of climate, terrain and temperature extremes, bivouac living, physical work and other potential
hazards including (but not limited to) political instability, war, transport difficulties and risks such as lack of
vehicular safety standards commonly found in developed countries (for example, the absence of seatbelts) and
increased incidence and severity of vehicular accidents, strikes, sickness, quarantine, natural disasters, wildlife
behaviour and movements and other forces beyond the control of Earthwatch Institute and its associates.
Earthwatch Institute, 3 Clock Tower, Suite 100, Box 75, Maynard MA USA 01754-0075.
US Fax: +1 978 461 2332
2. Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)
It is permissible to share photos, videos, and stories of your expedition with family, friends, local media, and in a
public forum. Sharing your new perspectives and experiences is welcomed and encouraged.
However, please recognize that all information, data, and images shared or gathered during the research portion
of your expedition become the intellectual property of the Principal Investigator (PI). Co-opting or plagiarizing
data, images or information gathered during an expedition for use in a scientific thesis, masters or Ph.D. work, for
profit, or for the academic or business use of a third party without the permission of the PI is strictly prohibited.
Please be aware that data gathered during interviews of local people becomes the intellectual property of the PI.
Principal Investigators have the right to place additional restrictions on your ability to share data or images.
Conversely, a PI may give written permission to use data and images for academic or profitable activity. Please
be sure to ask what is acceptable to the PI.
3. Sexuality, Sexual Behaviour, and Drug and Alcohol Policies
EW does not discriminate on the basis of race, religion, ethnicity, sex, gender identity, or sexual orientation, and
respects Participants’ right to privacy. However, Participants must be aware that sexual behaviour and/or open
displays of their sexual orientation and/or gender identity may offend or clash with the sensibilities of local
residents in an expedition’s area of operations, and may even potentially violate local laws.
Further, Participants must remember that their actions have impacts on fellow Participants, on the PI and the
research team, and on local partners, and could, in certain contexts, result in an uncomfortable, hostile and/or
unproductive work environment.
To ensure enjoyable and productive work conditions and smooth relations with local peoples, EW has defined the
following code of conduct. Beyond practicing cultural sensitivity and showing common courtesy, please be mindful
of the following limitations.
Fraternization
PIs, Earthwatch staff, research staff, their colleagues, and their associates are prohibited from becoming
romantically or sexually involved with Participants during the entire duration of the period that the team is in the
field.
Sexual Harassment
Sexual harassment of Participants by the PI, research staff, or EW staff is prohibited. Likewise, sexual
harassment of the PI, research staff, fellow Participants, EW staff, or local peoples by Participants is also
prohibited.
Sexual harassment infringes on an individual’s right to an environment free from unsolicited and unwelcome
sexual overtones or conduct, either verbal or physical. Sexual harassment does not mean occasional
compliments of a socially acceptable nature. Sexual harassment refers to conduct which is offensive, which
harms morale, or which interferes with the effectiveness of EW expedition teams; such conduct is prohibited.
Lewd or vulgar remarks, suggestive comments, displaying derogatory posters, cartoons or drawings, pressure for
dates or sexual favours and unacceptable physical contact or exposure are examples of what can constitute
harassment. No one should be touched in areas that otherwise would be covered by a bathing suit. It is important
to realize that what may not be offensive to you may be offensive to your fellow Participants, the local population,
EW staff members, or the PI.
Any individual who feels subject to sexual harassment or has any knowledge of such behaviour should report it at
once to his or her PI or to EW staff members. All PIs and Field Team Leaders (FTLs) will notify EW immediately
when an accusation of sexual harassment or abuse is made or when such behaviour is witnessed.
US Fax: +1 978 461 2332
All reports of sexual harassment will be handled with discretion and will be promptly and thoroughly investigated.
Any Participant who is found to have engaged in conduct constituting sexual harassment will be removed from his
or her expedition.
Drugs
The manufacture, possession, use, purchase and/or sale of illegal drugs as defined by Australia, Japan, the
United Kingdom, the United States and the host country of the expedition, is strictly forbidden while working or
participating on an EW expedition. Prescription drugs may only be purchased and used by the individual indicated
on the prescription, in keeping with the intended-use guidelines and local laws in the area of the expedition.
Alcohol Policy
Participants in EW expeditions must comply with the law of the country in which a project is located regarding the
minimum age required to consume alcohol. In addition, restrictions on the use, possession, sale, or purchase of
alcohol may be set by the PI or Earthwatch staff. Any restrictions on the consumption of alcohol should be clearly
outlined by the project staff in the briefing to participants at the start of the project, and in the expedition briefing.
Local statutes, customs, practices, ordinances, and regulations with regard to the use, possession, sale, or
purchase of alcohol are applicable to all participants in EW expeditions.
Note: Any and all 16-20 year old Participants on Earthwatch Teen Teams or Family Teams are NOT permitted to
consume or possess alcohol, regardless of local law.
Excessive consumption of alcohol by staff or participants is not acceptable on any Earthwatch expedition.
Intoxication can jeopardize personal safety, in addition to the safety of the team. It can also cause delay, and
hinder response in the event of a crisis or emergency situation.
EW staff and the PI have the discretion to remove individuals from the project who consume alcohol in a time and
manner that endangers the safety and/or productivity of the expedition.
4. Recreational Time
Earthwatch has a duty of care for the health and safety of Participants from the rendezvous to the end of the
expedition. For days when no research activities are scheduled, referred to as recreational days, Earthwatch will
offer either a planned team activity or a range of recreational activities that have been vetted and comply with
Earthwatch standards. Participants will also have the option of remaining at the project accommodations to rest.
Participants who are determined to pursue options other than those recommended by the project staff will be
required to sign a release before doing so. If there is a period of time during a regular research day when no
research activities are scheduled, Participants may have the opportunity to leave the project site on their own;
they will be asked to sign out of the project giving their intended destination. Not appearing for the next scheduled
activity will trigger the Emergency Response Plan (ERP) regarding missing people. Earthwatch will determine the
relative safety of Participants leaving the project site on their own at night after work hours. In some cases, due to
local conditions, it may be advisable to restrict Participants to the project accommodations after dark. This will be
clearly communicated in all project materials and reinforced in the on-site safety briefing. However, if the local
conditions are such that Participants can go out at night under their own responsibility there will be a sign-out
process through which participants will state their proposed destination and estimated return time. Participants will
be given 24 hour contact information for field staff should assistance be needed. The sign-out is informational only
and will not be used to enforce a curfew on Participants. Participants should understand that unless contacted for
help, field staff will not start a search for a missing Participant unless they fail to appear the following morning or
for the next scheduled research activity.
US Fax: +1 978 461 2332
5. In the Event of an Emergency: Good Samaritan Actions
In the event of emergencies, judgments must be made by PIs, EWI staff, and Participants. While EW makes an
effort to ensure that qualified people make the most informed decisions possible, occasionally first aid must be
administered and other immediate steps taken by expedition participants who are not officially certified to make
these decisions.
Each EW expedition has safety protocols and emergency procedures in place. However, in rare, unforeseeable
emergency situations, EW does not restrict participants (the PI, staff, and Participants) from exercising their best
judgment with regard to their own safety. EW does not restrict ‘‘Good Samaritan’’ actions, or actions taken to
assist fellow participants during emergency situations in the field. However, EW neither encourages nor expects
you to jeopardize your own safety or that of others in attempting to rescue or assist your fellow team members.
6. Participants and Driving
Participants are not allowed to drive project vehicles or aircraft during an expedition. In select circumstances,
Participants may be able to drive boats under direct supervision by project staff. These circumstances are
predetermined by project staff in collaboration with Earthwatch. Participants must respect the restrictions for boat
driving in place for each project.
If a project environment is such that Participants can drive their own vehicles to the rendezvous, those who have
driven themselves to the project may not drive their own vehicles to, from, or for project activities, including the
transport of project equipment.
Participants who have driven themselves to the project may choose to use their own vehicle during recreational
time, but project staff must brief them on the driving restrictions and advise Participants that all driving during
recreational time is done at their own risk.
Participants are actively discouraged from driving other Participants during recreational time. Riding in another
Participant’s vehicle is done at the Participants’ own risk. Riding in other Participants’ vehicles is not covered
under the Participants’ insurance policy for the expedition.
Please be advised that the only exception to the above restrictions is emergency situations.
7. Right of Refusal
EW reserves the right to refuse an applicant’s participation on EW projects. Earthwatch and the project staff may
not refuse a Participant for discriminatory reasons (race, religion, sex, sexual orientation, etc.). Earthwatch will
make every reasonable effort to accommodate participants with disabilities and the organization endeavours to
find appropriate expeditions for those participants who have physical limitations. Refusal of a participant is an
unusual event and is generally due to either an applicant’s failure to meet the health requirements of a particular
expedition, or in the interest of team efficiency.
Project and field staff have the right to refuse special requests, such as media visits (film, photography or print),
special groups or teams (students, donors, etc.), if they conflict with project schedules, safety, research objectives
or general performance of the team.
US Fax: +1 978 461 2332
8. Removal from the Expedition
Any Participant found in violation of any of the policies described in this document (“Earthwatch Institute Policies
& Participant Rights and Responsibilities”) is subject to removal from the team. By signing the “Liability Release”
form, participants are indicating that they have read and understand these policies. Removal of a Participant from
a team is at the discretion of the PI and EW staff. In addition, EW will support the right of the scientist to send
Participants away from a project once in the field should their behaviour compromise the safety, research
objectives or general performance of the team, or if the Participant has violated a stated policy.
9. Responsible Behaviour
Cultural and Community Interactions
Earthwatch is committed to working closely with communities. Participants and project staff are encouraged to
engage and interact with local communities wherever possible. Our aim is to support projects which leave a
lasting legacy with local communities and which form partnerships with local organizations.
Being culturally sensitive is important when visiting a foreign country. Patience, good humour, an acceptance of
differences, using common sense, and showing respect will help visitors enjoy cultural differences and make them
part of a rich experience wherever they travel. Participants are often guests of the country and as such are
obliged to consider the culture of the local people and minimize disturbance to their daily routine. Racism and
other forms of prejudice will not be tolerated on any Earthwatch project. After consultation with Earthwatch staff,
Participants who display racist or other discriminatory behavior will be asked to leave the expedition.
Earthwatch stresses the need for responsible behavior and common courtesy when travelling, particularly in rural
areas. When in doubt about what may cause offense when working in areas you are not familiar with, be sure to
ask your PI or Earthwatch field staff. Try wherever possible to learn and respect the local customs and
appropriate dress codes before you join the team as being involved with the local community is one of the rare
privileges of joining an Earthwatch project. Be aware of the natural curiosity that your presence will create and be
mindful not to impose your own cultural beliefs or value systems on the people you meet and the places you visit.
Particular sensitivity is required when it comes to photography and gifts. Earthwatch expeditions feature many
authentic encounters with local communities and the opportunities for photography or video are endless, but it is
important to always ask permission before taking photos. Many local people find being photographed or
videotaped intrusive or even threatening, so always ask your PI or field staff if it would be appropriate. When it
comes to gifts, please ask the advice of the PI or field staff as to the type and value of the gift in order to avoid
any embarrassment or the creation of unrealistic expectations within the community.
Sustainable Field Practices
As an environmental organisation, Earthwatch recognizes our leadership role in conducting activities as
responsible stewards of the social and physical environment and using our resources to promote social and
environmental awareness, local action, and global thinking.
Every attempt should be made to minimize your impact on the environment you are working in. Please avoid
leaving any litter or non-natural waste. Be aware of the risks of fires and follow directions of the field staff when it
comes to camping in order to avoid creating a larger impact than is necessary. Be particularly mindful of using
any rivers, streams or wells as the local communities may be dependent on those as vital sources of drinking
water. When in doubt ask the field staff.
US Fax: +1 978 461 2332
Financial Terms & Conditions
G
Some terms and conditions may apply only to volunteers signing up
through the US office; please contact your regional Earthwatch office in
Australia, Japan, the UK, or the US with any questions.
METHOD OF PAYMENT
PROJ ECT COST
The price of each project, which we call your contribution, for each
To hold a space on a team, you must submit a non-
team may vary according to team dates so please check prior to
refundable $300 deposit with your reservation (full
making your reservation. On average projects range from $700 to
contribution is required if booking under 90 days before
$4,500, excluding airfares (see below).
your team fields). The remainder will be solicited through
Through a unique method of funding, 100 percent of your
contribution is used to support research and exploration
sponsored by Earthwatch Institute. By balancing costs across our
program, we are able to assist research that would not be self-
monthly statements or is payable at any time directly
through your Expedition Coordinator. You can pay major
credit card (Visa, MasterCard, American Express) or
certain securities.
PAYMENT POLICY
supporting. Depending on the size and needs of your team,
roughly 50 percent goes to field costs: 34 percent to advance
Sign up one hundred twenty (120) days or more prior to
planning, reconnaissance, team recruitment, and logistical
team departure: A minimum $300 deposit is required to
support: and 16 percent is used for administrative backup,
reserve a place on a project. The balance of payment is
communications, and post-expedition follow-up.
due one hundred twenty (120) days prior to team
departure.
Sign up between sixty (60) and one hundred nineteen
COSTS NOT INCLUDED
(119) days prior to team departure: Full contribution
required to reserve a place on a project.
The main additional costs will be your transportation expenses to
and from the rendezvous site, as listed in the expedition guide.
This means that airfares are not covered in the contribution.
Additional costs may include passports, visas, airport taxes, and
the costs of any side trips made during time off from the project.
Some projects have additional in-country travel costs to reach the
project site. Ask your Expedition Coordinator if this is relevant to
your project.
Sign up less than fifty-nine (59) days prior to team
departure: Full payment is required to reserve a place
on a project. As funds must be sent directly to the
project at this stage, the contribution is non-refundable
unless due to Principal Investigator or Earthwatch
Institute (EW) refusal (see Earthwatch Institute Policiesdocument D). Trip cancellation insurance is
recommended. You are advised to check flight
availability prior to payment.
TRANSFER, CANCELLATION & REFUND POLICY
You may transfer from one expedition to another without penalty
Cancellation within 59 days of the expedition start date
up to 120 days before your expedition begins, after which time
will result in 100% of your contribution being retained
our cancellation policy applies.
by Earthwatch. Under no circumstances is a refund
If you cancel more than 120 days prior to your expedition's start
date, Earthwatch will apply the $300 initial deposit either toward
another expedition of your choice or to an Expedition Fund.
Cancellation between 60-119 days of the expedition start date
will result in 50% of your total contribution being retained by
Earthwatch. You then have the option to refund the remainder,
transfer it to another expedition, or apply it towards your
available to those who cancel within 59 days of their
start date. Trip cancellation insurance is available at an
additional cost and is strongly recommended.
Note: Any funds retained due to late cancellation are
utilized to support expedition field research and will
be considered a charitable gift to Earthwatch
Institute.
Expedition Fund.
Earthwatch memberships are non-refundable as they are
considered a charitable gift. Additional donations made beyond
the minimum contribution are also non-refundable and are
considered a charitable gift to Earthwatch Institute.
EXPEDITION PACKING CHECKLIST
Essential Items
This Expedition Briefing
Photocopies of your passport, flight itinerary and credit cards in case the originals are lost or stolen; the
copies should be packed separately from the original documents
Passport and/or visa (if necessary)
Certification of inoculation (if necessary)
Required Items
Note: Bring field clothing and gear in muted colors. White clothes become beige or reddish brown in Tsavo.
Bright colors are more noticeable and should be avoided for fieldwork. Clothing that can be layered is highly
recommended.
Clothing/Footwear
Lightweight, long-sleeved shirts
Lightweight pants/trousers
T-shirts
Shorts
Fleece jacket, sweater or light parka for cool evenings and early mornings
Warm knitted cap and gloves for cool evenings and early mornings
Socks
Rain poncho or jacket
Hat with wide brim to protect head, face, and neck from the strong sun
One or two clean sets of clothing to save for your flight home or other travels
Comfortable, well worn-in walking shoes, tennis shoes or running shoes (open-toed shoes should not be
worn at night)
Sandals/Flip-flops for use in the tents
Field Supplies
Small daypack/rucksack
Drybag or plastic sealable bags (e.g. Ziploc) for protecting equipment such as camera from dust, humidity
and water
Sunglasses
Sunscreen lotion with SPF 30 or higher
Insect repellent spray
Notebook
Pens and/or pencils
Water bottle(s) able to hold at least one liter
Headlamp and/or flashlight/torch with extra batteries
Camera or camcorder, film, memory card or tape, extra battery
Binoculars if you have them (10 x 40 are best for wildlife; minimum recommended is 8 x 32)
Personal Supplies
Note: Bedding and towels will be supplied by the project; you do not need to bring your own blankets, towels,
etc.
Spending and emergency money (see Other Advice/Information in Section 9)
Personal toiletries (biodegradable soaps and shampoos are encouraged)
Antibacterial wipes or lotion (good for “washing” hands while traveling)
Personal First Aid kit (e.g. anti-diarrhea pills, antibiotics, antiseptic, itch-relief, pain reliever, bandages, blister
covers, etc.) and personal medications
Optional Items
Small umbrella
Pocket knife (be sure to pack in checked luggage)
Field guides
Travel guide
Earplugs and eye-mask if you are a light sleeper
Favorite snack foods/Snacks to share during wildlife monitoring drives
Adaptor/Converter for electrical equipment
Books, games, art supplies, etc. for recreational/rest time and travel
Before you leave…
Did you read your ENTIRE Expedition Briefing?
Have you paid the entire balance of your contribution for the project?
Have you turned in all your forms to Earthwatch (see the Volunteer Forms information page in the
beginning of your Expedition Briefing)?
Is your passport current and have you obtained a visa for your destination country (if necessary)?
Have you had all the necessary vaccinations for your project site and obtained all necessary
medications?
Have you reconfirmed your airline ticket?
Do you have enough cash and/or traveler’s checks?
Have you made a photocopy of your airline ticket and passport in the event they get lost or
stolen?
Did you pack some extra clothing in your carry-on bag in case your luggage is lost and takes a
day or two to catch up with you?
Did you pack all prescription medications and bring copies of the prescription?
Did you pack extra eyeglasses/contact lenses?
Did you pack a small personal first-aid kit? (e.g. bandages, antibacterial ointment, aspirin, antidiarrhea medication, laxative, moleskin for blisters, sun block, etc.)
Do you have everything on your packing list? *Remember to break in new footwear beforehand!
Have you brought your level of fitness up to the standards required for your project as stated in
the ‘Project Conditions’ section?
Did you pack your Expedition Briefing? Bring it with you! It has valuable information pertaining
to the project, rendezvous, and contact information.
Did you purchase a guidebook for your destination country?
Have you purchased travel insurance or emergency evacuation insurance?
Have you left the Earthwatch Emergency Hotline number (+1 978 461-0081) with a family
member or friend? *This is for emergencies ONLY. An Earthwatch staff member is on-call 24
hours a day, seven days a week.

Lions of Tsavo

Transcription

Similar documents

Man-Eating Lions - International Wildlife Museum

2011 Earthwatch Annual Review

Around the World in an Classic Car

in memoriam - edwin k. calain

Greycoats: The Lions and The Swans

What Happened to the Lion`s Mane? - ACCESS

Untitled - The Field Museum

December 2013

Adventure for a cause

PHIc-coM ,rroL XEYWOTD:NATGIO. A!llL aoot