Avionics: Club Advanced Engines: CTLS CTLSi

CTLS
Avionics:
Club
Advanced
Engines:
CTLS – 912S
CTLSi – 912iS
CTLSt – 914T
2|
Content
The next generation from the market leader.........................................................................................4
Aerodynamics.......................................................................................................................................... 6
Happy landings........................................................................................................................................ 7
Please fly safely........................................................................................................................................8
Production................................................................................................................................................ 9
Durability................................................................................................................................................... 10
Structure................................................................................................................................................... 11
Get comfortable.......................................................................................................................................12
Service...................................................................................................................................................... 13
CT safety cabin design........................................................................................................................... 14
Glider towing............................................................................................................................................ 15
Engine data.............................................................................................................................................. 16
Standard equipment............................................................................................................................... 17
Fractional ownership clubs and rental.................................................................................................. 18
Travel......................................................................................................................................................... 19
Operating costs....................................................................................................................................... 20
SkyView ADS-B Traffic and Weather.................................................................................................... 21
Cockpit options....................................................................................................................................... 22
Design....................................................................................................................................................... 24
Technical information.............................................................................................................................. 30
|3
4|
The CTLS is the newest evolution of the
Flight Design CT line of aircraft. Longer, lower
and sleeker, the CTLS was designed specifically
for the Light Sport Aircraft (LSA) category and
offers many features to improve comfort and
performance.
Flight Design has conducted extensive customer
research including questionnaires at leading air
shows. Based on those results and the design
opportunities allowed under the ASTM Light
Sport Aircraft standards, the CTLS was developed.
The Flight Design development team worked for
more than 24 months on development of the CTLS
and invested significantly in this evolved design.
Flight Design used industry specialists and
advanced tools including full–scale wind tunnel
testing in the Mercedes-Benz wind tunnel to further
The next generation
refine the new aerodynamic design. Next
generation computer flight test systems were
used to develop the flight dynamics in a first
for the Light Sport Aircraft industry.
Flight Design is committed to remain the leader
in the Light Sport Aircraft category. Employing
progressive design concepts and modern safety
know–how, Flight Design joins the latest engineering
techniques and software to state–of–the–art
materials.
The CTLS is an aircraft capable of flying non–
stop from Chicago to NYC, Charlotte to Dallas,
and London to Frankfurt or Munich to Rome…
flights of 1,800 km (1,000 miles). The large comfortable
cabin and excellent visibility of the CTLS makes
all your flights more enjoyable and a better
environment for learning how to fly.
from the market leader
In production since 1997, nearly 1,800 Flight Design
CTs have been delivered to customers worldwide.
By operating the CTLS in some of the most
challenging conditions on earth, Flight Design team
members continue to learn and improve the aircraft.
The CTLS incorporates evolutionary changes that
make it a great airplane for the demands of flying
clubs and flight schools as well as private owners.
A modern aircraft should have all the safety
improvements available for protecting the pilot
and passenger. Every CT has a time–proven rigid
carbon fiber cockpit forming a safety cell plus
four–point harnesses. The standard equipment
airframe parachute system is an important addition
to the list of safety features on the CTLS. The system
is always available should you need it.
|5
The CT first earned its German Airworthiness
Certificate in 1997. The Special Light Sport Aircraft
FAA Airworthiness Certificate was issued to a CT in
April 2005. Compliance of the CT family of aircraft
has been verified by the independent LAMA audit
in March 2008. The DGAC of India registered the
CTLS In November 2009 for India. In November
2009 the CTLS received Chinese Type Design
Approval, issued for the first time ever to an LSA
aircraft by the CAAC of China in combination
with Production Approval. And in 2012, the CTLS
received its EASA Type Certificate.
Since the first flight, nearly 2000 owners have
loved the high cruise speed, low stall speed, and
the spacious cabin of all CTs.
6|
Aerodynamics
The fuselage on the CTLS is 390 mm (1' 1") longer,
which increases pitch stability and dampening
significantly. The result for pilots is a smoother
ride in turbulence and much easier landings.
By optimizing the shape of the fuselage, drag has
been reduced while providing cleaner airflow to
the stabilizer. Even the smallest improvements were
executed to further increase lift and reduce drag.
The stabilizer trim tab incorporates a new flexible
elastic hinge, which is aerodynamically cleaner
plus the control linkage has improved gearing for
finer control and better trim feel. The wing of the
CTLS uses the same efficient and proven airfoil
as the CTSW. Advanced winglets reduce induced
drag, improving climb, cruising range and
aileron control at low speeds while conveying a
21st Century look.
In total, the aerodynamic changes have have
significantly improved the CTLS's stability, control
and its overall ease of flying. While the top speed
of the unlimited CTLS is impressively high, all
CTLS fly with efficiency and low fuel consumption
at all speeds.
Happy landings
New urethane polymer shock absorbers in the
nose gear give high dampening and help to smooth
out hard landings. The new composite main gear
is extremely strong and rugged while also being
flexible, absorbing over 50% of landing energy on
the first rebound.
|7
Five–axis CNC milling technology produced the
metal molds for the new composite main landing
gear. New brakes developed together with our
partners give the correct balance of durability,
performance and light weight.
8|
Please fly safely
The Flight Design engineering staff created
the CTLS with safety, performance and comfort
in mind. A new aircraft should employ modern
construction techniques for many reasons.
The cockpit's carbon-aramid composite safety
cell helps to protect you and your passenger. The
engine mount and carbon fuselage attach points
reduce the possibility of engine intrusion into the
occupant's safety cell.
Standard four–point harnesses along with crushable elements of the fuselage construction absorb
energy and reduce possible loads to the pilot and passenger. Strong windshield uprights and massive
upper construction complete the protective
environment. Fuel tanks are sensibly located in the
wings, well away from the occupants. Numerous
improvements to the CTLS fuel system are
incorporated to give proper fuel flow even in
extreme conditions while maintaining the safety
of single lever operation.
The wide speed range and high structural
margin of the CTLS gives you peace of mind even in the
strongest conditions. Tested and certified to perform
up to 600 kg (1,320 pounds) with a generous safety
margin, the CTLS can take the load and haul it, too!
The CTLS has been subjected to numerous static
tests and complete flight–testing as a part of
certification to major Airworthiness Standards
including ASTM–FAA Light Sport Aircraft requirements, CAAC type and production certificates,
EASA CS-LSA and German LTF–UL 2003. Each
CTLS is fully flight tested by our engineering test
pilots and flown again after being reassembled
and checked by factory–trained experts in the
country of destination.
Production
|9
Production of the CTLS is performed by our
young and highly motivated staff in Germany and
Ukraine. Along with development of the original
CT our own R&D and manufacturing company
was created. We are constantly expanding our
production capabilities to meet growing worldwide demand for our products.
to produce CT series and C4 aircraft for the Asian
Pacific region.
With expansion into certified production authorization, we have been audited and shown compliance to ISO AS/EN 9100 at both facilities. Modern design tools such as CFD, laser scanning and
production molds made with 5 axis CNC mills
are now used to make components. In conjunction with AeroJones Aviation, we will soon open a
second primary production site in Xiamen, China
CTLS was designed and tested using the most
advanced CAD programs available and these
systems are also applied in production of the aircraft.
The balance of safety and performance is attained
through rational design, well–organized manufacturing and the use of dependable Western
materials.
We are proud to be at the vanguard of aviation
technology and a leader in bringing that structural
and aerodynamic technology to the light plane
industry.
10 |
Durability
A modern airplane should be built with
modern technology. Carbon fiber–epoxy aircraft
construction offers unparalleled strength, durability,
corrosion and fatigue–resistance. Despite high
material and labor costs, carbon fiber construction
is being used more widely every year. Due to its
advantages, carbon fiber construction has been
adopted for many new military and commercial
aircraft replacing older aluminum & rivet construction.
Repair costs with carbon fiber construction are
typically far less than those for conventional
metal or tube and cloth aircraft. New core foam
which is now used is much more resistant to
environmental damage. Repairs can be locally
performed around the country.
The CTLS is finished in a two–part polyurethane
paint, which is very UV–resistant. Beautiful and
easy to take care of, the CTLS polyurethane finish
will last years when properly maintained.
Structure
The CTLS structure is made from the very latest
carbon fiber construction with rigid foam core
and epoxy matrix using vacuum technology. All
supporting structure consists of carbon and/or
Aramid fibers, and since 2008 a new foam core
material is used in exposed areas to provide
|11
improved resistance against weather, fuel and
chemicals. All materials used in the construction
are from Western suppliers and correspond to either
DIN or Aviation standards. The CTLS wing surfaces
are post cured at 80 °C (176 °F) as it is customary
in aircraft construction.
12 |
Get comfortable
The 1.24 m (49") cabin width of the CTLS
has been increased in length to fit very tall and
smaller people equally well. People with heights
of 1.55 to 2.00 m (5' 1" to 6' 6") sit more comfortably
than ever. More storage space in the cockpit is
provided by a new convenient jacket shelf for
in–flight access and bigger outside baggage
doors now give better access for bulky items
stored aft of the cockpit. Two new windows in
the rear give the cockpit a more open feeling and
improve rearward visibility.
Large gull–wing doors held up by gas struts make
entering and taking your seat easy. Three–point
latches and door seals keep you secure inside.
Comfortable seats with molded foam padding
and pneumatically adjustable seat cushion and
lumbar sections offer incomparable comfort and
easy adjustment in height and length. From these
seats, the remarkable visibility of CTLS will give
you the feeling that you are in a helicopter with a
sweeping view of the world.
The new engine installation reduces vibration and
cabin noise is reduced further.
Full dual controls and centrally located throttle
quadrant are features of this ergonomically
arranged cockpit. Easy to reach storage space
and convenient map holders are thoughtfully provided.
Standard ventilation and heating allow CTLS
flying in all seasons.
The CTLS allows up to 50 kg (110 lb) of baggage
(total) to be safely stored in the dual storage
compartments aft of the cabin area.
If you are finding it hard to find a Light Sport Airplane
that fits you, try the CTLS. We think you will be
pleasantly surprised.
Service
The new engine mount and control system
design was developed with service and repairs
in mind. The CTLS requires only a minimum of
maintenance. At our Service Centers you can
have this work done by our properly trained staff.
You can also participate in a two–day owner–
training course at one of our Flight Design Service
Centers. This course will enable you to do simple
|13
maintenance yourself supported by our detailed
maintenance manual and parts manual supplied
with each CTLS.
Our local Service Center technicians are available
for specialized work and repairs or to assist local
mechanics on the basic maintenance of the CTLS.
14 |
CT safety cabin design
The design of the CTLS carbon fiber cockpit
has been intentionally done following reliable design
principles known from the passenger cabins
of modern cars, where crash loads are
transferred through the passenger area to
the crash–zones at the end of the vehicle, so
that the cabin remains stable while the energy is
absorbed in the periphery areas.
Looking at the CT models safety cabin you can
find all key car design features as well.
The following illustration generalizes the force
flow in the CTLS:
• Forces are introduced in a crash from the
engine and nose gear through the big engine
mount (1) into a strong A–pillar (2) and to the
center tunnel (5).
• The door sill (3) is designed to transport
the loads backwards and into the sandwich
composite shell.
• The fuselage root rib area (4) is designed as a
stiff roof rail to transports the loads backwards.
• The middle of the cabin is stiffened with a tunnel
(5) that extends from the nose gear attachment
area to beyond the luggage compartment.
• The cabin is closed at the end with the main
bulkhead (6) that serves together with the
door sill as B–pillar. All longitudinal elements
extend to and beyond this main bulkhead.
• The floor section below the seats is designed
with “Pyramids” (7) installed to the cabin floor,
supporting the seats and stiffening the floor.
• The inner laminate of the cabin skin is done
in Aramide, providing best occupant protection
against splintering. The outer skin is designed
as carbon fiber providing maximum stiffness
and strength.
The suitability of this design has been proven in
service now for 14 years. Accident history shows
that the cabin provides a maximum of occupant
protection even in a severe crash.
Glider towing
Since the beginning of the glider towing tests in
Europe, the CTLS has shown surprising aptitude.
The climb speed is just right for comfortable
|15
climbs with gliders under tow. The CTLS has
demonstrated this even on grass with a fixed
pitch propeller.
16 |
Engine data
Three models, three engine choices: CTLS/912S, CTLSi/912iS or CTLSt/912t
Depending on your specific requirements
and preferences, choose either the well–proven,
industry–standard Rotax 912S, developing a
reliable 100 hp with twin carburetors, or the
new fuel–injected, Rotax 912iS, featuring a
robust 100 hp with the fuel–air mixture precisely
computer–controlled for ultra–smooth power
delivery, more even and useful torque, reduced
emissions and improved fuel economy. The
912iS modern fuel– injection also results in surer,
easier starts, lower maintenance and lower
operating costs all the way to its 2000 hour TBO.
For flying in “hot and high” conditions, where a
normally–aspirated engine will be challenged to
maintain power at altitude, Flight Design offers
the advantages of turbo–charging with the
Rotax 914t, able to maintain its 115 hp in altitude.
However you fly, Flight Design has engine power
choices best suited to your exact requirements.
•
•
•
•
•
100–hp Rotax 912S with slipper clutch and 2.000hrs. TBO
Slipper clutch
1352 c.c. 10.5 : 1 compression ratio
Gearbox: 2.43 : 1 reduction ratio
Fuel: Premium unleaded auto fuel or 100 LL Avgas
•
•
•
•
•
100–hp Rotax 912iS with electric fuel injection and 2.000hrs. TBO
Slipper clutch
1352 c.c. 10.5 : 1 compression ratio
Gearbox: 2.43 : 1 reduction ratio
Fuel: Premium unleaded auto fuel or 100 LL Avgas
•
•
•
•
•
115–hp Rotax 914T with turbo charger, turbocharge control unit and 2.000hrs. TBO
Slipper clutch
1211,2 c.c. 9.0 : 1 compression ratio
Gearbox: 2.43 : 1 reduction ratio
Fuel: Premium unleaded auto fuel or 100 LL Avgas
Standard equipment
• Airframe parachute
• Garmin GTR 225 Com, GTX 327 Mode C and
GPS AERA 510 XM:
-- Radio Garmin GTR 225 installed with antenna
-- Transponder Garmin GTX 327 Mode A/C
installed with antenna
-- Altitude Encoder ACK A30
-- GPS Garmin AERA 510XM with USA database
-- ELT Kannad AF Compact 406 MHz
-- Intercom PM 3000 A with aux music input and
connection to GPS Audio
-- Push–to–Talk buttons on each control stick
-- Two Headset Telex Echolon with plug connectors
next to the seats
• Flight and engine instruments (ASI, altimeter,
UMA advanced analog: RPM, CHT, EGT, Volt
meter, Hobbs)
|17
• Advanced three–blade composite propeller
• Adjustable sport seats (fore–aft & height)
with headrests
• Electric flap control with LED pre–selection
system -12° (-6° USA) to +35°
• Four–point harnesses
• Two large baggage compartments
• Extra wide cabin doors with gas spring
• One–piece windshield with light green tinting
• Two wing tanks with 130 l (34 gallon) total capacity
• Composite main landing gear: 4.00 - 6” main
wheels with hydraulic disc brakes, steerable
nose wheel 4.00 - 6”
• 10 cool standard graphic patterns
• Complete document package includes: Flight,
Maintenance and Parts Manual
18 |
Fractional ownership clubs and rental
One way to get more people involved in your
club is to lower the cost and offer exciting new
aircraft. With rental and training allowed by the
FAA on Special Light–Sport Aircraft, the CTLS
is the right choice for flying clubs and fractional
ownership applications. With the new CTLS even
less experienced pilots can enjoy the thrill of
flying this exciting Light–Sport Aircraft after a
proper training session.
Travel
The further you fly–the more the CTLS
superiority shows. With the CTLS’s new long–
range comfortable seats and large baggage
compartments, countrywide flights become an
|19
achievable and affordable adventure! The CTLS
gives you the performance and freedom to make
your flying dreams a reality!
Operating costs
20 |
CTLS was built to get up and go. With low fuel consumption and low operating costs, you can
afford to fly as much as you want.
For USA customer
Hours per year
100
250
350
500
750
Total direct operating costs
$ 34.50
$ 34.50
$ 34.50
$ 34.50
$ 34.50
Total indirect operating cost no hull insurance $ 20.15
$ 14.54
$ 13.47
$ 12.67
$ 12.05
Total indirect operating cost
$ 50.83
$ 26.81
$ 22.24
$ 18.81
$ 16.14
Total operating cost including hull insurance
$ 105.48 $ 75.85
$ 70.21
$ 65.98
$ 62.68
Hours per year
100
250
350
500
750
Total direct operating costs
38.13 €
38.13 €
38.13 €
38.13 €
38.13 €
Total indirect operating cost no hull insurance 20.15 €
14.54 €
13.47 €
12.67 €
12.05 €
Total indirect operating cost
43.25 €
23.78 €
20.07 €
17.29 €
15.13 €
Total operating cost including hull insuranc
Flight schools & photography e
101.53 €
76.45 €
71.67 €
68.09 €
65.30 €
For Europe customer
Flight schools & photography
Remarkably slow landing speed, controllability
and rugged landing gear make the CTLS the right
choice. Due to its modern strut–less (cantilevered)
wing design and contemporary good looks, the
CTLS is the right choice for Flight Schools seeking a
way to attract new students. In Europe this change
is already happening for many light plane schools.
A revolution in personal flying in the USA is now
underway with the Light–Sport Category!
Without a strut to block the view non–commercial
aerial photography is a joy. An optional 16.5 x 25.4 cm
(6-1/2 x 10") photo window is available, too.
With its roomy cabin and superb visibility the CTLS
is an ideal aircraft in the agricultural world for the
inspection of animals and crops and other not–for–
compensation survey tasks.
* With its short field performance and rugged
optional tundra gear, a careful landing for inspection
is easily performed.
* Get approval from local authorities on legality of all
unusual or commercial operations.
SkyView ADS-B Traffic and Weather
An SV-ADSB-470 equipped aircraft like
the CTLSi uses the SkyView GPS receiver to
determine a precise position from GPS satellites
and then combines that position with other aircraft
information such as speed, heading, and altitude.
This information is broadcast to other ADS-B
capable aircraft and to ADS-B ground, or satellite
communications transceivers which then relay the
aircraft's position and additional information to Air
Traffic Control centers in real time. It is seen as part
of the “next generation” of air traffic control and
gives this information directly into your cockpit.
SV-ADSB-470 Traffic and Weather Receiver
Traffic and Weather for SkyView.
The SV-ADSB-470 is a lightweight remote mounted
receiver for ADS-B
IN information that utilizes an externally mounted
antenna for superior ADS-B reception.
ADS-B Weather
Subscription-free weather displayed on SkyView,
including NEXRAD radar, METARs and TAFS.
Airport weather data can be displayed for nearest
airports or for a specific airport identifier.
ADS-B Traffic
Receives ADS-B TIS-B traffic with precise location,
altitude, speed, and direction.
Includes both traffic broadcast from other aircraft
equipped with ADS-B UAT transmitters, and data
broadcast from ADS-B ground stations. (Requires
SkyView SV-XPNDR-261/262 transponder, currently
the only transponder which meets the requirements)
TFR Information
TFR NOTAMs are displayed graphically on the
navigation map.
|21
The new SV-ADSB-470 unit offers subscriptionfree weather displayed on SkyView, including
NEXRAD radar, METARs and TAFS. Airport weather
data can be displayed for nearest airports or for
a specific airport identifier. ADS-B also receives
TIS-B traffic information with precise location,
altitude, speed, and direction from broadcast
from other ADS-B equipped aircraft along with
data broadcast from ADS-B ground stations,
presuming the aircraft is equipped with the correct
transponder. Additionally TFRs can be shown even
though these are temporarily restricted areas.
Cockpit options
22 |
8
7
6
9
10
5
4
3
3a
3b
2
1
11
1
PS Engineering PM 3000 intercom
2
Transponder Garmin GTX 327 Mode A/C
3
Radio Garmin GTR 225
3a
Radio Garmin GTR 225A 8,33 kHz (optional)
3b
Radio Garmin GNC 255A 8,33 kHz NAV/COM (optional)
4
Altimeter small (57mm), analog
5
Airspeed indicator small (57mm), analog
6
Dynon Autopilot 2–axis (optional)
7
Dynon SkyView SV D700 — 7"
8
GPS Garmin AERA 500 / 510 XM
9
Analog engine instrument UMA
10
Hobbs hour counter
11
ELT 406 MHz
12
GPS Garmin AERA 795 / 796 XM
13
Garmin® G3X™ Touch Dual PFD-MFD Touch Screens
14
Garmin GTN 750 (optional)
15
Garmin GMA 340 audio panel (optional)
16
Dynon Dual Touch Screens SkyView SV–D1000T
17
Transponder Garmin GTX 330 Mode S (optional)
18
Dynon SV XPNDR 261 – Class 1 Transponder
19
Garmin GMC 305 Autopilot Control Panel
|23
15
13
19
3
3a
3b
14
13
17
11
12
10
16
16
18
3
3a
3b
17
1
11
Design
24 |
Wave 1
ORACAL 951 series
070
Black
ORACAL 951 series
209
Maize yellow
ORACAL 951 series
032
Light red
ORACAL 951 series
090
Silver grey
Wave 2
ORACAL 951 series
811
Sahara beige
ORACAL 951 series
070
Black
ORACAL 951 series
032
Light red
ORACAL 951 series
090
Silver grey
The colors reflected on the brochure are only approximations of the original colors.
|25
Wave 3
ORACAL 951 series
811
Sahara beige
ORACAL 951 series
509
Sea blue
ORACAL 951 series
026
Purple red
ORACAL 951 series
093
Anthracite
Wave 4
ORACAL 951 series
811
Sahara beige
ORACAL 951 series
509
Sea blue
ORACAL 951 series
070
Black
ORACAL 951 series
093
Anthracite
The colors reflected on the brochure are only approximations of the original colors.
26 |
Wave 5
ORACAL 951 series
026
Purple red
ORACAL 951 series
509
Sea blue
ORACAL 951 series
090
Silver grey
ORACAL 951 series
093
Anthracite
Storm 1
ORACAL 951 series
070
Black
ORACAL 951 series
209
Maize yellow
ORACAL 951 series
032
Light red
ORACAL 951 series
090
Silver grey
The colors reflected on the brochure are only approximations of the original colors.
|27
Storm 2
ORACAL 951 series
811
Sahara beige
ORACAL 951 series
070
Black
ORACAL 951 series
032
Light red
ORACAL 951 series
090
Silver grey
Storm 3
ORACAL 951 series
811
Sahara beige
ORACAL 951 series
509
Sea blue
ORACAL 951 series
026
Purple red
ORACAL 951 series
093
Anthracite
The colors reflected on the brochure are only approximations of the original colors.
28 |
Storm 4
ORACAL 951 series
811
Sahara beige
ORACAL 951 series
509
Sea blue
ORACAL 951 series
070
Black
ORACAL 951 series
093
Anthracite
Storm 5
ORACAL 951 series
026
Purple red
ORACAL 951 series
509
Sea blue
ORACAL 951 series
090
Silver grey
ORACAL 951 series
093
Anthracite
The colors reflected on the brochure are only approximations of the original colors.
|29
Classic 1
ORACAL 951 series
093
Anthracite
ORACAL 951 series
032
Light red
ORACAL 951 series
090
Silver grey
Classic 2
ORACAL 951 series
032
Light red
ORACAL 951 series
509
Sea blue
ORACAL 951 series
090
Silver grey
The colors reflected on the brochure are only approximations of the original colors.
30 |
Technical information
|31
Geometry
Max. length
6604 mm
21' 8"
Max. height
2342 mm
7' 8"
Wing span
8594 mm
28' 2"
Wing
9.98 m2
107.43 ft2
Stabilator
1.60 m2
17.20 ft2
Vertical tail
1.41 m2
15.16 ft2
Areas
Aspect ratios
Wing
7.29
Stabilator
3.51
Performance at MTOW
VH: maximum horizontal speed
VNE: maximum permissible airspeed (red line)
472,5 kg |1039.5 lbs
600 kg |1320 lbs
240 km/h
240 km/h
300* km/h
300* km/h
Take-off run (flap +15degree)
140 m
250 m
Take-off distance over 15 m obstacle
250 m
450 m
2000 km
1800 km
Max. range (30 min reserve)
*The never–exceed speed (VNE) demonstrated during flight testing is 300 km/h but is limited in the
individual case by the ballistic recovery system installed or national regulations.
Weights and Dimensions
Typical empty weight (equipped with rescue system)
326 kg
717 lbs
Max. take-off weight
600 kg
1320 lbs
Fuel capacity
130 l
Flight Design GmbH
Zum Tower 4
D-01917 Kamenz
GERMANY
email: [email protected]
web: www.flightdesign.com
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Editorial responsibility & disclaimer
Information given in Flight Design brochures or in other printing matter may be subject to alteration without notice. Care has been taken to ensure that the contents of this publication are accurate
but Flight Design GmbH and its subsidiaries do not accept responsibility for errors or for information which is found to be misleading. Suggestion for or descriptions of the end use or application of
products or methods of working are for information only and Flight Design GmbH and its subsidiaries accept no lability in respect thereof.
Before using products supplied or manufactured by Flight Design GmbH or its subsidiaries, the customer should satisfy themselves of their suitability.
Photo on cover by Jean-Marie Urlacher
Edition: March 2015