History of Computers Seminar Killer Applications

Transcription

History of Computers Seminar
Killer Applications
7/30/2007
Killer Applications
What is a Killer App?
 Household name
 “The software to DIE for”
 The next best thing since sliced bread
 How did I ever manage to get by without it?
 Affecting human lives
 Commercial success
Killer Applications
Alexander Bogomjakov
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Killer Applications
Non-Software
Time-Sharing Businesses
 Paradigm shift
 Radio
 Television
 800-numbers
 Laptop computers
 Internet
 Cell phones
 Digital photography
 ADP
Henry Taub
Payrolls, etc.
Revenues (2006) – $7 billion
 Tymshare
Networks (public, private)
Banks, airlines, gov. agencies, etc.
 BBN Technologies
 NIH – National Institutes of Health
1968 – 32 time-sharing service bureaus
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Word Processing
Text Editing
 1970s
 The idea
1960s
Programs to manipulate code
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Word Processing Machines
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Office Automation Systems
 Late 1970s – early „80s
 1970s
 Dedicated computerized systems
IBM MT/ST
Wang 1200 WPS
IBM Displaywriter System
IBM Selectric
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WordStar
WordPerfect
 1978
 CP/M
 1982
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Spreadsheets
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Batch Spreadsheets
 1961 – "Budgeting Models and System Simulation"
by Richard Mattessich
 1968 – Capex Corporation
AutoPlan – on General Electric
AutoTab – on IBM mainframe
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Works Records System
VisiCalc
 1974
 1979
Apple II
Dan Bricklin
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Bob Frankston
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Lotus 1-2-3
Excel
 1983
 1985
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Office Software
AppleWorks
 Word processor
 Spreadsheet
 Presentation software
 Database
 Graphics suite
 Communication tools
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 1984
 Apple II
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Microsoft Office
OpenOffice.org
 1990 – Office 1, Mac OS
 1992 – Office 3.0, Windows
 2001
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Google Docs & Spreadsheets
Before WWW
 FTP
 Usenet (1979)
 BBS (1979)
 ENQUIRE (1980)
 Gopher (1991)
 2006
BBS
Gopher
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WorldWideWeb
Web Growth
 1990
 Hypertext + Internet = WWW
Number of web-sites
Number of web-sites
650,000
8,443,000
8,712,000
7,128,000
Tim Berners-Lee
4,662,000
230,000
2,636,000
100,000
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Oct-96
Jun-96
Oct-95
Feb-96
Jun-95
Oct-94
Feb-95
23,500
2,738 10,022
Jun-94
Oct-93
623
Feb-94
Jun-93
130
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
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Web Growth
Internet Usage
Number of web sites
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ViolaWWW
Mosaic
 1991
 1993
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Netscape
Network Hardware
 1994
Company
Revenues (2006)
CISCO
$28.48 Billion
Marvell
$1.67 Billion
Qualcomm
$7.53 Billion
Alcatel-Lucent
€18.3 Billion
 Chromatis
Israeli startup (Orni Petruschka)
Optical Networking
Bought by Lucent – $4.8
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Billion (stock)!
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Internet Search
Early Search Engines
 Archie – FTP search (1990)
 Gopher (1991)
 1993
Wandex
Aliweb
Veronica
Jughead
 1994
 WAIS
WebCrawler
Lycos
InfoSeek
 1995
AltaVista
Excite
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http://www.archive.org
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Yahoo!
Google
 1998 – launch
 2001 – gained popularity
 1994
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Before Databases
Data Models
 Serial storage
Charles
W. Bachman
 1960s
Punched cards
Magnetic tape
 Turing award
1972 (#7) – Dijkstra
1973 (#8) – Bachman
1974 (#9) – Knuth
1981 (#16) – Codd
Network
Edgar F. Codd
 Direct access storage devices
Hierarchical
Relational
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dBASE
MySQL
 1980
 2006
Nokia – MySQL Cluster
flickr – millions of photos and users.
NetQOS – large networks
 2005
85 million dynamic page views/day
1.5 billion MySQL queries/day
Wikipedia
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200 million queries/day
1.2 million updates/day
Peak loads – History
11,000
queries/second
of Computers
Seminar
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References
References
 Wikipedia
 Accidental Empires
 History - The 22nd Annual SIIA Codie Awards
 Images: Games that win a spot in history | ZDNet
Photo Gallery
 Free Software's killer applications
 History of Computer Graphics
 Internet history, design, web, email...
 World Internet Usage Statistics News and Population
Stats
 Internet Statistics: Web Growth, Internet Growth
 The Creator of the First Web Search Engine Works at
Google
 Internet / Statistics - WebReference.com
 The Spreadsheet Page - Microsoft Excel
 94/210/1 Central processing unit, office information
system, metal/plastic, Wang Laboratories, USA, 1978
- Powerhouse Museum Collection
 AppleWorks
 Size and growth statistics [OCLC - Web
Characterization]
 Web Characterization [OCLC - Archived projects]
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References
 Google Buys Its First Office
 Internet Archive: Wayback Machine
 Pew Internet & American Life Project
 IEEE Xplore - Advanced Search
 Internet Growth Statistics - Global Village Online
 Netcraft: Web Server Survey Archives
 WWW FAQs: How many web sites are there?
 » The size of the World Wide Web
 Pandia - on the number of websites in the world
 Lucent to Close Chromatis
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Neer Roggel
 "Remembering the Office of the Future: Word Processing and Office
Automation before the Personal Computer"
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Postal Service – A Definition
 One way discrete message delivery
 Preset or set source and destination
 Many available transfer media
Electronic Mail
Homing pigeons
Horses and carriages
Mainframe computers
Local area networks
Satellite links
The Internet
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Popular Uses
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PROFs and the Iran-Contra Affair
 IBM‟s Professional Office System
 Personal communication
 Newsletters, magazines
 Scientific collaboration
 Financial transactions
 Government, taxes
 Workplace memos
VM/CMS-based, 3270-type terminals, IBM‟s VNET
 White House scandal
Secret correspondence
 Many can be achieved electronically
Some new uses: technical support
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Current Day Usage Statistics
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Webmail Usage Statistics
 #1 reported online pursuit in the USA
 Successful combination of universally available
remote access (via WWW) and 3rd party storage
 Top three:
91% of online users have done it (FEB-MAR07)
As opposed to 39% for instant messages (AUG06)
As opposed to 22% for chat rooms/discussions (SEP05)
Yahoo Mail
MySpace Mail
Hotmail
 Worldwide volumes (OCT06)
1.1 billion email users with 1.4 billion active accounts
183 billion emails sent each day in 2006
 At least once a day, often more
53% of surveyed people check every day
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Drawbacks – Viruses
Email Marketing
 Various advertisements and offers, including
medications, education, computer fraud, electronic
advertising services, real estate, computers and the
internet, adult content, you name it…
 Not entirely new: think Anthrax
 Wide, easily accessible, victim base
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Additional Drawbacks
 Denial of Service
 Impersonation
Instant Messaging
Fake sender address
No plausible deniability
 Anonymity
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Instant Messaging – A Definition
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IRC – Internet Relay Chat
 Jarkko “WiZ” Oikarinen, 1988
 Real-time discussions in BBSs
 Numerous “channels”
 A real-time extension of email
 A less communal form of chatrooms
 Used for productivity in workplaces
Integrated with existing office systems
Akin to chatrooms

topics
 1990: 1 net, 12 users, 38 servers
 Open server debate led to a split
"If it is not logic, it's magic.
If it is not magic, it is female logic."
Open = nickname collisions, abuse
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IRC – Current Day
ICQ – I Seek You
 Yossi Vardi‟s Mirabilis, 1996
 Assigns each user a UIN
 Combines user online status
and real-time messaging
 818 nets, with many users and channels
 Largest ones: ~200K users, ~30 servers
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Advanced Features
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 Audio
 Video
 Emoticons
 File Transfer
 Conferencing
 Games
 Cellular IM
 Increasingly common
42% of internet users in the USA (54 million)
Of these, for 24%, IM use > email use, for 6%, IM = email.
Younger users IM more frequently, and also multitask
 At work (SEP04)
Used by 21% of American IM users (11 million)
40% use IM with coworkers, 33% with friends and family
 At least once a day, often more (SEP04)
36% of surveyed people check every day
63% say they use IM at least several times a week.
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Social Networking – A Definition
 A graph structure
 Nodes are individuals or organizations
 Edges indicate the ties between them
Social Networking
Shared interests, kinship, web links, trade, …
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Types of Social Networking
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Typical Features
 Personal networking
 Photo sharing
 Video sharing
 Web logging (= online journals)
 Talkbacks, comments, polls
 Forums
 Chat
School, college, work, military, family, dating, …
 Business networking
Colleagues, career options, resume publishing
 Social bookmarking
Gathering links, ascertaining popularity
 Special common interest
Cars, sports, books, music, travel, games, …
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Web Log Statistics
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Web Log Users
 In the top 10 global web ranks
 57% male
 48% under 30
 82% online for more than 6 years
 39% have college or graduate degrees
Windows Live, MySpace, Orkut
 7% have created a web log
Used to be 3% (2002), then 5% (2004)
 27% have read web logs
Mostly those relating to current affairs
 12% have posted response comments
 But, 62% of online Americans have never heard of it!
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Business is Business
 MySpace sold for $580 million
Became worth $1.5 billion in a year
 Data mining for advertising
 Offering local social services
 Stealing online dating business
Computer and Video Games
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Interest Invocation Slide
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The Gaming Industry
 [VID: Neer‟s fragmovie, 315Mb]
 More money than the movie industry
More money than box office sales, to be precise
 A multitude of genres
Puzzles, educational
Adventure
Sports
Arcade
Simulators
Action
Shooters
Real time strategy
Role playing games
Card and board games
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Classic Platforms
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Japanese Arcades
 Arcade machines
 Multiple stories
 Well lit, colorful
 Social hub
Video arcade phenomena
 Personal computers
XT, AT (ability to save state)
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 Ground floor or basement
 Dimly lit atmosphere
 Subcultural scene
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Platforms – Gaming Consoles
American Arcades
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 Develop together with computers, side by side
 Require less resources, used solely for gaming
 Nintendo Entertainment System, N64, XBOX
 Gameboy, PSP (portable)
 Nintendo WII (novel MMI)
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Multiplayer Games
Mass Online Multiplayer
 Hotseat
 Networked
 Social aspects
 Online marketing/payment models
LAN parties
Online servers (WON, Blizzard, Yahoo)
Game items on eBay
Peer ranking systems
Second Life
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Audio Development
 Worldwide volumes
 Sound Blaster
 Stereo versus mono
 Synthesized versus recorded
217 million gamers worldwide
Average of 9 visits per month
Yahoo! Games is largest (53 million unique users)
Wavetable MIDI, CD music
 3D surround
 Voice activated
 Women
Age 40+ spend 9.1 hours per week (41% of online time)
Compare with 7.4 hours for teens, 6.2 women age 40Word & puzzle games (49%), casino (27%), arcade (16%)
Used to relax during work and after putting kids to bed
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Graphics Development
Graphics Development 3D
 2D raster
 Pseudo-3D
Sprites
Multilayered
Isometric views
 2D vector
 3D
Polygons
Wireframes
Shading/Lighting
 Fractals
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Bibliography – Electronic Mail
Killer Applications
Bibliography – Instant Messaging
 Email Systems, PROFs
 IRC History
B. Campbell. 3D MULTI-USER COLLABORATIVE WORLDS FOR THE INTERNET, 1997.
C&A Division Rutherford Laboratory Annual Report 1983, 1983.
R. Bliss. Blown Away – The Emergence of GroupWise as a Market Leader.
Novell Corporation, April 2005.
T. Blanton. National Security Archive/White House E-Mail, 1995.
D. Nazareth. Managing ES9000 Terminal Sessions, 1997.
J. Oikarinen. IRC History.
Living Internet. IRC History.
D. Stenberg. History of IRC, Sep 2002. M. Kotadia.
 IM History
A. Min. The story (and the protocols) behind instant messengers.
Free Software Magazine, Issue 18, June 18, 2007.
R. Jiang. Instant Messaging and its Effects on Student Life, 2006
MSN Messenger hit by double-whammy worm.
CNET News, February 3, 2005.
The ICQ Story. ICQ Incorporated.
J. Reimer. Yahoo Messenger and Windows Live Messenger get together.
Ars technica, September 27, 2006.
 Usage Statistics
M. Brownlow. Email and webmail statistics. Email Marketing Reports, Dec 2006.
America‟s Online Pursuits. Pew-Internet & American Life Project, Dec 2003.
B. Tancer. Google, Yahoo! and MSN: Property Size-up, May 2006.
Hitwise US - Top 20 Websites, Jun 2007.
A Comparison of Live Hotmail, Gmail and Yahoo Mail, Feb 2007.
 History
 Usage Statistics
D. Crocker. Email History, How Email was Invented.
History of the Internet, Wikipedia, accessed July 24, 2007.
R. Kling, A. J. Swygart-Hobaugh. The Internet and the Velocity of Scholarly Journal Publishing.
Center for Social Informatics School of Library and Information Science Indiana University, 2002.
Lists of IRC Networks.
IRC Networks – Top 100.
How Americans use Instant Messaging. Pew-Internet & American Life Project, Sep
2004.
 Email Marketing (Spam)
Viruslist.com. Spam Report: April 2007. Kaspersky Labs.
Email marketing, Wikipedia, accessed July 27, 2007.
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Bibliography – Social Networking
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Bibliography – Computer Games
 Definitions
 Statistics
PieSpy – Inferring and Visualizing Social Network on IRC.
Social Network. Wikipedia, accessed July 30, 2007.
Worldwide Online Gaming Community Reaches 217 Million. CNNMoney News, July
10, 2007.
R. Greenspan, ClickZ: Girl Gamers Grow Up. February 12, 2004.
 Business
 Arcades
O. Kharif. Was MySpace Sold on the Cheap?, October 6, 2006
Arcades in Japan, July 2004.
B. Stone. Stone: Inside Japan‟s Addictive Arcades, July 2006. MSNBC News.
FILM Rotation: Industry War: Movies vs. Video Games, Round 1! Dec 2004.
P. Kuittinen. History of Arcade Games, Dec 1997.
 Statistics
List of social networking websites. Wikipedia, accessed July 30, 2007
The state of blogging. Pew-Internet & American Life Project, Jan 2005.
Social Networking Websites and Teens: An Overview. Pew-Internet & American Life
Project, Jan 2007.
 Sound and Graphics
Sound Blaster. Wikipedia, accessed July 30, 2007.
My Soundcards Museum, Aug 2007.
S. Collins. SIGGRAPH Newsletter: Game Graphics During the 8-bit Computer Era,
May 1998.
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History of Computers Seminar Killer Applications

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based on slides by Roger Weber, edited by Thomas Meyer