Historia - ITAM - Correo electrónico para académicos y empleados

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Historia de la Ingeniería
ALEJANDRO TERÁN C.
Importancia de la Ingeniería
•
La Ingeniería es fundamental para la sociedad.
– Bienestar.
– Comodidad.
•
Es una actividad profesional ligada a la ciencia.
– En muchos ámbitos se confunde a la ingeniería con la
ciencia.
•
Es importante que el ingeniero adopte un papel de liderazgo en
la sociedad.
Ingeniería: Historia
2
Engineering and Civilization
•
The history of civilization is the history of engineering.
•
Highly developed civilizations are noted for accomplishments in
engineering.
•
If we define engineering as developing ways to utilize the
materials and forces of nature for the benefit of mankind then we
can look at the practice of engineering in an historical context.
“What is Engineering?”, Notas del curso: Introduction to Civil Engineering, Southern
Illinois University, http://civil.engr.siu.edu/intro/default.htm
3
20 MAYORES LOGROS INGENIERILES DEL SIGLO
XX
1. Electrificación
2. Automóvil
3. Avión
4. Abastecimiento y distribución de
agua
5. Electrónica
6. Radio y Televisión
7. Mecanización agrícola
8. Computadoras
9. Teléfono
10. Aire Acondicionado y
Refrigeración
11. Carreteras
12. Naves Espaciales
13. Internet
14. Imagénes
15. Electrodomésticos
16. Tecnologías para la Salud
17. Tecnologías Petroleras y
Petroquímicas
18. Láser y Fibra Óptica
19. Tecnologías Nucleares
20. Materiales de Alto Desempeño
¡Somos una sociedad “Civilizada”!
4
Scientists and Engineers
“Scientists discover the world that exists;
Engineers create the world that never was”
“Engineering, the Stealth Profession”, Discover Engineering Online,
http://www.discoverengineering.org/eweek/about_eng.htm
5
Serious Leadership
“Talk to U.S. business executives and they’ll
often comment on how many of China’s leaders
are engineers, people who can talk to you
about numbers, long-term problem-solving,
and the national interest — not a bunch of
lawyers looking for a sound bite to get through
the evening news. America’s most serious deficit
today is a deficit of such leaders in politics
and business.”
Thomas L. Friedman, Column: “Learning from Lance”, New York Times, July 27,
2005, citado en: Industrial Engineer, p15 V 37, N 9, September, 2005
6
Losing our Edge?
“The United States has lost its edge in
educating engineers. According to the
National Science Foundation, in 2000, 15
percent of bachelor’s degrees in the
United States were in engineering,
compared to 40 percent in Asia and
Europe.
The rest of the world realizes that the
education of engineers is crucial for
economic progress and the United States
needs to do the same.”
Jane M. Fraser, “Losing our Edge?”, Industrial Engineer, p 18, V 37, N 9, September,
2005
7
Engineering and Civilization
•
The history of civilization is the history of engineering.
•
Highly developed civilizations are noted for accomplishments in
engineering.
•
If we define engineering as developing ways to utilize the
materials and forces of nature for the benefit of mankind then we
can look at the practice of engineering in an historical context.
8
Engineering: Cultural Presence
•
Historically, engineering has been seen as:
– A somewhat dry, uninteresting field in popular culture,
– The domain of nerds (with little of the romance that attaches to
hacker culture).
•
In science-fiction engineers are often portrayed as highly
knowledgeable and respectable individuals who understand the
overwhelming future technologies often portrayed in the genre.
•
Engineers are often respected and ridiculed for their intense
beliefs and interests.
Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering
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Engineering: Etimology
•
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Myth: Engineer originated to describe those who built engines.
Fact: The words engine and engineer (as well as ingenious) developed
in parallel from the Latin root ingeniosus, meaning "skilled".
•
•
An engineer is thus a clever, practical, problem solver.
The spelling of engineer was later influenced by back-formation from
engine.
The term later evolved to include all fields where the skills of application
of the scientific method are used. In some other languages, such as
Arabic, the word for "engineering" also means "geometry".
•
•
The fields that became what we now call engineering were known as
the mechanic arts in the 19th century.
10
Historia de la Ingeniería
•
El bienestar humano ha estado ligado a la ingeniería.
•
El conocimiento científico contribuye al desarrollo de la
ingeniería.
– En muchos ámbitos se confunde a la ingeniería con la
ciencia.
11
Engineering History: The first engineers
•
•
•
•
•
Prehistoric man can be thought of as the first engineers.
They adapted many things in nature to their use.
They mastered fire for warmth, protection from animals, and a
means for cooking food. From vines and strips of hide they
made ropes.
Their early tools included knifes, axes, the needles and awls.
They used caves as shelter.
All of these activities utilized the materials and forces of nature
for the benefit of mankind.
12
Engineering History: Metallurgy
•
•
•
Human use of fire in daily life undoubtedly led to the chance
discovery of the possibilities of metallurgy.
Bronze was discovered early because copper- and tin-bearing
ores are frequently found together.
Bronze tools were used in the construction of the pyramids, and
reference to workers in brass and iron is made in the bible.
13
La Ingeniería en la Antigüedad
•
Conocimiento fundamental aplicado básicamente a fenómenos
físicos: Vencer fricción, levantar, arrastrar, construir,….
•
Obras impresionantes e instrumentos fundamentales para la
vida cotidiana: Rueda, plano inclinado, flecha, molino, vela,
palanca,…
•
Uso de conceptos matemáticos para representar la realidad en
términos abstractos: Teorema de Pitágoras, agrimensura.
•
No se aplican ciencias de la conducta.
14
Ingeniería en México: Prehispánica
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Ingeniería relacionada con la ciencia indígena:
– Obras monumentales: pirámides.
– Asentamientos humanos.
– Tenochtitlan.
– Obras hidráulicas (Valle de México).
15
La Ingeniería en el Renacimiento
Ingeniero: Inventor, científico, artista,….
16
Ingeniería en México: Colonia
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Introduccion de la ciencia e ingeniería europeas.
– Obras hidráulicas
– Minería.
– Obras civiles.
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Ingeniería Mecánica: Nacimiento
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Motor de vapor (1700).
•
Avances interrelacionados en física y matemáticas.
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Desarrollo de aplicaciones prácticas de principios mecánicos.
18
Ingeniería Eléctrica: Nacimiento
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Inicio de la electricidad y el magnetismo (S XVIII).
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Benjamín Franklin y el papalote (1752).
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1750-1800: Franceses y alemanes desarrollan la ciencia de la
electricidad.
•
Samuel Morse (1840) desarrolla el telégrafo.
•
Edison (1880) inventa el foco: Desarrollo de sistemas de
generación/distribución.
19
Ingeniería Química: Nacimiento
Las tecnologías mecánica y eléctrica requieren un
mejor conocimiento de las sustancias y sus
propiedades: Conductores, recubrimientos, fluídos,
lubricantes, pinturas,…
20
Organización industrial
Producción en masa: Tipo de organización industrial asociada
con:
•
Partes intercambiables.
•
Especialización de la mano de obra.
•
¡Inicio de la Ingeniería Industrial!
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Ingenierías: II Guerra Mundial
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Antes (Big Five):
– Civil, mecánica, eléctrica, química, industrial.
•
Después:
– Nuclear, electrónica, aeronáutica, computación,
astronáutica, ambiental, bioingeniería.
22
¿Dónde se aprende ingeniería?
•
Históricamente:
– De manera empírica.
– Conocimiento acumulado: Formación de gremios.
•
Actualmente:
– En universidades.
– ¡Siguen existiendo gremios!
23
Formación de universidades
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1750: Se usa el término: Ingeniería Civil.
•
1795: Napoleón funda la Ecole Polytecnique de Paris (Primer
escuela de Ingeniería).
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1824: Se funda Rensselaer Polytechnica Institute (Primer
escuela de Ingeniería en EU).
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Enseñanza de la ingeniería en la colonia
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1777: Se establece Real Tribunal General de Minería para
instruir a "hombres de bien, para que se les confiase el manejo
de esta profesión".
•
1792: Se inaugura Real Seminario de Minería o Colegio
Metálico. Inicio de enseñanza formal de la ingeniería minera.
•
1811: Real Seminario cambia sede al Palacio de Minería, que
alberga los gabinetes de física, minerología, química y análisis
metalúrgicos.
•
Plan de estudios vigente hasta 1833.
“Historia Académica. Minería”, Secretaría de Economía,
http://www.economia.gob.mx/index.jsp?P=2083
25
Ingeniería en México, s. XIX
•
1867: Benito Juárez (Ley Orgánica de Instrucción Pública en el
Distrito Federal) transforma al Colegio en Escuela Especial de
Ingenieros
– Se crean carreras de ingeniero civil, mecánico, electricista e
hidrógrafo.
– Se modifica la de ingeniería de minas.
•
1868: Se instituye Escuela Nacional de Ingenieros, que pasa
del Ministerio de Justicia e Instrucción Pública a Secretaría de
Fomento.
26
Ingeniería en México, s. XIX
•
1883: Decreto presidencial implanta nuevas carreras:
ingeniería industrial, telegrafista, ensayador y apartado de
metales, caminos, puentes y canales en lugar de ingeniería
civil, minas y metalurgista, geógrafo, topógrafo e hidrógrafo.
•
1889: Se modifica carrera de ingeniero electricista.
•
1897: Carrera de ingeniería en caminos, puentes y canales
adopta nuevamente el nombre de ingeniería civil.
27
Ingeniería en México post-revolucionario
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1914-15, se instituye plan de estudios, que modifica carreras de
ingeniero industrial, electricista, civil, en minas y metalurgista,
ensayador, topógrafo. Se crean carreras de ingeniero
constructor e hidráulico.
•
1927: Se fusionan carreras de ingeniero mecánico y de
ingeniero electricista.
•
1928: Se aprueba plan de estudios para carrera de ingeniero
forestal.
•
1929: Se establece carrera de ingeniero petrolero.
28
Ingeniería en México post-revolucionario
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1933-35: Se funda la Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y
Matemáticas (separada de Escuela Nacional de Ingeniería).
•
1935: Se crea carrera de ingeniero geólogo en la UNAM (1943
en el IPN).
•
1970: Se crea carrera de ingeniero geofísico en la UNAM.
29
“Gremios actuales”: Asociaciones profesionales
Hasta 1880: Ingeniero Civil o Ingeniero Militar.
ASCE: 1852.
ASME: 1880.
AIEEE: 1884.
AIChE: 1908.
AIIE: 1948.
30
Engineering definition
•
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The application of pure science to practical problems.
More specifically, engineering is a professional activity that uses
imagination, judgement, and intelligence in the application of
science, technology, mathematics, and practical experience to
design, produce, and operate useful objects or processes that
meet the needs and desires of humanity.
•
•
•
It is sometimes considered to be synonymous with technology.
Professional practitioners of engineering are called engineers.
As a noun, "engineering" is also the collective body of available
technological tools, activities, knowledge, and processes.
31
Engineering: Comparison to Science
You see things; and you say "Why?" But I dream things that never
were; and I say "Why not?" —George Bernard Shaw
•
Engineering is concerned with the design of a solution to a
practical problem.
– A scientist may ask "why?" and proceed to research the
answer to the question.
– By contrast, engineers want to know how to solve a problem,
and how to implement that solution.
32
Engineering: Parallels with the practice of medicine
•
Both professions are well known for their pragmatism — the
solution to real world problems often requires moving forward
before phenomena are completely understood in a more
rigorous scientific sense.
33
Engineering: Parallels with Art
•
There are also close connections between the workings of
engineers and artists; they are direct in some fields, for
example, architecture / landscape architecture and industrial
design, and indirect in others.
•
Artistic and engineering creativity may be fundamentally
connected.
34
Engineering: Major Branches (Top 15)
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•
•
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Aerospace engineering
Agricultural engineering
Architectural engineering
Biomedical engineering
Computer engineering
Civil engineering
Chemical engineering
Electrical engineering
Environmental engineering
Industrial engineering
Materials engineering
Mechanical engineering
Petroleum engineering
Railway systems engineering
Software engineering
35
Engineering Purpose: To Benefit Mankind
•
•
•
•
Engineering has as it's ultimate purpose the benefit of mankind.
An engineer should not receive complete satisfaction from the
skillful solution of a technical problem.
The contributions of the engineer have political, social, and
aesthetic implications far beyond the immediate technical
results.
– A dam to harness the energy of a river in a remote canyon
may flood a wilderness area that plays an important role in
people's total existence.
– An efficient and cheap automobile engine that reduces the
energy problem may spoil the environment by polluting the
air.
An engineer must be concerned with all aspects and
consequences of the work performed.
36
II: Definición
(Institute of Industrial Engineers)
Ingeniería relacionada con el diseño, mejoramiento e
instalación de sistemas integrados de personas,
materiales, información, equipo y energía.
Aprovecha el conocimiento especializado y las
habilidades de las ciencias matemáticas, físicas y
sociales, en conjunción con los principios y métodos del
análisis y el diseño ingenieril para especificar, predecir
y evaluar los resultados que se obtienen de dichos tipos
de sistemas.
37
EL INGENIERO DEL 2020
“The engineer of 2020 will aspire to have the ingenuity of
Lillian Gilbreth, the scientific insight of Albert Einstein, the
creativity of Pablo Picasso, the determination of the Wright
brothers, the leadership abilities of Bill Gates, the conscience
of Eleanor Roosevelt, the vision of Martin Luther King Jr.,
and the curiosity and wonder of our grandchildren”
Ingenio
Perspicacia científica
Creatividad
Determinación
Capacidad de liderazgo
Conciencia
Visión
Curiosidad y capacidad de
of Engineering
asombroNational Academy
38

Historia - ITAM - Correo electrónico para académicos y empleados

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