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Digital Access Bandwidth
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X
1 GHz
Software
Radios
100 MHz
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gy
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General
Purpose
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Silicon
Function
per cm2
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Memory
Function
per cm2
Memory
A - HF STR-2000
B - COTS Handset
C - SWR Cell
Site
D
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Cycles / Sample
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0.2
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Buffer Size in Pages (2048 samples / page)
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1
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gg GNM5UNJ'qNMCL[HK-EHV\]UNJ'TqIJ'qPTqtGNMCJFVWADtBhJSU“LY€GNTRqPEHV\]UNJ'TqIJˆ L‹‚cJS~JSU'i=EHV5\]UNJ'TqNE`VC_(GNMCJFVWADtBhJSU
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YrLUQGNM5J +*** TVK # *** GNTR-m[dGIJSU^qSˆ z MCJ{UNJ'TqILV-YrLU7GNM5EHqfBhJ'M5T'~>EdLU“EHqfGNMCJ#EHV*GIJSU„T\]GNEdLV-‚XEdGNMGNMCJ
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LYGNMCJ7VWADtBhJSULY
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qIJSGNqQEHVŽGNMCTJ (F°“BkvWGIJ'q'i ‡‚€T'vbqIJSGfTqNqIL>\SEHTGNEd~JŒKTGNT;\ST\^M5Jˆs£CLUfGNTR…~T[HACJ'qsTBhL‹~J(j *** ihqILD#JtLY
GNMCJP~T[HACJ'qXTUNJtqIGILUNJ'KbEHVŽGNMCJ“LGNMCJSUQqIJSGSiTV5Kb\]L[H[HEHKCJ7‚XEHGNMŽGNMCJPEHVCRACG:TV5KŽLACGIRA5GsK5TGNTFqIGIUNJ'TD;qSˆ
z MCJ7J'VWGNEdUNJP\ST\„MCJŒEHq (#°PBWvkGIJ'qsEHV(qNEd†SJiC‚fM5EH\^MŽ\]LU^UNJ'qIRhLV5K5qcGIL +*** ¤LTGNEHVC_‘RhLEHVWGcGNTRqSˆeQq:GNMCJ
VkA5DtBhJSU4LYhGNTRqEHq4EHV\]UNJ'TqIJ'KFBhJSvLV5K +*** GNTRq'i*GNMCJSUNJfTUNJXR5U^LRLU^GNEdLV5T[H[dvŒD#LUNJXT\S\]J'qNqNJ'qGILŒGNMCJ
¹ \ST\^MCJiTV5KŽGNMCJP\]v>\S[dJ'qXKACU^EHVC_‘TFOPa DFEHqNq:E`V5\]UNJ'TqIJP[HE`VCJ'TU^[dvF‚fEdGNM(GNMCJtVkA5DŒBJSU:LY$GNTRq'ˆ
z MCJ +*** GNTR-m[HGIJSU7KEHqIR[HT‹vkqfD#LUNJ‘~TU^EHTBEH[`EdG.vŽGNM5TV…GNMCJ # *** GNTR-m[dGIJSU7BJ'\STAqIJ{EHG7qNGNEH[H[!GNTJ'q
\]LV5qNE`KCJSU^TB[dJ:TKC~TVWGNT_JXLYGNMCJX¹j:\ST\„MCJik‚XM5EH\„M#EHD#R5UNLy~J'q=GNMCJsT‹~JSU^T_JfRhJSUNYrLU^DFTV\]Jˆ z M5J # ***
GNTR(m[dGIJSU:KCLkJ'q:VCLG€BhJ'VCJ]mG€Tq:DŒA\^MŽYrUNLD³GNMCJ“¹j7\ST\^M5JiqILFEdG q€T'~JSU„T_JtRhJSUNYrLU^DFTV5\]J7EHqc‚LU„qIJi
BACGPEHG qP~TU^EHTBEH[`EdG.v…EHqP[dJ'qNq'ˆ z M5EHq“\]LDFRTU^EHqILV,EHqPqNE`DFEH[HTU7GILbGNM5JFGIU^TKCJSL DFTKCJŠEHV1DFTVWvO“@Cu
"g
1
0.9
0.8
10 taps
0.7
50 taps
100 taps
Probability
0.6
500 taps
1000 taps
0.5
2000 taps
5000 taps
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
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j * i *** LACGIRA5G
RhLEHVWGNq!YrLUoqIJS~JSU„T[W£o¢|m[dGIJSU^q
LY5K5E hJSUNJ'V*Go[dJ'VC_GNMˆ z MCJc\]vk\S[dJ'qoUNJ'pkA5EdU^J'KPM5T'~J€BhJSJ'V
VCLU^D;T[HEd†SJ'K1GIL…GNMCJ9DFEHV5EHD{A5D²YrLU{J'T\^M,m[dGIJSU‘EHVLU^K5JSUŒGIL-\]LD#RTUNJ9GNMCJ9~TU„EHTBEH[HEHG.vTq^qILk\SE`TGIJ'K
‚XEdGNMŽKE JSU^J'V*G€m[HGIJSUs[dJ'VC_GNM5qSˆ
1
1.02
1.04
1.06
Normailized Cycles
1.08
1.1
1.12
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eQ[dGNMCLAC_M9GNMCJ'qIJ“J]>RhJSU^EHD#J'VWGNq€qNEd_V5Edm\STV*GN[HvFGNTkJ'K0GNMCJ“\ST\^MCJtqNGIU^A5\]GNACUNJ7LYoGNMCJ“qIv>qIGIJ'DŽiCGNMCJ7~TU^En‡
TGNEdLVŠEHV*GIU^LkK5A\]J'KFEHVWGILtGNMCJsJ]>J'\SACGNEdLVŠGNEHD#JXLYGNMCJfT[d_LU„EdGNM5D±‚€Tq[HJ'qNq4GNM5TgV #LYGNMCJQDFEHV5E`DŒA5D
J]>J'\SACGNEdLV…GNEHD#J{UNJ'pkA5EdUNJ'Kˆ z MCJŒU^TUNJ{BACG7[HTUN_JSU7~TU^EHTGNEdLV5qQTUNJ‘VCLG“T J'\]GIJ'K1BWv0GNM5J{ACGNE`[HEd†'TGNEdLV
LY$GNMCJP\ST\^MEHVC_;qIv>qIGIJ'DŽˆ
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TK5K5EHGNEdLV5T[=pkACJ'qIGNEdLV5qŒDŒAqIGPBhJ;TV5qI‚cJSUNJ'K§Œ‚XM5TGtE`qPGNMCJ;qNLACU^\]J;LY€GNMCJ9[HTUN_JSUŒ~TU^E`TGNEdLV5qSi¡‚XM5TG
EHqfGNMCJ‘DFT_V5EdGNA5K5JtLY4GNMCJ'qNJŒ~TU^EHTGNEdLVqSiTV5K…KCL9GNMCJ'qIJ{UNJ'qNA5[HGNqfTR5R[dv(GIL9LGNM5JSU7q^Ed_V5T[!RUNLk\]J'q^qNEHVC_
T[d_LU^EHGNM5DFq€BhJ'qNEHKCJ'q€GNM5JP£¡¢m[dGIJSU
: N<F /c^ [g9adN
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R5U^E`DFTU^EH[dv9T9UNJ'qNA5[dGXLYqIv>qIGIJ'D T\]GNEd~kEHG.vˆ z MCJ{RhJSUNYLU„DFTV5\]JŒVkA5DŒBhJSU^qsR5U^J'qIJ'V*GIJ'K-EHVbGNMCJ{R5UNJS~>EdLA5q
qIJ'\]GNEdLVb‚JSU^JŒDFTKCJŒA5V5KCJSUsGNM5Jt\]LV5K5EdGNEHLVŽGNM5TGXGNM5JtqNEd_V5T[!R5UNL>\]J'qNqNEHVC_FTRR[HEH\STGNEdLV0‚cTqXGNMCJtLV5[Hv
TR5R[`EH\STGNEdLVŽGNM5TGfR[HT\]J'K…qNEd_V5Edm\STV*GsK5J'DFTV5K5qXLVbGNMCJ#a€uŒˆ£$Ed_ACU^JT"y‡ )ŠqNMCL‹‚fqsGNMCJ{\SA5DŒA[HTGNEd~J
K5EHqNGIU^EdBACGNEHLVLYQ\]v>\S[dJ'q‘UNJ'pkA5EdU^J'K}YrLUFT¥j ** GNTR©£o%¢µm[dGIJSU#A5V5KCJSUŒm~J0K5E hJSUNJ'VWG{qNvkqIGIJ'D [HLTK5qSˆ
z MCJ9m~J0qNvkqIGIJ'D \]LV5K5EdGNEdLVq{TU^J§1j Œ‚XEdGNM¨TVCLGNMCJSUŠa:u EHV*GIJ'VqNEd~J(R5UNL>\]J'qNq Œ‚XEdGNM¨TV5LGNMCJSU
&LD#V5XJ'[dMCD#vŽJ'LLT'U^~kV5v(vJŒE`GNEHV*VWM5GIGITJ'JSV5G“UNq^U^K5EdA5~E R5JGXJSi5U^B[dqfLACTqNGsEdK…_V5V5K5LEdACGQmJ{\Sa€TGIu V*L9GN [HDFvBhiLL‚XA5A5qIEdJ‘V5GNM…K(T\]T9R5GNU^Ed\]Lk~kL\]EHV5G.J'fv qNqNEHnq KC#JS"%[HU„cEHT_‚XBM*[dM5GNJŒ[dE`v0[dVkJ7A5[HLGNDŒMCTJtKCBhJ'JSDFKUXTˆ L\„Y4z M5GIEHMCU^VCJPE`JtT¤[HE`qXq:LkL>GNBhMKbJ'TEHRGfVCE`_‘GNVCT_;¤LkJ#\SLkTLK(qIU^J#K5REHJSEHqfVCU^qX_GNMCJ'LK J Y
DFT_V5EHGNA5KCJ“[dLVC_JSU:GNM5TV0GNMCJPT'~JSU^T_Jˆ z M5E`qcE`qcDFLqIGX[HEdJ'[Hv;K5ACJ7GIL#UNJ'\]J'Ed~JSUQ[HEd~J'[dL>\N % ¯bL_A[!TV5K
¢XTD;TWU^E`qNM5V5TVioj'gEg % ' iTV5K-VCLG7TŠ\]LVK5EdGNEdLVGNM5TG7‚LA[HKbBhJŒJ]kRhJ'\]GIJ'K-GIL(Lk\S\SA5UQA5VKCJSUQV5LU^DFT[
LRhJSU^TGNEdLVˆ L‹‚cJS~JSU'iEdG€EHqJ'V5\]LACU^T_E`VC_‘GIL‘V5LGIJQGNMTGGNMCJ7J]C\]J'qNqNEd~J“EHVWGIJSUNU^A5R5GR5U^Lk\]J'qNq^EHVC_ŒqNJSJ'DFq
GIL9LV5[dvŽM5T'~J‘T;q^Ed_V5Enm\STVWGsLVGNMCJŒ[HLVC_FGIJSU^D ~TU„EHTGNEdLViD#L‹~>EHVC_FGNM5JŒBhLA5V5KTUNvŠKCLy‚XVGILŠKCLy‚XV
GIL;TBhLACGXg #9ˆ
%GXqIJSJ'DFq:U^J'TqILV5TB[dJ“GILŠ\]LV5\S[HA5KCJ“GNMTGXqIv>qIGIJ'D‰T\]GNEd~>EdGƒv(K5LWJ'qsV5LGsM5T'~J{TFqNEd_V5Edm\STV*G:EHDFRT\]G:LV
&*
Cycles during a DCU miss per output point computed
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
£$Ed_ACUNJo"y‡ #k§oQA5DŒBJSU;LY7\]v>\S[dJ'qŠ‚XM5EH[HJ(T}OQTGNT¨a€T\„MCJ Q V5EdGFDFE`qNqFEHq#LA5GNqIGNTV5K5EHV5_CicYrLUŠqNJS~JSU^T[
K5E hJSUNJ'VWGs£o%¢ m[dGIJSUX[dJ'V5_GNM5qSˆ
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
Number of taps
7000
8000
9000
10000
1
0.9
In the presence of a CPU intensive process
0.8
Probability
In the presence of a memory intensive process
While the machine is flood pinged
0.7
With frequent interrupts
Lightly loaded
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
Time (sec)
2.8
2.9
3
3.1
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qIv>qIGIJ'D \]LV5K5EdGNEdLVqS§Qjs‚XEdGNMTVCLGNMCJSUta€uE`V*GIJ'V5q^Ed~JtR5U^Lk\]J'qNq s‚XEdGNMbTV5LGNMCJSUQDFJ'D#LUNv0EHVWGIJ'V>‡
qNEd~JihBA5GQVCLGPa€u±BhLA5V5KR5UNL>\]J'qNqp"s‚fM5EH[dJPGNM5J‘D;T\^M5EHV5J{EHqX¤LkLkKREHV5_J'K &fMCJ'T‹~Wv…EHV*GIJSU^U^ACR5G
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&5j
−5
x 10
1
0.9995
Probability
0.999
0.9985
0.998
0.9975
0.997
0.9965
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
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qIv>qIGIJ'D‰q^\^MCJ'K5A[dJSUsT\]GNEd~>EdG.vˆ
Seconds
GNMCJcL‹~JSU^T[`[WK5E`qIGIU^EdBA5GNEdLV7LY5\]vk\S[HJ'q¡U^J'pWA5EHUNJ'Kˆ L‹‚cJS~JSU'i*EdGoKCLkJ'q¡M5T‹~J:TVŒEHDFRT\]G
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EHV5q^Ed_M*G¡EHV*GILfGNMCJ[`TUN_JSU
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T;[HLVC_JSUXGNEHDFJt‚XM5E`\^MŽB5U„EHVC_q:GNMCJ{qN\^M5J'K5A5[dJSUXE`V*GILŠR[HT'vˆ:Z4>TDFE`V5EHVC_#GNMCJŒGNTEH[!LY$GNMCJ{K5EHqIGIU„EdBACGNEdLV!i
qNMCLy‚XVEHVm_ACU^J "y‡ %Wi
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qNM5EHYGNq:TGtj * TV5K +* D;qIJ'\PTUNJPGNM5JPJ J'\]GfLY$GNMCJP¹
EHVkA>(qIvkqNGIJ'D‰qN\„MCJ'K5A5[dJSU‹iC‚XM5EH\„MŽM5TqsT0j * DFqIJ'\
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LY=¹
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+
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1
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0.8
500 tap FIR filter
0.7
500 tap IIR filter
1000 tap IIR filter
Probability
0.6
256 pt. FFT
1024 pt. FFT
0.5
32768 pt. FFT
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
1
1.02
1.04
1.06
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0
0
10
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Probability
Probability
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10
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10
−3
10
1.7
500 tap FIR filter
10
10
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10
−3
1.8
1.9
2
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10
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2.2
4800
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x 10
256 pt. FFT
0
4750
4
0
10
1024 pt. FFT
10
Probability
Probability
−2
−5
10
1400
10
−4
10
−6
1600
1800
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2000
10
2000
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2500
3000
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Probability
0.9
0.8
Probability of missing a deadline = .008
0.7
Average computation time = 11.86 usec
0.6
Real−time deadline shown is 11.91
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
11.8
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11.9
11.95
12
microseconds
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12.1
12.15
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