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Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment Vol.11 (2): 1150-1155. 2013
www.world-food.net
The role of land consolidation in the development of rural areas in irrigation areas
Müge Kirmikil * and Ismet Arici
Biosystems Engineering Dept., Faculty of Agriculture, Uludag University, Gorukle Campus, 16059 Bursa, Turkey.
*e-mail: [email protected]
Received 20 January 2013, accepted 28 April 2013.
Abstract
The sustainable development of rural areas is dependent on structural change. Multifaceted planning and projects must be prepared and implemented
for structural change to occur. In developed countries, other rural development-oriented services are reinforced by land consolidation. Land consolidation
work strives to expand agricultural enterprises and renew villages, and as the situations and problems have become multifaceted, the principle of not
regarding this space as merely agricultural has arisen. From this point of view, the purpose of land consolidation became multifaceted, and the concept
was changed to mean the arrangement of a rural area, as it involves irrigation, agriculture, environment, settlement and choice related to economic
policies. Thus, the tasks of land consolidation have constantly expanded and now include increasing production efficiency, improving and conserving
rural structure, eliminating the problem of scattered parcels and improving production and working conditions. In Turkey, this work is carried out in
irrigation areas and with certain content. The most important of the agricultural infrastructure problems is that the lands are in the form of small
parcels, are dispersed, and are irregularly shaped in a clear majority of agricultural enterprises. Furthermore, proprietorship of land is unclear, as
ownership is not passed to heirs. As a result, farmers are producing in gradually smaller and more scattered lands and cannot use the land properly;
thus, agricultural development is insufficient. The solution for enterprises with fragmented and scattered land is land consolidation. This study
presents a geographic information system (GIS)-aided analysis of the structural changes that took place in rural areas as a result of carrying out land
consolidation in irrigation project areas. Two irrigation project areas were chosen for the study. The first is the Bursa Mustafakemalpaşa Plain
irrigation project area, which received only irrigation service. The second is the Bursa Karacabey Plain irrigation project area, where irrigation and land
consolidation were carried out at the same time. The data obtained in this study were analyzed with the aid of GIS while comparing with and without
land consolidation, thus revealing the potential effect of land consolidation on project areas.
Key words: Land consolidation, geographic information system-aided analyses, development of rural areas, irrigation areas.
Introduction
Developing agricultural infrastructure is of prime importance to
deriving more income from a given unit area and to making Turkish
agriculture world-competitive by means of high productivity.
Among the most important problems in developing agricultural
infrastructure are the magnitude of the existing structural problems,
the need to make up for the deficiencies of responsible
organizations by means of rural area regulations necessary for
the solution of these problems, and financial resource
procurement1-4.
Irrigation projects, particularly in countries where arid climate
is dominant, bring substantial benefits to rural development and
social and economic life as well as to agriculture. Beginning from
the planning stage, large irrigation projects involve multidirectional
work such as field development services (e.g., leveling, drainage),
farmer training, equipment and organization, and marketing of the
crops as well as the project, construction, operation and
maintenance as a whole. Irrigation systems have been installed
numerous places around Turkey by the State Hydraulic Works
and General Directorate for Rural Services. However, these
services cannot be used economically and technically because of
land fragmentation and complex ownership systems.
In Turkey, land consolidation work is carried out within irrigation
schemes that aim to increase agricultural productivity more rapidly.
In irrigated areas, land fragmentation caused by the irrigation
1150
facility and the inability to benefit from irrigation increases the
necessity to carry out land consolidation.
There are considerable discrepancies between areas introduced
to irrigation and areas that can actually be irrigated in state irrigation
networks. The main reason for low irrigation efficiency and a low
irrigation ratio is that, in addition to irrigation network problems,
cropland development work may not be carried out properly. The
main problems causing the low irrigation ratio are that parcels
under irrigation are unshaped and small and the irrigation network
is not long enough to reach all the parcels. The permanent solution
to these problems is land consolidation 5, 6.
Land consolidation is a significant means to provide land needed
in irrigation systems and to reduce investment costs. In land
consolidation, parcel borders are removed and small, fragmented
and scattered parcels belonging to farmers are rearranged; thus,
publicly shared areas such as roads and canals are reduced by up
to 10%, and this land instead can be used for shared premises.
Land consolidation practices in Turkey have been shown to cut
back irrigation project expenses by 10-50%, thus saving
approximately 36.7% 7.
The aim of this study is to organize the evaluation components
in a system and to correlate and analyze them, drawing on the
abilities and properties of a geographic information system to
determine the role of land consolidation in irrigation areas.
Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, Vol.11 (2), April 2013
Materials and Methods
Four villages were chosen from each of the 2 irrigation project
areas located in the province of Bursa. These eight villages were
selected to research the role of land consolidation in developing
rural areas and to analyze the data using a geographic information
system (Fig. 1). These villages are “Yeşilova, Ormankadı, Tepecik
and Bakırköy”, which are within the Bursa Mustafakemalpaşa
Plain Irrigation Project, the installation of which was completed in
1965, and “Sazlıca, Ortasarıbey, Eskisarıbey and Yenisarıbey”,
which are within the Karacabey Plain Irrigation Project, where
land consolidation was completed in 2003.
Infrastructure, ownership structure, center of population of a
village and rural environment components were determined as
rural area development components for the improvement of the
physical conditions of the selected areas. Surveys, the abilities
and capacities of the geographic information system, and remote
sensing techniques were used to analyze the components. First, a
pre-survey was carried out in February 2005 to become familiar
with and to select the villages that fit the purpose of the project
and where surveys could be carried out. Then, in January 2006
and March 2006, comprehensive surveys were carried out to
analyze components of rural development. The SPSS for Windows
package was used to analyze the answers to the survey. Queries
and analyses were made with NETCAD-GIS program support.
Visual interpretation and the supervised classification methods
of the ERDAS-Imagine image-processing program were used to
determine the rural environment via satellite image.
In a geographic information system, analyses can be performed
after data have been transferred to the system and have been
correlated. While making these analyses, queries can be made
based on individual villages, or village groups when needed. 8-11.
Analyses that can be inquired about are: 1) Parcel size distribution,
2) Land ownership status, 3) Project area road system analysis, 4)
Irrigation and drainage system analysis, 5) Land use and plant
pattern, 6) Urban environment.
Results and Discussion
Parcel size distribution: The total project area of the Bursa
Karacabey and Mustafakemalpaşa Plain is 10,012.42 hectares, and
there are 8 villages in the project area. The total parcel area of the
villages is 9654.12 ha, and the total number of parcels is 13,455.
The total number of parcels in the villages where land
consolidation has not been carried out is 12,005, while the total
number of parcels in consolidated villages is 1450.
The parcels in the project area were evaluated according to
their present size based on project total area, county and village.
The areal distribution of the whole project area is presented in
Fig. 2 based on consolidated and non-consolidated area. Table 1
presents the state of the villages in the Karacabey county project
area before and after land consolidation.
As seen, land consolidation work affected the individual and
overall parcel distribution within the Karacabey county project
area, decreased the number of parcels, and enlarged areal
distributions.
Evaluation of land proprietorship: As a result of the evaluation
of the obtained proprietorship data, project area parcels were
classified as private land, village legal entity, treasury, pasture,
and other. Items classified as other refer to areas used by state
institutions and organizations and to local factory land.
Of the parcels in the Karacabey project area, where consolidation
has been carried out, 96.41% are private land. Of the parcels in the
Mustafakemalpaşa project area, where consolidation has not been
carried out, 87.59% belong to private owners.
Of the villages within the scope of the project, 90% of the land
is private. Thirty-one percent of the village of Eskisarıbey, 11% of
Sazlıca, and 7.2% of Yenisarıbey is pasture. In the village of
Ormankadı, where there are very few legal entity lands, 7.5% of
the land is treasury. The other group is mostly observed in the
villages of the Mustafakemalpaa plain project area, where
consolidation has not been carried out. Of the non-consolidated
area within the scope of the project, 7.2% includes areas belonging
to factories, particularly to State Hydraulic Works.
Figure 1. Bursa Karacabey-Mustafakemalpaşa plain project area and village borders.
Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, Vol.11 (2), April 2013
1151
Areal Distribution
(da)
No. of parcels
Area (ha)
Areal Distribution
(da)
No. of parcels Area (ha)
Figure 2. Total project areal distribution based on county.
Table 1. Status of the villages in Karacabey County before and after consolidation.
Village
Eskisarıbey
Ortasarıbey
Sazlıca
Yenisarıbey
Total
Number of
parcels
962
1,449
499
1,045
3,955
Pre-consolidation
Total parcels
Number of parcels per
area (ha)
unit area (number/ha)
516.30
1.86
513.73
2.82
776.33
0.64
586.10
1.78
2,392.46
1.78*
Number of
parcels
344
366
249
491
1450
Post-consolidation
Total parcels
Number of parcels per
area (ha)
unit area (number/ha)
520.60
0.66
508.49
0.72
860.45
0.29
579.54
0.85
2,469.08
0.63*
* Mean
Land value increases and working conditions improve by means
of land consolidation. As a result, owners rarely sell their land but
instead cultivate the land themselves. The rent for an orderly
shaped parcel that has been through field development is high in
relation to its value. However, in the villages of Mustafakemalpaşa
that have not undergone land consolidation, land is cheap and
there are more lands for sale. Thus, there are more areas classified
as other.
Project area road system: In a road network assessment,
assessments can be made on the basis of individual villages as
well as on the basis of the whole project area. A buffer area was
defined for the digitized present road system and was overlapped
with parcels. A GIS-aided assessment was then conducted.
The number of parcels that can utilize the road directly in the
project area is 7340, which corresponds to 54.55% of the total
project area.
In the consolidated area, the number of parcels that utilized the
road directly before the consolidation was 1480, which made up
37.42% of the total area. Following the consolidation, however,
the number of parcels using the road directly is 1353, while the
number of parcels that cannot is 97, composing 0.72% of the total
project area. Thus, land consolidation had a positive effect on
parcels’ direct utilization of roads.
As for the non-consolidated area, the number of parcels that
directly face the road is 5987, while the number of parcels that do
not is 6018. Those that utilize the road make up 44.73%.
As a result of land fragmentation, the number of parcels per
enterprise increases 12. Concordantly, the number of parcels
1152
without roads, and those that cannot be directly accessed, will
increase, and most of the parcels will lose their orderly geometrical
shapes. Travelling to and from the parcels for agricultural activities
such as plowing, planting, maintenance and harvest necessitates
a sufficient road network. In non-consolidated areas, parcels are
generally scattered, and various factors lead to fragmentation.
Thus, farmers’ transportation problems and loss of time and labor
increase, and parcels cannot be used efficiently. Furthermore, the
use of agricultural machinery on the parcel is not sufficiently
economical. As the number of parcels increases, the total edge
length and perimeter/area ratio increases, and, therefore, the
amount of unused land increases.
Project area irrigation and drainage system: The existing irrigation
and drainage system was digitalized through a cadastral map and
transferred to a geographical information system environment. In
the non-consolidated areas, irrigation systems, especially those on
the tertiary level, followed parcel boundaries to reduce the
expropriated area and farmers’ resistance against expropriation. On
the other hand, in the consolidated villages in Karacabey, all
irrigation systems were planned under the consideration that
consolidation would be carried out because the land consolidation
decision was made before the planning of the irrigation system.
The assessment of the irrigation and drainage systems was made
on the basis of villages as well as the whole project.
To assess the irrigation and drainage systems, the number of
parcels that can directly utilize the canals for irrigation were
determined according to the levels of the canals serving the whole
project area or individual villages (Table 2).
Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, Vol.11 (2), April 2013
Table 2. Water intake of villages according to irrigation and drainage system level.
Village
Consolidated
Area
Total
Nonconsolidated
Area
Total
Eskisarıbey
Ortasarıbey
Sazlıca
Yenisarıbey
Bakırköy
Ormankadı
Tepecik
Yeúilova
Irrigation System Level
Main Canal
Secondary
Tertiary
Adet
%
Adet
%
Adet
%
6
1.74
99
28.78
126
36.63
8
2.19
132
36.67
221
60.38
89
35.74
154
61.85
4
0.18
19
3.87
461
93.89
18
1.18* 339 26.11* 962 63.18*
116
6.08
257
13.47
69
2.65
702
26.94
62
1.73
968
27.12
73
1.86
1141 29.07
320
3.08* 3068 24.16*
Drainage System Level
Main Canal
Secondary
Tertiary
Adet
%
Adet
%
Adet
%
2
0.58
2
0.41
4
0.50*
67
3.51
299
15.68
351
18.41
231
8.87
268
10.29
453
17.39
195
5.46
478
13.39
300
8.81
89
2.27
709
18.06
585
14.91
582 5.03* 1754 14.36* 1689 14.78*
* Mean
Consolidated area
The length of the canal per hectare on the tertiary level is 30.11
m in the villages in Karacabey and 9.11 m in the villages in
Mustafakemalpaşa, demonstrating the effect of land consolidation.
Non-consolidated area
Unreachable parcel
Reachable parcel
Figure 3. Project area road utilization.
Land use and plant pattern: With the analysis of land use, the
overall land use based on the whole area or villages and land use
on the parcel level is assessed by using the survey results and
GIS. For the plant pattern, the information system used in the
study makes it possible to print to file the plant species and areas.
Land use was classified as orchard, other, village legal entity,
treasury, pasturage and agriculture area. The group other refers
to the lands owned by nearby factories and those belonging to
various institutions and organizations.
One of the most significant benefits of land consolidation is
improving labor conditions by gathering small lands. In the
consolidated area, the total unused parcel area is 13.41 ha, whereas
that in the non-consolidated area is 215.73 ha. Because it is difficult
to cultivate small and irregularly shaped parcels, the owners of
enterprises leave the parcel unused. The obligation to access the
parcel through neighboring lands increases the amount of unused
land.
The assessment carried out shows there are fewer crop species
grown and irrigated in non-consolidated areas. Because farmers
have problems accessing irrigation water when and in the amount
they need it, they sow and plant crops according to the amount of
water available. On the other hand, in the consolidated area, where
each parcel has access to irrigation canals, there are more crop
varieties.
As seen in Fig. 4, vegetable production is nearly 60% in the
consolidated area. However, vegetable production is approximately
15% in the non-consolidated area due to the difficult labor
%
The rate of parcels utilizing the irrigation system in the villages in
Karacabey is approximately 90.49%, whereas in the villages in
Mustafakemalpaşa, the rate is approximately 27.24%. In the villages
in Mustafakemalpaşa, water was insufficient, and farmers have taken
water from the drainage canal although it is known that this water is
harmful in some cases. While the rate of parcels using the drainage
canal for irrigation is 0.24% in the villages in Karacabey, the rate is
approximately 34.16% in the villages in Mustafakemalpaşa. One of
the goals of land consolidation is to enable each parcel to utilize the
irrigation-drainage system. However, in some cases, it is not possible
to bring this service to each parcel. Approximately 9.27% of the
villages in Karacabey cannot make use of the system, while
approximately 38.60% of the villages in Mustafakemalpaşa cannot
utilize the system.
When there is no irrigation system near their parcels or when the
water is insufficient, farmers use the drainage canal
for irrigation. The Mustafakemalpaşa irrigation
union permits this practice because the parcels
are not connected to irrigation canals, producers
are dependent on each other, and the irrigation
rate is low. The union even promotes this practice
by sending water into the drainage system. The
number of parcels that cannot utilize irrigation and
drainage systems for irrigation in the villages
within the Mustafakemalpaşa project area is 4592,
which constitutes 38.25% of the total area. With
land consolidation, irrigation canals were extended
to each parcel in the Karacabey project area. There
are only 127 parcels that cannot utilize the system
permanently, which makes up 8.75% of the whole area.
Figure 4. Project area 2006 production pattern.
Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, Vol.11 (2), April 2013
1153
conditions and the difficulty in bringing water to and accessing
the land. In nearly half this area, farmers engage in dry farming
and grow crops such as cereals in their problem parcels where
they cannot obtain water directly.
In the villages in Karacabey, where the land consolidation was
carried out, generally all sorts of vegetables, corn and sugar beets
are produced. In the non-consolidated area of Mustafakemalpaşa,
plants that can be grown in dry farming, such as cereal, corn,
barley and wheat, are mostly produced.
As a result of improved working conditions and each parcel
obtaining water, farmers have become more professional within
the framework of the production unit.
Rural environment: Because cloudiness affected the research
area when the satellite image was captured, there arose the need
to use sampling to evaluate the satellite image. The village of
Ortasarıbey, in the consolidated area, and the village of Tepecik,
in the non-consolidated area, were taken under review and were
compared (Fig. 5).
In Turkey, it is known that land consolidation greatly harms the
environment 6. As seen in Fig. 6, in an area where land consolidation
was applied, at times there are few trees except at parcel boundaries
or in residential village areas. Before carrying out land
consolidation, all vegetation is cleared off in all parcels so there
remains no impediment to the consolidation work. On the other
hand, in an area where land consolidation has not been carried
out, there are trees and bushes anywhere near the parcel or in the
center of the village where the land has been used without harming
the tress (Fig. 7). While the irrigation system is planned in a nonconsolidated irrigation scheme area, only the groups of trees or
bushes in the path of the irrigation-drainage canals are cut down;
those in the parcels are preserved.
The analyses of green space reveal that the non-consolidated
area has more green space than does the consolidated area. In the
village of Ortasarıbey, the total green space is 64.94 ha, whereas it
is 340.105 ha in the village of Tepecik. In the village of Ortasarıbey,
the green space per hectare is 0.12 ha, while it is 0.22 ha in the
village of Tepecik. A high groundwater level and heavy rainfall
can cause puddles and wetted areas. Land consolidation work
involves setting up drainage systems to discharge excess water
from the area. As a result, in the village of Ortasarıbey there are no
wetted areas apart from a total backwater of 1.97 ha, but a total of
Consolidated area
Figure 5. Quickbird satellite image.
1154
Non-consolidated area
Figure 6. Picture of Ortasarıbey.
Figure 7. Picture of Tepecik.
2.77 ha wetted area is observed in various parts of the village of
Tepecik. Because it is not consolidated, there are wetted areas in
the village of Tepecik, which means not all the parcels are
connected to drainage system.
Both positive and negative interference with the environment
occurs during land consolidation, but it is also possible to take
necessary precautions to protect the environment through these
interferences 13. If the land consolidation act entails rural
landscaping in land consolidation work, it will be easier to realize
pre-prepared environmental planning because environmental
planning is highly in need of precautions regarding roads and
water. Because consolidation takes these precautions into account,
this aspect of landscaping can form a part of consolidation.
Improving the village and its surroundings and afforesting
roadsides and common areas within village renewal and
environmentally friendly land consolidation projects must be
encouraged 6.
Conclusions
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of land
consolidation on rural development in irrigation areas and to
analyze the data. To this end, geographic information system and
remote sensing techniques were used. The effect of land
consolidation in irrigation areas was systematically assessed by
drawing on the abilities and properties of a geographic information
system, and the data were correlated and analyzed.
The evaluation of the effects of land consolidation using a
geographical information system and remote sensing techniques
was carried out on the basis of the data from eight consolidated
and non-consolidated villages.
Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, Vol.11 (2), April 2013
As seen in the yielded outcomes, the graphical and nongraphical data on which the appropriate components of rural
development are based were correlated on the basis of individual
villages or village groups and were assessed according to the
requested analyses.
In the villages of Karacabey, where land consolidation was
carried out, the number of parcels per unit area before consolidation
was 1.78 per ha; after consolidation, the figure was 0.63 per ha. In the
villages within the Karacabey work area, land consolidation had a
positive effect on parcel distributions, decreased the number of parcels,
and expanded their areal distribution. On the other hand, in the
villages of Mustafakemalpaşa, where land consolidation was not
carried out, the number of parcels per unit area was 1.81 per ha.
Because land consolidation is able to intervene in proprietorship,
rural areas can be reorganized as a whole. According to the results of
the proprietorship analyses, 94.6% of the parcels in the consolidated
work area of Karacabey are private land, while in the
Mustafakemalpaşa work area, 87.59% of the parcels are private.
While the average percentage of the parcels using irrigation
system for the irrigation purposes is 90.49 % in the villages of
Karacabey, the same value for Mustafakemalpasa is as low as
27.24 %. In some cases such as insufficient amount of water,
farmers also benefit from drainage canals for irrigation purposes.
The average number of parcels benefiting from drainage canals
for irrigation purposes is 0.24% in the villages of Karacabey,
while this number is 34.16% for the villages of Mustafakemalpasa.
The examination and evaluation of the information on the existing
irrigation, drainage and road systems were carried out in a geographical
information system environment. According to the results, in the
consolidated area, Karacabey, the road network length per unit area
is 52.14 m/ha; in the non-consolidated area, Mustafakemalpaşa, this
figure is 31.66 m/ha. In the consolidated area, the irrigation network
length per unit area on the tertiary basis is 11 m/ha, and the drainage
network length is 3.24 m/ha. In the non-consolidated area, the irrigation
network length per unit area on the tertiary basis is 19.71 m/ha, and
the drainage network length is 3.82 m/ha.
The results of the surveys reveal that water transmission in the
irrigation network, sharing water in the system, employing staff for
delivering water to the system, staff access to the land, delivering
water to the lower villages, wasting water in the upper villages, night
irrigation management, delivering water to the farmers fairly, collecting
water charge, scheduling production patterns and irrigation, using
water economically and other such factors are considerable problems
in non-consolidated areas but are decreased to a minimum in
consolidated areas. Irrigation management will become more
manageable and easier by carrying out land consolidation and by
taking certain precautions, such as employing a sufficient number of
staff, turning an open system into a closed system, and encouraging
farmers to use water economically.
In Karacabey, the number of parcels that cannot use the road
directly is only 97, which constitutes 0.72% of the total work area. In
Mustafakemalpaşa, on the other hand, the number of parcels that do
not face the road directly is 6018, which constitutes 44.73% of the
total work area.
Land use based on the whole work area or individual villages and
land use based on the parcel level were assessed through land use
analyses made with the aid of a geographical information system and
the survey. Because the irrigation system reached each parcel in the
consolidated area, nearly 60% of the villages of Karacabey grow
Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, Vol.11 (2), April 2013
vegetables, while in the villages of Mustafakemalpaşa, the nonconsolidated area, 15% grow vegetables due to difficult working
conditions and the difficulty in reaching parcels and taking water to
parcels.
In addition to the geographical information system, remote sensing
methods were used to determine and assess the rural settlements
and a rural view 14, 15. The evaluation of the work area using remote
sensing revealed that land consolidation destroys the natural
structure, making it imperative to perform land consolidation in such
a way as to protect nature and the environment, thus assigning this
task an additional duty. However, environmental protection is a
multifaceted and comprehensive task that can only be carried out by
responsible organizations that have experts on these issues who can
implement such plans cooperatively and in a well-disciplined manner.
Acknowledgements
This study is a part of PhD thesis of the first author accepted on
21.04.2010 by the Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences
of Uludag Univ.
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