museo del baco da seta di vittorio veneto

ENG
MUSEO
DEL BACO DA SETA
DI VITTORIO VENETO
SILKWORM MUSEUM
OF VITTORIO VENETO
Via della Seta 23/6 Loc. San Giacomo di Veglia
31029 Vittorio Veneto (TV)
Tel. and fax no.+39 0438/914024
[email protected]
www.museobaco.it
THE TOWN OF VITTORIO VENETO
Vittorio Veneto arose from the union of two ancient municipalities:
Serravalle, in the north, ruled by the Da Camino family, with its beautiful
palaces nestled between hills with ruins of walls and towers built in the
Middle Ages as defence against barbaric invasions; and Cèneda, in the
south, situated partly on a plain and partly in the surrounding hills, with
noble buildings recalling its ancient political and religious importance.
In 1866, when the Veneto region became part of the Kingdom of Italy,
these two municipalities came together under the name of Vittorio
Emanuele II to form the town of “Vittorio”. In 1923, the name of the
town was changed by adding the word “Veneto” to celebrate the
victory of World War I.
Since then, a large square facing the town hall and an attractive garden
decorated with flowers and beautiful fountains have formed the new
town centre of Vittorio Veneto.
A HISTORICAL, TECHNOLOGICAL
AND ETHNOGRAPHIC MUSEUM
This Museum is perfectly located in the former Maffi spinning mill, in San
Giacomo di Veglia, a hamlet of Vittorio Veneto. The spinning mill, which
has not been used since the 1960s, is one of the oldest and largest industrial complexes in the area. Its intended use makes the architectural
environment particularly suited to hosting this museum.
The Museo del Baco da Seta provides evidence, through its tools and
equipment, publications, posters, videos and historical photos, of one
of the main business activities in the Vittorio Veneto area from the late
18th century to the first decades of the 20th century. As a matter of fact,
silkworm breeding and the work carried out at the spinning mill and in
silkworm production centres have involved the majority of the local population until recent times.
Hence, the Museum aims to provide some traces of these personal and
collective memories, through particularly interesting materials, already
owned by private individuals and companies that used to operate in the
silkworm sector. The purpose is to give new generations and visitors
an overview of the complex agricultural, industrial, scientific and social
world that was closely linked to this business for a long time.
HISTORY
Sericulture has played an essential role in the economy of the Vittorio
Veneto area for many years, also leading to a landscape dotted with
mulberry trees, many of which still remain today. Silkworm breeding
began as a small family business, supplementary to farm work, and later
became more and more important. As a matter of fact, sericulture, silk
reeling and silkworm seed technology achieved cutting-edge levels
on a national scale, since, for many decades, they represented the first
production activity in the area and provided employment both for men
and, mostly, women.
The Regio Osservatorio (Regal Observatory) was established in 1873
and, thanks to its presence, many other applied research silkworm
production plants were set up.
THE SILKWORM
The Silkworm (“El cavaliér”)
The silkworm is the larva of the insect Bombyx Mori (silkworm of the
mulberry tree), which, before turning into a butterfly in its adult life
stage, undergoes several transformations (metamorphosis) throughout
its complex life cycle.
The natural environment of Vittorio Veneto
The silkworm industry in Vittorio Veneto certainly benefited from
the weather conditions, which were particularly suited to growing
mulberry trees and silkworm breeding. The area facing the south, with
its gentle hills, is characterised by a mild climate, without fog, and with
heavy rainfall in the spring, when the mulberry trees start to foliate.
Moreover, there are no sudden temperature changes, to which the
silkworm is very sensitive.
Varied altitudes in this area guaranteed different stages of
development of the mulberry leaf, allowing the beginning of breeding
to be strategically staggered. The main advantage of this was the
opportunity to spread the work stages at the silkworm production
plants over a longer period. The sunny slopes of the hills of Ceneda
allowed, for example, premature breeding to begin early, during the
first half of April. In the mountainous areas of Serravalle, the Valle
Lapisina and Alpago, foliation and, thus, silkworm breeding began
towards mid May, almost one month later.
RURAL BREEDING
The remarkable spread of silkworm breeding was favoured by its ideal
compatibility with the characteristics of the Venetian countryside.
Mulberry tree growing, for example, which is essential for silkworm
feeding, used to represent an addition and not a disruption of the wellestablished production model based on cereal crops and wine. In fact,
mulberry trees were positioned close to grapevines, therefore the space
in-between the vineyard rows was available for growing cereal crops.
Furthermore, it was easy to find the necessary labour, as women, the
elderly and children of the family could be employed without being paid.
Although the work was hard, it lasted only 30 days, between April and
June, before the major summer farming work began. In 1936, in the
province of Treviso, there were 40,000 families of farmers breeding
silkworms. For them, the money earned from the sale of cocoons (gaéte)
was the first profit after a long winter, and also one of the few incomes
paid in cash.
SILKWORM PRODUCTION PLANTS
In 1867, Louis Pasteur introduced the microscope analysis of
reproductive butterflies as a method to fight the epidemic of pébrine,
which was bringing the whole industry to its knees. Therefore, domestic
reproduction was more and more discouraged, since many other
silkworm reproduction plants arose, whose task was to select, through
careful controls and appropriate crossbreeding, a strong and healthy
seed in order to boost the resistance to silkworm disease, as well as
increase the quantity and quality of the silk produced.
The silkworm seed obtained through the microscope examination, and
therefore surely not infected with genetic diseases, was then sold to
breeders, who thus could count on a more certain result.
SALE OF THE COCOONS
CENTRO GENETICO
ED ECOLOGICO DEL BACO DA SETA
SILKWORM GENETIC AND ECOLOGICAL CENTRE
The cocoons had two possible destinations: either the spinning mill or the
silkworm production plants. Most of the cocoons were first stockpiled
and then dried to obtain silk thread at the spinning mills.
The cocoons coming from reproduction farms were moved instead to
silkworm production plants specialised in the production and sale of
silkworm seeds. Here, after a selection, the butterfly was extracted from
the cocoon and then inbred.
The families of reproduction cocoon breeders were chosen carefully,
as they had to guarantee cocoons with live chrysalises in excellent
condition, obtained in accordance with precise specifications.
The Centro Genetico ed Ecologico del baco da seta in San Giacomo di Veglia
was established in 1955 in order to reproduce the polyhybrid seed
imported from Japan. The Centre arranged the selection of pure breeds
and their multiplication to obtain the first crossbreeds. These were finally
brought to private silkworm production plants, where the preparation of
various polyhybrid combinations took place, and it was possible to obtain
the commercial silkworm seed.
However, competition from Asian silks and the transformation of the
Italian agricultural system caused a gradual reduction in the demand for
silkworm seeds, until it was finally closed in 1978.
MUSEO
DEL BACO DA SETA
DI VITTORIO VENETO
N
5
eta
ella S
via d
1
SP 7 nzo
o
via Is
Belluno
A27 NORD
Sacile
SS 51
Conegliano
SERRAVALLE
TOWN CENTRE
arso
via C
10
11
oma
via R
da
lca
Ca
via
ea
ndr
12
S. A
via
7 2
9
1
via Martiri
via A. Da
17
13
io
via Virgil
19
15 via Nannett
via Brandolini
via C. Cavour
6
18
via B. Gei
i
viale della
Vittoria
16
viale G. Celante
via G. Verdi
3
onarroti
via M. Bu
via G. Galilei
i
via D. Ma
nin via G. Garibald
via Trento
e Trieste
via L. Da
io da
SS 51
nton
ant’A
via S
Cansiglio
viale del
avai
via Pont
Serravalle
rca
v.le F. Petra
della Libert
à
via V. Emanuele II
ra
Rizze
viale
va
Pado
SS 51 Lavoro
el
via d
a Mosto
via A. D
voro
via del La
via U. Foscolo
Ponte
via G. Lioni
a
via J. Stell
via Cosmo
.
via S
no
Tizia
14
Piazza
G. Paolo I
MUSEUM NETWORK OF
VITTORIO VENETO
4
8
via Cenedese
via G.P. Malanotti
CENEDA
A27
VITTORIO VENETO SUD
Civic Museums
Other museums
Buildings of artistic interest
Information and services
1 Museo del Cenedese
6 Torre dell’Orologio
2 Oratorio dei Battuti
7 Palazzo Minucci De Carlo
9 Palazzo Todesco
10 Duomo di Serravalle
11 Church of Saint Giustina
12 Church of Sant’Andrea
13 Church of Santa Maria di Meschio
14 Cattedrale di Ceneda
15Town Hall
16Railway station
17Coach and bus station
18Treviso Tourist
information office
3 Galleria Civica “V. Emanuele II”
4 Museo della Battaglia
(Battle museum)
5 Museo del Baco da seta
(Silkworm museum)
8 Museo Diocesano di Arte Sacra
“A. Luciani” (Diocesan museum
of holy art) and Museo di Scienze
Naturali “A. De Nardi” (Natural
science museum)
19Informagiovani
(youth information office)
THE SPINNING MILL
The silk reeling procedure (commonly known as spinning) consists
of reeling a continuous silk filament of a uniform thickness from the
cocoons by connecting several filaments, which are not resistant enough
to be used individually.
This procedure remained a domestic and artisan activity until the end of
18th century, when the first mechanical spinning plants began to be built.
The first spinning mills in Vittorio Veneto date back to the early 1800s.
Working periodically in these factories was an important resource for
several generations of women.
Besides its considerable contribution to a subsistence farming economy,
the tough experience of working in the mill provided new experiences
in terms of social relations and confirmed the awareness of the strength
of women. Female workers began to work at a very early age, gradually
reaching different levels: scoatína, ingropína and mistra, the highest level
reached by the most diligent and skilled.
TOWN HALL OF VITTORIO VENETO
MUSEO
DEL BACO DA SETA
DI VITTORIO VENETO
Piazza del Popolo n. 14
31029 Vittorio Veneto TV
Tel. no.+ 39 0438 5691
Fax no. + 39 0438 569209
[email protected]
www.vittorio-veneto.gov.it
MUSEO DEL BACO DA SETA
VITTORIO VENETO
Via della Seta 23/6
Loc. San Giacomo di Veglia
31029 Vittorio Veneto (TV)
Tel. and fax no. +39 0438/914024
[email protected]
www.museobaco.it
SOCIETÀ COOPERATIVA SOCIALE
FENDERL ONLUS
INFORMATION AND RESERVATIONS
FOR GUIDED TOURS
Via della Seta, 23/4 Loc. S. Giacomo di Veglia
31029 Vittorio Veneto (TV)
Monday - Friday, from 9 am to 1 pm
Tel. no. +39 335/1984964 [email protected]
Upon reservation, guided tours can be booked
in Italian Sign Language (LIS)
GUIDE TO THE MUSEO DEL BACO DA SETA
Production, concept and graphics:
I AM Comunicazione
Texts: Ufficio Musei Civici
Photos: Andrea Maroelli and Ufficio Musei Civici
Expert advice: Francesca Costaperaria, Elisa Bellato,
Serenella Bergamini and Tatiana Zanette
Città di
Vittorio Veneto
All texts and images are the property
of the Municipality of Vittorio Veneto.