BMO CAPITAL MARKETS 11TH ANNUAL FARM TO
Transcription
BMO CAPITAL MARKETS 11TH ANNUAL FARM TO
BMO CAPITAL MARKETS 11TH ANNUAL FARM TO MARKET CONFERENCE Brett Begemann, President and Chief Operating Officer May 18, 2016 Forward-Looking Statements Certain statements contained in this release are "forward-looking statements," such as statements concerning the company’s anticipated financial results, current and future product performance, regulatory approvals, business and financial plans and other non-historical facts. These statements are based on current expectations and currently available information. However, since these statements are based on factors that involve risks and uncertainties, the company’s actual performance and results may differ materially from those described or implied by such forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, among others: continued competition in seeds, traits and agricultural chemicals; the company’s exposure to various contingencies, including those related to intellectual property protection, regulatory compliance and the speed with which approvals are received, and public understanding and acceptance of our biotechnology and other agricultural products; the success of the company’s research and development activities; the outcomes of major lawsuits; developments related to foreign currencies and economies; pursuit of acquisitions or other transactions; fluctuations in commodity prices; compliance with regulations affecting our manufacturing; the accuracy of the company’s estimates related to distribution inventory levels; the recent increases in and expected higher levels of indebtedness; the company’s ability to fund its shortterm financing needs and to obtain payment for the products that it sells; the effect of weather conditions, natural disasters, accidents, and security breaches, including cybersecurity incidents, on the agriculture business or the company’s facilities; and other risks and factors detailed in the company’s most recent periodic report to the SEC. Undue reliance should not be placed on these forward-looking statements, which are current only as of the date of this release. The company disclaims any current intention or obligation to update any forward-looking statements or any of the factors that may affect actual results. Trademarks Trademarks owned by Monsanto Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries are italicized in this presentation. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Fiscal Year References to year, or to fiscal year, are on a fiscal year basis and refer to the 12-month period ending August 31. © 2016 Monsanto Company 2 Non-GAAP Financial Information This presentation may use the non-GAAP financial measures of “free cash flow,” earnings per share (EPS) on an ongoing basis, EPS growth on an ongoing basis, EBIT and EBITDA on an ongoing basis, EBITDA on an as reported basis, gross profit on an ongoing basis, operating expenses on an ongoing basis, net income (loss) attributable to Monsanto Company on an ongoing basis, net debt, and adjusted return on capital. We define free cash flow as the total of cash flows from operating activities and investing activities. A non-GAAP EPS financial measure, which we refer to as ongoing EPS, excludes certain after-tax items that we do not consider part of ongoing operations, which are identified in the reconciliation. EBIT is defined as earnings (loss) before interest and taxes, ongoing EBITDA is defined as earnings (loss) before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization and excludes certain after-tax items that we do not consider part of ongoing operations, as defined in the reconciliation, and as reported EBITDA is defined as earnings (loss) before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization. Earnings (loss) is intended to mean net income (loss) attributable to Monsanto Company as presented in the Statements of Consolidated Operations under GAAP. Net debt is defined as the sum of both short-term debt and long-term debt, less cash and cash equivalents. Ongoing gross profit, ongoing operating expenses, and ongoing other expense, net, exclude certain pretax items that we do not consider part of ongoing operations, which are identified in the reconciliations. Ongoing net income (loss) attributable to Monsanto Company is defined as net income (loss) attributable to Monsanto Company excluding the cumulative after-tax impact of certain items we do not consider part of ongoing operations. Adjusted return on capital means net income (excluding certain pretax items that we do not consider part of ongoing operations) exclusive of after-tax interest expense, divided by the average of the beginning of year and end of year net capital. Our presentation of non-GAAP financial measures is intended to supplement investors’ understanding of our operating performance, not replace net income (loss) attributable to Monsanto Company, cash flows, financial position, or comprehensive income (loss), as determined in accordance with GAAP. Furthermore, these non-GAAP financial measures may not be comparable to similar measures used by other companies. The nonGAAP financial measures used in this presentation are reconciled to the most directly comparable financial measures calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP. 3 Demand-Driven Need for Grain Sets Compelling Runway for Ag Monsanto Uniquely Positioned to Address Key Global Challenges, Generate Significant Value for Farmer Customers, and Return Value to Shareowners DEMAND FOR FOOD LIMITED RESOURCES 7.3 8.5 2015 2030 Middle Class Expected to Increase by 2X to Nearly 5 Billion by 20302 CORN DEMAND (IN BILLION BUSHELS) GLOBAL MACRO TRENDS Global Population to Increase to 8.5 Billion by 20301 2.4 4.9 2015 2030 Actual 1/2 an acre of arable land per person today, declining to 1/3 of an acre per person by 2050 Climate Change Monsanto maintains broadest, deepest and most integrated pipeline focused on productivity DATA SCIENCE Agriculture’s role in reducing carbon in our atmosphere CARBON NEUTRAL CROP PRODUCTION Demand Trends Remain Robust3 60 Acre Expansion Limited INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS Forecast IMPROVING AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY Trendline 40 CHEMISTRY PLANT BREEDING INTEGRATED YIELD SOLUTIONS BIOLOGICALS BIOTECHNOLOGY HALTING DEFORESTATION USING WATER MORE EFFICIENTLY PROMOTING BEST PRACTICES 20 04/05 07/08 10/11 13/14 16/17 19/20 22/23 Partner of choice for leading Ag technologies Innovation leadership uniquely positions Monsanto in meeting global macro trends affecting agriculture 1. United Nations 2. OECD & Rubico 3. USDA historical data for Actual and trendline – WASDE May 2016; future forecast and projections represent Monsanto internal estimates 4 Farmer Needs Define Integrated Solutions FARMER NEEDS INTEGRATED Goal to Maximize Yields and Return Per Acre through Technology Driven Inputs and Season-Long Advice MONSANTO’S INNOVATION PLATFORM ADVANTAGES YIELD INSECT CONTROL BREEDING CHEMISTRY • Leading Share Positions • Proven Product Performance Advantage • Unique Germplasm Libraries • Breeding 3.0 • • • • • • WEED CONTROL DISEASE & OTHER FERTILITY BIOLOGICALS Roundup Ready Crop System ~350M acres Roundup Ready Xtend Crop System Dicamba Investment NEMASTRIKE phase 4 nematicide $1B NPV Acceleron Seed Applied Solutions on >75M acres Roundup Ready PLUS solutions on >50M Acres • Industry-leading BioAg Alliance with Novozymes • Break-through RNAi technology potential with BioDirect technology platform DATA SCIENCE BIOTECH • ~400M Acre Seed & Trait Footprint • Multi-Generation Insect/Weed Control Traits • 14-Gene Stack in Corn and 9-Gene Stack in Soybeans in Development • Industry-leading Digital Platform • Highest Adoption Rates • Leading Connectivity and Reach through Retail and Ag Equipment • Plant Health & Nitrogen Advisors 5 Strategic Portfolio Management Maximizing Value through Strategic Management of Industry-Leading Integrated Solutions Portfolio SEEDS & GENOMICS CORE NEW PLATFORMS Strategic Objective: Develop & commercialize new digital ag & biological solutions Strategic Objective: Develop & commercialize next-gen seed technologies Portfolio Highlights: 35M Intacta RR2 PRO acres in FY16 NEW 15M U.S. acre target for 2017 NEW 2017 planned launch of new Dekalb Disease Shield hybrids in the U.S. Portfolio Highlights: Biologicals Plant breeding NEW Data Climate FieldView connectivity expansion science CHEMISTRY Strategic Objective: Expand chemistry element of integrated solutions through targeted, collaborative, asset-light approach SEEDS & GENOMICS NON-CORE Strategic Objective: Use partnerships and collaborations to optimize and focus investment >12M paid acre services in Climate FieldView in FY16 Biotechnology Portfolio Highlights: Exit of sugarcane business to provide focus NEW Commercial & Research Agreements with Forage Genetics International for alfalfa seed technologies; includes upfront license payment of $210M to Monsanto 1. Estimated non risk-adjusted net present value 2. Pending Regulatory Approvals Chemistry Portfolio Highlights: NEW >$1 Billion opportunity nearing commercialization1,2 Parallel development of next-gen weed control systems with next-gen chemistry mechanisms Nimbus Collaboration for novel fungicide development 6 Core Business Drives Near-Term Growth New Platforms Provide Additional Layers of Long-Term Growth as Integrated Solutions Strategy Implemented CORE BUSINESS LONGER TERM (2020+) NEXT-GEN CROP PROTECTION SOLUTIONS BIOLOGICALS (Enhanced-Corn Inoculant Lead) DIGITAL AG SOLUTIONS (Sub-Field Nitrogen, Assisted Scripts, Enhanced Imagery) COMPLEMENTARY CROPS: Bollgard II XtendFlex cotton, vegetables ( SOYBEANS: Intacta RR2 PRO & Roundup Ready 2 Xtend expansion ,Cotton Lygus) (3rd-Gen. Weed Control, 2nd-Gen. Insect Protection) CORN: Global germplasm refresh, footprint expansion & next-gen traits GROSS PROFIT GROWTH DRIVERS NEW PLATFORMS NEAR TERM (FY17-FY19) FOUNDATION OF FINANCIAL DISCIPLINE AMPLIFIES GROSS PROFIT GROWTH DRIVERS ① RESTRUCTURING TRANSFORMATION ② BALANCED CAPITAL ALLOCATION ③ DISCIPLINED MANAGEMENT OF CORE AG PRODUCTIVITY SEGMENT 7 Global Corn Portfolio Next Generation Hybrids, Global Share Growth and Licensing Opportunities Drive Expected Long-Term Growth Opportunities GLOBAL SEED & TRAIT UPGRADES CORN LICENSING OPPORTUNITIES 2025 TARGET: ~240M Acres Global Seed & Trait Upgrades FY2016 KEY GLOBAL CORN REGIONS MID-YEAR PERFORMANCE HIGHLIGHTS Germplasm 1 U.S. SmartStax PRO Position: #1 Share: Mid-30’s% Climate Advisors Trecepta1 2 Brazil Position: #1 Share: ~40% Next Generation Biotech Weed Control 3 Argentina Position: #1 Share: >50% NEMASTRIKE phase 4 nematicide 4 Eastern Europe Acceleron Position: #1 Share: >20% Seed Applied Solutions with Enhanced Disease Control1 5 Western Europe Enhanced-Corn Inoculant Position: #2 Share: Mid-teens 1. Licensing opportunity limited to Corn States licensees and our brands. 8 Intacta RR2 PRO Soybeans First Generation Expected to Rapidly Penetrate 100M Acre Opportunity; Second Generation Already in Phase 4 INTACTA RR2 PRO 2025 TARGET: INTACTA RR2 PRO: RECORD TECHNOLOGY ADOPTION RATE Intacta RR2 PRO penetration exceeded target; tracking to 35M acres in FY16 100 ACRES (IN MILLIONS) 90 80 70 100M ACRES 75M ACRE TARGET FASTEST RAMP OF ANY SOYBEAN TRAIT 60 GENETIC DIVERSITY DRIVES ADOPTION ~35M 50 ACRE FORECAST 40 30 15 20 10 0 3 2014 2015 2016F 2019F TRAIT PENETRATION STARTING WITH PRODUCT LAUNCH MARKET OPPORTUNITY ~145M Acres of Trait Upgrades GROWTH PROFILE: Next decade is a period of rapid acceleration with new technology penetration • Market opportunity of 100M acres; 2ndgeneration technology in Phase 4 of development – expected to commercially launch by 2019-2020 KEY MILESTONES: • Expect 35M acres across South America in FY16 UPDATE • To date, unable to come to a mutually agreeable soybean technology royalty system for our patented Intacta RR2 PRO technology in Argentina; moving forward with efforts to enforce private contracts and intellectual property rights and delaying launch of Roundup Ready Xtend soybeans in Argentina • Full review of Argentina business plans continues, along with assessment of related financial implications, in light of continued dynamic business environment 9 Strong Third-Year Yield Performance Results for INTACTA RR2 PRO Soybeans Results Validate Yield Benefits and Growth Opportunity UPDATE INTACTA RR2 PRO FY16 FIELD PERFORMANCE BRAZIL THIRD-YEAR COMMERCIAL YIELD DATA1 FIELD PERFORMANCE: PRIMAVERA DO LESTE, MT. JAN 2016 >4 BUSHELS/ACRE 60 BU/AC 55 55.7 YIELD ADVANTAGE 51.6 50 Roundup Ready Soybeans WITH INSECTICIDE TREATMENT COMPARISONS: WIN RATE: INTACTA RR2 PRO ROUNDUP READY PLOT WITH 2 INSECTICIDE APPLICATIONS INTACTA RR2 PRO is showing exceptional performance for control of the key insects that damage soybean crops in Brazil 359 77% 2016 PERFORMANCE • With 67% harvested, yield performance shows a >4 Bu/Ac average advantage. 1. Yield data based on approximately 67 percent of harvest data in commercial field strip trials across 145 locations comparing top Roundup Ready varieties for each region managed with insecticides as needed, compared to untreated Intacta varieties. 10 Roundup Ready Xtend Crop System Upgrade of Industry’s Largest Seed Technology Platform Underway China Import Approval Received; EPA Comment Period for In-Crop Use of Dicamba Opened ROUNDUP READY XTEND CROP SYSTEM 2025 TARGET: SOURCES OF VALUE IN ROUNDUP READY XTEND CROP SYSTEM 200M-250M Acres of Trait Upgrades Across Crops Next decade is a period of rapid acceleration with new technology penetration LAUNCH PLANS IN PROGRESS Innovative Traits in Leading Germplasm Enhanced Chemistry Options Greater Flexibility, Weed Control and Yield Potential ROUNDUP READY 2 XTEND SOYBEANS: U.S. ACREAGE PENETRATION TARGETS ACRES (IN MILLIONS) ~80M 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 ~55M DELAYED EU IMPORT APPROVAL LIMITS LAUNCH BELOW 2M ACRES 2016F • • • ACRES ACRE TARGET $5-10/acre premium vs. Roundup Ready 2 Yield varieties; offering introductory $5/unit price reduction DICAMBA • ACRE TARGET • 2017F Now trending to less than 2M acres in the U.S. in FY16; still awaiting EU import approval for the stack after unexpected administrative delays following EFSA positive opinion last June >70 products across all relative maturity zones; 6x the products in Roundup Ready 2 Yield~40M launch ACRES Targeting seed companies with > 90% U.S. soybean seed share EPA comment period opened for the in-crop use of dicamba on March 31st; registration expected by late summer to early fall PRICING • 15M TRENDING • 2019F MARKET OPPORTUNITY Initial supply agreements secured to cover first 3-5 years postlaunch BOD approved $975M investment in manufacturing plant expected to supply 25-35% of the fully mature demand 1. USDA deregulation received. EPA approval for in-crop use of dicamba is pending. 11 Dicamba Plant Investment to Enable Upgrade of Industry’s Largest Seed Technology Platform Supports Commercialization of the Next-Generation in Weed Control ROUNDUP READY XTEND CROP SYSTEM 2025 TARGET: 200M-250M Acres of Trait Upgrades Across Crops DICAMBA INVESTMENT1 DICAMBA OPPORTUNITY1: CURRENT INDUSTRY PRODUCTION CAPACITY TO MEET EXISTING MARKET NEEDS BOD approved $975M investment in manufacturing plant in Luling, LA. Investment expected to provide: Conventional uses to control broadleaf weeds ~40M ACRES MONSANTO PLANT INVESTMENT Investment targeting ~80M to 100M acres of capacity; ~25-to-35% of the fully mature demand CURRENT & EXPECTED INDUSTRY CAPACITY EXPANSION FOR ROUNDUP READY XTEND CROP SYSTEM Starting to see industry capacity expansion driven by broad-sourcing agreements in support of early expected demand 1. Monsanto internal estimates 1 Economies of scale with proximity to the Luling, LA plant 2 Logistical advantages with convenient access to the Americas 3 Strong formulation pipeline to deliver crop safety and convenience to growers Value Creation: • Total Roundup Ready Xtend crop system expected to drive 30%+ returns; dicamba plant alone expected to drive mid-teens return 12 Climate FieldView Strategic Differentiators Unique Capabilities and Broad Commercial Reach Establish Climate as “THE” Digital Ag Platform BROAD REACH UNIQUE CAPABILITIES DATA ANALYTICS PROPRIETARY SCIENCE DATA ANALYTICS • Widest breadth of data and analytics methodology • Data spans weather, field, research, satellite, soil, and customer field information FIELD RESEARCH FIELD RESEARCH • Data science driven field experiments • Broad, integrated field testing with Climate and Monsanto PROPRIETARY SCIENCE • Exclusive access to Monsanto germplasm data • Proprietary models and imagery processing ACCESS TO FARMERS CONNECTIVITY ACCESS TO FARMERS • >3,000 trusted advisor sellers with strategic retail partners • Three equipment collaborations • Monsanto seed and chemistry sales organization CONNECTIVITY • Proprietary connectivity with Climate Fieldview Drive • Near-real time, in-cab visualization with John Deere agreement • Data flow enabled for 80% of top retailers in Corn Belt 13 The Digital Ag Platform Near-Term Strategy and Expansion Plans Unlock Path to Broad Acre Platform Adoption 2016 OPERATIONAL PRIORITIES PRODUCT HIGHLIGHT Climate FieldView Platform Launched as Tiered Offering to Drive Adoption, Connect Cabs and Deliver Insights Advisor Tools Provide New Benefits to Farmers ① PAID SERVICES: Nitrogen Advisor2: • Over 50% of US Corn fields have opportunities to optimize nitrogen application based on 2015 sample across >3,800 fields NEW • On Track to Exceed 12M Paid Acre Services in US In cab visualization Data Connectivity Climate Fieldview Drive ② PLATFORM ADOPTION1: • In line to exceed 90 Million Acres across Climate Fieldview ③ GEOGRAPHIC EXPANSION: N Advisor Field Health Script Creator Field-level weather Notifications Scouting Beta Testing Locations Expanded in-field beta testing in Brazil & Canada for 2017;first product launch expected in the next 2 years • FieldView Pro available on 120M acres across corn and soy in the U.S, 50% increase vs FY15 • 1. NEW Field Health Advisor: • Informed scouting • In-season images on average, about every 10 days • Whole-farm overview tool Platform includes Climate Fieldview Prime, Pro and Plus acres. 2. Representative and random sample of >3,800 Nitrogen Advisor Fields where main Nitrogen application was the mineral fertilizer. Assumes $4/bushel corn, $.40/lb-N fertilizer costs and average yield of 168 bushels per acre. 14 NEMASTRIKE Technology Estimated $1 Billion NPV3 Broad Spectrum Nematode Control Resulting In Improved Emergence, Plant Health and Yield Protection; Launch Planned for 2018 2025 TARGET: BLOCKBUSTER PRODUCT ESTIMATED $1B IN NPV3 • Followed closely by soybeans • Value also exists for other crops ~$1B NPV VALUE • Yield benefits derived from reduced root damage 2015 MONSANTO TRIALS - AVERAGE YIELD ADVANTAGE CORN SOY 58 ~9 205 BUSHELS PER ACRE • Corn represents greatest opportunity area 125 Million Acres in New Crop Protection Solutions BU/AC BUSHELS PER ACRE SEED CARE: NEMATICIDE YIELD 200 ADVANTAGE 195 190 185 COMPETITIVE STANDARD ACCELERON SAS2 + NEMASTRIKE TECHNOLOGY 57 ~2 BU/AC YIELD ADVANTAGE 56 55 54 COMPETITIVE STANDARD ACCELERON SAS2 + NEMASTRIKE TECHNOLOGY PROJECT HIGHLIGHTS: • NEMASTRIKE technology is currently in Phase 4 • Novel nematode-control technology with a fit on 125M acres of opportunity across corn, soy and other crops • Licensing structure in place to allow for broad commercial access • Planning for launch in the U.S. in 20181 1. Product is subject to regulatory approvals and is expected to be branded as Nemastrike Technology 2. Acceleron SAS = Acceleron Seed Applied Solutions 3. Estimated non risk-adjusted value 15 Foundation of Financial Discipline Amplifies Growth Drivers, Reflected in Industry-Leading Margins & Adjusted Return on Capital RETURN ON INDUSTRY-LEADING INNOVATION + FINANCIAL DISCIPLINE + BALANCED CAPITAL ALLOCATION Return on industry-leading innovation, financial discipline and balanced capital allocation drive industry-leading margins & adjusted ROC ONGOING EBITDA MARGINS1 ADJUSTED RETURN ON CAPITAL1 FISCAL YEARS 2013 – 2015 30% 27% 29% 32% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% FY13 25% ADJUSTED RETURN ON CAPITAL1 ONGOING EBITDA AS % OF NET SALES 35% FISCAL YEARS 2013 – 2015 FY14 FY15 22% 23% 23% FY13 FY14 FY15 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% 1. Components of calculation and related reconciliations provided in the non-GAAP financial measures reconciliations at the end of the presentation. 16 Innovation and Financial Discipline Create Growth Opportunity New Platforms Provide Additional Layers of Long-Term Growth as Integrated Solutions Strategy Implemented Demand growth for corn and soybeans remains strong, highlighting the need to help farmers meet that demand through sustainable productivity solutions Innovation is the critical differentiator in unlocking incremental productivity and Monsanto is the partner of choice for leading Ag technologies Monsanto is maximizing value through strategic management of its industryleading integrated solutions portfolio and financial discipline Delivery on key milestones sets up next-gen platforms across weed, insect, disease & nutrition management – reinforcing confidence in Monsanto’s innovation-based growth drivers…poised to deliver growth in FY17 and beyond 17 Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures RECONCILIATION OF ONGOING EBITDA RECONCILIATION OF EBITDA Fiscal Year $ Millions 2015 2014 2013 $2,314 $2,740 $2,482 Restructuring Charges $338 -- -- Income on Discontinued Operations As Reported Net Income Attributable to Monsanto Company $(28) $(13) $(11) Environmental and Litigation Matters $54 $20 -- SEC Settlement Matters $80 -- -- -- -- $(11) Ongoing Net Income $2,758 $2,747 $2,460 Interest Expense – Net $328 $146 $80 $1,053 $1,088 $926 $(24) $(19) $(22) $4,115 $3,962 $3,444 $716 $691 $615 $4,831 $4,653 $4,059 Resolution of Legacy Tax Matters Income Tax Provision Tax Expense Related to Noncontrolling Interest Ongoing EBIT Depreciation and Amortization Ongoing EBITDA Fiscal Year $ Millions 2015 2014 2013 $2,314 $2,740 $2,482 Interest Expense – Net $328 $146 $80 Income Tax Provision1 $858 $1,066 $898 Depreciation and Amortization $716 $691 $615 $4,216 $4,643 $4,075 As Reported Net Income Attributable to Monsanto Company As Reported EBITDA ONGOING EBITDA AS A PERCENT OF NET SALES Fiscal Year $ Millions As Reported Net Sales EBITDA as a % of Net Sales 1. Includes the income tax provision attributable to Monsanto 2015 2014 2013 $15,001 $15,855 $14,861 32% 29% 27% 18 18 Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures RECONCILIATION OF ADJUSTED RETURN ON CAPITAL Fiscal Year $ Millions Fiscal Year End 2015 2014 2013 $2,314 $2,740 $2,482 - - $(11) $338 - - Environmental & Litigation Matters $54 $20 - SEC Settlement Matters $80 - - $(28) $(13) $(11) $2,758 $2,747 2,460 $238 $94 59 $2,996 $2,841 $2,519 As Reported Net Income Attributable to Monsanto Company Adjustment for certain items, after-tax: Resolution of Legacy Tax Matter Restructuring Charges Income on Discontinued Operations Ongoing Net Income Interest (income) Expense – Net of taxes Operating Profit After-tax (excluding certain items) $ Millions 2015 2014 2013 Short-Term and Long-Term Debt $9,044 $7,698 $2,099 Shareowners’ Equity $7,005 $7,914 $12,728 Cash and Cash Equivalents $(3,701) $(2,367) $(3,668) Cash for Operations $400 $400 $400 Total Capital $12,748 $13,645 $11,559 Prior Period Capital $13,645 $11,559 $11,227 Average Capital $13,197 $12,602 $11,393 Fiscal Year $ Millions Operating Profit After-tax (excluding certain items) 2015 2014 2013 $2,996 $2,841 $2,519 Average Capital $13,197 $12,602 $11,393 Adjusted Return on Capital 22.7% 22.5% 22.1% 1919