Excise Manual 2068

Transcription

Excise Manual 2068

cGtMz'Ns lgb]{lzsf, @)^*
cy{ dGqfno
cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu
nflhDkf6, sf7df08f}+
xfldn] lt/]sf] s/ xfd|} ljsf;sf nflu, cfw'lgs / ;Dj[4 g]kfn lgdf{0fsf nflu
laifo ;"rL
kl/R5]b
!
@
#
$
%
^
&
*
(
!)
!!
!@
!#
!$
!%
!^
!&
!*
!(
@)
ljj/0f
k]h g+
kl/ro
!
kl/efiff
@–^
cGtMz'Ns nfUg] tyf 5'6 x'g] j:t' ;]jf / If]qx?
&–(
cGtMz'Ns Ohfht
!)–@#
ef}lts lgoGq0f k|0ffnL
@$
%=! dlb/f ;+aGwL JoJf:yf
@$–$$
%=@ lao/ ;+aGwL JoJf:yf
$%–^)
%=# r'/f]6, la8L tyf ;"lt{hGo kbfy{ ;+aGwL Joj:yfx?
^!–^^
cGtMz'Ns l6s6-l:6s/_ ;+aGwL Joj:yf
^&–&!
hlt{ tyf gf]S;fgL ldGxf
&@–&&
:jo+ lg:sf;g k|0ffnL
&*–&(
k}7f/L, lgof{t, s/ d'Qm k;n-j08]8 j]o/ xfp;_ / gub w/f}6L
jf j}+s Uof/]G6L km's'jf
*)–*%
cGtMz'Nssf] clen]v tyf k|ltj]bg
*^–*(
cGtMz'Nssf] lgwf{/0f -u0fgf_ cz'nL tyf bflvnf
()–($
cGtMz'Ns lja/0f
(%
cGtMz'Ns kl/If0f tyf cGtMz'Ns lgwf{/0f
(^–!)*
jSof}tf cz'nL ;+aGwL Joj:yf
!)(
vfgtnf;L, ;+klQ/f]Ssf, lnnfd laqmL / hkmt ;+aGwL Joj:yf !!)–!!^
b08 ;hfo ;+jGwL Joj:yf
!!&–!!(
k'/:sf/ ;+jGwL Joj:yf
!@)–!@$
k|zf;lso k'g/fjnf]sg tyf k'g/fj]bg ;+aGwL Joj:yf
!@%
cGtMz'Ns k|zf;g
!@^–!#&
lalaw
!#*–!#(
cg';"rLx?
cg';"rL
cg';"lr–!
cg';"lr–@
cg';"lr–#
cg';"lr–$
cg';"lr–$-s_
cg';"lr–$-v_
cg';"lr–$u
cg';"lr–$3
cg';"lr–$8
cg';"lr–%
cg';"lr–^
cg';"lr–&
cg';"lr–*
cg';"lr–(
cg';'lr– (s
cg';"lr–!)
cg';"lr–!!
laifo
Ohfhtkq tyf gljs/0fsf] nfuL lbOg] b/vf:tsf] 9f+rf
Ohfhtkq lng' kg]{ j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] Ohfhtkq b:t'/ / gljs/0f b:t'/
cGtMz'Ns Ohfhtkq
pTkfbg tyf ljs|L ePsf] b}lgs d}Hbftsf] lja/0f ljj/0f
cGtMzN' s lgwf/{ 0f cfbz
]
clGtd cGtMzN' s lgwf/{ 0f cfb]z
v/Lb vftf
ljs|L vftf
cGtMz'Ns ljj/0f kmf/fd
sf]/f dfnsf] df}Hbft ljj/0f
sf]/fdfnsf] vkt / r'/f]6 / lj8L pTkfbgsf] b}lgs ljj/0f
b}lgs Kofls+u ?dsf] ljj/0f
uf]bfddf /x]sf] r'/f]6sf] b}lgs ljj/0f
r'/f]6 tyf lj8Lsf] lgisf;g df+u kmf/fd
Jofr lgoGq0f vftf
l8li6n/L a'|c/Ljfnfn] lbg' kg]{ /S;L, ljo/, jfOgsf] kmf6jf/L]
l8li6n/L a'|c/Ljfnfn] lbg' kg]{ /S;L, ljo/, jfOgsf] jf]tnx?sf] laqmL /
To;jf6 cfpg] cGtMz'Nssf kmf6jf/L
cg';"lr–!@
;Vv/ v'bf]sf] b}lgs lx;fj
cg';"lr–!#
s/ ljhssf] 9fFrf
cg';"rL–!$
sRrf kbfy{sf] cfDbfgL tyf vr{ vftf -:jod lgisf;g k|0ffnLsf] nflu _
cg';"rL–!$-s_ l:k|6sf] cfDbfgL vr{ vftf
cg';"rL–!$-v_ df]nf;];sf]] cfDbfgL vr{ vftf
cg';"rL–!$-v_ jf; cfDbfgL vr{ vftf
cg';"rL–!%
b}lgs sfo{ kl/rfng vftf -dlb/f pBf]usf] _
cg';"rL–!^
v'bf] / l:k|6 jfx]s cGtMz'Ns j:t'sf] lgsf;L dfu lgj]bg_
cg';"rL–!^-s_ v'bf] / l:k|6sf] cGtMz'Ns j:t'sf] lgsf;L dfu lgj]bg
k]h gDj/
!$)–!$#
!$$–!$^
!$&–!$*
!$(
!%)–!%!
!%@–!%#
!%$
!%%
!%^
!%&
!%*
!%(
!^)
!^!
!^@
!^#
!^$
!^%
!^^
!^&
!^*
!^(
!&)
!&!
!&@– !&#
!&$–!&%
cg';"rL–!&
cg';"rL–!*
cg';"rL–!(
cg';"rL–@)
cg';"lr–@!
cg';"lr–@@
cg';"lr–@#
cg';"lr–@$
cg';"lr–@%
cg';"lr–@%-s_+
cg';"rL–@^
cg';"rL–@^-s_
cg';"rL–@^-v_
cg';"lr–@&_
cg';"lr–@*_
cg';"rL–@(
cg';"rL–#)
cg';"rL–#)-s_
cg';"rL–#)-v_
cg';"rL–#!
cg';"rL–#@
cg';"rL–##
cg';"rL–#$
cg';"rL–#%
cg';"rL–#^
sf/vfgfsf] uf]bfd If]qaf6 cGtMz'Ns nfUg] kbfy{ lg:sf;g ug]{ dfu
kmf/d
dfu kmf/fd btf{ lx;fa vftf
t}of/L ;fdfgsf] cfDbfgL tyf laqmL -lg:sf;g_ vftf -dlb/f pBf]u_
sf/vfgfsf] uf]bfd If]qaf6 ljo/ lgisf;g ug]{ dfu kmf/fd
tof/L af]tnaGbL lao/ pTkfbg / lgisf;g -cfDbfgL tyf vr{_ vftf
lao/ af]tnaGbL ;DaGwL k|ltj]bg
lgisf;g ul/Psf] tyf af]tnaGbL ul/Psf] lao/sf] ljj/0f
laqmL / To;af6 cfpg] cGtMz'Nssf] dfl;s tyf jflif{s kmfF6jf/L
ljo/sf] gf]S;fgL ldGxfsf] lgj]bg tyf l;kmfl/;
dlb/fsf] gf]S;fgL ldGxfsf] lgj]bg tyf l;kmfl/;
cGtMz'Ns l6s6 / l6s6 nssf]] cfDbfgL vr{ vftfsf] gd"gf
cGtMz'Ns l6s6 / l6s6 nssf]] cfDbfgL vr{sf] JolQmut vftfsf] gd"gf
cGtMz'Ns l6s6 ns -;frf]_sf]] k|of]u /]s8{ vftfsf] gd"gf
pTkfbg tyf lgisf;gsf] df:s]jf/L jflif{s k|ltj]bg
-:jod lgisf;g k|0ffnL_
sRrf kbfy{sf] df:s]jf/L÷jflif{s k|ltj]bg
-:jod lgisf;g k|0ffnLsf] nflu dfq_
dfl;s ÷ jflif{s pTkfbgsf] cGtMz'Ns lja/0f
dfl;s ÷ jflif{s laqmLsf] cGtMz'Ns lja/0f
dlxgfsf] cfofltt j:t'sf] laj/0f
j]08]8 j]o/ xfp; -s/ d'Qm k;n_ n] laqmL u/]sf] j:t'sf] laj/0f
cGtMz'Ns /fh:j cz'nLsf] dfl;s lja/0f
j:t'ut cGtMz'Ns /fh:j cz'nLsf] dfl;s lja/0f
t'ngfTds j:t'ut cGtMz'Ns /fh:j cz'nL lja/0f
dfl;s sfo{ k|ult lja/0f sfof{nosf] k|of]hg dfq_
cGtMz'Ns btf{ clen]v lstfj -sfof{nosf] k|of]hg _
cGtMz'Ns b/jGbL -@)^*.^(_
!&^– !&&
!&*
!&(
!*)
!*!
!*@
!*#
!*$
!*%
!*^
!*&
!**
!*(
!()
!(!
!(@
!(#
!($
!(%
!(^
!(&
!(*
!((–@)@
@)#
@)$–@!(
e"ldsf
:jb]z leq pTkfbg u/L jf cfoft u/L ljs|L ljt/0f Pj+ pkef]u ul/g]] j:t' jf ;]jfdf s/sf]
?kdf cGtMz'Ns nufOG5 . d"nt dfgj :jf:Yo Pj+ jftfj/0fLo :jf:Yodf k|lts"n c;/ kfg]{ j:t' tyf
ljnfl;tfsf j:t'x?df cGtMz'Ns nufpg] ul/P tfklg xfnsf jif{x?df ljZj Jofkf/ Pj+ If]qLo
Jofkf/ ;+u7gdf cfj4 ePsf] sf/0f e+;f/sf] b/df cfPsf] kl/jt{gn] Go"g x'g uPsf] /fh:jnfO{ s]xL
xb;Dd eP klg e/y]u ug{sf] nflu gof+ If]qx?df ;d]t cGtMz'Ns nufpg] ul/Psf] 5 .
g]kfnsf] klxnf] d'n'sL P]g, !(!) df /sd jGbf]j:t c•fn], jgs;, riff{, ;'+u'/sf] hu/, dbe§L
/ r'/f]6 h:tf j:t'x?df lnnfd a9fa9 k|yfaf6 7]Ssf jGbf]j:t u/L /fh:j c;'n ug]{ Joj:yf u/L
cGtMz'Ns lng] sfo{sf] z'?jft ePsf] kfOG5 . lj=;+= @))* df klxnf] jh]6 ;+u} cfly{s P]gåf/f
cGtMz'Ns nufOPsf] / si6d sld;g/af6 k|zf;g x'Fb} cfPsf] cGtMz'Ns k|zf;g cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)!%
cfPkl5 s]xL Jojl:yt eO{ lj=;+= @)!^ ;fndf :yflkt eG;f/ tyf cGtMz'Ns ljefuaf6 /
lj=;+=@)@# ;fndf 5'§} cGtMz'Ns ljefu u7g eO{ ;f] ljefuaf6 ;~rfng ePsf] lyof] . cf=j=
@)$(.%) ;Dd cfp+bf s/Lj @)) j:t'df cGtMz'Ns nufOPsf]df To;kl5 dlb/fhGo j:t', ;"lt{hGo
j:t' / Knfli6ssf j:t'df dfq ;Lldt x'g k'Uof] / tTsfnLg ljs|L s/ ljefu ;d]t o;} ljefudf ufleg
cfO{ @)%) ;fn sflt{s ! ut] af6 cGtMz'Ns tyf laqmL s/ ljefu x'guof] . ;f]xL ljefu @)%#
;fndf k'gM d"No clej[l4 s/ ljefusf] ?kdf kl/jt{g eO{ cfPsf] / @)%* ;fndf tTsfnLg s/
ljefu ;d]t ufleO{ cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefuaf6 cGtMz'Ns k|zf;gsf] sfd eO{ cfPsf] 5 .
cGtMz'Ns k|zf;gsf] Oltxf; nfdf] ePsf] / hl6n klg 5 . o;n] ubf{ o;sf] sfo{ ;+rfng
k|s[of sfg"g tyf gLlt lgoddf ;d]t ;do ;fk]If kl/jt{g eO{ cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)%* / cGtMz'Ns
lgodfjnL, @)%( NofOof] . P]g Pj+ lgodfjnLn] u/]sf] Joj:yfnfO{ ;+af]wg u/L sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf ;/ntf
Nofpg'kg]{ cfjZostf dx;'; eof] . ;f]sf] nflu ;flassf] cGtMz'Ns lgb]{lzsf @)%* k|lt:yfkg u/L
cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf @%s n] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L of] cGtMz'Ns lgb]{lzsf, @)^* hf/L
ul/Psf] 5 . o;af6 cGtMz'Ns k|zf;gsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg l56f], 5l/tf] / ;/n eO{ Ps?ktfsf ;fy
Jojl:yt ?kdf ;+rfng x'g] ljZjf; lnPsf] 5' .
of] lgb]{lzsf tof/ kfg{ lg/Gt/ k|f]T;fxg / pT;fx lbO{ cGtMz'Ns k|Zff;gnfO{ kf/bzL{ / ;/n
agfpg k]|/0ff lbg'x'g] cy{dGqL dfggLo jif{dfg k'gHo" tyf lgb]{lzsf tof/ u/L sfof{
Gjogdf Nofpg lgb]{zg lbg'x'g] cy{ ;lrj >L s[i0fxl/ af:sf]6fHo" k|lt cfef/ JoQm ub{5' . lgb]{lzsf
o; ?kdf tof/ ug{ ;'emfj lbg' x'g] ljleGg k]zf Aoj;foL ;+3, ;+:yf Pj+ laefusf pk dxflgb]{zs
åo s[i0f k|;fb b]jsf]6f, nId0f cof{n tyf ljz]if1 ;d"xsf] ?kdf sfo{ ug'{ePsf laefusf pk
dxflgb]{zs lji0f' k|;fb g]kfn, lgb]{zsx? r"8fdl0f b]jsf]6f, /fd z+s/ v8\sf, ;fy} zfvf clws[t
t'n;L e6\6/fO{ Pj+ k|ToIf ck|ToIf ?kdf ;xof]u ug'{x'g] ;j} sd{rf/Lx? WfGojfbsf kfq x'g'x'G5 .
lgbl]{zsf of] ?kdf k|:t't x'gdf lgb]{zs kbd s'df/ >]i7 tyf zfvf clws[t 6+s k|;fb kGyLsf]
lg/Gt/sf] nug tyf phf{ :d/0fof]Uo dfq ge} k|z+;fof]Uo klg 5 .
@)^* dfu{
/fhg vgfn
dxflgb]{zs
kl/R5]b–!
kl/ro
!=!
!=@
d'n'ssf] cfly{s lasf;sf] nflu cfaZos kg]{ /fh:j ;+sng ug]{ k|lqmofnfO{ k|efasf/L
jgfO{ /fh:j kl/rfng a9fpg g]kfndf pTkfbg ePsf jf k}7f/L x'g] j:t' jf k|bfg
ul/g] ;]jfdf cGtMz'Ns nufpg / c;'n pk/ ug{ cGtMz'Ns P]g , @)%* nfu" ePsf]
em08} Ps bzs eO{ ;s]sf] 5 . P]g sfof{Gaogsf] nflu cGtMz'Ns lgoddfjnL,@)%(
;d]t sfof{Gjogdf 5 . P]g lgoddf ePsf k|fjwfgx?nfO{ Pslqt u/L ;a}n] a'em\g]
efiffdf ;/n / ;xh tl/sfn] JofVof u/L lgb]{lzsf nfu" ug'{ kg]{ ePsf] / P]gsf] bkmf
@%s df P]gsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf] lgldQ ljefun] cfjZos lgb]{lzsf agfO{ hf/L
ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf u/]sf] x'+bf ;f] clwsf/nfO{ k|of]u u/L ljleGg bkmfx?nfO{ JofVof ;d]t
u/L cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefuaf6 of] lgb]{lzsf agfO{ hf/L u/]sf] 5 . cGtMz'Ns ;+sng
ug]{ k|lqmof tyf cGtMz'Ns k|zf;gnfO{ a9L k|efasf/L, ;/n, kf/bzL{ / PsLs[t agfpg]
s|ddf laefuaf6 hf/L ePsf :jo+ lgisf;g k|0ffnL lgb]{lzsf @)^#,dlb/f laqmL lat/0f
lgodg lgb]{lzsf @)^%, ljo/ pTkfbg, lgodg tyf lgisf;g lgb]{lzsf @)^% sf
Joj:yfx?nfO{ klg o;} lgb]{lzsfdf ;dflxt u/L o; k"j{ hf/L ePsf] ;flassf]
cGtMz'Ns lgb]{lzsf @)%* k|lt:yfkg ul/Psf] 5 .
o; lgb]{lzsfdf kl/efiff j0f{fg'qmd cg';f/ /flvPsf] 5 . kl/efiffsf] lzif{s / P]gsf]
bkmfx? pNn]v ubf{ uf9f cIf/ (Bold letters) / lgodnfO{ 58\s] uf9f cIf/ (Bold
italics letter ) k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy} lgb]{lzsfdf P]g , lgodsf] JofVof ubf{ @)^*
;fn >fj0f ! ut] nfu" /x]sf] cGtMz'Ns P]g / cGtMz'Ns lgodfjnLnfO{ cfwf/ agfO{Psf]
5.
;+lIfKt gfd, lj:tf/ / k|f/DeM
s= o; lgb]{lzsfsf] gfd æcGtMz'Ns lgb]{lzsf, @)^*Æ /x]sf] 5 .
v= of] lgb]{lzsf g]kfnb]ze/ nfu" x'g] 5 .
u= of] lgb]{lzsf t'?Gt k|f/De x'g] 5 .
3= cGtMz'Ns P]g @)%*, tyf cGtMz'Ns lgodfjnL @)%( / dlb/f P]g @)#! tyf
dlb/f lgodx? @)## df pNn]v ePsf Joj:yfx? ;f]xL jdf]lhd x'g]5 . oL P]g
lgodx?df :k:6 gePsf Joj:yfx? of] lgb]{lzsfn] JofVof u/] adf]lhd x'g]5 .
1
kl/R5]b–@
kl/efiff
P]g lgoddf kl/eflift ul/Psf ljleGg zJbfjnLx?sf] JofVof o; kl/R5]bdf ul/Psf] 5 . ljifo
jf k|;Ën] csf]{ cy{ gnfu]df o; lgb]{lzsfdf,
!=! æcGtMz'Ns clws[tÆ eGgfn] cGtMz'Ns P]gsf] k|of]hgsf] lgldQ g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf]
clws[t ;Demg' k5{ .
æg]kfn ;/sf/n] cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf % n] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L cfGtl/s
/fh:j ljefusf pkdxflgb]{zs, lgb]{zs jf cGo clws[t, cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{nosf
k|d'v s/ k|zf;s, k|d'v s/ clws[t, s/ clws[t , s/bftf ;]jf sfof{nosf k|d'v s/
clws[t, s/ clws[t / pNn]lvt kbflwsf/L gePsf] lhNnfdf k|d'v eG;f/ clws[t,
eG;f/ clws[t tyf lghx? klg gePsf lhNnfdf k|d'v sf]if lgoGqs jf sf]if
lgoGqsnfO{ cGtMz'Ns clws[t tf]s]sf] 5 .Æ -g]kfn /fhkq, v08 ^!, ;+Vof @%, ldlt
@)^*÷^÷#) df k|sflzt _
!=@ æcGtMz'Ns l6s6Æ eGgfn] g]kfn leq pTkfbg x'g] jf k}7f/L x'g] dlb/f, r'/f]6 / jLo/sf]
laqmL tyf k}7f/L ubf{ dlb/fsf] k|To]s af]tndf, r'/f]6sf] k|To]s a§fdf / jLo/sf]] k|To]s
sf6'{gsf] tn dfly kg]{ u/L nufpg¬ kg]{ ljefu4f/f pknAw u/fOPsf] ;'/If0f lrGx c+lst
cGtMz'Ns l6s6nfO{ hgfp5 .
!=#
æcGtMz'Ns lgwf{/0fÆ eGgfn] o; P]g adf]lhd ul/g] cGtMz'Ns lgwf{/0f ;Demg' k5{ .Æ
!=$
æcGtMz'Ns lg/LIfsÆ eGgfn] ef}lts lgoGq0f k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t j:t' pTkfbg,;+ro,
lgisf;g,lgsf;L ,k}7f/L ug]{ k|lti7fgdf ;+aGwLt s/bftf ;]jf sfof{no jf cfGtl/s
/fh:j sfof{no jf sf]if tyf n]vf lgoGqs sfof{nojf6 lglb{i6 lhDd]jf/L lbO{ v6fOPsf]
sd{rf/L ;Demg' k5{ .
!=%
æcGtM z'Ns lja/0fÆ eGgfn] cGtMz'Ns c;'n tyf bflvnf ug]{ bfloTj ePsf
Ohfhtkqjfnfn] k|To]s dlxgf a'emfpg' kg]{ cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] sf/f]jf/
;DaGwL laa/0f ;Demg' k5{ .
!=^
æcGtM z'Ns nfUg] j:t' jf ;]jfÆ eGgfn] cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)%* jf cGo k|rlnt sfg"g
jdf]lhd cGtM z'Ns nfUg] j:t' jf ;]jfnfO{ ;Demg' k5{ .
!=&
æOhfht kqÆ eGgfn] cGtM z'Ns P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf ( jdf]lhd lbOPsf] Ohfhtkq
;Demg' k5{ .
2
!=*
æOhfhtkqjfnfÆ eGgfn] cGtMz'Ns nfUg] a:t' pTkfbg,k}7f/L , ljs|L jf ;+ro ug{ jf
cGtMz'Ns nfUg] ;]jf k|bfgsf nflu Ohfhtkq k|fKt u/]sf] JolQm , kmd{ , sDkgL jf
;+:yf ;Demg' k5{ .
!=(
æOsfO{ sfof{noÆ eGgfn] ef}lts lgoGq0f k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t j:t' pTkfbg ug]{
k|lti7fgdf vl6Psf] cGtMz'Ns lg/LIfssf] sfof{no ;Demg' k5{ .
!=!) æpTkfbgÆ eGgfn] cGtMz'Ns nfUg] a:t' lgdf{0f ug]{, agfpg] jf tof/ ug]{ sfo{ ;Demg'
k5{ .
!=!!
æpTkfbsÆ eGgfn] cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t' pTkfbg ug{ Ohfhtkq k|fKt u/]sf] JolQm, kmd{,
sDkgL jf ;+:yf ;Demg' k5{ / ;f] zJbn] cGtMz'Ns nfUg] ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ JolQm, kmd{,
sDkgL jf ;+:yf ;d]tnfO{ hgfpg]5 .
!=!@
æP]gÆ eGgfn] cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)%* ;Demg' k5{ .
!=!#
æPn=kL=Æ eGgfn] n08g k|'kmdf z'4 Oyfgf]nsf] zlQmnfO{ ;Demg' k5{ .
!=!$= æPn=kL=ln6/Æ eGgfn] k|lt ln6/df %&=)^ -;GtfpGg bzdnj z"Go 5_ k|ltzt z'4
Oyfgf]nsf] dfqfnfO{ hgfp+5 .
!=!%= æcf]=kL=Æ eGgfn] n08g k|'km eGbf j9L zlQmnfO{ ;Demg' k5{ .
!=!^
æsfof{noÆ eGgfn] cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu cGtu{t :yfkgf ePsf] cfGtl/s /fh:j
sfof{no ;Demg' k5{ / ;f] zJbn] cGtMz'Ns c;'n pk/ ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu g]kfn
;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] sfof{no ;d]tnfO{ hgfp5 . h:t}M s/bftf;]jf sfof{no, e+;f/
sfof{no , sf]if tyf n]vf lgoGqs sfof{no .
!=!& æsf/vfgf d"NoÆ eGgfn] cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t'df cGtMz'Ns jf cGo s'g} s/ ghf]8L
To:tf] a:t' pTkfbg ug{ nfUg] vr{ / k|lti7fgn] gfkmf dfq hf]8L lgwf{/0f ePsf] d"No
;Demg' kb{5 .
!=!* æsfp06/Æ eGgfn] ˆnf] ld6/af6 gfk e} uPsf] lao/ el/Psf] af]tn ;+Vof / sf6'{g ;+Vof
u0fgf ug]{ oGqnfO{ a'emfp+5 .
!=!( æSoflna|]zgÆ eGgfn] s'g} lglZrt ;dodf dfkg of]Uo oGqaf6 slt lao/ k|afx eP/
uof] / ;f] k|jfx l7s 5 5}g / o:tf] oGqsf] Ifdtf s:tf] 5 elg k/LIf0f ug{ ckgfO{g]
hfFr k|lqmofnfO{ a'emfp+5 .
!=@) æuf]bfdÆ eGgfn] cGtMz'NsnfUg] j:t' ;+ro u/]sf] :yfg ;Demg' k5{ .
!=@!
æ6\of+s÷lkmn/÷u]h ld6/Æ eGgfn] lao/ jf dlb/fhGo kbfy{ gfKg] oGqnfO{ hgfpb5 .
3
!=@@= æl6s6 tfNrfÆ eGgfn] cGtMz'Ns nfUg] kbfy{ jf To:tf kbfy{sf] lgoGq0f ug]{ k|of]hgsf]
nflu 6f+; u/L ;f+rf]n] jGb ug]{ / tfNrf vf]Nbf 6f+l;Psf] ;f] l6s6 Rofltg] u/L k|of]u
ul/g] tfNrf ;f+rf]df nufpg] l6s6nfO{ hgfp5 .
!=@#
ætof/L dlb/fÆ eGgfn] cfotgdf ;GtfpGg bzdnj z"Go 5 k|ltzt eGbf sd cNsf]xn
ePsf ;j} k|sf/sf dfbs b|jx? ;Demg' k5{ .
!=@$ ælgsf;LÆ eGgfn] cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t' jf ;]jf k|rlnt sfg'g adf]lhd g]kfn jflx/
lgof{t ul/g] sfo{nfO{ ;Demg' k5{ .
!=@% ælgisf;gÆ eGgfn] sf/vfgf:yndf /x]sf] cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t' ljs|L ug]{ k|of]hgfy{
sf/vfgf:ynaf6 jflx/ lgsfNg] sfo{nfO{ ;Demg' k5{ .
!=@^= ælgodfjnLÆ eGgfn] cGtMz'Ns lgodfjnL, @)%( nfO{ hgfpg] 5 .
!=@& æKoflsË -kl/j]i7g_Æ eGgfn] cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t'sf] pTkfbg u/L laqmL ljt/0f ug]{
k|of]hgsf] nflu To:tf] j:t' /fVg] j6\6f, jf]tn zLzL, Sofg cflbdf eg]{,/fVg] sfo{nfO{
hgfp5 . ;f] zJbn] To:tf] j:t' Kofs ubf{ s] slt k/Ldf0fsf] s] s;/L Kofs ug]{ egL
ljefun] tf]s]sf] KoflsË ug]{ Joj:yfnfO{ ;d]t ;Demg' k5{ .
!=@* æk}7f/LÆ eGgfn] cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t'
clw/fHo leq Nofpg] sfo{ ;Demg' k5{ .
k|rlnt sfg"g jdf]lhd ljb]zaf6
g]kfn
!=@( æk|lti7fgÆ eGgfn] cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t' pTkfbg, k}7f/L, ;+ro jf ljqmL ljt/0f ug]{ jf
cGtM z'Ns nfUg] ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ p2]Zon] k|rlnt sfg"g jdf]lhd :yfkgf ePsf kmd{,
sDkgL jf ;+:yf ;Demg' k5{ .
!=#) æˆnf] ld6/Æ eGgfn] Ps :yfgaf6 csf]{ :yfgdf lao/ k|jfx x'Fbf ;f]sf] kl/df0f gfKgnfO{
k|of]u ul/g] oGqnfO{ a'emfp5 .
!=#!
j08]8 j]o/ xfp; Æ eGgfn] g]kfn ;/sf/, eG;f/ ljefuaf6 j08]8 j]o/ xfp;sf]
k|df0fkq k|fKt k|lti7fg ;+emg' kb{5 .
!=#@
æa:t'Æ eGgfn] rn jf crn b'j} lsl;dsf] ;DklQ ;Demg' k5{ .
!=##
æjf;Æ eGgfn] df]nfl;;df kfgL ld;fO{ To;df drf{ ld;fP kl5sf] t/n kbfy{nfO{
jf;
-Wash_ elgG5
!=#$ æljhsÆ eGgfn] cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)%* jdf]lhd d"No pNn]v u/L lbOg] ljn, /;Lb, k"hL{
jf ekf{O{ ;Demg' k5{ .
4
!=#% ælauf]Æ eGgfn] cGtMz'Ns P]g ,@)%* adf]lhd cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t' jf ;]jfsf] d"No /
;f] df nfUg] cGtMz'Ns hf]8L sfod ul/Psf] s"n /sd ;+emg' kb{5 .
!=#^
!=#&
æljB'tLo dfWodÆ eGgfn] sDKo'6/, OG6/g]6, Od]n, k\mofS;, ljB'tLo Sof; d]lzg,
lkm:sn lk|G6/ ;Demg' k5{ / ;f] zJbn] ljefun] tf]s]sf] cGo :jLs[t dfWodnfO{
;d]t hgfp5 .
æljefuÆ eGgfn] P]gsf] k|of]hgsf] lgldQ g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] laefu ;Demg' k5{ .
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ldlt @)%(.!.)@ sf] /fhkq v08 %@ ;+Vof ! sf]] ;'rgf 4f/f cfGtl/s
/fh:j ljefunfO o; P]gsf] k|of]hgsf] lgldQ laefu tf]s]sf] 5 .
!=#* æJolQm Æ eGgfn] s'g} JolQm , k|lti7fg , ;+3 , ;fem]bf/L ;+:yf , ;xsf/L , ;+o'Qm
Joj;fo, u'7L jf sf]ifsf] ;+rfns , k|f]k|fO6/ / d'Vo e} sfd ug]{ k|ltlglw jf Ph]06
;Demg' k5{ / ;f] zJbn] gfkmfsf] pb]Zo lnO{ jf glnO{ cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t' jf ;]jfsf]
pTkfbg jf k}7f/L u/L yf]s jf v'b|f jf h'g;'s} ?kdf ljs|L ljt/0f ug]{ lgsfo jf To:tf]
lgsfosf] zfvf, pkzfvf jf To:t} cGo sf/f]jf/ ug]{ :yfg ;d]tnfO{ hgfpg]5 .
!=#( ælao/Æ eGgfn] cGg jf cGo s'g} :6fr{o'Qm j:t'nfO{ hLj /;folgs k|lqmof4f/f s'xfO{,
lyu|fO{ Pa+ 5fGg] k|lqmofaf6 tof/ ul/Psf] z"Go bzdnj kf+r k|ltzt b]lv cf7 k|ltzt
;Dd cNsf]xn ePsf] kbfy{ ;Demg' k5{ . / of] ZfAbn] cf}Bf]lus k|lti7fgx?af6
pTkfbg x'g] jf k}7f/L x'g] ljo/ elg pNn]v ePsf] k]o kbfy{nfO{ ;d]t hgfp5 .
!=$) æljo/ pBf]uÆ eGgfn] kmd]{G6]8 ljo/ pTkfbg ug]{ pBf]unfO{ hgfp5 .
!=$! æef}lts lgoGq0f k|0ffnLÆ eGgfn] cGtMz'Ns clws[t jf lghn] tf]s]sf]] sd{rf/Lsf]
lgoGq0fdf cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t'sf] pTkfbg, lgisf;g, k}7f/L tyf lgsf;L ul/g]
k|0ffnLnfO{ ;Demg' k5{ .
!=$@ ædf+u kmf/dÆ eGgfn] sf/vfgf:yndf ePsf] ;fdfg sf/vfgf:ynaf6 jflx/ lg:sf;g
ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu k|of]u ul/g] kmf/dnfO{ ;Demg' k5{ .
!=$# ædf]nf;]; -v'bf]_Æ eGgfn] lrgL jf vf+8;f/L ldnaf6 lg:sg] 6]df 5'jf cflb gfdsf]
kbfy{nfO{ ;Demg' k5{ .
!=$$ ædlb/fÆ eGgfn] cGg, kmnk'mn jf cGo s'g} :6fr{o'Qm j:t'nfO{ hLj /f;folgs k|s[ofåf/f
s'xfO{ jf cGo s'g} tl/sfjf6 tof/ kfl/Psf] z'Go bzdnj kfFr k|ltzt eGbf j9L
cNsf]xn ePsf] kbfy{ ;Demg' k5{ / ;f] zJbn] /S;L, hfF8, 5\ofª, XjL:sL, /d, hLg,
a|f08L, ef]8\sf, ljo/, jfOg, ;]/L, :ofDk]g, ;fO8/, k]/L, ld8, dfN6, cf}Bf]lus cNsf]xn,
/]lS6kmfO8 :k|L6, dfN6 l:k|6, ;fOn]G6 l:k|6, l8g]r8{ l:k|6, O=Pg=P / x]8\; :k|L6
;d]tnfO{ hgfpF5 .
5
!=$%= ædxflgb]{zsÆ eGgfn] laefusf] dxflgb]{zs ;Demg' k5{ .
!=$^ æd"NoÆ eGgfn]
-s_ pTkfbg ug]{ j:t'sf] xsdf sf/vfgf d"No,
-v_ ;]jfsf] xsdf jLhs adf]lhdsf] d"No,
-u_
k}7f/L x'g] j:t'sf] xsdf To:tf] j:t' g]kfn leq k}7f/L ul/bf eG;f/ dxz'n lng]
k|of]hgsf] lgldQ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] d"Nodf eG;f/ dxz'n ;d]t yk u/L sfod
x'g cfpg] d"NonfO{ hgfpFb5 .
!=$&= æo"=kLÆ eGgfn] n08g k|'km eGbf sd zlQmnfO{ ;Demg' k5{ .
!=$*= æ;"tL{hGo j:t'Æ eGgfn] ;"tL{ jf ;"tL{hGo kbfy{sf tTjx? ldl>t w'd|kfg, rkfpg],
d'vdf /fVg] kfg k/fu, v}gL jf o:t} kbfy{x? ;Demg' k5{ / ;f] zJbn] r'/f]6, lj8L,
l;uf/ cflbnfO{ ;d]t hgfpF5 .
!=$& æ;]jfÆ eGgfn] j:t' jfx]ssf] h'g;'s} s'/f ;Demg' k5{ .
!=$( æ:jod\ lgisf;g k|0ffnLÆ eGgfn] ef}lts lgoGq0f k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t jfx]ssf cGtM
z'Ns nfUg] cGo j:t' jf ;]jfsf] pTkfbg, lgisf;g, k}7f/L tyf lgsf;L ul/g] k|0ffnL
;Demg'
k5{ .
6
kl/R5]b–#
cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t' tyf ;]jfx?
#=!
cGtMz'Ns nfUg] -P]gsf] bkmf #_
cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t' jf ;]jf k|lti7fgaf6 pTkfbg u/L lgisfzg ubf{, k}7f/L ubf{ /
;]jf ljqmL ubf{ cg';"rLdf pNn]v eP adf]lhdsf] cGtMz'Ns nfUg]5 .
P]gn] cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t' tyf ;]jf tf]s]sf] kfOG5 . cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t' tyf ;]jf
k|lti7fgjf6 pTkfbg u/L lgsf;L ubf{ , k}7f/L ubf{ / ;]jf laqmL ubf{ P]gsf] cg';"rLdf
pNn]lvt b/jGbL cg';f/sf] cGtMz'Ns nfUg] ub{5 . ;fn a;fnL ?kdf cfpg] cfly{s
P]gn] cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t' tyf ;]jfx?sf] If]q Pj+ nfUg] cGtMz'Ns b/jGbL 36j9 ug{
;Sb5 . o;/L cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t' tyf ;]jfsf]] If]q / ;+Vofdf 36j9 ubf{ jf b/jGbL
b/df 36j9 ubf{ cfly{s P]gn] cGtMz'Ns P]gsf] cg';"rLdf /x]sf] b/jGbLdf ;+zf]wg u/L
ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf P]gsf] bkmf @$ n] u/]sf] kfOG5 . cf=j=@)^*.^( sf] xsdf lgDg
j:t'x?df cGtMz'Ns nfUg] sfg"gL Joj:yf P]gdf ul/Psf] 5 .
-s_
-v_
-u_
-3_
-ª_
-r_
-5_
-h_
-em_
-`_
-6_
-7_
-8_
;j} k|sf/sf tof/L dlb/f, jfOg, ljo/, sG6|L ljo/ -5\ofª_ / cNsf]xn /lxt
xNsf k]o kbfy{,tof/L kmnk'mnsf] /;,
dlb/f,jfOg a|f08Lsf] sRRff kbfy{ ,cf/ P;, O Pg P
r'/f]6, l;uf/, lj8L, ;"tL{, hbf{, v}gL, g;, kfg d;nf, sTyf,
Oyfgf]n, yLg/, %&=)^ b]lv *) k|ltzt ;Dd cNsf]xno'Qm dfbs b|jx?,
v'bf], ;Vv/, /;s6,
rfprfp, Dofs/f]gL, hÍ k'm8\'; / kf:tf,
df;', df5fsf tof/L kl/sf/x? -l6g Kofs_,
s's'/ lj/fnf]sf] vfgf,
Knfli6s l;6 , Knfli6ssf cGo ;fdfgx?,
;j} k|sf/sf] l;d]G6, ;]/flds O6f ,dfj{n, Un]h 6foN;x?,
kmnfd] 808L,
;a} Kf|sf/sf k]G6;
;jf/L ;fwgx? -sf/ lhk Eofg,dfOqmf] a;, lksck,c6f] l/S;f,ldgL a;, a;
,6|s, df]6/;fOsn_
7
-9_
-0f_
#=@
cGtMz'Ns gnfUg] a:t' -P]gsf] bkmf #v_
-s_
-v_
#=#
g]kfn aflx/ lgsf;L u/]df jf :jLs[lt k|fKt s/ d'Qm k;n -j08]8 j]o/ xfp; /
8\o'6L k|mL ;k _ nfO{ dlb/f / r'/f]6 afx]ssf cGo j:t' las|L u/]df To:tf] j:t'
jf ;]jfdf cGtMz'Ns nfUg] 5}g .
:jLs[lt k|fKt j08]8 j]o/ xfp;n] g]kfn ;/sf/ , k//fi6| dGqfnon] l;kmfl/z
u/]sf] s'6g}lts tyf dx;'n ;'ljwf k|fKt JolQm jf lgsfonfO{ las|L ug]{ r'/f]6
tyf dlb/fdf cGtMz'Ns nfUg] 5}g .
t/,
-!_ j08]8 j]o/ xfp;n] r'/f]6 tyf dlb/f afx]ssf cGo j:t' cGtMz'Ns
gnufO{ las|L ljt/0f ug{ afwf kg]{ 5}g .
-@_ j08]8 j]o/ xfp;af6 las|L ul/g] cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t' k}7f/L ubf{
To:tf] j:t'df nfUg] cGtMz'Ns a/fa/sf] /sd gub w/f}6L jf a}+s
k|Tofe"lt /fVg' kg]{5 .
pkbkmf -!_sf] v08 -s_ / -v_ adf]lhdsf] gub w/f}6L jf a}+s k|Tofe"ltsf]
km's'jf jf lkmtf{ ljefu4f/f tf]lsP adf]lhd x'g]5 . km's'jfsf] k|ls|of kl/R5]b (
df tf]lsPsf] 5 .
cGtMz'Ns 5'6 x'g] Joj:yf -P]gsf] bkmf $u_
-!_
-@_
8
d'b|0f ug]{ oGq, kmf]6f]skL ug]{ oGq,k\mofS; d]lzgx?,6]lnkmf]g ;]6, dfOs|f]kmf]g,
x]8kmf]g, PDKnLkmfo/, /fp6/, nfp8 :kLs/,;'Id kmf]6f]uf|kmL oGq
clK6sn kmfO{j/ s]jn ,Sofd/f -l8hL6n ,6]lnlehg lel8of]_ /+uLg l6=eL /
To;sf + lkSr/ 6\o'jx? .
P]g cg';f/ ;]jfdf cGtMz'Ns nfUg] pNn]v eP tfklg xfn ;Dd ;fn j;fnL
cfpg] cfly{s P]gsf] cg';"rLsf] b/jGbLjf6 ;]jfdf cGtMz'Ns nfUg] u/L
tf]lsPsf] 5}g .
s'6g}lts ;'ljwf k|fKt JolQm jf lgsfon] k/f/fi6« dGqfnosf] l;kmfl/zdf k}7f/L
ug]{ j:t'df cGtMz'Ns 5'6 x'g]5 .
pkbkmf -!_df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] ePtfklg b]xfosf] cj:yfdf ;d]t
cGtMz'Ns5'6 x'g]5M
-s_ ljb]zL lgof]u tyf bft[ ;+:yfn] s'6g}lts ;'ljwf jf dx;"n ;'ljwfdf
k}7f/L u/]sf ;jf/L ;fwg s'g} cfof]hgfsf] :jLs[t jflif{s sfo{qmd
cg'?k cfof]hgfnfO{ g} x:tfGt/0f u/L ;/sf/L gDa/ Kn]6df kl/jt{g
-#_
ubf{ jf s'g} cfof]hgfsf] gfddf k"0f{ jf cf+lzs dx;'n ;'ljwfdf -nut
jf a}+s Uof/]06Ldf k}7f/L ePsf] afx]s_ k}7f/L ePsf ;jf/L ;fwg
cfof]hgf ;dflKt kl5 cy{ dGqfnosf] :jLs[lt lnO{ :yfgLo lgsfo,
;fd"bflos ljBfno, ;fd'bflos c:ktfn jf ;/sf/L lgsfonfO{
x:tfGt/0f ubf{,
-v_ s'6g}lts lgof]u, kl/of]hgf / cGo lgsfox? -;/sf/L Pj+ u}/;/sf/L
;+3 ;+:yf_ n] dx;'n ;'ljwfdf k}7f/L u/]sf z'? pTkfbg jif{n] !% jif{
gf3]sf k'/fgf ;jf/L ;fwg cy{ dGqfnosf] :jLs[lt lnO{ k'gM k|of]u x'g
g;Sg] u/L :qmofk u/L /lhi6«]zg /2 ug{ rfx]df To:tf] ;jf/L ;fwgdf,
-u_ lghL k|of]hgsf] nflu cf+lzs eG;f/ dx;'n ;'ljwfdf cfoft ul/Psf
;jf/L ;fwgsf wgLsf] d'To' e} pQm ;jf/L ;fwgnfO{ lghsf] klt jf
kTgLsf] gfddf gfd;f/L ubf{
gAa] k|ltzt jf ;f] eGbf al9 :jb]zL em'qf jf kq' -sjf8L_ j:t' k|of]u u/L
pTkfbg ug]{ pBf]unfO{ o:tf] pTkfbgdf nfUg] cGtMz'Ns 5'6 x'g]5 .
9
kl/R5]b–$
cGtMz'Ns Ohfht
cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t' pTkfbg, k}7f/L, ljqmL jf ;+ro ug{ jf cGtMz'Ns nfUg] ;]jf k|bfg ug]{
JolQmn] cGtMz'Ns Ohfhtkq k|fKt u/L dfq sf/f]jf/ ;++rfng ug'{ kb{5 . Ohfhtkq glnO{
To:tf] j:t' jf ;]jfsf] sf/f]jf/ ug'{ x'b}g . cGtMz'Ns Ohfhtkq lng' k'j{ ;+alGwt sfof{nojf6
:yfO{ n]vf g+a/ -PAN_ lng' kb{5 . cGtMz'Ns k|zf;g ug]{ lgsfon] cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t' jf
;]af pTkfbg k}7f/L, ljqmL ljt/0f jf ;+ro ug{] Ohfhtkq cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t' pTkfbg ,
k}7f/L, ljqmL jf ;+ro ug]{ pBf]u, k|lti7fg jf JolQmnfO{ lbg' kb{5 .
;fy} jflif{s sf/f]jf/ jL; nfv ?k}of gf3]sf] jf gf3\g] ePdf , ;]jf eP jf ;]jf / j:t' ldl>t
ePdf jflif{s !) nfv gf3]sf] jf gf3\g] ePdf jf d"No clej[l4 s/ P]gn] tf]lsPsf] j:t' /
;]jfsf] sf/f]jf/ ug]{ ePdf d"No clej[l4 s/sf nflu klg btf{ ePsf] x'g' kb{5 . To;kl5 dfq
cGtMz'Nsdf btf{ e} Ohfhtkq k|fKt ug'{ kb{5 .
o;}u/L ;DjlGwt pBf]u Joj;fo btf{ ug]{ lgsfo, h:t}M pBf]u ljefu,3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u
laefu, 3/]n' pBf]u tyf ;fgf pBf]u lasf; ;ldlt, jfl0fHo ljefu / cGt{utsf sfof{nox?,
sDkgL /lhi6«f/sf] sfof{no, :yfgLo lgsfo cflbdf btf{ u/L ;f] k|df0fsf] cfwf/df :yfoL n]vf
g+ lnO{ ;s]kl5 cGtMz'Nsdf btf{ u/L sf/f]jf/ z'? ug'{ kb{5 .
$=!
Ohfhtkq lng' kg]{ JoJf:yf
$=! != P]gsf] bkmf ( cg';f/
P]g jf lgod jdf]lhd Ohfhtkq glnO{ s;}n] klg cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t'
pTkfbg, k}7f/L, ljqmL jf ;+ro ug{ jf cGtMz'Ns nfUg] ;]jf s;}nfO{ k|bfg ug'{
x'Fb}g .
t/ k//fi6« dGqfnosf] l;kmfl/;df s'6g}lts ;'ljwf cGt{ut cGtMz'Ns nfUg]
j:t'sf] k}7f/L ubf{ cGtMz'Ns Ohfht lng' kg]{ 5}g .
$=! @ dlb/f P]g, @)#! cg';f/
-s_ P]gsf] bkmf # cg';f/æs'g} JolQmn] Ohfht j]u/ / Ohfht kfPsf]
JolQmn] klg Ohfhtkqdf tf]lsPsf] zt{ jdf]lhd jfx]s dlb/f pTkfbg
ug{ gkfpg],
-v_ P]gsf] bkmf $ cg';f/ s'g} JolQmn] Ohfhtkq j]u/ / Ohfhtkq
kfPsf]n] klg Ohfht kqdf tf]lsPsf] zt{ jdf]lhd afx]s ljqmL
ljt/0fug{ jf dlb/f v'jfpg] jf/, /]:6'/]G6 jf k;n yfKg kfpg] 5}g .
-u_ P]gsf] bkmf ^ jdf]lhd Ohfht kq glnO{ s;}n] klg pTkfbg k}7f/L
laqmL jf ;+ro ug{ kfpg] 5}g .
10
-3_
P]gsf] bkmf %cg';f/ s'g} JolQmn] Ohfht a]u/ / Ohfht kfPsf]n] klg
Ohfhtdf tf]lsPsf] zt{ jdf]lhd jfx]s dlb/fsf] lgsf;L jf k}7f/L ug{
kfpg] 5}g .
b|i6JoM dlb/fsf] sRrf kbfy{ ;d]t dlb/fsf] kl/efiffdf kg]{ ePsf]n] o;sf]
lgsf;L k}7f/L ubf{ klg dlb/f cfoft lgof{t ubf{ ;/xsf] z'Ns lt/L Ohfhtkq
lng' kb{5 .
$=!=# Ohfhtkqsf nflu lgj]bg lbg' kg]{ - lgod #_M
P]gsf] bkmf (sf] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd Ohfhtkq lngsf nflu cg';"lr @
adf]lhdsf] Ohfhtkq b:t'/ bflvnf u/]sf] k|df0f ;+nUg u/L cg';"lr !
adf]lhdsf] 9f+rfdf cGtMz'Ns clws[t ;dIf lgj]bg lbg' kg]{5 .
$=!=$ Ohfhtkq lbg' kg]{M
dlb/f P]g @)#! -bkmf ^s_
bkmf ^ adf]lhd Ohfhtkqsf] nflu s'g} lgj]bg kg{ cfPdf tf]lsPsf] clwsf/Ln] ;f]
lgj]bg pk/ cfjZos hfFra'em ug]{5 / To;/L hfFra'em ubf{ lgj]bsnfO{ Ohfhtkq
lbg dgfl;j b]v]df tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] zt{sf] cwLgdf /xL dlb/fsf] pTkfbg, laqmL
ljt/0f, lgsf;L jf k}7f/L ug{ tf]lsPsf] b:t"/ lnO{ tf]lsPsf] 9fFrfdf Ohfhtkq lbg'
kg]{5 . t/ c7f/ jif{sf] pd]/ k'/f gu/]sf] JolQmnfO{ Ohfhtkq lbOg] 5}g .
cGtMz'Ns lgodfjnL - lgod $_
$=!=%
$=@
lgod # adf]lhd k|fKt lgj]bg pk/ cfjZos hf+ra'em ubf{ lgj]bssf] df+u
adf]lhd Ohfhtkq lbg dgfl;j b]v]df cGtMz'Ns clws[tn] cg';"lr #
adf]lhdsf] 9f+rfdf cfjZos zt{ tyf aGb]hx? tf]ls Ohfhtkq lbg'kg]{5 .
Ohfhtkq gjLs/0f ;+aGwL Joj:yf - lgod %_
-!_ Ohfhtkqjfnfn] cfkm'n] k|fKt u/]sf] Ohfhtkq gjLs/0f u/fpg rfx]df
To:tf] Ohfhtkq gjLs/0fsf] nflu cg';"lr @ adf]lhdsf] gjLs/0f b:t"/
bflvnf u/]sf] k|df0f ;+nUg u/L cg';"lr ! adf]lhdsf] 9f+rfdf cGtMz'Ns
clws[t ;dIf lgj]bg lbg'kg]{5 .
-@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd k|fKt lgj]bg pk/ cfjZos hf+ra'em ubf{
cGtMz'Ns af+ls jSof}tf ePsf] gb]lvPdf / Ohfhtkq gjLs/0f ug{
dgfl;j b]v]df cGtMz'Ns clws[tn] Ohfhtkq gjLs/0f ul/ lbg'kg]{5 .
pTkfbg O{hfhtkq hf/L ubf{ x]g'{ kg]{ sfuhft tyf olsg ug'{ kg]{ laifo / If]qx?
cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t'sf] pTkfbg ug]{ gof+ pBf]u :yfkgf ug{sf nflu b]xfosf s'/fx?
k'/f u/]sf] x'g' kb{5 M
-s_ sf/vfgf eag kSsL x'g'kg]{ .
11
-Vf_
-u_
-3_
-ª_
-r_
-5_
-h_
-em_
-`_
-6_
-7_
-8_
$=#
gofF pTkfbg tyf a|f08sf] Ohfht ;+aGwL Joj:yf
-s_
-v_
-u_
-3_
12
sf/vfgf kl/;/df sDkfp08jfn nufOPsf] x'g'kg]{ .
dLn d]lzg/L h8fg ePsf] x'g'kg]{ .
sRrf kbfy{ ;'/lIft /fVg] uf]bfd3/sf] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ .
cw{ tof/L a:t' ;'/lIft /fVg] uf]bfd3/sf] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ .
tof/L a:t' ;'/lIft /fVg] uf]bfd3/sf] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ .
pTkfbg k|lqmof :yn / sRrf kbfy{ Pa+ tof/L kbfy{ /fVg] 7fpF cnu cnu
Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'g'kg]{ .
;fFrf] tfNrf nufpg] k|aGw ldnfOPsf] x'g'kg]{ .
pTkfbg :yndf cglws[t JolQm hfg gldNg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'g'kg]{ .
a:t' pTkfbg ug]{ / lgisf;g ug{sf] nfuL 5'6\6f 5'6\6} Joj:yf ldnfOPsf]
x'g'kg]{ .
cGtMz'Ns sd{rf/L a:gsf] nfuL kmlg{r/ ;lxtsf] 3/ jf sf]7f 5'6\6ofOPsf]
x'g'kg]{ .
pBf]u÷k|lti7fg dlGb/÷d7 dl:hb÷:s"n, sn]h Pj+ c:ktfnaf6 6f9f x'g'kg]{ .
cGtMz'Ns, cfos/ ,d"No clea'l4 s/ nufotsf ;a} k|sf/sf z'Ns b:t'/ r'Qmf
u/]sf], s'g} klg k|sf/sf] s/ af+ls gePsf] k|df0f k]z ePsf] x'gkg]{ .
cGtMz'Ns nfUg] gofF j|f08sf] s'g} klg j:t' pTkfbg ug{ jf j|f08 kl/jt{g ug{
rfx]df j|f08sf] 6]«8dfs{ pBf]u ljefudf btf{ u/] kl5 dfq pTkfbg ug{ jf j|f08
kl/jt{g ug{ kfOG5 . pTkfbg ug{ jf a|f08 kl/jt{g ug{ ;DaGwLt sfof{nodf
lgj]bg ug'{ kb{5 .
P]g cg';f/ pTkfbsn] s'g} gofF j|f08sf] pTkfbg ug]{ :jLs[lt dfu ug'{ cl3
j'emfpg' kg]{ jf j'emfpg jfFsL cGtMz'Ns, cGtMz'Ns l6s6 jfktsf] z'Ns, clu|d
?kdf ltg'{ kg]{ /sdx? / d"No clej[l4 s/ tyf cfos/ -;DjlGwt P]gn]
tf]s]sf] Dofb jfFsL ePdf jfx]s_ sf /sdx? r'Qmf u/]sf] k|df0f k]z ul/;s]
kl5 dfu u/]sf] gofF j|f08sf] pTkfbg ug]{ :jLs[lt k|bfg ug'{ kb{5 .
a|f08sf] pTkfbg u/L ahf/df n}hfg' cl3 kl/If0f pTkfbgsf] l:js[lt lnO{ ;f]
cfwf/df pTkfbg u/]sf] dlb/f ljo/ jf r'/f]6sf] a|f08 cg';f/sf] pTkfbgnfO{
kl/If0f ug{ laefudf k7fpg' kb{5 .
laefun] k|fKt pTkfbgsf] gd"gf dWo] ! yfg laefudf gd"gfsf] ?kdf /flv
glthf kl/If0f u/L jf u/fO pkef]u jf laqmL of]Uo ePdf ahf/df laqmL lat/0f
ug{ n}hfg Joj;flos pTkfbgssf] nflu l:js[lt lbg' kb{5 .
$=$ Ohfhtkq dfu ug]{ tyf k|bfg ug]{ tl/sf
-s_
-v_
-u_
-3_
-ª_
-r_
-5_
-h_
$=%
cGtMz'Ns hGo j:t' pTkfbg, k}7f/L, ljqmL / ;+ro ug{sf nflu cGtMz'Ns
P]g÷lgodfjnL cGt{ut Ohfht dfu u/]df lgodfjnLsf] cg';"rL ! jdf]lhd /
dlb/f P]g÷lgod cGt{ut Ohfht dfu u/]df dlb/f lgodx?, @)## sf] cg';"rL
! jdf]lhd ;Dk"0f{ ljj/0f el/Psf] lgj]bg lbg' kb{5 . ;f] sf] 9frf cg';"rL !
df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
lgj]bg ;fy pTkfbgsf] Ohfht ePdf pTkfbg ug]{ OsfO{ ;DjGwL ;j} ljj/0f,
h:t} gfd, 7]ufgf, rfn" k"FhL, :yL/ k"FhL ;DjGwL s'/fx? pNn]v u/L ;f] ;+aGwdf
k|fKt btf{ k|df0f kqsf] k|ltlnkL ;fy /fVg' kb{5 .
pTkfbg afx]s cGo lsl;dsf] Ohfht dfu ubf{ h] k|of]hgsf nflu Ohfht
rflxPsf] xf] ;f] sf] k"/f hfgsf/L h:t} gfd, 7]ufgf, sf/f]jf/sf] lsl;d, If]q tyf
:yfoL n]vf g+a/ ;d]tsf] laa/0f e/L cg';"rL ! sf] 9f+rfsf] lgj]bg ;fy
;+aGwLt k|df0fx? ;+nUg ug'{ kb{5 .
lgj]bg k|fKt eP kl5 lgj]bg / ;+nUg sfuhftx? pk/ 5fgjLg u/L pko'Qm
b]lvPdf lgodfjnLsf] cg';"rL @ df tf]lsPsf] Ohfht b:t'/ ;d]t bflvnf ug{
nufO{ laefu jf cGtMz'Ns clws[tn] lgodfjnLsf] cg';"rL # adf]lhd cfaZos
zt{ tyf aGb]hx? tf]sL Ohfhtkq lbg' kb{5 .
Ohfhtkq lbg gldNg] b]lvPdf lghnfO{ s] slt sf/0fjf6 gldNg] xf] ;f]sf]
hfgfsf/L lbg' kb{5 .
cfjZos sfuhft k]z u/L k|df0f ;lxt sfg"gL sfo{ lalwsf] kfngf u/L cfP kl5
dfu adf]lhdsf] Ohfht lbg' kb{5 .
dlb/f hGo j:t'sf] Ohfhtkq lbbf dlb/f P]g÷lgod åf/f ljz]if Joj:yf
ul/Psfn] ;f] Joj:yfnfO{ ;d]t kfngf ug'{ kb{5 .
cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t'sf] pTkfbg, k}7f/L , lgof{t, laqmL, ljt/0fsf] nflu 5'6\6f
5'6\6} b:t'/ a'emfO{ Ohfht lng' kb{5 .
Ohfhtkq gljs/0f
P]g, lgod cg';f/ Ohfhtkqsf] gljs/0f ;aGwdf b]xfsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
-s_ Ohfht kqsf] cjlw Ps cfly{s jif{sf] x'g] x'bf x/]s jif{ Ohfhtkqsf] cjlw
;dfKt eP kl5 tf]lsP jdf]lhdsf] b:t'/ bflvnf u/L >fj0f dlxgf leq
gljs/0f u/fpg' kb{5 .
-v_ s'g} Ohfhtkqjfnfn] rfx]df tLg cfly{s jif{sf] nflu Ps} k6s gljs/0f b:t'/
bflvnf u/L gljs/0f u/fpg ;Sg]5 .
13
-u_
O{6f , :6f]g s|;/ , ljl8 , ;'lt{ , v}gL , kfgd;nf , u'6\vf pTkfbg, vf8;f/L
pBf]u tyf v'bf] / u'8 k}7f/L ug]{ Ohfhtkqjfnfn] tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] gjLs/0f
b:t'/ bflvnf u/L gjLs/0f u/fpg' kg]{5 .
-3_
:jod lgisf;g k|0ffnL nfu' x'g] dfly $=% -u_ df pNn]v eP afx]ssf]
cGtMz'Ns nfUg] a:t'sf] pTkfbg, k}7f/L jf cGtMz'Ns nfUg] ;]jf k|bfg ug{
lnOPsf] Ohfhtkq gljs/0f ug{'kg]{ 5}g .
-ª_ >fj0f dlxgf leq Ohfht gljs/0f gu/fPdf ;f] cjlw gf3]sf] klxnf] tLg
dlxgf leq gljs/0f b:t'/sf] klRr; k|ltzt, To;kl5sf] tLg dlxgf leq
gljs/0f u/fPdf krf; k|ltzt, To;kl5sf] tLg dlxgf leq gljs/0f u/fpg
rfx]df krxQ/ k|ltzt / To;kl5 c;f/ d;fGt ;Ddsf] cjlwsf] nflu zt
k|ltzt hl/jfgf j'emfO{ Ohfhtkq gljs/0f u/fpg ;Sg]5 .
-r_ pko'{Qm tf]lsPsf] cjlw ;dfKt ePkl5 gljs/0f u/fpg rfx]df tf]lsP
jdf]lhdsf] gljs/0f jfkt nfUg] b:t'/df k|To]s cfly{s jif{sf] nflu zt k|ltzt
yk Ohfht b:t'/ / jfFsL jSof}tf /sd ;d]t j'emfO{ Ohfht kq gljs/0f
u/fpg ;Sg]5 .
s'g} JolQmn] P]gsf] bkmf ( sf] pkbkmf ! jdf]lhdsf] Ohfhtkq glnO{ sf/f]jf/
u/]sf] /x]5 eg] Ohfhtkq jfkt / ;f] sf] gljs/0f jfkt nfUg] b:t'/jf6
pGd'lQm kfpg] 5}g .
-5_ Ohfhtkq lnFbf / gljs/0f ubf{ j'emfpg' kg]{ jf j'emfpg jfFsL cGtMz'Ns,
cGtMz'Ns l6s6 jfktsf] z'Ns, clu|d ?kdf ltg'{ kg]{ /sdx? / d"No clej[l4
s/ tyf cfos/ -;DjlGwt P]gn] tf]s]sf] Dofb jfFsL ePdf jfx]s_ sf /sdx?
r'Qmf u/]sf] k|df0fsf sfuhftx? k]z ug'{ kb{5 .
-h_ cGtMz'Nssf] Ohfhtkq gljs/0f ubf{ ;DjGwLt k|lti7fgsf] tkm{jf6 s'g} s/
z'Ns b08 hl/jfgf afls gePsf] k|df0f / cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t'sf] cfiff9
d;fGtsf]] clGtd lbg jfls /x]sf] j:t'sf] df}Hbft lja/0f ;+nUg x'g' kb{5 .
-em_ ;fn j;fnL lgoldt ?kdf gljs/0f gePsf pBf]usf] glas/0f ubf{ $=@ df
pNn]v ePsf s'/fx? -pTkfbg O{hfhtkq lbbf x]g'{ kg]{ sfuhft tyf olsg ug'{
kg]{ laifo / If]qx?_ ;d]tsf] kfngf eP kl5 dfq gljs/0f ug'{ kb{5 .
O{6f / :6f]g qm;/ pBf]usf] Ohfhtjfnfn] ls:tfdf Ohfht b:t'/ gltbf{ nfUg] z'Ns
tyf hl/jfgf ;+aGwL Joj:yf
lanDa b:t'/ cGtMz'Ns nfUg] kbfy{ pTkfbg e} lgisf;g jf laqmL x'bf / k}7f/Ldf nfUg]
cGtMz'Ns /sd ;dodf bflvnf gu/]df P]gsf] bkmf $ v @ cg';f/sf nfUb5 .
Ohfht jfktsf] b:t'/ ;dodf bflvnf gubf{ jf ;dodf glas/0d gu/fpbf P]gsf]
bkmf (-^_ cg';f/ ljnDa b:t'/ ge} Ohfht b:t'/ / hl/jfgf nfUb5 . ;f] sf] u0fgf
pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
14
pbfx/0f–!
!=
nIdL O6f pBf]un] @)^* >fa0fdf Ohfhtkq lnbf Ohfhtb:t'/ ? !%)))).
sf] @) k|ltzt n] x'g] ? #)))). a'emfO afls ? !@)))). df3 / h]i7df
ls:tfdf a'emfpg] u/L] u/L Ohfhtkq gljs/0f u/]sf] /x]5 . p;n] ;f] ls:tf
?sd ga'emfO @)^( >fa0f #) ut] gljs/0fsf] nflu lgj]bg lbg cfPsf]
cj:yfdf b]xfo cg';f/sf] z'Ns tyf gljs/0f b:t'/ a''emfO ;s] kl5 glas/0f
ug'{ kb{5 .
!= cf= j )^*.^( sf] Ohfhtjfkt
-s_ ls:tfsf] ? !,@),))).–
-v_ @)^* df3sf] $) k|ltzt ls:tf jfktsf] ?= ^),))).– sf] @)^*
kmfNu'0f b]lv @)^( >fj0f #) ut] ;Ddsf] ^ dlxgfsf] %)
k|ltztsf b/n] ? #),))).–
-u_ @)^* h]i7sf] $) k|ltzt ls:tf jfktsf] ?=^),))).– sf] @)^(
cfiff9 b]lv @)^( >fj0f #) ut] ;Ddsf] @ dlxgfsf] @%
k|ltztsf
b/n]
?=!%,))).–
@= cf= j )^(.&) sf] nflu gljs/0f jfkt k|yd ls:tfsf] ?=#),))).– ;d]t
hDDff bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ ?=!,(%,))).–
pbfx/0f–@
!=
/f];gL O6f pBf]un] @)^* >fa0fdf Ohfhtkq lnbf Ohfhtb:t'/ ? !%)))).
sf] @) k|ltzt n] x'g] ? #)))). a'emfO afFls ? !@)))). @)^* df3 /
@)^( h]i7df ls:tfdf a'emfpg] u/L] u/L Ohfhtkq gljs/0f u/]sf] /x]5 .
p;n] ;f] ls:tfsf] /sd ga'emfO{ @)^( efb| #) ut] gljs/0fsf] nflu lgj]bg
lbg cfPsf] cj:yfdf b]xfo cg';f/sf] z'Ns tyf gljs/0f b:t'/ a''emfO ;s]
kl5 glas/0f ug'{ kb{5 .
!=
cf= j )^*.^( sf] Ohfht jfkt
-s_ ls:tfsf] ? !,@),))).–
-v_ @)^* df3sf] $) k|ltzt ls:tf jfktsf] ? ^),))).– sf]
@)^* kmfNu'0f b]lv @)^( efb| #) ut] ;Ddsf] & dlxgfsf] &%
k|ltztsf b/n] ? $%,))).–
-u_ @)^* h]i7sf] $) k|ltzt ls:tf jfktsf] ? ^),))).– sf]
@)^( cfiff9 b]lv @)^( >fj0f #) ut] ;Ddsf] # dlxgfsf]
@% k|ltztsf b/n] ? !%,))).–
cf=a= )^*÷^( sf] hDDff bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ ? !,*),))).–
15
@=
cf= j )^(.&) sf] Ohfht jfkt
P]gn] >fj0f dlxgfdf Ohfhtkq gljs/0f ug{ cfpg] JolQmnfO ls:tfsf]
;'lawf k|bfg u/]sf] x'bf ;f] ;'lawfsf] ;do e'Qmfg e} ;s]sf]n] o:tf]
;'lawf gkfpg] e} b]xfo cg';f/sf] Ohfht b:t'/ tyf hl/jfgf lnO{
Ohfhtkq gljs/0f ug'{ kb{5 .
-s_ cf= j )^( .&) sf] nflu gljs/0f jfkt ?=!,%),))).–
-v_ P]g cg';f/ $ dlxgf leq gljs/0f ug{ cfPsf]n] nfUg] b:t'/sf]
hl/jfgf @% k|ltztn] x'g] ?=#&,%)).–
cf=a= )^*÷^( sf] hDdf ltg'{ kg]{ ?=!,*&,%)).–
l;=g+= ! / @ sf] u/L ltg'{ kg]{ hDdf /sd ?=#,^&,%)).–
$=^ Ohfht b:t'/df 5'6 tyf ;x'lnot
gofF Ohfhtkq lnFbf / gljs/0f ubf{ nfUg] Ohfht b:t'/df lgodfjnLsf] cg';"rL @
sf]] b|i6Jodf yk Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ;f] cg';f/
-s_ Ohfhtkq jfkt nfUg] b:t'/df sf7df08f} pkTosf aflx/sf O6f pBf]usf] xsdf
klRr; k|ltzt / b'u{d If]qsf kmnkm'ndf cfwfl/t jfO{g Pjd\ dlb/f pBf]usf]
xsdf krxQ/ k|ltztn] sd nfUg]5 .
-v_ Ps PsfO{n] PseGbf al9 dlb/f vl/b lalqm ug]{ ePdf ;jeGbf al9 b/sf] b:t'/
dfq a'emfP k'Ug]5 .
pbfx/0fM
-u_
-3_
16
cg';"rL @ df dlb/fsf] ljt/ssf] Ohfhtkq jfkt ?=@),))).– / dlb/fsf] yf]s
laqmL jfkt ?=!@,))).– EfPsf]df b'a}sf] sf/f]jf/ ug]{n] ;aeGbf jl9 b:t'/ ?=
@)))).– A'femfP k'Ub5 .
O{6f pTkfbs / :6f]g qm;/ pBf]un] k|s/0f # sf] v08 -h_ jf -em_ adf]lhd
a'emfpg' kg]{ /sd dWo] aL; k|ltzt Ohfhtkq lnbf, rfln; k|ltzt df3
d;fGt;Dd / afFsL /sd h]7 d;fGt;Dd a'emfpg] ul/ ls:tf sfod ul/Psf]
5.
d"No clea[l4 s/df btf{ ePsf O{6f pTkfbg / :6f]g qm;/ pBf]ux?n]
Ohfhtkq b:t'/ ltg'{ kg]{ 5}g .
t/ o:tf O{6f pTkfbs / :6f]g qm;/ pBf]ux?n] Ps cfly{s aif{sf nflu
a'emfpg' kg]{ Ohfhtkq b:t'/ eGbf sd d"No clea[l4 s/ cfGtl/s /fh:j
sfof{nodf bflvnf u/]sf] cj:yfdf To:tf] sd ePsf] /sd Ohfhtkq b:t'/
jfkt cfly{s jif{ ;dfKt ePsf] Ps dlxgf leqdf cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{nodf
-ª_
$=&
bflvnf ug'{kg]{5 / ;f] cjlw lelq bflvnf gu/]df ;f]df P]g adf]lhd lanDa
b:t'/ nfUg]5 .
cg';"rL @ sf] k|s/0f # sf] v08 -s_, -v_, -u_, -3_ / -em_ df tf]lsPsf]
Ohfhtkq b:t'/ tyf gjLs/0f b:t'/ sf7df8f}+ pkTosf eGbf aflx/sf
Ohfhtkqjfnfsf xsdf kRrL; k|ltztn] sd nfUg]5 .
Ohfhtkq /2 ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf
$=&=! -P]gsf] bkmf !)_
ljefun] b]xfosf] cj:yfdf Ohfhtkq /2 ug{ ;Sg]5 M–
-s_ Ohfhtkqdf tf]lsPsf] zt{ tyf aGb]h pNn+3g ePsf] kfOPdf,
-v ;fj{hlgs lxt ljk/Lt x'g] b]lvPdf,
-u_ a'´fpg'kg]{ cGtMz'Ns ga'´fPdf .
$=&=@ -lgod %s _
-s_ Ohfhtkqjfnfn] cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] sf/f]jf/ ug{ 5f8]sf] jf
Ohfhtkqjfnfsf] d[To' ePsf] sf/0fn] Ohfhtkq /2 ug'{kg]{ ePdf
sf/f]jf/ 5f8]sf] xsdf Ohfhtkqjfnfn] / Ohfhtkqjfnfsf] d[To' ePsf]
xsdf lghsf] xsjfnfn] Ohfhtkq /2 ug{ cGtMz'Ns clws[t ;dIf
lgj]bg lbg ;Sg]5 .
-v_ k|fKt lgj]bg pk/ cfjZos hf+ra'em ubf{ Ohfhtkq /2 ug{ dgfl;j
b]v]df cGtMz'Ns clws[tn] Ohfhtkqjfnf;+u s'g} cGtMz'Ns /sd ,
hl/jfgf c;"n ug{ af+ls eP ;f] c;"n pk/ u/L Ohfhtkq /2 ug{ ;Sg]
5.
-u_ Ohfhtkq /2 ul/Psf] hfgsf/L tL; lbg leq lgj]bsnfO{ lbg' kg]{ 5 .
-3_ hf+ra'em ubf{ Ohfhtkq /2 ug'{ gkg]{ b]lvPdf ;f]xL adf]lhdsf] hfgsf/L
tL; lbg leq lgj]bsnfO{ lbg'kg]{ 5 .
-ª_ Ohfhtkq /2 ePsf] hfgsf/L k|fKt geP;Dd Ohfhtkqjfnfn] dfl;s
?kdf cGtMz'Ns ljj/0f k]z ug'{kg]{ 5 .
-r_ o; lgod adf]lhd Ohfhtkq /2 ul/Psf] hfgsf/L pBf]u ljefu, sDkgL
/lhi6f/sf] sfof{no jf cGo ;DalGwt lgsfonfO{ ;d]t lbg'kg]{ 5 .
$=&=#
Ohfhtkq /2 ug{ ;Sg] -dlb/f P]g @)#! bkmf ^ u_
tf]lsPsf] clwsf/Ln] bkmf ^s= adf]lhd lbOPsf] Ohfhtkq b]xfosf] cj:yfdf
/2 ug{ ;Sg]5 M–
-s_ Ohfhtkq gjLs/0f gu/]df,
17
-v_ Ohfhtkqdf tf]lsPsf] zt{ pNn+3g u/]df,
-u_ bkmf $s ljkl/t sfo{ u/]df
b|i6Jo M $ -s df dlb/fsf] pTkfbg tyf laqmL ljt/0fsf] Joj:yf pNn]v
ul/Psf] 5 .
$=* Ohfhtkq :yug ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf
P]gsf] bkmf (s df ePsf] Joj:yf cg';f/
$=*=! Ohfhtkqjfnfn] cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t' jf ;]jfsf] sf/f]jf/ ug{ 5f8]df !% lbg
leq To;sf] sf/0f ;lxt Ohfhtkq :yug ug{sf nflu cGtMz'Ns clws[t ;dIf
lgj]bg lbg' kg]{ 5 .
$=*=@ :yugsf] nflu lgj]bg k|fKt ePdf cGtMz'Ns clws[tn] Ohfhtkqjfnfsf]
Ohfhtkq :yug ug'{ kg]{ jf gkg]{ lg0f{o u/L O{hfhtkq :yug ug'{ kg]{
b]lvPdf ;f] Ohfhtkq :yug u/L lgj]bg k|fKt EfPsf] #) lbg leq ;f] sf]
hfgfsf/L OhfhtkqjfnfnfO lbg' kg]{ 5
$=*=# Ohfhtkqjfnfn] Ohfhtkq :yug eP kl5sf] csf]{ dlxgf b]lvsf] cGtMz'Ns
lja/0f k]z ug'{ kg]{ 5}g .
$=*$ Ohfhtkq :yug ePsf] cjlw e/sf] nflu Ohfhtkqjfnfn] Ohfhtkq gljs/0f
ug'{ kg]{ 5}g .
$=(
Ohfhtkq lng' gkg]{
$=( !
-dlb/f P]g @)#! bkmf &_
o; P]gsf cGo bkmfx?df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg lghL pkef]usf
lgldQ tf]lsPsf] kl/df0fdf /S;L jf hfF8 agfpg o; P]g cGtu{t Ohfhtkq
lng' kg]{ 5}g .
$=(=@
18
-dlb/f lgodx?, @)## ,lgod & _
-s_ s'6g}lts ;'ljwf jf dxz'n ;'ljwf k|fKt JolQmn] ljb]zL dlb/f k}7f/L ug{,
-v_ s'g} ljb]zL jf :jb]zL ofq'n] ljb]z e|d0fjf6 cfk\mgf] ;fydf tLg jf]tn
;Dd /S;L / jfx| jf]tn ;Dd ljo/ lnO{ cfpg,
-u_ gd"gf k/LIf0f tyf cWoog, cg'\;Gwfgsf nflu ljefun] tf]s]sf]
kl/df0f;Dd k}7f/L ug{,
-3_ s'g} JolQmn] lghL pkof]usf nflu Ps k6sdf kfFr ln6/;Dd /S;L /
bz ln6/ ;Dd hfF8 jgfpg .
t/ o;/L /S;L / hf8 jif{sf] ^ k6s eGbf a9L agfpg kfOg] 5}g .
/S;L / hf8 jgfpg] JolQmn] To;sf] ;"rgf cGtMz'Ns clws[tnfO lbg'
kb{5 .
$=!) Ohfhtkqjfnfsf] sfd st{Jo
$=!)=! pTkfbssf] sfd tyf st{Jo
lgodfjnLsf] lgod !# -!_ adf]lhd cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t' pTkfbg ug]{
Ohfhtkqjfnfsf] sfd tyf st{Jo b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5 M–
-s_ o; lgod adf]lhd k]z ug'{ kg]{ lja/0f / kmf+6jf/L ljefun] tf]s]sf]
9f+rfdf j:t'sf] xsdf j:t' lg:sf;g eP kl5 tyf ;]jfsf] xsdf ljhs
hf/L eP kl5sf] dlxgfsf] kRrL; ut] leq cGtMz'Ns clws[t ;dIf
k]z ug'{ kg]{ .
-v_ pTkfbg ePsf] / laqmL ljt/0f ePsf] j:t'sf] ljj/0f b}lgs lstfadf
hgfO{ /fVg] / lg/LIf0fsf] qmddf cGtMz'Ns clws[t jf lghn] v6fPsf]
sd{rf/LnfO{ ;f] lstfa b]vfpg] .
-u_ pTkfbg ePsf] j:t'sf] gd"gf cGtMz'Ns clws[t jf lghn] v6fPsf]
sd{rf/Laf6 k|dfl0ft u/fO{ sfof{nodf k7fpg] .
-3_ uf]bfddf /flvPsf] j:t'sf] ljj/0f cGtMz'Ns clws[t jf lghn] v6fPsf]
sd{rf/Laf6 k|dfl0ft u/fO{ ;f] sf] lg:;f /fVg] .
$=!)=@ ;]jf k|bfossf] sfd tyf st{Jo
lgodfjnLsf] lgod !# -@_ adf]lhd cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t'sf] ;]jf k|bfg ug]{
Ohfhtkqjfnfsf] sfd tyf st{Jo b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5 .
-s_ k|bfg u/]sf] ;]jfsf] ljhs / ;f]sf] lx;fa b}lgs ?kdf /fVg],
-v_ cGtMz'Ns nfUg] ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ sfddf k|of]u x'g] cGtMz'Ns nfUg]
j:t'sf] v/Lb k|df0f jf v/Lb ljhs ;fydf /fVg]
-u_ cGtMz'Ns clws[t jf lghn] v6fPsf] sd{rf/Ln] dfu]sf avt v08 -s_
adf]lhdsf] sfuhft pknAw u/fpg],
$=!)=# k}7f/L stf{sf] sfd tyf st{Jo
-s_ lgodfjnLsf] lgod !#-#_ adf]lhd cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t'sf] k}7f/L ug]{
Ohfhtkqjfnfsf] sfd tyf st{Jo b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5 M–
-s!_ cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t' k}7f/L ul/Psf] cj:yfdf cGtMz'Ns clws[t
jf lghn] v6fPsf] sd{rf/L ;dIf vl/b ljhs k]z ug'{kg]{ .
19
-s@_ k|lttkqsf] dfWodaf6 cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t' k}7f/L ul/Psf]
cj:yfdf j:t'sf] ls6fgL ljj/0f, eG;f/ k|of]hgsf] nflu j:t'
juL{s/0f zLif{s, k|To]s j:t'sf] k|lt OsfO{ d"No / kl/df0f
cGtMz'Ns clws[t ;dIf k]z ug'{kg]{ .
-v_ ef}lts lgoGq0f k|0ffnL cGt/ut cGtMz'Ns nfUg] dlb/f, ljo/, r'/f]6
h:tf j:t'sf] k}7f/L u/L ;f]xL cj:yfdf laqmL ug]{ Ohfhtkqjfnfn]
o; lgb]{lzsfsf] cg';"rL #)-s_ df pNn]v eP adf]lhd laj/0f x/]s
dlxgf ;DaGwLt sfof{nodf k]z ug'{kg]{ 5 . ;fy} cGtMz'Nssf] l:6s/
k|of]u ug'{ kg]{n] ;f] l:6s/ dfu ubf{ To;sf] cl3Nnf] lbg ;Ddsf]
cfofltt j:t' tyf To;df k|of]u ePsf] l:6s/sf]] lja/0f ;d]t v'nfO
k]z ug'{kg]{ 5 .
-u_ ef}lts lgoGq0f k|0ffnL cGt/ut cGtMz'Ns nfUg] dlb/f, ljo/, r'/f]6
h:tf j:t'sf] k}7f/L ug]{ Ohfhtkqjfnfn]] To:Tff j:t'sf] k}7f/L u/L
uf]bfddf /fVg' cuffl8 uf]bfd /x]sf] :yfgsf] cGtMz'Ns k|Zff;g ug]{
sfof{nosf] k|ltlglwsf] /f]xj/df To:tf] j:t' uf]bfddf /flv lghsf]
l:js[ltdf l:6s/ nufO ;s] kl5 dfq laqmL ljt/0f ug'{ kb{5 .
$=!)=$ Ohfhtkq cfkm\gf] sf/f]af/ :yndf /fVg' kg]{
-s_ lgodfjnLsf] lgod !#-$_ adf]lhd Ohfhtkqjfnfn] k|fKt u/]sf]
Ohfhtkq cfkm\gf] sf/f]af/ :yndf ;a}n] b]Vg] u/L /fVg' kg]{5 .
-v_ zfvfsf] xsdf 5'6\6} Ohfhtkq lng' kb{5 t/ :jo+ lg:sf;gsf] xsdf
zfvf yk ul/Psf] Aoxf]/f :k:6 v'nfO ;f] sf] k|ltlnkL zfvfdf /fVg'
kb{5 .
$=!! lgodfjnLsf] cg';"rL # adf]lhd Ohfhtkqjfnfn] kfngf ug'{kg]{ zt{x?
-s_
-v_
20
;a} Ohfhtkqjfnfn] kfngf ug'{ kg]{ zt{x?
!= Ohfhtkq k|To]s cfly{s jif{sf] >fj0f dlxgf leq gjLs/0f u/fO{;Sg' kg]{5 .
@= Ohfhtkq ;a}n] b]Vg]u/L sf/f]jf/ :yndf /fVg' kg]{5 .
dlb/f Joj;foLn] dfq kfngf ug'{kg]{ zt{x?
!= sf7df08f} pkTosf . g]kfnleqsf pkdxfgu/kflnsf , gu/kflnsf, lhNnf
;b/d'sfd, /fli6o nf]sdfu{/ ljefun] tf]s]sf ;xfos nf]sdfu{df
dlb/fsf] sf/f]jf/ ug]{ Ohfhtkqjfnfn] dlb/f / ;"lt{hGo j:t'sf] dfq
sf/f]jf/ ug'{kb{5 .
@=
l8kf6{d]06n :6f]/n] dlb/fhGo kbfy{ laqmL ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu cnUu}
ljqmL sIfsf] Joj:yf ug'{ kg]{5 .
#=
-u_
k|To]s jf]tndf ljsf]{ / af]tndf kg]{ u/L cGtMz'Ns l6s6 6fF;L lgsf;L
ug'{ kg]{5 .
$=
ljxfg !)M)) ah] b]lv /ftL !)M)) ah];Dddfq dlb/f laqmL ljt/0f ug'{
kg]{5 .
%=
c7f/ jif{ pd]/ gk'u]sf] JolQmnfO{ dlb/f laqmL ljt/0f ug{ kfO{g] 5}g .
^=
dlb/f vl/b laqmL ug]{n] dlb/f vl/b laqmL u/]sf] ljhs /fVg' kg]{5 .
&=
Ohfhtkqjfnfn] k|To]s jf]tndf cGtMz'Ns l6s6 6fF;]sf] dlb/f dfq
laqmL ug'{kg]{5 . cGtMz'Ns l6s6 g/x]sf] ;fdfg v/LblaqmLsf] nflu
/fv]sf] kfOPdf To:tf] j:t' hkmt u/L laqm]tfnfO{ sfg"g adf]lhd b08
h/Ljfgf x'g]5 .
*=
cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)%* tyf dlb/f P]g, @)#! / ;f] cGtu{t ag]sf lgod
tyf lgb]{lzsfdf pNn]lvt k|fjwfgx?sf] kfngf ug'{ kg]{5 .
s/d'Qm k;nn] kfngf ug'{ kg]{ zt{x?
!=
s'6g}lts ;'ljwfk|fKt JolQm, ;+:yf jf lgof]unfO{ j08]8 j]o/ xfp;af6 g}
laqmL ug'{ kg]{5 .
@=
s/d'Qm k;nn] a}+s Uof/]G6Lsf] ;'ljwfdf cfoft u/]sf] dfn;fdfgsf]
ljj/0f dfl;s ljj/0f ;Fu} a'´fpg' kg]{5 .
#=
j08]8 j]o/ xfp;df eG;f/ ljGb'af6 ;fdfg leq\ofpFbf / laqmLsf nflu
uf]bfdaf6 aflx/ lgsfNbf vl6Psf] cGtMz'Ns sd{rf/Lsf] /f]xj/df dfq
leq\ofpg] / lgsfNg' kg]{5 .
$=!@ dlb/fsf] sf/f]jf/ ug]{ Ohfhtkqjfnf ;DaGwL Joj:yf
-s_
-v_
-u_
sf7df08f} pkTosf , g]kfn leqsf pk dxfgu/kflnsf . gu/kflnsf ;j} lhNnf
;b/d'sfd , /fli6o nf]sdfu{x? / ljefun] tf]s]sf ;xfos nf]sdfu{x?dfxf]6n /]i6'/]06 afx]s _ dlb/fsf] sf/f]jf/ ug{ Ohfhtkq lnPsf
Ohfhtkqjfnfx?n] dlb/f / ;"lt{hGo j:t'sf] dfq sf/f]jf/ ug'{ kg]{5 .
dlb/f / dlb/fhGo kbfy{sf] laqmL ljt/0f ug{ ;DalGwt s/bftf ;]jf sfof{no
jf cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{noaf6 Ohfhtkq lng'kg]{5 . oL sfof{nosf] sfo{ If]q
gePsf lhNnfdf To:tf] Ohfhtkq ;DalGwt sf]if tyf n]vf lgoGqs
sfof{noaf6 lng ;lsg]5 . Ohfhtkq glnO{ dlb/f / dlb/fhGo kbfy{sf] laqmL
ljt/0f ug{ kfOg] 5}g .
dlb/f laqmL lat/0f ug]{ kmd{ tyf sDkgL btf{, gjLs/0f tyf l;kmfl/; ug]{
;/sf/L / u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf tyf lgsfox?n] klg dlb/fsf] sf/f]jf/ ug]{ kmd{
tyf sDkgLx?nfO{ dlb/f tyf ;"lt{hGo j:t'x?sf] dfq laqmL ljt/0f ug{ kfpg]
21
u/L zt{ tf]sL btf{ gjLs/0f tyf l;kmfl/; u/L o; Joa:yfnfO{ k|efjsf/L
sfof{{Gjogsf] nflu ;xof]u ug'{kg]{5 .
-3_ o; cl3 kmd{ tyf sDkgL btf{ tyf gjLs/0f ug]{ lgsfon] lbPsf] Ohfhtdf
h'g;'s} zt{ tf]lsPsf] ePtfklg lgb]{lzsf hf/L ePkl5 dlb/fsf] sf/f]jf/ ug]{
kmd{ tyf sDkgLsf] zt{ o;} lgb]{lzsf adf]lhd ePsf] dflgg]5 . ;fy}, To:tf
kmd{ tyf sDkgLn] lgb]{lzsf adf]lhd laqmL ljt/0f ug'{ kg]{5 .
Ohfhtkq ;DaGwdf laefun] u/]sf] yk Joj:yf
!= cGtMz'Ns Ohffhtkqsf] hl/jfgf
lgodfjnLsf] lgod -%_ sf] pkFlgod -3_ df Aoa:yf eP adf]lhd hl/jfgf
lgWff{/0f ubf{ ;f]xL lgodfjnL cg';"lr @ sf] b|i6Ao -!_ df pNn]v eP
adf]lhdsf] b:t'/ ;'ljwfaf6 sfod x'g cfPsf] /sdnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL If]qut
?kdf s/ 5'6 lbO s/sf] b/ g} sd u/LPsf]n] hl/jfgf dflyNNff] b/af6 nufpg
Gofof]lrt gx'g] x'+bf nfUg] cGtM z'Ns -Ohfhtkq b:t'/_ sf] cfwf/df g} hl/jfgf
lng] pko'Qm x'g] .
@=
dlb/f / r'/f]6sf] lgsf;L
P]gsf] bkmf # v sf] pkbkmf !-s_ df g]kfn aflx/sf] lgsf;L jf l:js[t k|fKt
s/ d'Qm k;nsf] Joj:yf b'j} :jtGq Joj:yf ePsf] x'bf g]kfn jflx/ lgsf;L
u/]sf] dlb/f / r'/f]6df cGtMz'Ns gnfUg] .
#
22
clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg
cfGtl/s /fh:j laefusf] ldlt @)^&.!@.@& / ldlt @)^*.)!.!% sf]
lg0f{ofg';f/ k|Tofof]lht clwsf/x? vf/]h u/L cj pk|fGt cfGtl/s /fh:j
sfof{no Pj+ s/bftf ;]jf sfof{nox?n] b]xfo adf]hLdsf sfo{x? ;d]t ;Dkfbg
ug]{ u/L laefusf] ldlt @)^*.)$.)# sf] lg0f{oaf6 clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg
ePsf] .
!=
cGtMz'Ns lgodfjnL @)%( sf] lgod $ adf]lhd Ohfhtkq lbg],
@=
cGtMz'Ns lgodfjnL @)%( sf] lgod % adf]lhd Ohfhtkqsf] gljs/0f
ug]{,
#=
cGtMz'Ns lgodfjnL @)%( sf] lgod %s= adf]lhd Ohfhtkq /2 ug]{,
$=
cGtMz'Ns P]g @)%*, cGtMz'Ns lgodfjnL @)%(, dlb/f P]g @)#! tyf
dlb/f lgodfjnL @)## n] cGtMz'Ns clws[tn] ug]{ egL tf]s]sf] b]xfo
adf]lhd afx]ssf sfo{x? ug]{M
-s_ dlb/f, ljo/ / r'/f]6sf] af]tnjGbL tyf a§f aGbL u/L KoflsË /
;fO{hsf] l:js[lt lbg],
-v_
%=
$=
cGtMz'Ns nfUg] ;j} j:t'x?sf] gofF a|f08sf] pTkfbg cg'dlt kl/If0f tyf Jofj;foLs pTkfbg_ lbg] ;DalGw sfo{ .
Ohfhtkq /2, df}Hbft sdLsf] ldGxf, cGtMz'Ns l:6s/sf] hlt{ ;DalGw
clen]v, cGtMz'Ns P]g lgod tyf dlb/f P]g lgod adf]lhd g]kfn
;/sf/ jfbL ePsf d'2fx?sf] dfl;s ljj/0f Pj+ k|To]s dlxgfsf]
Ohfht / gljs/0fsf] ljj/0f dlxgf ;dfKt ePsf] & lbg leq
ljefunfO{ clgjfo{ ?kdf pknAw u/fpg] .
O{§f pBf]ux?n] cGtMz'Ns Ohfhtkq :yug
O{§f pBf]ux?n] cGtMz'Ns Ohfhtkq :yugsf] nflu cGtMz'Ns P]g @)%* sf]
bkmf (s= sf] k|s[of k'/f u/L cfPdf ;f] pBf]un] ;/sf/nfO{ ltg'{ a'´fpg' kg]{
s'g} s/ z'Ns eP ;f] ;j} s/ z'Ns cz'n pk/ u/L ;s] kl5 ;f]xL bkmfsf]
k|s[of k'/f u/L cGtMz'Ns Ohfhtkq :yug ug{ lbg] / o;/L Ohfhtkq :yug
ul/g] pBf]ux?sf] ;DaGwdf b]xfo adf]lhdsf ljifox?nfO{ ;d]t sfof{Gjogdf
Nofpg' kg]{ - ldlt @)^*.)$.!& sf] laefusf] lg0f{o _
!= Ohfhtkq :yug ul/Psf pBf]ux?sf] clen]v leGg} lstfjdf /fVg],
@= Ohfhtkq :yugsf] cjlw ls6fg x'g' kg]{,
#= Ohfhtkq :yug ePsf pBf]ux?sf] aif{df slDtdf @ k6s lgl/If0f ug'{
kg]{,
$ Ohfhtkq :yug ePsf pBf]ux?sf] ljj/0f :yflgo lgsfo / pBf]u btf{
ePsf] sfof{nonfO{ ;d]t lbg' kg]{,
%= Ohfhtkq :yug ePsf pBf]ux? k'g ;+rfngsf] nflu lgj]bg k|fKt ePdf
sfof{non] :ynut ?kdf lgl/If0f u/L olsg u/]/ dfq ;+rfngsf] cg'dlt
lbg],
^= Ohfhtkq :yug ug{ lgj]bg lbPsf lbgdf ;f] pBf]udf s'g s'g a|f08sf
O{§fx?sf] df}Hbft s] slt ;+Vofdf 5 ;f]sf] ;d]t 3f]if0ff ug{ nufpg] .
23
kl/R5]b–%
ef}lts lgoGq0f k|0ffnL
dlb/fhGo kbfy{ jf j:t' h:t}M dlb/f, jLo/, df]nfl;; Pj+ ;"lt{hGo j:t' r'/f]6, ;"lt{ cflbsf]
pTkfbg, cfoft, ljs|L ljt/0f ef}lts lgoGq0f k|0ffnL cGtu{t k|zf;g ul/G5 . o; k|0ffnLdf
;/sf/sf] k|ToIf cg'udg Pj+ lgoGq0f /xG5 . pTkfbg u/L lgisf;g ubf{sf jvt k|lti7fgdf /
cfoft ubf{ eG;f/ ljGb'df cGtMz'Ns c;"n Pj+ bflvnf ul/G5 . oL j:t'x?df pRr /fh:j b/
ePsf] / :jefjtM pRr /fh:j hf]lvd x'g] ePsf]n] cGtMz'Ns k|zf;gsf\ k|ToIf /]vb]v
lgoGq0fdf pTkfbg / cfoft ug{ lbO{ To;} ljGb'df cGtMz'Ns c;"nL ug{] ul/Psf] xf] .
%=! ædlb/fÆ
%=!=! sRrf kbfy{sf] ;+/If0f M
%=!=!=! df]nf;];, l:k|6 cflb sRrf kbfy{ -lgodfjnLsf] lgod !&_
dlb/f pTkfbg ug]{ Ohfhtkqjfnfn] df]nfl;;, l:k|6 nufotsf sRrf
kbfy{sf] plrt ;+/If0fsf] k|aGw ug'{ kg]{5 . To:tf sRrf kbfy{sf]
plrt ;+/If0fsf] k|aGw gu/L xfgL gf]S;fgL ePdf ;f] jfkt To:tf]
Ohfhtkqjfnfn] pTkfbg ug]{ dlb/f tkm{sf] pRrtd b/aGbL cg';f/
nfUg] /fh:j ;f] Ohfhtkqjfnfaf6 c;'n pk/ u/L lng' kg]{5 .
cGo Joj:yf
-s_
df]nf;]; -v'bf]_ l:6n 6]+s jf 5fgf ePsf] klSs vf8n -Pit_
df dfq /fVg' kb{5 .
-v_
l:k|6 u]hL8+ ul/Psf] l:6n 6]}s jf sf7sf] Eof6 -Vat_ jf
HDPE 6]sdf dfq /fVg' kb{5 . ;fy} u]lhu+ k|dfl0t
ul/lbPsf] sfuhft laa/0f sf] !/ ! k|lt laefu / ;+aGwLt
sfof{nodf lbg' kb{5 .
-u_
;+lrt :yfg -Tank ,Vat cflb_ sf] gDa/ n]lvPsf] x'g' kb{5
h:t} ! g+ Vat ,@ g+ Vat cflb .
sRrf kbfy{sf xfgL gf]S;fgL u/]df cGtMz'Nssf] u0fgf u/L lgwf{/0f
ubf{sf] pbfx/0f
!= @%,#) / &) o'=kL zlQmsf] dlb/f pTkfbg ug]{ l8li6n/Ln]
df]nf;];sf] ;+/If0f gu/]sf] sf/0fn] %) lSG6n df]nf;]; gf]S;fgL
ePsf] df}Hbft kl/If0faf6 b]lvP5 . ;f] gf]S;fgLsf] cGtMz'Ns
u0fgf ubf{ %) lSG6n df]nf;];af6 k|lt lSG6n !( ln6/sf b/n]
(%) ln6/ ENA pTkfbg ePsf] dfgL pBf]un] ;f] ENA af6
cGtMz'Nssf] b/ al9 ePsf] @% o"= kL sf] dlb/f pTkfbg u/L
24
laqmL u/]sf] dfgL cGtMz'Nssf] u0fgf u/L cGtMz'Ns lgwf{/0f ug'{
kb{5
@= lrgL tyf l:k|6 pTkfbg ug]{ cd[t lrgL pBf]un] cfkmgf] By
Product sf] ?kdf /x]sf]
df]nf;]; -v'bf]_ sf] plrt ;+/If0f
gu/]sf] sf/0fn] %) lSG6n df]nf;]; gf]S;fgL ePsf] /x]5 eg]
p;sf] df}Hbft kl/If0faf6 ;f] s'/f yfxf x'g cfPdf ;f]
df]nf;];af6 (%) ln6/ ENA pTkfbg u/L laqmL u/]sf] dfgL
u/]sf] dfgL cGtMz'Nssf] u0fgf u/L cGtMz'Ns lgwf{/0f ug'{ kb{5
.
%=!=!=@ df]nf;]; ;+/If0fsf] ljz]if Joj:yf - lgodfjnLsf] lgod @$ _
-!_ lrgL tyf vfF8;f/L ldnn] cfkm'n] pTkfbg u/]sf] df]nfl;; ;+ro
ubf{ kfgL gk:g] u/L ;+/If0fsf] plrt k|jGw ul/ ;f] sf] laqmL
sfof{nosf] l;kmfl/;df ug'{ kg]{5 . o;/L pko'Qm ;+/If0fsf]
Joj:yf gu/L xfgL gf]S;fgL ePdf To;sf] df]nf;];df nfUg]
cGtMz'Ns ldGxf lbOFg] 5}g .
-@_ lrgL jf vfF8;f/L ldnn] ;Vv/ jf v'bf] -df]nfl;;_ pTkfbg
u/]kl5 b}lgs ?kdf ePsf] To:tf] pTkfbgsf] laqmLsf] lx;fa
cg';"rL–!@ adf]lhdsf] 9fFrfdf cBfjlws u/L dfl;s ?kdf
sfof{nodf k|ltj]bg k]z ug'{ kg]{5 .
%=!=@ jf;sf] r'nfO ;DaGwL sfo{
df]nfl;;df kfgL ld;fO{ Eof6 -vat_ df xfnL kmd]{G6];g ug{ cfjZos /;fog
kbfy{x? ldnfO jf; lgdf0f{sf]] k|s[of ;'? x'G5 . k|s[of k"/f e} ;s]kl5 cGtLd
cj:yfdf ;f] jf;df dfbs b|j -Absolute Alcohol_ /x]sf] x'G5 . jf;df /x]sf]
dfbs b|jnfO{ 5'6\ofO{ lgsfNg] k|ljlwnfO{ r'nfO{ sfo{ -Distillation_ k|s[of
elgG5 .
%=!=@ ! jf;sf] clen]v /fVg' kg]{ - lgodfjnLsf] lgod !(_
-!_ dlb/f pTkfbg ug]{ Ohfhtkqjfnfn] jf; agfpgsf] nflu
kmd]{G6]zg ubf{ k|of]u u/]sf] sRrf kbfy{, kfgLsf] dfqf ;d]t
pNn]v u/L ;f]sf] ljj/0f :ki6 b]lvg] u/L nut /fVg' kg]{5 .
-@_ dlb/f pTkfbg ug]{ Ohfhtkqjfnfn] l8li6n]zg -r'xfg_ sf] nflu
tof/ ePsf] jf; l8i6Ln]zg Knf06df xfNg' cufj} l8i6Ln ug]{
jf;sf] kl/df0f / e]6 g+= sf] nut /fvL ;f] sf] hfgsf/L
cGtMz'Ns clws[t jf lghn] v6fPsf] sd{rf/LnfO{ lbg' kg]{5 .
%=!=@=@ dlb/fsf] lx;fj /fVg'kg]{ - lgodfjnLsf] lgod @@ _
25
-!_ dlb/f pTkfbg ug]{ Ohfhtkqjfnfn] jf;af6 r'xfg ePsf]
dlb/fsf] kl/df0f / To;sf] zlQm ;d]t v'nfO{ cg';"rL–!) /
dlb/f laqmL / ;f]af6 k|fKt x'g] cGtMz'Nssf] kmfF6jf/L cg';"rL–!!
adf]lhdsf] 9fFrfdf ljj/0f tof/ u/L /fVg' kg]{5 .
-@_ dlb/f pTkfbg ug]{ Ohfhtkqjfnfn] dlb/f agfpg k|of]u u/]sf]
cGg / kmnkm"nsf] lx;fa /fvL To;af6 s] slt dlb/f pTkfbg
eof] ;f]sf] ljj/0f e/L cGtMz'Ns clws[t jf lghn] v6fPsf]
sd{rf/Laf6 k|dfl0ft u/fO{ /fVg' kg]{5 .
%=!=# l:k|6 ;DjGwL Joj:yf M
dlb/f pBf]usf] r'nfOsf] sfo{ eP kl5 To;af6 l:k|6 lg:sG5 . o:tf] l:k|6 k"0f{
?kdf z'l4s/0f gu/]sf] cj:yf ePdf R.S (Rectified Sprit) / z'l4s/0f u/]sf]
cj:yf ePdf ENA (Extra Neutral alcohal) x'G5 . l8li6|n/Ln] l:k|6 agfpbf
x]8 jf 6]nsf] ?kdf lg:s]sf] l:k|6 / cGo R.S, Oyfgf]n cflb l:k|6nfO l8g]r8{
l:K|6 jgfpg k|of]u ug]{ ul/G5 . R.S ;fdfGo lsl;dsf] dlb/f agfpg tyf
ENA pRr u'0f :t/sf] dlb/f agfpg k|of]u ul/G5 .
%=!=#=! l:k|6 tyf Oyfgf]nnfO{ cGo k|of]udf Nofpg] :jLs[lt lb+bf ckgfpg'kg]{
Joj:yf -lgodfjnLsf] lgod @%s_
-s_
Ohfhtkqjfnfn] l:k|6nfO{ cGo k|of]udf Nofpg] p2]Zon]
l8g]r8{ l:k|6 jgfp+bf ;DjlGwt sfof{nojf6 :jLs[lt lnO{
/]S6LkmfO8 jf x]8\; l:k|6df kfOl/l8g jf sf]lrl;g jf
ldyfon cNsf]xn cfotgsf] lx;fjaf6 sDtLdf )=)@ k|ltzt
ld>0f u/L l8g]r8{ l:k|6 jgfpg' kg]{5 . o:tf] ld>0f ubf{
cfjZostfg';f/ /+uLg ug'{ kg]{ u/L ljefun]
OhfhtkqjfnfnfO{ lgb]{zg lbg ;Sg]5 . cfGtl/s /fh:j
sfof{non] /]lS6kmfO8 l:k|6af6 l8g]r8{ l:k|6 agfpg] :jLs[lt
lb+bf /]lS6kmfO8 l:k|6jf6 cfpg] cGtMz'Ns g36\g] u/L dfq
:jLs[lt lbg' kg]{5 .
-v_
Ohfhtkqjfnfn] k]6«f]ndf ;lDd>0f ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu
pTkfbg u/]sf] PgxfO{8«; Oyfgf]n g]kfn cfon lgud jf
g]kfn ;/sf/jf6 :jLs[t k|fKt lgsfonfO{ dfq ljqmL ug'{
kg]{5 . o:tf] j:t' las|Lsf] nflu k|lti7fgaf6 lgisf;g ubf{
sfof{noaf6 :jLs[lt lng' kg]{5 . sfof{non] o:tf] :jLs[lt
lbFbf To:tf] j:t'df sDtLdf b'O{ k|ltzt k]6«f]n ld;fpg' kg]{
u/L lgisfzg ug{ :jLs[lt lbg' kg]{5 .
%=!=#=@ dlb/fsf] sRrf kbfy{ Pj+ l8g]r8{ l:k|6sf] lgodg Joj:yf
-lgodfjnLsf] lgod @%s-#__
26
df]nfl;;, /]lS6kmfO8 l:k|6, O=Pg=P, dfN6 l:k|6 nufotsf dlb/f
pTkfbgdf k|of]u x'g] sRrf kbfy{ tyf l8g]r8{ l:k|6sf] k}7f/L,
pTkfbg tyf ljqmL ljt/0f ug{sf] nflu k|s[of ljefun] tf]ls lgoGq0f
ug{] Joj:yf 5 .
-!_
l8g]r8{ l:k|6 k}7f/L ubf{ jf ljqmL ubf{ kl/df0f / k|of]hg
pNn]v u/L sfof{nojf6 k"j{ :jLs[lt lng' kb{5 .
-@_
dlb/fhGo sRrf kbfy{sf] cfGtl/s pTkfbg ug'{k'j{ P]g
lgodfjnLsf] Joj:yf adf]lhd cGtMz'Ns clws[taf6 Ohfht
k|fKt u/L pTkfbg ug'{k5{ .
-#_
dlb/fhGo sRrf kbfy{ / l8g]r8{ l:k|6 k}7f/L ug'{k"j{
cGtMz'Ns clws[taf6 cfoft Ohfht k|fKt ug'{k5{ . k}7f/L
ug'{k"j{ s'g b]zsf] s'g sDkgL ;+u s] s'g ;+emf}tf adf]lhd
s'g eG;f/ ljGb'af6 k}7f/L ug{ nfluPsf] xf] Joxf]/f v'nfO{
sfuhft ;+nUg u/L cGtMz'Ns clws[taf6 :jLs[lt k|fKt
ug'{kg]{5 . o; cg';f/ k}7f/L e} cfPsf dlb/fhGo j:t'sf]
cGtMz'Ns clws[t jf lghn] v6fPsf] k|ltlglw sd{rf/Lsf]
/f]xj/df eG;f/ ljGb'af6 Ohfhtkqjfnfsf] k|lti7fg jf
uf]bfddf /Ltk"j{s leq\ofpg' k5{ .
-$_ l8g]r8{ l:k|6 ljqmL ubf{ lgisfzg kmf/fddf lgDgfg';f/ jfSo
clgjfo{ pNn]v ug'{ kb{5 .
æof] lkpg of]Uo 5}g, lkPdf dflg; dg{ ;Sb5Æ
-%_ ;KnfO{ cfb]z k|fKt u/L ;f] ul/g] b]lv jfx]s cf}iflw k;ndf
ljqmL ug{sf Ps ;o Pd=Pn eGbf j9L kl/df0f /]lS6kmfO{8
l:k|6 / O{=Pg=P KoflsË u/L pTkfbg tyf ljqmL ug{
kfOg]5}g .
-^_
k]6«f]ndf ;lDd>0f ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu pTkfbg u/]sf]
PgxfO{8«; Oyfgf]n g]kfn cfon lgud jf g]kfn ;/sf/jf6
:jLs[t k|fKt u/]sf lgsfonfO{ dfq ljqmL ug{ kfOg]5 .
%=!=$ dlb/fsf] pTkfbg tyf KoflsË ;DalGw Joj:yf
%=!=$=! dlb/fsf] pTkfbg
%=!=$=!=! dlb/fsf] pTkfbg tl/sf - lgodfjnLsf] lgod !^-!_ _
dlb/f pTkfbg ug]{ Ohfhtkqjfnfn] k]6]G6 l:6n
Knf06af6 pTkflbt l:k|6sf] ld>0f -An]l08Ë_ af6
dfq dlb/f pTkfbg ug'{ kg]{5 .
27
-s_
%=!=$=@
28
RUM/WHISKY/BRANDY/VODKA/GIN
elg pTkfbg ug]{ k|lti7fgn] @% / #) o"kL
zlQmsf] dfq pTkfbg ug'[ kg]{ 5 .
-v_ Filtration /Formentation k|lqmofaf6
pTkfbg x'g] jfOg, ;fO8/, ;]/L ;]Dk]g ld8.
k]/L dfN6g h:tf dlb/f ;f] j:t'sf] sRrf
kbfy{ -kmnkm"n cflb_ / u'0fsf] cfwf/df
dfq n]Vg kfOG5 .
-u_ pTkfbgsf] :t/ / ;dfof]hg / cNsf]xnsf]
dfqf hfFr
P]gsf] bkmf !)5= cg';f/ :jLs[lt lnO{
lgisfzg u/]sf] dlb/f / r'nfO{df hfg]
kbfy{sf] cNsf]xnsf] dfqf jf u'0f:t/sf]
k/LIf0f cGtMz'Ns clws[tn] h'g;'s} avt
ug{ ;Sg]5 . cNsf]xnsf] dfqf Ps
k|ltzteGbf a9L km/s jf u'0f:t/df
pNn]vgLo ?kaf6 km/s kfg{ kfOg] 5}g .
aGb ug]{ KoflsË ug]{ / lrGx nufpg]M–
%=!=$=@=! Jofr / l;nl;n]jf/ gDa/ c+lst ug'{ kg]{ lgodfjnLsf] lgod !*_M–
-!_ dlb/fsf] pTkfbg k|lqmof ;dfKt ePkl5
To:tf] dlb/f /flvPsf] k|To]s af]tndf
Aofr gDa/, l;nl;n]jf/ gDa/, pTkfbg
ldlt, pTkfbg ug]{ Ohfhtkqjfnfsf] gfd,
6]«8dfs{ / zlQm n]lvPsf] n]jn c+lst u/L
uf]bfddf k7fpg' kg]{5 .
-@_
pklgod -!_ adf]lhd uf]bfddf k7fpFbf
cg';"rL–(s adf]lhdsf] 9fFrfdf Aofr
lgoGq0f vftf k|dfl0ft u/L /fVg' kg]{5 .
%=!=$=@=@ dlb/f Kofls+u Joj:yf -lgodfjnLsf] lgod !^-@_
/ -#_
-s_ dlb/f pTkfbg ug]{ Ohfhtkqjfnfn]
cfkm"n] pTkfbg u/]sf] !%, @%, #), $) /
%) o"=kL= zlQmsf] dlb/fnfO{ ljefun] tf]s]
adf]lhd af]tnaGbL ug'{ kg]{5 .
-v_
dlb/f pTkfbg ug]{ Ohfhtkqjfnfn]
cfkm"n] pTkfbg u/]sf] &) o"=kL= zlQmsf]
dlb/fnfO{ #)) ldnL ln6/sf] k]6 af]tn jf
ljefun] tf]s] adf]lhd af]tnaGbLdf dfq
laqmL ug'{ kg]{5 .
-u_ ;fdfGotof :yfgLo dlb/fnfO{ kbfy{sf]
u'0f:t/nfO{ c;/ gkg]{ u/L Unf; jf]tndf
/fd|/L l;n u/L aGb ul/g' kb{5 . hls{g
l6g h:tf ef8fdf dlb/f e/L lgisf;g ug{
kfOb}g .
-3_ jf]6lnu+ ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu k|lt s]z jf
sf6'{g dlb/f lgDg adf]lhd kl/df0fdf
KoflsË ug'{ kg]{ u/L tf]lsPsf] 5 M
!))) ML sf] ( jf]tn
&%) ML sf] !@ jf]tn
%)) ML sf] !* jf]tn
#&% ML sf] @$ jf]tn
#)) ML sf] #) jf]tn
!*) ML sf] $* jf]tn
() ML sf] !)) jf]tn
-ª_
pBf]un] cGo size sf] jf]tndf dlb/f
pTkfbg ug{ rfx]df ljefun] l:js[tL lbg
;Sg]5 .
t/ To:tf] KoflsË ePsf] ;fdfgsf]
kl/df0f tf]lsPsf] kl/df0f ;+u laeQm ubf{
jf u0fgf ubf{ ldNg' kb{5 . pbfx/0fsf]
nflu ( ln6/ dlb/fsf] KoflsË Joj:yfdf
!))) ml ( jf]tn, &%) ml sf] !@
jf]tn, %)) ml sf] !* jf]tn ePsf] x'g
kb{5 .
-r_ ljb]z lgof{tsf] xsdf s/bftfsf] dfu cg';f/
k6s] ?kdf cGo ;fOhdf ;d]t KoflsËsf]
cg'dlt ljefun] lbg ;Sg]5 .
29
%=!=% dlb/fsf] zlQmsf] u0fgf lalw
pTkflbt dlb/fdf s] s:tf sRRff kbfy{ l:k|6 cflb k|of]u ePsf] 5 To;df
kfgLsf] dfqf slt 5 . tof/L dlb/fsf] zlQm s] slt xf] eGg] af/]df hfgfsf/L
lnO{ To:tf] sRrf kbfy{ tyf dlb/f lgoGq0f ug{ Pj+ ;f] dlb/fsf] zlQmsf]
cfwf/df /fh:j olsg ug{sf nflu dlb/fsf] zlQmsf] u0fgf z'q - Formula _ sf]
k|of]u
u/]/
ul/G5 . Dflb/f pTkfbg ef}lts lgoGq0f k|0ffnL cGtu{t kg]{ ePsf]n] o;sf]
k|zf;g ug]{ lgsfonfO{ dlb/fsf] zlQm u0fgf ug]{ ;"qsf] hfgsf/L x'g'k5{ .
o;af6 cGtMz'Ns k|zf;gnfO{ s] s:tf sRrf kbfy{ k|of]u ubf{ s'g zlQmsf] s]
slt tof/L dlb/f pTkfbg x'G5 eGg] s'/fsf] hfgfsf/L xfl;n ug{ ;d]t ;3fp
k'\/ofp5 . dlb/fs]f zlQm lgsfNg] s]xL ;'"q / ;f] sf] pbfxf/0f lgDgfg';f/ oxfF
pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M
-s_ o"=kL=(U.P), Pn=kL=(L.P) / cf]=kL=(O.P) zlQm
cNsf]xnsf] dfqfsf] dfkg la|l6; k4ltnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ ul/Psf] 5 .
To;}n] dlb/fsf] dfkg Pn=kL=(London Proof) s]Gb| laGb' %&=)^% df
ug]{ ul/G5 . h; cg';f/ ;f] laGb' %&=)^ % eGbf jl9 zlQmsf] dlb/f
ePdf cf]=kL=(OverProof) / ;f] laGb' %&=)^ % eGbf sd zlQmsf] ePdf
o"=kL=(UnderProof) dflgG5 . cyf{t s'g} klg dlb/fdf z'4 cNsf]xnsf]
dfqf n08g k'|km eGbf 3l6 jf al9 s] xf] eGg] s'/fsf] ;+s]t o;af6
ldNb5 .
dlb/fsf] zlQm kl/If0f ug]{ ;"qx?M–
-!_ cf]=kL=dbL/fnfO{ n08g k|'kmdf n}hfg' k/]df,
cfotg kl/df0f x !)) + cf]=kL -zlQm_÷!)) = n08g
k|'km
-@_
o"=kL=dbL/fnfO{ n08g k'|kmdf n}hfg' k/]df,
cfotg kl/df0f x !)) – o"=kL -zlQm_÷!)) = n08g
k|'km
dlb/fsf] Pn kL ln6/ ,zlQm kl/jt{g, u0fgfsf s]xL pbfx/0fx?
-s_
Pn kL ln6/ M
!)) ln6/ @% cf]=kL=sf] dbL/fnfO{ Pn=kL=df kl/jt{g
ubf{sf] kl/df0fM ;"q M Pn=kL== cfotg kl/df0f x !)) +
cf]=kL
-zlQm_ ÷!)) = !)) x !@%÷!)) = !@% Pn=kL=ln6/
#)) ln6/ $) o"=kL=sf] dbL/fnfO{ Pn=kL=df kl/0ft
ubf{sf] kl/df0fM ;"qM Pn=kL== cfotg kl/df0f x !)) –
30
-v_
o"=kL
-zlQm_÷!)) = #))x ^)÷ !)) =!*) Pn=kL=ln6/
x'G5 .
o"=kL= zlQm kl/jt{g M
Pp6f zlQmsf] dlb/fnfO{ csf]{ zlQmdf kl/0ft ug'{kg]{
ePdf dfly pNn]lvt -!_ jf -@_ g+= sf] z'qaf6 cl3Nnf]
zlQmsf] dlb/fsf] LPL kQf nufO{ ;f] LPL nfO{ !)) n]
u'0ff u/L cfPsf] u'0fgkmnnfO{ kl5Nnf] zlQmsf] dlb/fsf]
zlQm UP ePdf !)) - UP n] tyf OP ePdf !)) +
OP n] efu ug'{ kb{5 .
pbfx/0fx?,
-!_ $)) ln6/ $) o"=kL=sf] dlb/fnfO{ @) cf]=kL=df
kl/0ft ubf{, ;"qM cfotg kl/df0f x !))–
o"=kL=÷!)) = $)) x !))–$) ÷!)) = $)) x
^) ÷!)) = @$) Pn=kL=x'G5 . t;y{, @$) x
!))÷!))+@) = @$) x !)) ÷ !@) = @))
ln6/ -cf]=kL=_ x'G5 .
-@_ $)) nL6/ @) cf]=kL=sf] dbL/fnfO{ $) o"=kL=df
kl/0ft ubf{, ;"qMM cfotg kl/df0f x !)) +
cf]=kL=÷!))= $))x !@)÷ !)) = $*))÷!))=
$*) Pn=kL=x'G5 . t;y{, $*)x !)) ÷!))–$) =
$*)x !)) ÷^) = *)) nL6/ x'G5 . cyf{t $))
ln6/ @) cf]=kL= sf] dlb/fnfO{ $) o"=kL= df kl/0ft
ubf{ *)) ln6/ x'G5 jf $)) ln6/ kfgL yKg'
kb{5 . lsg eg], *))– $)) = $)) ln6/ kfgL
xf] .
-#_ $)) ln6/ $) o"=kL=sf] dbL/fnfO{ %) o"=kL=df kl/0ft
ubf{, $)) x !))–$)÷!)) =$)) x ^)÷!)) =
@$) Pn=kL= x'G5 . t;y{ @$) x !))÷ !))–%) =
@$))÷%)= $*) nL6/ x'G5 . cyf{t, @$) nL6/ $)
o"=kL=sf] dbL/fnfO{ %) o"=kL=agfpbf *) nL6/ kfgL yKg'
k5{ . lsgeg] $*)–$)) = *) nL6/ kfgLsf] dfqf
ylkPsf] xf] .
-v_
o"=kL=jf cf]=kL=zlQmdf cNsf]xnsf] dfqf kQf nufpg]
o"=kL=jf cf]=kL=zlQmdf s] slt cNsf]xnsf] dfqf - k|ltzt_ 5 egL PsLg
ug{sf nflu lgDg ;"q k|of]u ug' kb{5 . !)) k'|km
( Proof) = %&=)^ % cNsf]xn zlQm xf] . cyf{t ! k'|km = )=%&)^ %
31
cNsf]xn zlQm x'G5 To;}n] n08g k|'kmdf o'= lk zlQm eGgf ;fy
n08gk'|km eGbf ;f] dlb/sf] zlQm s] slt c+sn] sd eGg] a'lemG5 . o;
k|sf/ !% o'=lk= zlQmsf] dlb/f eGgf ;fy ;f] dlb/fdf *% k|'km 5 eGg]
a'emfpb5 . o;nfO{ n08gk'|kmdf nu]/ cNsf] xnsf] zlQm k|ltztdf
lgsfNbfsf] pbfx/0fx? g]kfndf pTkfbg eO{ ahf/df lalqmsf] nflu
:jLs[lt k|bfg u/LPsf dlb/fsf] zlQmnfO{ tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
!% o"=kL== *% k'|km = *%x )=%&)^ = $*=%% cNsf]xn
@% o"=kL==&% k'|km = &%x )=%&)^ = $@=*% cNsf]xn
#) o"=kL==&) k'|km = &)x )=%&)^ = $)=#@% cNsf]xn
$) o"=kL== ^) k'|km = ^) x )=%&)^ = #$=@#% cNsf]xn
%) o"=kL== %) k'|km = %) x )=%&)^ = @*=%#% cNsf]xn
&) o"=kL = #) k'|km = #) x )=%&)^ = !&=!!% cNsf]xn .
-u_ dlb/fsf] zlQm cg';f/ d'No kQf nufpg] k|s[ofM
Pp6} o"=kL=zlQmsf] dlb/fsf] Pn=kL=ln6/ OsfO / yf]s ln6/ OsfOdf
d'No lgsfNg' kg]{ ePdf lgDgfg';f/ k|s[of ckgfpg' k5{M . h'g OsfOsf]
d"No lgsfNg] xf] Tolx OsfOsf] cfotg lgsfNg] To; kl5 k|fKt
cfotgnfO{ csf]{ OsfOsf] d"Non] u'0ff ug]{ .
pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf
%) o"=kL=dbL/fsf] k|lt Pn=kL=ln=d"No ?= @)). ePdf k|lt ln6/sf] slt
d"No kb{5 < oxfF, ! Pn=kL=ln== !))–o"=kL ÷!)) = !))–%) ÷ !))
= )=% Pn=kL=x'G5 . t;y{ )=% Pn=kL=ln= x @)) = ?=!)) x'G5 .
pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf
@% o"=kL= dlb/f Ps ln6/sf] ?=$)). k5{ eg] To;sf] k|lt Pn=kL=nL=
sf] slt d"No kb{5 . oxf+, ! Pn=kL=nL= =!))÷!)) – o"=kL=, !))
÷!))–@% = $÷# Pn=kL=nL x'G5 . t;y{ $÷#x $)) = ?= %##.#$
x'G5 . To;sf/0f ?= $)) kg]{ @% o"=kL= dlb/fsf] k|lt ln6/ b/ ?=
%##.#$ kg]{ /x]5 .
%=!=^ dlb/fsf] lgisf;g k|s[of M
%=!=^=! dlb/fsf] kl/If0f ug'{ kg]{ Joj:yfM
-s_ dlb/f pBf]un] g+of a|f08sf] dlb/f k|yd k6s lgsf;L ug'{ k"j{
laefun] tf]s]sf] k|of]uzfnfaf6 kl/If0f u/fpg' kg]{5 .
-v_ dlb/fsf] kl/If0f eO{ :jLs[lt k|fKt eP k5L dfq dlb/f lgsf;L
ug'{kb{5 .
32
-u_ k|To]s cfly{s jif{sf] >fj0f dlxgfleq rfn' cj:yfdf /x]sf
a|f08 cg';f/sf dlb/f sfof{non] tf]s]sf] k|of]uzfnfaf6 kl/If0f
u/fO{ ;f] sf] k|ltj]bg sfof{non] lnO{ /fVg' kb{5 . o;/L kl/If0f
u/fpbf laefuaf6 l:js[lt lnbfsf] u'0f:t/ cg';f/sf] 5 5}g ;f]
s'/f x]g'{ kb{5 .
%=!=^=@ pTkfbsn] dlb/fsf] lg:sf;g ubf{ cjnDjg ug'{ kg]{ sfo{ljlwM
-s_ pTkfbg ePsf] ;a} k|sf/sf] dlb/f lgsf;L ug'{ k"j{ sfof{non]
tf]lslbPsf] uf]bfddf k|j]z u/fP/ dfq lgsf;L ug'{kg]{ 5 .
-v_ dlb/f lgisf;gsf] cg'dltsf nflu ;DjlGwt OsfO{ sfof{nodf
cg';"rL !^ adf]lhdsf] 9frfdf lgj]bg k]z ug'{ kb{5 .
-u_ sfof{noaf6 lgisf;gsf] l:js[tL k|fKt eP kl5 k|lti7fgn]
cg';"rL !& adf]lhdsf] rf/ k|lt lgisf;g dfu kmf/fd e/L
sf/vfgf wlg jf k|ltlglw, cGtMz'Ns lgl/Ifs / cGtMz'Ns
clws[taf6 ;f] lgsf;L k|dfl0ft u/fO{ lgsf;L] ug'{ kb{5 . k]z
ePsf] dfu kmf/d dWo] klxnf] k|lt ;DjlGwt v/Lb stf{nfO
lgisf;g ePsf] j:t' ;fy} k7fpg], bf]>f] k|lt j:t' lgisf;g
ug]{ k|lti7fg;+u ;DjlGwt sfof{nodf k7fpg] , t]>f] k|lt OsfO{
sfof{nodf / rf}yf] k|lt ;DjlGwt ljq]mtf jf k|lti7fgdf /fVg'
kb{5 .
-3_ dlb/f lgisf;g ul/g] kl/df0fsf] ;Dk"0f{ cGtMz'Ns /sd clu|d
bflvnf u/L bflvnf u/]sf] ef}r/ jf /;Lb ;d]t ;+nUg ug'{
kg]{ . s'g} s/ /fh:j af+ls jSof}tf ePsf] x'g'x'b}g .
-ª_ OsfO{ sfof{nodf vl6Psf sd{rf/Laf6 lgisf;gsf] nflu dfu
u/]sf] kl/df0f dlb/fsf] nflu tf]lsP jdf]lhd cGtMz'Ns /sd
bflvnf u/]sf] hfFr u/fO dfu jdf]lhdsf] lgisf;g :jLs[ltsf
nflu l;kmfl/z u/fpg' kg]{ jf OsfO{ sfof{nonfO{ g} :jLs[lt ug]{
clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg ePsf] cj:yfdf Tolxaf6 :jLs[tL u/fpg] .
-r_ lg:sf;g x'g nfu]sf] dlb/fdf cGtMz'Ns l:6s/ 6f+; eP
gePsf] olsg ug'{ kg]{ .
-5_ lgisf;g ug{ :jLs[lt k|fKt ePkl5 dfq pTkfbsn] lgisf;g
ug'{kg]{ .
-h_ dlb/fsf] lgisf;g ug]{ :jLs[lt k|fKt e} lgisf;g ePsf] dlb/fsf]
tf]lsP jdf]lhdsf] vftfdf r9fO{ lgisf;g / df}Hbft kl/df0fnfO{
b}lgs cWofjlws u/fO{ /fVg' kg]{ .
33
%=!=^=# sfof{non] dlb/fsf] lgisf;g l:js[lt lbbf cjnDjg ug'{ kg]{
sfo{ljlwM
-s_ lgisf;g dfu kmf/fd :jLs[lt lbFbf cGtMz'Ns nufot cGo
b:t'/ tyf cGtMz'Ns jfktsf] z'Ns clu|d lt/]sf] 5 5}g olsg
ug]{, s'g} s/ /fh:j jSof}tf 5 5}g lglZrt ug]{ .
-v_ l;kmfl/; ;lxt k|fKt ePsf] lgisf;g dfu kmf/fddf cGtMz'Ns
clws[tn] hfFr u/]/ :jLs[lt lbg] .
-u_ tof/L ePsf] dlb/fsf] cfDbfgL kl/df0f tyf lgisf;g -ljqmL_
kl/df0f vftfdf r9fO{ clen]v cWofjlws /fVg] .
%=!=& dlb/f ljqmL ljt/0f M
dlb/fsf] pTkfbs ,k}7f/L stf{ tyf laqm]tfn] lgDg s'/fx?sf] kfngf u/]/ dfq
dlb/fsf] ljqmL ljt/0f ug'{ kb{5 .
%=!=&=! dlb/f v/Lb÷ljqmLsf] nflu Ohfhtkq k|fKt ug]{ JolQm÷kmd{ jf
k|lti7fgnfO{ dfq ljqmL ug'{ kg]{5 .
%=! &=@ dlb/f v/Lb÷ljqmL ug]{ Ohfhtkq k|fKtstf{n] Ohfht kqdf
pNn]lvt zt{sf] clwgdf /x]/ dfq ljqmL ljt/0f ug'{ kg]{5 .
%=!=&=# ljb]zjf6 k}7f/L ul/Psf] ljb]zL dlb/f v/Lb÷ljqmL ug]{n] dlb/f v/Lb
u/]sf] ;|f]t v'nfpg' kb{5 / cGtMz'Ns clws[tn] cfsl:ds hfFr ubf{
;f] sf] k'i6\ofFO ug'{ kb{5 .
%=!=&=$ s/ d'Qm n]lvPsf] dlb/f laqmL ug]{ :jLs[t k|fKt u/L vf]lnPsf] s/
d'Qm k;n jf j08]8 j]o/ xfp; jfx]s c?n] ljqmL ug{ kfpg] 5}g .
%=!=&=% dlb/fsf] v/Lb ljqmL ;DjGwL sf/f]jf/ ug]{n] dlb/f v/Lb ubf{ dlb/f
jGbL ePsf] jf]tndf cGtMz'Ns l6s6 nufPsf] 5 5}g ;f] x]/]/ dfq
v/Lb ug'{ k5{ . cGtMz'Ns l6s6 g6fFl;Psf] j:t' v/Lb ljqmL u/]sf]
kfOPdf sfg"g jdf]lhd sf/jfxL x'g]5 .
%=!=&=^ dlb/fsf] l8n/, l8li6«Jo'6/, yf]s ljq]mtf tyf cfoft stf{n] dlb/f
hGo j:t' ljqmL ubf{ dlb/f v/Lb ljqmL ug]{ Ohfhtkq k|fKtstf{nfO{
dfq ljqmL ug'{ kg]{5 .
%=!=&=& l8kf6{d]06n :6f];{n] dlb/f hGo kbfy{ ljqmL ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu
cnUu} ljqmL sIfsf] Joj:yf ug'{ kg]{5 .
%=!=&=* ljxfg !)M)) jh] b]lv j]n'sf !)M)) jh] ;Dd dfq dlb/f ljqmL
ljt/0f ug'{ kg]{5 .
%=!=& ( dlb/f ljqmL ljt/0f lgodg ;DaGwL Joj:yf k"0f{ ?kn] kfngf ug'{
kg]{5 .
34
%=!=&=!)= c7f/ jif{ pd]/ gk'u]sf dflg;nfO{ dlb/f laqmL lat/0f ug{ kfO{g]
5}g .
%=!=* dlb/f las|L, ljt/0f / lgodg ug]{ Joa:yfM
;dfhdf JofKt las[ltnfO{ x6fpg /fh:j gLltsf dfWodaf6 dlb/fsf] laqmL
lat/0fnfO{ lgodg ug]{ ;+aGwdf P]gsf] bkmf $ -3_ tyf lgodfjnLsf] lgod
#$s df ePsf] Joj:yf adf]lhd lgDgfg';f/sf] lgodg Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
%=!=*=! dlb/f ljqmLdf lgoGq0f M
sf7df08f} pkTosf, g]kfn leqsf pkdxfgu/kflnsf, gu/kflnsf, ;j}
lhNnf ;b/d'sfd / tf]lsPsf k|d'v nf]sdfu{x? / ljefun] tf]s]sf
;xfos nf]sdfu{ -xf]6n, /]i6'/]06 jfx]s_ dlb/fsf] sf/f]jf/ ug]{n]
dlb/fsf] dfq sf/f]jf/ ug'{ kg]{ u/L lgodfjnLsf] lgod lgod #$s n]
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . t/ l8kf6{d]G6n :6f]/n] dlb/fsf] cnUu} ljqmL sIf
/fvL sf/f]jf/ ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf ;f]xL lgodn] u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;
lgoddf pNn]v eP adf]lhd ljefun] s'g} ;xfos nf]sdfu{ tf]s]sf]
5}g .
%=!=*=@ dlb/f pTkfbgdf lgoGq0f M
dlb/f pTkfbg ug]{ Ohfhtkqjfnfn] lgodfjnLsf] lgod !^ sf] pk
lgod -!_ cg';f/ k]6]06 l:6n KnfG6jf6 pTkfbg ePsf] l:k|6sf] ld>0f
- Blending _ jf6 dfq dlb/f pTkfbg ug'{ kb{5 .
l:k|6af6 Blending tyf Bottling ubf{ pTkfbsx?n] sRrfdfn
- :k|L6 _ tyf cw{ tof/L dfn e8f/0f ug]{ e]6 -Vat_ jf 6\of+s
l:6naf6 lgld{t ePsf] x'g'k5{ / k|To]s e]6 -Vat_ df :s]n u/L lrgf]
nufpg'
kb{5 . cyf{t u]lh8= ul/Psf] x'g'k5{ / df}Hbft k/LIf0fsf avt s'g
e]6-Vat_ df s'g zlQmsf] slt dlb/f 5 eGg] kQfnufpg ;lsg] u/L
e]6 lkR5]sf] clen]v /fv]sf] x'g'k5{ .
cfk"mn] pTkfbg u/]sf] ljleGg zlQmsf] -!%, @%, #), $), %) / &)
o'=kL zlQm_ dlb/f ljefuaf6 :jLs[lt k|fKt u/L ljefun] tf]s] jdf]lhd
dfq jf]tn jGb ug'{ kb{5 .
%=!=*=# Jofr / l;nl;n]jf/ gDj/ /fVg' kg]{ M
dlb/f pTkfbg k|s[of ;dfKt ePkl5 To:tf] dlb/f el/Psf] k|To]s
jf]tndf lgodfjnLsf] lgod !* cg';f/ Jofr gDj/, l;nl;n]jf/
gDj/, pTkfbg ldlt, l8li6n/L÷pBf]usf] gfd, 6]«8dfs{ Pj+ dlb/fsf]
zlQmsf] n]jn nufO{ dfq uf]bfddf e08f/0f ug{ k7fpg' kb{5 .
uf]bfddf k7fpFbf lgodsf] cg';"rL (s adf]lhdsf] 9fFrfdf Jofr
lgoGq0f vftf k|dfl0ft u/L /fVg' kb{5 .
35
%=!=*=$ d"No v'nfpg' kg]{ M
dlb/f pTkfbsn] ljt/s, yf]s tyf v'b|f ljqm]tfnfO{ ljqmL ug]{ d"No
;fj{hlgs ug'{ k5{ / cfk"mn] pTkfbg u/]sf] j:t'df clwstd v'b|f
d"No pNn]v ug'{ kg]{ u/L lgodfjnLsf] lgod @( -!_ df pNn]v
ul/Psf] 5 . d'Nodf c:j:y k|lt:kwf{ gxf]; pkef]Qmf g7lupg elg
dlb/f , jLo/sf] k|To]s jf]tndf clwstd v'b|f d"No pNn]v u/fO{ dfq
k|lti7fgaf6 lgisf;g ug{ lbg'kg]{5 .
%=!=*=% j|f08 kl/jt{g ug{ :jLs[lt lng' kg]{ M
cfk"mn] pTkfbg u/]sf] dlb/fsf] cfsf/ / u'0f:t/ kl/jt{g ug'{ k/]df jf
gofF j|f08 pTkfbg ug'{ k/]df klg ljefusf] k"j{ :jLs[lt lng' kg]{
Joj:yf lgodfjnLsf] lgod @(-@_ df ul/Psf] 5 .
%=!=*=^= lg/LIf0f k'l:tsf /fVg' kg]{ M
dlb/f pTkfbg ug]{ l8li6n/L÷pBf]udf tf]lsP cg';f/sf] lg/LIf0f
k'l:tsf /fVg' kg]{ Joj:yf lgodfjnLsf] lgod @! df ul/Psf] 5 .
cGtMz'Ns clws[t jf lghn] v6fPsf] sd{rf/Ln]] l8li6n/L lg/LIf0f ubf{
ldlt, ;do / dlb/f pTkfbg k|s[of ;DjGwL b]v]sf q'6L ;f] k'l:tsfdf
n]Vg' kb{5 .
%=!=*=& Ohfht j]u/ l8li6n/Ldf k|j]z ug{ gkfpg] -lgod @)_
l8li6n/L leq jf dlb/f /fv]sf] 7fpF j/k/ sfdbf/ jfx]s
j];/f]sf/jfnf c? s'g} klg JolQm cGtMz'Nsjf6 vl6Psf sd{rf/Lsf]
:jLs[lt ljgf k|j]z ug{ gkfpg] Jo:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
%=!=( dlb/f e08f/0f tyf clen]v ug]{ Joa:yfM
dlb/f pTkfbg sfo{ ;dfKt ePkl5 pTkfbg :yn kl/;/ leq
uf]bfdsf] Joj:yf u/L ;'/lIft ;fy e08f/0f u/L /fVg' kg]{
Joj:yf lgodfjnLsf] lgod ## df 5 . To;/L dlb/f e08f/0f
ul/Psf] uf]bfddf nufOg] tfNrfdf ;fFrf] nufO{ ;s]kl5
tfNrfsf] ;f+rf] 3';fpg] Kjfn jGb x'g] u/L l6s6 ns 6fF; u/L
jGb ug'{ kb{5 / Pp6f ;fFrf] Ohfhtkqjfnfsf] k|ltlglw /
csf]{ k|lt ;fFrf] cGtMz'Ns clws[t jf sf/vfgfdf vl6Psf
cGtMz'Nssf sd{rf/Ln] /fVg' kb{5 . o;/L e08f/0f u/L
/flvPsf] dlb/f ;'/lIft ;fy /fVg] lhDd]jf/L sf/vfgf wgLsf]
x'g]5 . plrt ;+/If0f gu]sf] sf/0fn] gf]S;fg ePdf sf/vfgf
wgL :jo+ lhDd]jf/ x'g' kg]{5 .
36
%=!=!) dlb/fsf] sRrf kbfy{ / pTkfbg / laqmL M
-s_ dlb/f pTkfbg ug]{ Ohfhtkq k|fKt u/]sf] JolQmn]
df]nfl;;jf6 r'xfg ePsf] dlb/fsf] kl/df0f, To;sf]
zlQm ;d]t pNn]v u/L lgodfjnLsf] cg';"rL !)
jdf]lhd / dlb/f ljqmL ePsf] / ;f]jf6 k|fKt x'g]
cGtMz'Nssf] kmfF6jf/L cg'';"rL !! jdf]lhdsf] 9fFrfdf
ljj/0f tof/ u/L /fVg' kb{5 . ;fy} dlb/f jgfpg k|of]u
ul/Psf] cGg / kmnk'mnsf] lx;fj /fvL To;sf] k|of]ujf6
s] slt dlb/f pTkfbg eof] ;f] sf] ljj/0f cWofjlws
u/L cGtMz'Ns sd{rf/Ljf6 k|dfl0ft u/fO{ /fVg' kb{5 .
-v_ lrgL jf vfF8;f/L pBf]ujf6 pTkfbg ePsf] ;Vv/ tyf
df]nfl;;sf] b}lgs lx;fj /fVg' kb{5 . To;}u/L ljqmLsf]
klg cWofjlws lx;fj /fVg' kb{5 . ;VVf/ / df]nfl;;sf]
pTkfbg tyf ljqmLsf] b}lgs lx;fj lgodfjnLsf] lgod
@% cg';f/ cg';"rL !@ sf] 9fFrfdf /flv To;sf]
df:s]jf/L ljj/0f sfof{nodf k7fpg' kb{5 .
-u_ dlb/fsf] sRrf kbfy{ df]nf;]; tyf l:k|6sf] nflu
vl/bstf{n] cg';"rL !^ -s_ adf]lhdsf] lgj]bg To:tf]
sRrf kbf{y vl/b ug]{ pBf]u /x]sf] :yfgsf] sfof{nodf
k]z u/L ;f] sfof{noaf6 l:js[t lnO ;DaGwLt pBf]u
k|lti7fgaf6 vl/b ug'{ kb{5 . o;/L vl/b u/]sf] sRrf
kbfy{ cfkmgf] k|lti7fg /x]sf] sfof{nodf k]z u/L
sfof{nosf] k|ltlglwsf] /f]xj/df cfDbfgL afWg' kb{5 .
%=!=!! ca}w dlb/f lgoGq0f ;+aGwL Joj:yf
dlb/fsf] laqmL ljt/0f sfo{nfO{ Jojl:yt u/L ca}w ?Kfdf x'g] u/]sf] dlb/fsf]
ljqmL ljt/0fnfO{ ;'Jojl:yt ug{ lgDg Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
%=!=!!=! ca}w dlb/f lgoGq0fM
ca}w dlb/f eGgfn]M
-s_ P]g÷lgodfjnL tyf dlb/f P]g÷lgodx? adf]lhd lng' kg]{
Ohfhtkq glnO pTkfbg u/LPsf] dlb/fnfO{ ca}w dlb/f elg
a'em\g' k5{ . o;/L ca}w 9+un] pTkfbg ul/Psf] dlb/f cf];f/
k;f/ ug]{, yGSofO /fVg] tyf laqmL lat/0f ug]{ sfd ;d]t
ca}w dlb/fsf] kl/efiff cGtu{t kb{5 .
-v_ dlb/f aGbL af]tndf lgodfg';f/ 6fF; ug'{ kg{] cGtMz'Ns l6s6
6fF; gu/LPsf] dlb/f klg ca}w dlb/f dflgG5 .
37
-u_ ca}w dlb/fsf] pTkfbg, cf];f/ k;f/ tyf laqmL lat/0f,
cGtMz'Ns l6s6 6fF; gul/Psf] dlb/fsf] sf/f]af/ tyf csf{sf]
a|f08sf] gSsn u/L pTkfbg ul/Psf] dlb/f ca}w dlb/f xf] .
%=!=!!=@ ca}w dlb/f lgoGq0f 6f]nL u7gM
b]zsf laleGg efudf ca}w dlb/f pTkfbg, ;+ro tyf clgolGqt
laqmL ljt/0fsf] sf/0fn] ;dfhdf las[lt JofKt ePsf] / ca}w dlb/f
pTkfbg u/L laqmL x'+bf P]g tyf lgoddfjnLsf] Joa:yf cg';f/sf]
Ohfhtkq k|fKt u/L pTkfbg ePsf dlb/fsf] vktnfO{ ;d]t k|lts'n
c;/ kg{ uO{ k|fKt x'g' kg]{ hlt cGtMz'Ns /fh:j /sd k|fKt x'b}g .
Psflt/ /fh:j ;+sngdf gsf/fTds c;/ kg]{ csf]{lt/ ca}w ?kdf
pTkfbg ul/Psf] dlb/f ;]agjf6 ;a{;fwf/0f pkef]Qmfsf] :jf:Yodf
klg k|lts"n c;/ kg]{ ePsfn] ca}w dlb/fsf] sf/f]af/nfO{ lgoGq0f
u/L lgodg ug{sf] nflu ca}w dlb/f lgoGq0f ;ldlt u7g ul/Psf]
5.
%=!=!!=# ljefu:t/Lo ;dGjo ;ldlt
-s_ ljefuLo :t/df b]xfo jdf]lhdsf] cj}w dlb/f lgoGq0f ;dGjo
;ldlt /xg] 5 M
-s_ pkdxflgb]{zs cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu ;+of]hs
-v_ clws[t k|ltlglw, /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefu
;b:o
-u_ clws[t k|ltlglw, u[x dGqfno
;b:o
-3_ clws[t k|ltlglw, :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno,
u/kflnsf dxfzfvf
;b:o
-8_ clws[t k|ltlglw, afl0fHo ljefu
;b:o
-r_ clws[t k|ltlglw, sDkgL /lhi6«f/sf]
sfof{no
;b:o
-5_ clws[t k|ltlglw, k|x/L k|wfg sfof{no
;b:o
-h_ clws[t k|ltlglw, ;z:q
k|x/L an d'Vofno
;b:o
-em_ k|ltlglw, g]kfn r]Da/ ckm sdz{
;b:o
-`_ cWoIf, g]kfn k]o kbfy{ laqmL lat/0f
Joa;foL dxf;+3
;b:o
-6_ cWoIf, g]kfn v'b|f Jofkf/ ;+3
;b:o
-7_ cWoIf, g]kfn ls/fgf Joj;fo ;+3
;b:o
-8_ cWoIf, g]kfn dlb/f pTkfbs ;+3
;b:o
38
-9_
cWoIf, g]kfn k]o kbfy{ tyf r"/f]6
pTkfbs ;+3
-0f_ lgb]{zs, cg';Gwfg zfvf, cf=/f=lj=
-t_ lgb]{zs, cGtMz'Ns zfvf, cf=/f=lj=
;b:o
;b:o
;b:o ;lrj
-v_ cj}w dlb/f lgoGq0f Joj:yfnfO{ k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog
ug{sf] nflu lhNnf :t/df b]xfo jdf]lhdsf] cj}w dlb/f
lgoGq0f ;ldlt /xg] 5 .
-s_ k|d'v, cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no÷
sf]if tyf n]vf lgoGqs sfof{no
;+of]hs
-v_ clws[t k|ltlglw, lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no
;b:o
-u_= clws[t k|ltlglw, ;z:q k|x/L sfof{no
;b:o
-3_ clws[t k|ltlglw , g]kfn k|x/L sfof{no
;b:o
-ª_ cWoIf, pBf]u afl0fHo ;+3
;b:o
-r_ cWoIf, dlb/f Joa;fo;Fu ;DalGwt
a:t'ut ;+3
;b:o
-5_ k|ltlglw, ;DalGwt gu/kflnsf
;b:o
-h_ ;DalGwt sfof{nosf] cGtMz'Ns clws[t ;b:o ;lrj
%=!=!!=$
-u_ P]g, lgodfjnL, dlb/f P]g, @)#! tyf dlb/f lgodfjnL,
@)## / ;f] cGtu{tsf lgb]{lzsfsf] clwgdf /xL ;ldltn]
dlb/f laqmL ljt/0f lgoGq0f ug]{ ;DaGwdf cfjZos sfo{
ug]{5 .
-3_ ;ldltn] cfk\mgf] sfo{ljlw cfkm}+ agfO{ nfu" ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-ª_ ;ldltn] pk ;ldlt tyf cj}w dlb/f tyf lgoGq0f 6f]nL
u7g u/L sfo{ ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-r_ cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no gePsf] 7fpFdf cGtMz'Ns k|zf;g
x]g]{ u/L tf]lsPsf sf]if tyf n]vf lgoGqs sfof{nosf k|d'v
;+of]hs /xg] 5g\ . ;f] ;ldltn]] cj}w dlb/f lgoGq0f
;DaGwL sfo{ ug]{5 .
lgoGq0f / sf/jfxL ;DaGwL Joj:yf
-s_ o; kl/R5]b adf]lhd sfo{ gug]{ JolQmnfO{ b]xfosf] sf/jfxL
x'g]5 M
-!_ P]g, lgod pNn+3g ePsf] cj:yfdf Ohfhtkq :jtM
/2 x'g]5 .
39
-@_ dlb/f P]g,@)#! bkmf !# adf]lhd ;f] sfo{;Fu
;DjlGwt dlb/f hkmt x'g]5 .
-#_ cGtMz'Ns P]gsf] bkmf !^ sf] pkbkmf -%_ sf] v08 `_ adf]lhd k6s} lkR5] ?=!),))).– -bz xhf/
?k}+of_ hl/jfgf x'g]5 .
%=!=!!=% ;ldltsf] sfd st{JoM
-s_ cj}w dlb/f pTkfbg :yndf u} 5fkf df/L cj}w dlb/f, dlb/f
jgfpg k|of]u ePsf oGq, d]zLg, ef+8f s+'8f nufotsf ;Dk"0f{
j:t'x? sAhfdf lng] . ;f] sfo{ ug]{ ;+nUg AolQmx?nfO{
kqmg] .
-v_ cj}w dlb/f cf];f/ k;f/ ug]{ tyf ljs|L ljt/0f ug]{ jf ljs|L
ljt/0fsf] nflu yGsfO /fv]sf] :yfgdf cj}B dlb/f lgoGq0f
6f]nL v6fO 5fkf df/L cj}w dlb/f / ;f] dlb/f /flvPsf]
ef8fs'8f tyf cf];f/ k;f/ ug{ k|of]u ul/Psf] ;jf/L ;fwg
sAhfdf lng nufpg] / ;f] ;+nUg AolQmnfO{ ks|fp ug]{ .
-u_ dfly pNn]lvt sAhfdf lnPsf] a:t', ;jf/L ;fwg tyf
ks|fpdf k/]sf JolQmnfO{ k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd sf/jfxL
rnfpg ;DalGwt sfo{nodf j'emfpg] .
-3_ cj}w dlb/fsf] sf/f]jf/ lgoGq0f ug{ pTkfbg ug]{ k|lti7fg tyf
jhf/ cg'udg sfo{nfO{ ;lqmotfsf ;fy ;+rfng ug]{ .
-ª_ cg'udg sfo{af6 b]lvPsf clgoldttfsf] ;DaGwdf k|rlnt
P]g, lgodfg';f/ oyflz3| sf/jfxL 6'Ëofpg] .
-r_ pk/f]Qm sfo{sf nflu cfjZos k/]df g]kfn k|x/Lsf] yk d4t
k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] 5 .
-5_ cj}B dlb/f lgoGq0f ug]{ ;Gbe{df ;ldltsf] a}7sdf pkl:yt
lgsfox?;+u ;xof]ufTds tyf ;dGjofTds ?kdf ;zQm /
k|efjsf/L jhf/ cg'udg ug]{ .
-h_ cj}w dlb/f lgoGq0fsf nflu dlb/fsf] sf/f]jf/ ug]{ l8li6«Jo"6/
/ l8n/sf] klxrfg u/L lghx?sf] kl/;/df / ;"/fsL÷;"rgfsf]
cfwf/df dlb/f e08f/0f ePsf] uf]bfddf lg/LIf0f ug]{, dlb/f
v/Lb u/]sf] jLn jLhs ;d]tsf k|df0f ;lxt dlb/fsf] gd"gf
lnO{ k/LIf0fsf] Joj:yf ug]{ / cfjZos sfg"gL sf/jfxL ug]{ .
%=!=!!=^ cj}w dlb/f lgoGq0fsf] sfdsf] ;Gbe{df kfpg] ;'ljwfx?M
-s_ cj}w dlb/f lgoGq0f ug]{ sfo{sf] nflu jhf/ cg'udgdf vl6g]
sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ cj}w dlb/f lgoGq0fsf] jh]6sf] kl/wL leq /xL
b}lgs vfhf vr{ jfkt ?=!%).– lbg] .
40
-v_ Ps dlxgfdf jl9df @ j6f ;Dd cj}w dlb/f lgoGq0f
;ldltsf] j}7s j;]sf] cj:yfdf j}7ssf] j}7s eQf vr{ n]Vg
;lsg] .
-u_ k|To]s a}7sn] u/]sf] lg0f{osf] hfgsf/L / vr{sf] ljj/0f
ljefudf k7fpg] .
laefun] u/]sf] yk lgodg Joj:yf
!= v'bf] l:k|6 lgsf;L lbbf cjnDag ug'{ kg]{ k|lqmof
-s_ cGtMz'Ns nfUg] kbfy{ vl/b ug]{ Ohfhtkq k|fKt
pBf]u, l8li6n/L jf JolQmn] ;f] vl/b ubf{ nfUg]
/fh:j /sd bflvnf u/]sf] ;Ssn} ef}r/ ;+nUg
/flv v'bf] l:k|6sf] lgsf;L dfu lgj]bgsf] $ k|lt
e/L ;f]em} vl/b :yfgsf] pBf]u , l8li6Ln/Ldf
/x]sf] cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{nosf] OsfO{
sfof{nodf lgj]bg lbg' kb{5 .
-v_ l:k|6 ,df]nf;]; vl/b stf{n] cGtMz'Ns Ohfht
lnO gljs/0f u/]sf] x]g'{ kb{5 .
-u_ lgsf;L lbg] sd{rf/Ln]] laqm]tf pBf]u , l8li6n/L
jf JolQmsf] s/ af+ls eP gePsf] / nfUg] /fh:j
/sd bflvnf u/]sf] l7s eP gePsf] olsg u/L
s/ aSof}tf ePdf lgsf;L lbg' x'b}g .
t/ s/bftfn] ls:tfjGbLdf cGtMz'Ns jf cGo s/ ltg]{
;'lawf lnPsf] / ;f] cg';f/ s/,z'Ns ltg]{ ls:tfsf]
Dofb af+ls /x]sf] cj:yfdf eg] s/ af+ls eP klg
lgsf;L lbg ;Sg] 5 .
-3_ cGtMz'Ns clws[tn] lgsf;Lsf] dfu kmf/d hf+r
u/L sfof{nosf] tkm{af6 eg]{ lja/0f ;a} e/L
lgsf;Lsf] nflu :jLs[lt lbg' kb{5 .
-8=_ k]z ePsf] $ k|lt lja/0f kmf/dnfO{ lgDg cg';f/
k|of]u ug'{ kb{5 .
-!_ k|yd k|lt ;DalGwt vl/b stf{sf] pBf]u,
l8li6n/L Joj;fo btf{ ePsf] sfof{nodf
/]s8{ hlgg] u/L dfn ;fdfg ;fy k7fpg'
kg]{ . ;fdfg / dfu kmf/d bflvnf ug]{
sfof{non] k|fKt dfu kmf/d ;+u ;fdfg ?h'
u/L cfDbfgL af+Wg] tyf s'g} s}lkmot ePdf
t'?Gt ;DalGwt sfof{nonfO{ hfgfsf/L
u/fpg' kg]{ .
41
-@_ bf]>f] k|lt ;DalGwt laqm]tf pBf]u,
l8li6n/L;+u ;DalGwt sfof{nodf /fh:j
cz'nL hgfpg ;Ssn a}s bflvnf ef}r/
dfu kmf/dsf] k|lt ;+nUg /flv k7fpg' kg]{ .
;f] sfof{non] k|fKt laa/0f / ef}r/ l7s
eP gePsf] hfrL clen]vdf /fVg'kg]{
-#_ t]>f] k|lt lgsf;L lbg] OsfO{ sfof{no -pBf]u,
l8li6n/L ePsf] 7fpdf_ /]s8{ l7s b'?:t
?kdf /fVg k|of]udf Nofpg] .
-$_ rf}yf] k|lt ;+alGwt laqm]tf pBf]unfO{ lbg] .
pBf]un]] laqmLsf] clen]vdf ;f] Joxf]/f hgfO
/fVg'kg]{ .
-%_ ;KnfO c8{/ k|fKt eO{ ;f]em} c:ktfnnfO
laqmL ul/g] jfx]s cGo cf}iflw k;ndf laqmL
ug{sf] nflu !)) Pd Pn eGbf al9
kl/df0fsf] /]S6L kmfO8 l:k|6 / ;fOn]G; l:k|6
KoflsË u/L pTkfbg tyf laqmL ug{ kfOg]
5}g . cf}iflw pBf]unfO /]S6LkmfO8 l:k|6
laqmL ubf{ ;f] Aoxf]/f dfu kmf/ddf g} v'nfO{
l:k|6sf] lgsf;L lbg' kb{5 .
-^_ l:k|6sf] pTkfbg vl/b laqmL ug]{ pBf]]u kmd{
tyf Joj;foLn] cg';"lr !$ / -cg';l"r !$s_ adf]lhdsf] tyf df]nf;]; vl/b laqmL ug]{
pBf]]u kmd{ tyf Joj;foLn] cg';"rL !$-v_
adf]lhdsf] vftf ;d]t k|of]udf Nofpg'
kb{5 .
-&_ l:k|6 tyf df]nf;]; laqmL ug]{ pBf]]u kmd{
tyf Joj;foL / lghaaf6 To:tf] j:t'
vl/b ug]{ pBf]]u kmd{ tyf Joj;foLn]
cg';"rL @* adf]lhdsf] dfl;s tyf jflif{s
k|ltj]bg
;+aGwLt cfGtl/s /fh:j
sfof{nodf k]z ug'{kb{5 .
-*_ dfu adf]lhd lgsf;L lbg gldNg] ePdf
lgsf;L dfusf] lgj]bg kmf/ddf ;f] Joxf]/f
v'nfO b/lk7 ul/ lbg'kb{5 .
42
@= df]nfl;; lgof{t ;DaGwL Joj:yf
!= pBf]u k|lti7fgn] lbPsf] :6s ljj/0f / :6sdf
ePsf] df]nfl;; l7s eP gePsf] cGtMz'Ns
clws[tn] :ynut lg/LIf0f u/L le8fg ug]{ .
@= lrgL pBf]ux?af6 d+l;/ b]lv r}q ;Ddsf] s'n
pTkflbt df]nfl;;sf] krf; k|ltzt ;+lrt u/L
afsL krf; k|ltzt ;Dd lgsf;L ug{ lbg] .
#= df}Hbft df]nfl;;sf] u0fgf ubf{ ljleGg pBf]uaf6
dfu e} cfPsf] df]nfl;;sf] kl/df0f 36fO{ afsL
/x]sf] kl/df0fnfO{ cfwf/ dfGg] .
$= lgsf;L ubf{ Exporter / Importer larsf]
;Demf}tf k]z u/] kl5 dfq lgsf;L :jLs[lt lbg] .
%= lgsf;L :jLs[lt lbbf o;eGbf cufl8sf] lgsf;L
u/]sf] k|dfl0ft x'g] sfuhft x]g]{ .
^= ef/t lgsf;L ubf{ Importer n] ef/tLo
cGtMz'Nssf] :jLs[lt lnPsf] k|df0f lgsf;Lstf{af6
k]z u/fpg] .
&= s'g eG;f/ laGb"af6 lgsf;L ug]{ xf] ;f] lga]bgdf
v'nfpg] .
*= lgsf;L x'g] df]nf;];sf] 6\of+s/df sfof{nosf]
sd{rf/Lsf] /f]xj/df 6\of+s/df Load ug]{, aGb ug]{
/ l;n5fk u/L eG;f/ ljGb';Dd k'CofO{ ;DalGwt
sd{rf/Lsf] ;f] ;DaGwL k|ltj]bg ;d]t lng] Joj:yf
ldnfpg] . ;f] sf] hfgsf/L eG;f/ sfof{nodf ;d]t
u/fpg] .
(= lgsf;L Ohfht lbg' k"j{ pBf]un] ltg'{ kg]{
cGtMz'Ns, d"Noclej[l4 s/ tyf cfos/ r'Qmf
u/]sf] clen]v jf k|df0f x]g]{ .
!)= df]nfl;; cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t' ePsf]n]
lgodfjnLsf] lgod # cg';f/ df]nfl;; pTkfbg
ug]{ lrgL pBf]un] ;d]t cGtMz'Ns Ohfht lng'
kg]{ x'bf df]nfl;; lgsf;Lsf] Ohfht lnP glnPsf]
x]g]{ .
!!= df]nfl;;sf] :yfgLo ljs|L ug{ :jLs[lt lbbf v/Lb
stf{n] cGtMz'Ns Ohfht lnP÷glnPsf] / To;sf]
43
k|of]u ;d]t x]/L b'?kof]u x'g gkfpg] tkm{ ;hutf
ckgfpg] .
#= dlb/f k'gM k|zf]wg ug]{ ;+aGwdf
dlb/f pTkfbg u/L laqmL lat/0f ul/Psf] jf ljs|L ge}
uf]bfddf /x]sf k'/fgf] tof/L dlb/fx?nfO{ k'gM k|zf]wg
u/L dlb/f pTkfbg ug{] ;Gbe{df laefusf] k"j{ :jLs[lt
lnO{ b]xfo cg';f/ ug'{ kg]{5 .
!= lgisfzg u/]sf] a:t' k'gM pTkfbg ;DaGwdfM
-s_ k'g pTkfbg ug{ rfxg] k|lti7fgn] k'g pTkfbg
ug{'kgf{sf] sf/0f, k'g pTkfbg u/L pkef]u ug{
;lsg] hf+r k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg, ;fdfgsf]
kl/df0f, zlQm, ;fOh vf]nL ;DalGwt
sfof{nodf lgj]bg lbg'kg]{5 .
-v_ sfof{no k|d'vn] k'gM pTkfbg ug]{ ldlt,
kl/df0f vf]nL cg'dlt lbg] / ;f] sf] hfgsf/L
ljefunfO{
lbg] .
-u_ cGtMz'Nssf] xsdf gof+ b/jGbL cg';f/sf]
lx;fjn] km/s -a9L_ cGtMz'Ns /sd dfq
c;"n ug]{, klxn] lt/]sf] cGtMz'Ns eGbf sd
c;"n ePdf jf 36L pTkfbg ePdf pTkfbsn]
bfjL ug{ gkfpg] .
-3_ c? a:t' lgisfzg jf laqmL ubf{ ;/x d"No
clea[l4 s/ lahs hf/L ug'{ kg]{ eP hf/L
ug]{ .
-ª_ v08 -3_ sf] cj:yfdf d"No clea[l4 s/
lgodfjnLsf] lgod @) adf]lhd 8]lj6÷qm]l86
gf]6 hf/L ug]{ / clen]v /fVg] .
-r_ c?sf] xsdf n]vf dfg cg';f/ ug]{ .
@= laqmL gePsf] ;fdfgsf] xsdfM
-s_ k'gM pTkfbg ug{ rfxg] k|lti7fgn] k'g pTkfbg
ug{'kgf{sf] sf/0f, k'g pTkfbg u/L pkef]u ug{
;lsg] hf+r k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg, ;fdfgsf]
44
kl/df0f, zlQm, ;fOh vf]nL ;DalGwt
sfof{nodf lgj]bg lbg'kg]{5 .
-v_ sfof{no k|d'vn] k'gM pTkfbg ug]{ ldlt, kl/df0f
vf]nL cg'dlt lbg] / ;f] sf] hfgsf/L
laefunfO{ lbg] .
-u_ lgodfg';f/ nfUg] cGtMz'Ns lnO{ ;dfg
lgisfzg ug{ lbg] .
-3_ c? a:t' lgisfzg jf laqmL ubf{ ;/x d"No
clea[l4 s/ ljhs hf/L ug'{ kg]{ eP hf/L
ug]{ .
gf]6M k'gM pTkfbg ug{ vf]lhPsf] a:t' dlb/fsf]
xsdf ;f]xL zlQmdf g36\g] u/L / r'/f]6sf] xsdf
;f]xL b/jGbLdf g36\g] u/L dfq k'gM pTkfbg ug{
kfOg]5 . pTkflbt zlQmaf6 csf]{ zlQmdf nfg'
kg]{ ePdf jf ?k zlQm km/s kg]{ ePdf
ljefusf]
k"j{
:jLs[lt
lng'
kb{5 .
$= df]nf;];sf] cg'udg ug]{
kf]N6«L kmd{x?n] ;DalGwt sfof{nosf] l;kmfl/zdf laleGg
lrgL sf/vfgfx?af6 vl/b u/]sf] df]nfl;; s'v'/fsf]
bfgfdf k|of]u x'g] u/]sf] 5 . o:tf df]nfl;; s'v'/fsf]
bfgfdf s] slt cg'kftdf k|of]u x'G5 ;f] cgkftsf]
pTkfbg , ljs|L u/L cfo ljj/0f k]z eP gePsf] x]/L
glhssf] 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u sfof{noaf6 laa/0f lnO{
le8fO{ tf]lsPsf] cg'kft eGbf a9L df]nfl;; vl/b u/]sf]
cg'udgaf6 kfOPdf To:tf kf]N6«L kmd{x?af6 a9L k|of]u
ePsf] df]nf;];af6 pTkfbg x'g] kl/df0fsf] l:k|6sf] x'g
cfpg] cGtMz'Ns c;'n ug]{ .
%=@
ljo/ ;+aGwL Joj:yf
ljo/ klg dlb/fsf] kl/efiff leq kb{5 . ljo/ kmd]{06]zgsf] k|s[ofjf6 pTkfbg ul/g] z'Go
b;dna % k|ltzt b]lv cf7 k|ltzt ;Dd cNsf]xnsf] dfqf ePsf] k]o kbfy{ xf] . ljo/
pTkfbg ubf{ ds}sf] u|L6, rfdnsf] slgsf / lrgLnfO{ ;d]t sRrf kbfy{sf] ?kdf k|of]u
ul/G5 . hf} -Malt_, xK; -Hops_, kfgL / drf{ -Yeast_ sf] ;lDd>0fnfO{ hLj /;fogLs
k|s[ofjf6 s'xfO{ 5fgL To;kl5 lyu|fpg] k|s[ofjf6 ljo/ pTkfbg x'G5 . Un'sf]h jf cGo
/;fogsf] ;fy} sfj{g8fO{cS;fO{8sf] k|of]u klg o;df ul/Psf] x'G5 . j6{df ePsf]
lrgLnfO{ drf{ -Oi6 _ n] cNsf]xn / sfj{g8fO{cS;fO{8df kl/0ft ug{ kmd]{06]zgsf] sfo{
45
ub{5 . o;sf] k|s[of k'/f ug{ & b]lv @@ lbg ;Dd nfUb5 . slt lbg nfUg] eGg] s'/f
ljo/sf] k|sf/df e/ kb{5 . ljo/df n]jn nufpg' / KoflsË ug'{ cuf8L ^) l8u|L
tfkqmddf %) ldg]6 ;Dd xflgsf/s hLjf0f' gf; ug{ kf:r/fO{h\8 ul/G5
%=@=! ˆnf]ld6/ -Flowmetre_ ;DaGwL Joj:yf M
lao/ pTkfbg ug]{ cg'dlt k|fKt u/]sf JolQm jf k|lti7fgn] ˆnf]ld6/ k|of]u u/L
pTkfbg ug'{kg]{5 . of] oGq k|of]u ug{sf lglDt ljefun] cfˆgf]
/]vb]v÷lgoGq0fdf /xg] u/L tf]lsPsf] dfkb08 cg'?k sf/vfgfn] v/Lb u/]sf]
d]lzg k|of]u ug{ lbg ;Sg]5 . ljefun] pBf]usf nflu tf]lsPsf] dfkb08
cg';f/ jf ljefun] lbPsf] lgb]{zg cg';f/ ˆnf] ld6/ k|of]u u/L lao/
af]tnaGbL ug{' k"j{ lao/sf] gfd, k|sf/, a|f08 / af]tnaGbL ul/g] af]tn jf
Sofgsf] cfsf/ pNn]v u/L b]xfo adf]lhdsf] ljj/0f k]z ug'{kg]{5 .
! Brew House sf] Ifdtf
@ Fermentation Tank sf] ;+Vof / Ifdtf
# BBT (Bright Beer Tank) sf] ;+Vof / Ifdtf
$ Filler d]lzgsf] ;+Vof / Ifdtf
% BBT af6 Filler ;Dd hfg] kfOksf] ;+Vof / cfsf/
^ ljo/ eg]{ af]tn jf Sofg jf s]usf] cfsf/
& lao/ pTkfbg k|lqmofsf] Flow Chart
* ljB'tLo k|0ffnL (Electricity System)( cfjZos ePsf] cGo laa/0f
%=@=!=! lao/sf] k|jfx gfKg k|of]u ul/g] oGq -ˆnf]ld6/_ h8fg ug{sf nflu
lgDg zt{x? k"/f x'g' kb{5M—
-s_ ljo/ pBf]udf cGtMz'Ns sd{rf/L vl6Psf] x'g'kg]{5 .
-v_ lao/sf] k|jfx dfkg ug]{ d]lzg jf ˆnf]ld6/ lkmn/eGbf 7Ls
cufl8 :yL/ ?kdf jf ;fg{ gldNg] u/L /flvPsf] x'g'kg]{5 .
-u_ ˆnf]ld6/df cGo j:t' k|jfx ug{ jf dfkg ug{ gkfOg] jf
cg'dlt ljgf s'g}klg lao/ afx]ssf j:t' dfkg ug{ kfOg]5}g .
t/,
ubf{ 5'§} /fv]/ cGo t/n kbfy{ k|jfx ug{ ;lsg]5 .
%=@=!=@ h8fg x'g] ˆnf]ld6/sf] u'0f:t/ / ;f]sf] k|of]u ug]{ k|lqmofM
pBf]udf h8fg ul/g] ˆnf]ld6/sf] u'0f:t/ b]xfo adf]lhd x'g'kg]{5M—
-s_ k|jfx eP/ hfg] lao/sf] kl/df0f dfkg l7s 9+un] ug]{ x'g'k5{ .
46
-v_ ˆnf]ld6/sf] dfkb08 vfB pBf]u, cf}ifwL pBf]u df k|of]u x'g]
lsl;dsf] Pj+ g]kfn u'0f:t/ tyf gfktf}n ljefun] tf]s]sf]
u'0f:t/ adf]lhdsf] x'g'kg]{5 .
-u_ ljo/ / cGo t/n kbfy{sf] k|jfxnfO{ 5'§fpg] Ifdtf ePsf]
kfOkdf h8fg ePsf] x'g'kg]{5 .
-3_ ljB't cj?4 ePsf] ;dodf sDtLdf Ps 306f sfd ug{ ;Sg]
Ifdtfsf} UPS sf] h8fg ePsf] x'g'kg]{5 .
-ª_ u'0f:t/o'Qm sDKo"6/ / ;f]sf] ˆnf]ld6/;Fu tYof+s cfbfg k|bfg
ug]{ / b]lvg] k|0ffnLo'Qm ;ˆ6j]o/ ;dflji6 x'g'kg]{5 . of] cfw'lgs
/ jt{dfg k|ljlw d}qL x'g' kg]{5 .
-r_ ljefu4f/f h8fg ug'{ egL cfb]z ePsf pTkfbg lgodg /
cGtMz'Ns lgwf{/0fsf nflu pko'Qm x'g ;Sg] cGo oGqx? ;d]t
h8fg ul/Psf] x'g'kg]{5 .
%=@=!=# h8fg ul/g] ljGb' / pks/0fsf] ;+Vof x/]s nfOgdf lgDgfg';f/
x'g'kg]{5M—
-s_ klxnf] ljGb'M lkmn/ eGbf 7Ls cuf8Lsf] efudf ljo/ k|jfx x'g]
kfOkdf ˆnf]ld6/ h8fg ePsf] ljGb'nfO{ hgfpF5 .
-v_ bf];|f] ljGb'M lkmn/af6 af]tn÷Sofgdf ljo/ e/]kl5 ljo/sf]
af]tn÷Sofg ;+Vof u0fgf ug{ af]tn sfpG6/ h8fg ePsf]
ljGb'nfO{ hgfpF5 .
-u_ t];|f] ljGb'M af]tnaGbL ePsf] sf6'{g slt kl/df0fdf kf; e} uPsf]
5 egL sf6'{g u0fgf ug]{ sf6'{g sfpG6/ h8fg ePsf] ljGb'nfO{
hgfpF5 . ;a} ljGb'x?df ljefu jf sfof{no jf OsfO{
sfof{noaf6 ;fFrf] nufpg] jf l;n ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOPsf]
x'g'kg]{5 . t/ t];|f] ljGb'sf] xsdf k|lti7fgn] k|fljlws ?kdf
;Dej 5 eGg] nflu h8fg ug{ cg'dlt dfu]df ljefun] cg'dlt
lbg ;Sg]5 .
%=@=!=$ ˆnf]ld6/af6 lao/ k|jfx ubf{ ckgfpg'kg]{ sfo{ljlw b]xfo adf]lhd
x'g]5M—
-s_ lao/ pTkfbg ug{ cg'dlt kfPsf k|lti7fgn] cGtMz'Ns sd{rf/Lsf]
/f]xj/df h8fg ePsf oGqx? aGb ug'{kg]{ / b'j} kIfsf] /f]xj/df
vf]Ng] Joj:yf ldnfpg'kg]{5 . of] k|lqmof lg/Gt/ ?kdf ckgfO{
/xg'kg]{5 . o:tf] sfo{ Ohfhtkqjfnf / cGtMz'Ns sd{rf/L
b'[j}nfO{ ;'ljwf k'Ug] u/L ug'{kg]{5 .
47
-v_ ˆnf]ld6/ h8fg u/L;s]kl5 u'0f:t/ tyf gfktf}n ljefun]
ljefusf] /f]xj/df k|lti7fgdf h8fg ePsf] ˆnf]ld6/ 7Ls
5÷5}g egL Soflna|]zg (Calibration) ug]{5 .
-u_ pQm adf]lhd Soflna|]zg u/L;s]kl5 dfq pTkfbg ug{ kfOg]5 .
%=@=!=% Soflna|]zg (Calibration) ug]{ k|lqmof / ˆnf] ld6/ h8fg ;DaGwL
Joa:yfMM—
Soflna|]zg k|lqmofM
-s_ ˆnf]ld6/ tyf cGo sfpG6/ Pj+ oGqsf] Soflna]|zg lgDg
adf]lhd u7g ePsf] ;ldltn] ug]{5M—
-!_
ljefusf] cGtMz'Ns x]g]{ lgb]{zs
-@_
g]kfn u'0f:t/ tyf gfktf}n ljefusf –;b:o
k|fljlws clws[t k|ltlglw
-#_
ljefusf] clws[t -k|fljlws_ k|ltlglw
–;b:o
-$_
;DalGwt sfof{nosf clws[t k|ltlglw
–;b:o
-%_
;DalGwt k|lti7fgsf wgL jf lghn] –;b:o
tf]s]sf] clwsf/k|fKt k|ltlglw
–;+of]hs
-v_ Soflna|]zg ljlw tyf k|lqmof o; ;ldltaf6 tf]s] adf]lhd
x'g]5 .
-u_ ;DalGwt k|lti7fgn] ˆnf]ld6/ h8fg u/L pTkfbg ug'{k"j{ o;
;ldltåf/f Soflna|]zg u/fpg' kg]{5 .
-3_ o; ;ldltn] Soflna]|zg ;DkGg ePsf] k|ltj]bg ;ft lbg leq
ljefudf k]z ug'{kg]{5 .
-ª_ Soflna|]zg sfo{ sDtLdf jif{sf] Ps k6s ug'{kg]{5 .
t/ ljefun] cfjZos 7fg]df jf ;DalGwt k|lti7fgn] cg'/f]w
u/]df Soflna|]zgsf] sfo{ tf]lsP eGbf a9L k6s klg x'g
;Sg]5 .
-r_ o; ;ldltsf ;b:ox?sf] bfloTj Soflna|]zg ug]{ / ;f]sf]
kl/0ffd b'?:t x'g] k|Tofe"lt ug'{ x'g]5 .
48
%=@=!=^ ˆnf]ld6/ h8fg u/L;s]kl5 Ohfhtkqjfnfn] lgDg sfo{x? ug'{kg]{5M—
-s_ sf/vfgfdf /x]sf ˆnf]ld6/ / ;f];Fu ;DalGwt d]lzg/L
;fdfgx?sf] ef}lts ljj/0f sfof{nodf k]z ug'{kg]{5 . ;f]sf] Ps
k|lt clen]vsf] ?kdf pBf]udf cWofjlws u/L /fVg'kg]{5 .
-v_ lao/ pTkfbgdf k|of]u x'g] d]lzg/L ;fdfg, ltgsf] pTkfbg
Ifdtf, d]lzgsf] df]8n g+=, pTkfbg z'? ePsf] lbg, dlxgf, jif{
-ldlt_ / Soflna|]zg ;ldltn] Snflna|]zg u/]s]f ldlt ;d]t
pNn]v u/L clen]v /fVg'kg]{5 . o;sf] ljj/0f ;a}n] b]Vg]u/L
6fF; ;d]t u/L /fVg'kg]{5 .
-u_ pTkfbg ePsf] kl/df0f, lgsf;L ul/Psf] kl/df0f, uf]bfddf
df}Hbft /x]sf] ljj/0f / cGo v'nfpg'kg]{ s'/fx? ePdf ;f] ;d]t
sf/vfgf wgLn] k|dfl0ft u/L cWofjlws clen]v /fVg'kg]{5 .
;f]sf] ljj/0f cGtMz'Ns sd{rf/L jf cGtMz'Ns clws[tn] vf]h]sf
avt pknAw u/fpg'kg]{5 . k|dfl0ft k|ltsf] k|ltj]bg tf]lsPsf]
Dofbleq} ;DalGwt sfof{nodf ;d]t k7fpg'kg]{5 .
-3_ sf/vfgfdf vl6Psf cGtMz'Ns sd{rf/Ln]] sf/vfgfsf] lgDg :yfg
/ pks/0fdf ;fFrf] nufO{ l;n5fk nufpg' kg]{5M—
-!_ pTkfbg:yn leq hfg] / aflx/ cfpg] k|j]zåf/df,
-@_ ˆnf]ld6/ / ;f] oGqn] l8:Kn] (Display) ug]{ :yfg jf cGo
cg'dlt k|fKt s'g} h8fg ePsf] oGqdf .
-ª_ Ohfhtkqjfnfn] ˆnf]ld6/ jf ;f] ;Fu ;DalGwt pks/0fdf
:jrflnt ?kdf aGb x'g] / vf]Ng] k|0ffnL h8fg ug{ rfx]df
;DalGwt sfof{noaf6 cg'dlt lng'kg]{5 .
%=@=!=& ˆnf]ld6/sf] dd{t ;Def/ ;DaGwL Joj:yf
%=@=!=&=! k|fljlws ;ldltsf] u7gM
ˆnf]ld6/ / o;;Fu ;DalGwt cGo pks/0fx? lau|]df jf
ltgLx?n] ;xL dfkg ug{ g;s]sf] eGg] s'/fsf] l;kmfl/z
ug{ b]xfo adf]lhdsf] ;ldlt u7g x'g]5M—
-s_ ;DalGwt sfof{nosf] k|d'v
;+of]hs
-v_ ljefusf] sDKo"6/ clws[t
;b:o
-u_ ljefusf] k|fljlws clws[t
;b:o
—
—
—
49
-3_ u'0f:t/ tyf gfktf}n ljefusf] k|fljlws clws[t —
;b:o
-ª_ ;DalGwt k|lti7fgsf] wgL jf lghsf]
clwsf/k|fKt k|ltlglw
—
;b:o
%=@=!=&=@
%=@=!=&=#=
%=@=!=&=$
%=@=!=&=%
50
lgDg cj:yfdf ˆnf]ld6/ lau|L sfd gug]{ ePsf] / ;f]af6
ePsf] k|jfxdf u8a8 ePsf] 5 eGg] dflgg]5M—
-s_ Display Unit df c+s gb]lvPdf jf b]lvPtfklg
c+s u8a8 eO{ jf lalu|P/ cfPdf,
-v_ ljGb' g+= @ df b]lvPsf] c+sx? ljGb' g+= ! df
b]lvPsf] eGbf a9L ePdf,
-u_ ljGb' g+= # df b]lvPsf c+sx? jf cIf/x? ljGb'
g++= ! jf ljGb' g+= @ sf] eGbf a9L ePdf
-3_ lao/sf] kl/df0f hlt b]vfpg'kg]{ xf] jf x'g'kg]{ xf]
Tof] eGbf c;fdfGo ?kdf 36L jf a9L ePsf]
b]vfPdf,
ˆnf]ld6/sf] u8j9Ln] ubf{ lao/ pTkfbg k|lqmofdf s'g}
afwf cfPdf Ohfhtkqjfnfn] sf/vfgfdf vl6Psf]
cGtMz'Ns sd{rf/LnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg' kg]{5 .
ˆnf]ld6/df u8a9 e} jf lau|L lglZrt ?kdf lao/sf]
k|jfx gfKg g;Sg] ePdf jf lao/sf] af]tn tyf Sofgsf]
u0fgf ug{ g;lsg] ePdf nfOg jf k|jfx x'g] :yfg cnu
cnu 5'§fP/ cGtMz'Ns clws[tsf]] lgb]{zgdf hfFRg'kg]{5 .
o:tf] gfk hfFr ug]{ sfo{ lao/ uf]bfddf k7fpg' k"j{ g}
;DkGg ePsf] x'g'kg]{5 . To;/L gfk hfFr u/]sf] k|df0f
cg';"rL @@
adf]lhd cWofjlws u/L clen]v
/fVg'kg]{5 .
cGtMz'Ns sd{rf/Ln] %=@=!=&=#= adf]lhdsf] hfgsf/L
sfof{nonfO{ / sfof{non] klg ;f]s]f hfgsf/L laefunfO{
t'?Gt lbg' kg]{5 .
ljefuåf/f lju|]sf] Joxf]/f ;d]tsf] hfgsf/L k|fKt ePdf
k|fljlws ;ldltn] ;ft -&_ lbgleqdf :ynut lg/LIf0f
u/L cfˆgf] /fo l;kmfl/z ;fy ljefu tyf ;DalGwt
sfof{nodf lg/LIf0f k|ltj]bg k]z ug'{kg]{5 . ;ldltn]
lgDg ljifodf cfwf/ ;d]t v'nfO{ /fo lbg'kg]{5M
-s_ ;fdfGo dd{taf6 ;+rfng x'g;Sg] cj:yf
-v_ dd{t ug{ nfdf] ;do nfUg] cj:yf .
%=@=!=&=^ %=@=!=&=% sf] -s_ adf]lhdsf] l;kmfl/z k|fKt ePkl5
ljefu jf ;DalGwt sfof{non] k|lti7fgnfO{ t'?Gt
lju|]sf d]lzg pks/0f dd{t ;Def/ u/L b'?:t ug{
cfb]z lbg'kg]{5 . o:tf] dd{t ;Def/ ug]{ bfloTj
k|lti7fgsf] x'g]5 .
%=@=!=&=& %=@=!=&=% sf] -v_ sf] cj:yf cfO{ ;ldltaf6 dd{t ug{
nfUg] clwstd ;do v'nfO{ /fo k|fKt ePdf ljefu jf
sfof{non] ;f] cjlwleq dd{t ;Def/ u/L lgoldt ug{
cfb]z lbg ;Sg]5 .
:ki6Ls/0fM %=@=!=&=^ / %=@=!=&=& sf] k|of]hgsf] nflu
dd{t cjlwdf pTkfbg sfo{nfO{ lgoldt ug{ jfwf
k'/\ofPsf] dflgg]5}g . ˆnf]ld6/ lau|]sf] cj:yfdf pTkfbg
g/f]lsg] a}slNks Joj:yfsf] nflu ljefun] :jLs[lt lbg
;Sg]5 .
%=@=!=&=* %=@=!=&=& adf]lhdsf] cfb]z cg';f/ pTkfbg ePsf]df
klg cGtMz'Ns sd{rf/L / k|lti7fgn] pTkfbgsf] clen]v
b'?:t u/L lgoldt u/L /fVg'kg]{5 .
%=@=!=* ˆnf]ld6/ hfFr tyf d"Nof+sgM
%=@=!=*=! cGtMz'Ns sd{rf/Lsf] st{JoM— b]xfodf pNn]v eP
adf]lhd ˆnf]ld6/ 7Ls 5 jf 5}g egL x/]s lbg hfFr
ug'{ sf/vfgfdf vl6Psf sd{rf/Lsf] st{Jo x'g]5M—
-s_ af]tnaGbL x'g'k"j{ ˆnf]ld6/sf] hfFr x'g'kg]{—
-v_ ˆnf]ld6/af6 lao/ k|jfx ug'{k"j{ g} pTkfbg ug]{
d]lzg ;kmf 5 5}g hfFRg] .
-u_= lao/ k|jfx x'g] ljGb' -ˆnf]ld6/_ df l;naGbL
tyf tfNrf nufP gnufPsf] ;d]t hfFra'em ug]{
cyjf olt kl/df0f k|jfx e} uof] eGg] b]vfpg]
afs; / cGo dfkg ug]{ ;a} d]lzg ePsf
ljGb'df aGb / l;n eP gePsf] x]g]{ .
-3_
ˆnf]ld6/, af]tn sfpG6/, sDKo"6/, / cGo
g]6jls{Ësf d]lzgx?sf] hfFr ug]{ .
-ª_ sDKo"6/ hfFr ug]{ / To;df ePsf] k"j{jt clGtd
clen]v x]/L le8fg ug]{ .
51
-r_
af]tn sfpG6/sf] / ˆnf]ld6/sf] clGtd c+s
hfFRg], ;f]sf] clen]v /fVg] / To;sf] k'g/fj[lQ ()
ug]{ / cGo hfFRg'kg]{ egL tf]lsPsf ;a} sfo{
ug]{ .
%=@=!=*=@ pTkfbg k|lqmofdf k|of]u ePsf ;a} d]lzg/L ;fdfg,
af]tn / Sofg x/]s lbg 7Ls 5g\÷5}gg\ egL b]xfo
cg';f/ hfFRg]M—
-s_ sDKo"6/, g]6jls{Ësf d]lzg jf cGo s'g} d]lzg eP
;f] klg hfFRg] .
-v_ k|To]s ˆnf]ld6/ / af]tn sfpG6/ /fd|f];Fu ;~rfng
e}/x]sf 5g\ jf 5}gg\ egL hfFRg] .
-u_ k|fljlws ;ldlt jf Soflna|]zg ;ldltnfO{
cfjZos ;xof]u k'/\ofpg] .
-3_ ;ldltn] ;DkGg u/]sf sfo{sf] k|ltj]bg kflIfs
?kdf sfof{nonfO{ lbg'kg]{5 .
%=@=!=*=# cGtMz'Ns sd{rf/Ln] ljGb' g+=! sf] ˆnf]ld6/ hfFr ubf{ /
ljGb' g++= @ sf] sfpG6/ hfFr ubf{ cyjf cGo :yfgx?df
/flvPsf ld6/x? hfFr ubf{ v/faL ePsf] b]lvPdf / tL
ld6/n] lglZrt ?kdf plrt kl/df0f b]vfpg g;s]sf]
kfOPdf lgDgfg';f/ ug'{kg]{5 M
-s_ s'g ld6/, s] slt sf/0fn] slt a]nf, s'g ldltdf
lalu|Psf] xf] eGg] v/faLsf] k"0f{ ljj/0f /fVg'kg]{5 .
;f]sf] hfgsf/L l56f] ;fwg jf cgnfOgåf/f
sfof{nosf k|d'v / ljefudf ;d]t k7fpg'kg]{5 .
-v_ lao/ pTkfbs jf OhfhtkqjfnfnfO{ ;d]t of]
d]lzg lju|]sf] 5 egL hfgsf/L lbg] .
-u_ ;"rgf kf6L (Notice Board) df 6fF; ug'{kg]{M—
æof] d]lzg lau|]sf] 5Æ eGg] hfgsf/L u/fpg] ;"rgf
;a}n] b]Vg] / a'‰g] u/L 6fF; ug]{
%=@=!=* ˆnf]ld6/ hfFr ;DaGwL cGtMz'Ns clws[tsf] st{JoM
%=@=!=*=! ˆnf]ld6/ h8fg u/]kl5 cGtMz'Ns lgwf{/0f k|0ffnL
k|efjsf/L / kl/0ffdd'vL agfpgsf lgldQ ˆnf]ld6/ 7Ls
5 5}g / ;f] d]lzgn] sfd u/]sf] 5÷5}g eGg] hfFr ug]{
bfloTj cGtMz'Ns clws[tsf] x'g]5 .
52
%=@=!=*=@
cGtMz'Ns clws[tn] lgDg st{Jo lgjf{x ug'{kg]{5MM
-s_ k|lti7fgdf vl6Psf] cGtMz'Ns sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{
;Dkfbg, lghn] /fv]sf] clen]v l7s 5 5}g, cfˆgf]
st{Jo / bfloTj lgjf{x u/] gu/]sf] cg'udg, lg/LIf0f
u/L dfl;s ?kdf lgb]{zg lbg],
-v_ dfl;s ?kdf ˆnf]ld6/sf] r]s hfFr ug]{,
-u_ ˆnf]ld6/sf] l8:Kn] c+s, sfpG6/sf] c+s / ;f]sf]
sDKo"6/df b]lvg] c+s le8fg ug]{ . cfjZostf
cg';f/ ;f] sfo{ ug{sf nflu Ps Ps u/]/
(Manually) g} kl/df0f u0fgf u/L hfFr ug'{kg]{5,
-3_ k|lti7fg tyf cGtMz'Ns sd{rf/Ln] /fVg'kg]{ clen]v
/ lbg'kg]{ k|ltj]bg cWofjlws u/] gu/]sf] x]g]{ /
clen]v cWofjlws ug{ nufpg],
-ª_ lgodfjnLåf/f tf]lsPsf cGo sfo{ ug]{,
-r_ r]s hfFr u/]sf] sfo{sf] k|ltj]bg r]s hfFr u/]sf]
;ft ut]leq sfof{nodf lbg]
/ sfof{non]
ljefunfO{ lbg' kg]{5 .
-5_ s'g} sf/0faz k\mnf]ld6/ lalu|O k|of]u x'g g;Sg]
cj:yf ePdf sf/vfgfsf] pTkfbg g/f]lsg] u/L
lgoGq0fsf] a}slNks Joa:yf k|of]udf Nofpg
nufpg]] .
%=@=!=( ;ˆ6j]o/ / g]6jls{ª ;DaGwL Joj:yf
%=@=!=(=! sDKo"6/ ;ˆ6j]o/ ;DaGwL zt{ / Joj:yfM
-s_ Ohfhtkqjfnfnn] ˆnf]ld6/sf ;fydf ;f]sf] 8f6f
;+rfng / k|zf]wg ug]{ ;ˆ6j]o/ ;d]t h8fg
ug'{kg]{5 . ;ˆ6j]o/sf nflu sDKo"6/ sf] clgjfo{
Joj:yf ug'{kg]{5 .
-v_ ˆnf]ld6/df h8fg x'g] ;ˆ6j]o/ Volume Counter/
Bottle Counter af6 k|fKt x'g] clen]vx? x/]s %
-kfFr_ ldg]6df Update ug]{ Ifdtf ePsf] x'g'kg]{5 .
-u_ Psk6s sDKo"6/df k|lji6L e};s]sf] clen]v s'g}
lsl;dn] d]6fpg jf x]/km]/ ug{ gldNg] x'g'kg]{5 . olb
s'g} lsl;dn] jf s'g} sf/0fjz To:tf] ePdf ;f]sf]
:jtM clen]v (Automatic Recording) sDKo"6/df
eO{ /xg' kg]{5 .
53
-3_ :jtM k|fKtL x'g] clen]v sDKo"6/df k|lji6L tyf 8f6f
Jofsck ;'/lIft /xg'kg]{5 . k|lji6L ePsf] clen]v
MIS k|of]hgsf nflu cfjZos k|ltj]bg ;lhn};Fu
tof/ x'g] lsl;dsf] x'g'kg]{5 .
-ª_ o;/L h8fg x'g] ;ˆ6j]o/ sDtLdf klg x'g'kg]{5 .
-r_ Remote Location af6 ;DalGwt sfof{no tyf
ljefun] pQm ;ˆ6j]o/ k|of]u ePsf] sDKo"6/df kx'Fr
(Access) ug{ / connection ug{ ;lsg] x'g'kg]{5 .
%=@=!=(=@ cGtMz'Ns sd{rf/Ln] k|To]s pTkfbg l;ˆ6sf] u0fgf ePsf]
Volume counting / Bottle Counting sf clen]vx?
Ohfhtkqjfnfåf/f k|dfl0ft u/fO{ cg';"rL @@ adf]lhd
clen]v /fVg'kg]{5 . ;f]sf] cg';"rL adf]lhdsf] dfl;s
k|ltj]bg sfof{nodf kl5Nnf] dlxgfsf] ;ft ut]leq
lbg'kg]{5 .
%=@=!=(=# g]6jls{ª ;DaGwL zt{ / Joj:yfM
-s_ Ohfhtkqjfnfn] cfˆgf] k|lti7fgdf /x]sf] sDKo"6/sf]
8f6f ;DalGwt sfof{nodf /x]sf] sDKo"6/df
transfer ug]{, cgnfOg x]g{ ;lsg] u/L cgnfOg
g]6jls{Ë ug'{kg]{5 .
-v_ g]6jls{Ë ug{ cfjZos kg]{ ef}lts k"jf{wf/, k|fljlws
k"jf{wf/ / ltgsf] cfjZostfg';f/ dd{t ;Def/ ug]{
bfloTj klg Ohfhtkqjfnfsf] g} x'g]5 .
-u_ g]6jls{Ë s'g} sf/0fjz sfd gug]{ ePdf jf lau|]/
pTkfbg ePsf] ;dodf sfd gu/]df ;DalGwt
k|lti7fgdf vl6Psf] cGtMz'Ns sd{rf/Ln] cgnfOg
ug'{kg]{ 8f6f ;'/lIft /fvL ;f]sf] Jofsck 8f6f
g]6jls{Ë ;'rf? ePkl5 sfof{nodf 6«fG;km/
ug'{kg]{5 .
Specification of Electromagnetic Flowmeters for beer industries
1.
Scope
This specification describes the principle, construction and main features of
electromagnetic Flowmeters for the measurement of flow rate of a
conductive liquid in a closed conduit running full. This specification is
recommended for beer industries.
54
2.
Construction and operating principle
As per ISO_6817_1992 - Measurement of conductive liquid flow in closed
conduits - method using electromagnetic Flowmeters.
3.
Specification
3.1
General

It should be constructed so as to meet hygienic requirement as
per National/International standards.

It should be suited for batch, filling and injection process.

volumetric measument should be in m3, liters, gallons etc.

All electrical characteristics should be valid at an ambient
0
temperature -100 C to + 50 c, unless otherwise stated.
3.2

type test should be according to OIML R 117.

Protection class should be according to IP67/IP68.
Operational Specifications
o Accuracy
o Reproducibility
1% or rate
0.2% of rate
o Ambient temperature
-100 C to + 50 c
0
o Liquid
3.3

Minimum Fluid Conductivity



Temperature range
Maximum inlet pressure
Flow
5 u S/cm
0
-300 C to + 100 c
10 bar
unidirectional or bidirectional flow
Material/construction

Meter Tube
Stainless Steel

Housing
Stainless Steel/Aluminum/PPO
Noryle

Liner/coating
Appropriate
55

Electrode
Stainless
steel/Hastelloy/PlatinumIridium/Tanatalum/Titanium

Mounting/connections
Clamp/Flanges

Size
DN 25 to 100 according
to capacity
3.4
4.
Secondary device/Electronic Module

Flowmeters should have one or two secondary devices. For
example, separate electronic module and terminal box etc.

Electronic module should be based on microprocessor.

It should be consist of appropriate displays unit.

The output and display will remain as follows when power fails.

System output should be digital pulse output for
electronic/electromechanical counter.

It should be provided with data communication network for central
data collection or control.

It should have batch control function.

It should have more than one volume counter. Each volume
counter may be independently cleared or preset to a specific
value.

It should have different types of memory (volatile and non
volatile) depending on the value of a control variable following a
reset or a power failure, and the states of write protection.

It should have functioned for automatic zero point correction.

It should have function to stop signal from internal preset counter.

Power supply is according to manufacturer rating.
Calibration and verification
verification and calibration should be done according to National regulation.
56
Computer Software df

x'g'kg]{ Go"gtd cfwf/x? M
Flowmeter df k|of]u x'g] ;km\6j]o/n] volume counter / Bottle Counter jf6 k|fKt
x'g] clen]vx? x/]s % ldg]6df update ug'{kg]{ .
 pk/f]Qm adf]lhdsf] clen]v sDKo'6/df Automatically k|lji6 x'g'kg]{ .
 Ps k6s sDKo'6/df k|lji6 e};s]sf] clen]v s'g} lsl;dn] d]6fpg jf x]/km]/ ug{ g;lsg]
x'g'kg]{ . olb s'g} lsl;dn]÷sf/0fjzM To:tf] ePdf ;f] s'/fsf] Automatic clen]v
sDKo"6/ cfkm}n] nu /fVg' kg]{ .
 k|fKt clen]v sDKo'6/df k|lji6 e};s]kl5 MIS k|of]hgsf nflu cfjZos l/kf]6{ ;lhn}
tof/ ug{ ;lsg] lsl;dsf] x'g'kg]{ .
 pQm ;km\6j]o/ slDtdf Windows Compatible x'g'kg]{ .
 Remote Location jf6 olb ;DjlGwt lgsfon] pQm ;km\6j]o/ k|of]u ePsf] sDKo'6/df
Access ug{ rfx]df ;lhn} Connect ug{ ;lsg] x'g'kg]{ .
%=@=@ ljo/sf] jf]tn jf Sofg jGbL k|s[of M
%=@=@=! tof/ ePsf] ljo/nfO{ /fd|/L ;kmf ul/Psf] jf]tn jf Sofgdf eg]{ /
qmfpg ss{ nufpg] tyf n]jn nufpg] sfo{ klg ul/G5 . ljo/sf]
kf:r/fO{h\8 ul/ ;s] kl5 dfq n]jn 6fF:g] / ljsf]{ nufpg] tyf
sf6'{gdf KoflsË ug]{ sfo{ ul/G5 .
%=@=@=@ ljo/ pTkfbg ug]{ k|lti7fgn] tof/L ljo/ clGtd ?kdf jf]tn jGbL
ubf{ sfof{nojf6 l;njGbL ul/Psf] ljB'tLo ;"rgf ;Dk|]if0f Ifdtf
ePsf] c6f] k\mnf] ld6/ :yfoL ?kdf h8fg ug'{ k5{ . k\mnf] ld6/df
h8fg ePsf] kfOkjf6 dfq ljo/ k|jfx x'g] u/L jf]tn jGbL ug'{ kb{5 .
%=@=@=# cfly{s P]g,@)^* eG;f/ dx;"nsf] bkmf !( ljljw -$_ df "a|'c/L
sDklgn] sf|pgss{ k}7f/L ubf{ cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{nosf] l;kmfl/;df
dfq k}7f/L ug'{kg]{ 5 " eGg] Joj:yf d'tfljs a|'c/L pBf]uaf6
l;kmfl/;sf] nflu cg'/f]w e} cfPdf To:tf] l;kmfl/; ug'{kb{5 . k}7f/L e}
cfPsf s|fpgss{sf] k|flKt kl/df0f , k|of]u tyf hlt{ ;DalGw clen]v
clgjfo{ ?kdf /fVg nufO{ hlt{ uPsf] s|fpgss{sf] k|ltzt lgsfnL
dfl;s clen]v tof/ ug{ nufpg' kb{5 . km\nf]ld6/n] b]vfPsf]
pTkfbg / s|fpgss{sf] k|of]uaf6 b]lvg] pTkfbg lgsf;L tyf
cGtMz'Ns :6Ls/ k|of]uaf6 b]lvg] pTkfbg lgsf;L tyf df}Hbft
57
jLrsf] lx;fj dfl;s ?kdf le8fg u/L le8fg geP hltsf] xsdf
k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd ug'{kb{5 .
%=@=#
ljo/sf] KoflsË Joj:yf
%=@=#=! jf]tnjGb Ps s]zdf ^%) Pd=Pnsf] !@ jf]tn jGbL ljo/ KoflsË
ug'{ kg]{5 .
%=@=#=@ jf]tnjGbL Ps s]zdf ##) Pd=Pn= sf] @$ jf]tn jGbL ljo/
KoflsË ug'{ kg]{5 .
%=@=#=# 8«fk\m6 ljo/ Ps s]udf -Keg_ df #) ln6/ jf %) ln6/ 8«fk\m6
ljo/ KoflsË ug{ ;lsg]5 . t/ 8fkm\6 ljo/sf] xsdf ljefuaf6
5'6\6} :jLs[lt k|fKt ug'{kg]{5 .
%=@=#=$ pBf]un] cGo sf] jf]tndf ljo/ pTkfbg ug{ rfx]df ljefun]
l:js[tL lbg ;Sg]5 .
%=@=#=% lab]z lgof{tsf] xsdf Ohfhtkqjfnfsf]] dfu cg';f/ k6s] ?kdf
/ :yfgLo ljs|L ljt/0fsf] nflu cGt{/fli6o k|of]u ;d]t x]/L
cGtMz'Ns l:6s/ pknJwtfsf cfwf/df cGo ;fO{hdf ;d]t
Kofls+usf] cg'dlt laefun] lbg ;Qm5 .
t/ To:tf] KoflsË ePsf] ;fdfgsf] kl/df0f tf]lsPsf] kl/dff0f ;+u
laeQm ubf{ jf u'0fg ubf{ ldNg' kb{5 .
%=@=$ pTkfbgsf] n]jndf pNn]v ug'{ kg]{s'/fx?
ljo/sf] x/]s jf]tndf 6]«8dfs{, pTkfbg ldlt, Aofr g+=, l;l/on g+=, cNsf]xnsf]
dfqf, j|f08sf] gfd Pj+ clwstd v'b|f d'No 6fF; ug'{ kg]{ / ;]jg ug{ ;lsg]
clGtd ldlt ;d]t pNn]v ug'{ kb{5 . ;]jg ul/g] dfkb08 ;DjlGwt lgsfon]
lgwf{/0f ug{ cfb]z lbPsf]df jf Joj:yf u/]sf]df ;f] ;d]t ;j}n] b]Vg] u/L pNn]v
ug'{ kg]{5 .
%=@=% lgisf;g / ljqmL ljt/0f k|s[of M
%=@=%=! Ohfhtjfnfn] ljo/ lgisf;g ubf{ ;Dk"0f{ cGtMz'Ns Pjd\ nfUg] cGo
s/ tyf b:t'/ lt/]sf] x'g' k5{ . s'g} klg /fh:j af+ls jSof}tf /xg'
x'b}g . cGtMz'Ns bflvnf u/]sf] ef}r/ jf /;Lb ;+nUg u/L lgisf;g
dfu kmf/fd cg';"rL @) rf/ k|lt e/L ljo/ lgisf;g ug]{ :jLs[ltsf
nflu cGtMz'Nssf] OsfO{ sfof{nodf k]z ug'{ kg]{5 .
%=@=%=@ lgisf;gsf] nflu cg'dlt dfu e} cfPsf] lgisf;g dfu kmf/fd
cg';f/sf] kl/df0f, ;f] sf] x'g] ;Dk"0f{ cGtMz'Ns Pjd\ nfUg] cGo s/
tyf b:t'/ bflvnf u/]sf] 5 5}g , ljutsf] /fh:j jSof}tf 5 5}g
58
hfFrL l7s eP dfq OsfO{df vl6Psf cGtMz'Ns sd{rf/Ln] cg'dltsf
nflu l;kmfl/; ug'{ kb{5 .
%=@=%=# cGtMz'Ns clws[tn] lgisf;g ug]{ :jLs[lt lbbf OsfO{ sfof{nosf]
l;kmfl/; x]g{' kb{5 . olb OsfO{ sfof{nosf sd{rf/LnfO{ clwsf/
k|Tofof]hg ePsf] 5 eg] klg %=@=%=$ adf]lhd ug'{ kb{5 .
%=@=%=$ lgisf;gsf] nflu :jLs[t e} k|fKt ePsf] lgisf;g dfu kmf/fddf
pNn]v eP cg';f/ lgisf;g ul/g] ljo/ jfktsf] cGtMz'Ns Pjd\ cGo
s/ tyf b:t'/ bflvnf / k'/fgf] /fh:j jSof}tf r'Qmf ePsf] le8fg
u/L ef}lts hfFr ;d]t u/L cg';"lr @! sf] tof/L jf]tnjGbL ljo/
/ lg:sf;g -cfDbfgL tyf vr{_ vftf adf]lhdsf] clen]vdf k|lai6
u/fP/ dfq lgisf;g ug{ :js[lt lbg' kb{5 .
%=@=%=% ljo/ lgisf;g ug'{ k"j{ laefun] tf]s] adf]lhd cGtMz'Ns l6s6 6fF;
u/]sf] x'g' kg]{5 .
%=@=%=^ ljo/ pTkfbsn]] ljo/sf] v/Lb ljqmL ug]{ cGtMz'Ns Ohfht kq k|fKt
ljt/s, yf]s ljqm]tf jf l8n/nfO{ dfq ljqmL ug'{ kg]{5 .
%=@=%=& ljb]zjf6 k}7f/L u/]sf] ljo/ v/Lb ljqmL ug]{n] ljo/ v/Lbsf] >f]t
v'nfpg' kg]{5 .
%=@=%=* v/Lb ubf{ ljo/sf] sf6'{g jf s]udf cGtMz'Ns l6s6 nufPsf] 5 5}g
;f] x]/]/ dfq v/Lb ug'{ kg]{5 . cGtMz'Ns l6s6 g6fFl;Psf] ljo/ v/Lb
u/]sf] e]l6Pdf cj}w dflgG5 .
%=@=^ ljo/sf] clen]v
%=@=^=! lao/ pTkfbg z'? ug'{ k"j{ / pTkfbg u/L;s]kl5 cGtMz'Ns sd{rf/Ln]
cg';"lr @@ adf]lhdsf] ljo/ jf]tn jGbL ;DaGwL k|ltj]bgsf]
clen]vdf lgDg s'/fx? v'nfO /fVg'kg]{5M—
-s_ lao/sf] pTkfbg kl/df0f
-v_ pTkflbt lao/sf] af]tn jf Sofgsf] lgisf;g kl/df0f
-u_ pTkfbg k|lqmofsf] klxnf] r/0f -ljGb'_ b]lv bf]>f] r/0f -ljGb'_
;Dd hfFbfsf] kl/df0f
-3_ ljGb' ! / @ -jf ePdf # klg_ df hl8t pks/0fåf/f /]s8{
ul/Psf] kl/df0f
-ª_ pTkfbg k|lqmofdf uPsf] gf]S;fgL jf hlt{sf] ljj/0f .
%=@=^=@ sf/vfgfdf vl6Psf] cGtMz'Ns sd{rf/Ln] cg';"rL @# adf]lhdsf]
lg:sf;g ul/Psf] tyf jf]tnjGbL ul/Psf] lja/0f ;DaGwL clen]v
/fVg'kg]{5 . o;df lao/sf] cfDbfgL / vr{sf] ljj/0f v'nfpg'kg]{5 .
59
%=@=^=# ljGb' ! af6 ljGb' @ df -laGb' # ePdf ;f]df klg_ lao/ k|jfx eO{ hfFbf
xfgL gf]S;fgL ePsf] ljo/sf] hfFr u/L sf/vfgf wgL jf lghsf]
k|ltlglwn] cGtMz'Ns sd{rf/Lsf] l;kmfl/zdf ;DalGwt sfof{nodf
k|ltj]bg lbg'kg]{5 / ;f]sf] clen]v ;d]t /fVg'kg]{5 .
%=@=^=$ cGtMz'Ns lgwf{/0f ubf{ ˆnf]ld6/ / af]tn sfpG6/ jf cGo o:t} hl8t
oGqdf gf]S;fg ePsf] b]lvg] kl/df0f / jf:tljs u0fgfaf6 36L ePsf]
kl/df0fsf] ljj/0f lgDgfg';f/ /fVg'kg]{5M
-s_ laGb' g+= ! df slt lao/ k7fPsf] eGg] dfkg u/L slt kl/df0f
k|jfx ePsf] 5 eGg] s'/fsf] ljj/0f /fVg] .
-v_ ljGb' g++= ! af6 laGb' g++= @ df hfFbf ePsf] gf]S;fgLnfO{ k|jfx
x'Fbf /]s8{ ul/Psf] kl/df0faf6 ljGb' g+= @ df b]lvPsf]
kl/df0fnfO{ 36fP/ x]bf{ b]lvg] km/ssf] ?kdf u0fgf u/L
/fVg] .
-u_ ljGb' g+= @ kZrft ePsf] gf]S;fgLnfO{ ef}lts ?kdf jf:tljs
;+Vof u0fgf u/L ;f]sf] clen]v /fVg] .
%=@=^=% k|To]s dlxgfsf] @% ut] leq cg';"rL @$ adf]lhdsf] a\"c/Ljfnfn] lbg'
kg]{ ljo/sf
jf]tnx?sf] laqmL / To;af6 cfpg] cGtMz'Nssf]
dfl;s tyf jflif{s kmf6jf/L ljj/0f k|lti7fgn] clgjfo{ ?kdf
sfof{nodf k7fpg' kg]{5 .
%=@=& ljo/ df}Hbft sdLsf] ldGxf - lgodfjnLsf] lgod @#s sf] pk lgod -!_ _
-s_ lao/ pTkfbg ug]{ Ohfhtkqjfnfn] tof/L ljo/ clGtd ?kdf jf]tn jGbL
ubf{ k\mnf]ld6/n] b]vfPsf] kl/df0f eGbf jf]tn jGbL ePkl5sf] jf]tn
sfp06/n] b]vfPsf] kl/df0fsf] df}Hbft sdL / kfZr/fOh]zg, Kofs]lhË
tyf uf]bfddf e08f/0f ubf{ 6'6km'6 jf ljlu|P/ jf]tndf k|of]u x'g g;Sg]
cj:yfsf qmfpg ss{sf] df}Hbft sdLsf] ljj/0f ljefun] tf]s]sf]] 9fFrfdf cg';"rL @% adf]lhd gf]S;fgL ldGxfsf] lgj]bg _ dfl;s ?kdf pNn]v u/L
ldGxfsf] nflu cGtMz'Ns clws[t ;dIf k]z ug'{ kg]{5 .
-v_ pklgod -!_ jdf]lhd k]z ePsf] ljj/0f cGtMz'Ns clws[tn] kGw| lbg
leq hfFr ug'{ kg]{5 . To;/L hf+r ubf{ k\mnf]ld6/n] b]vfPsf] kl/df0fsf]
kl/df0f eGbf af]tnaGbL ePkl5sf] af]tn sfp06/n] b]vfPsf] kl/df0fsf]
df}Hbft sdL ePdf j9Ldf !=% k|ltzt ;Dd / kfZr/fO{h]zg, Kofs]lhË
tyf uf]bfddf e08f/0f ubf{ 6'6k'm6 jf lju|]sf] ljo/sf] ef}lts k/LIf0f u/L
j9Ldf b'O{ k|ltzt;Dd df}Hbft sdLsf] ldGxf lbg ;Sg]5 .
60
%=#
r'/f]6 / la8L tyf ;"lt{hGo j:t' ;+aGwL Joj:yf
%=#=! r'/f]6 M
r'/f]6 eGgfn]] g]kfndf pTkfbg ePsf] jf cGo ljb]zL d'n'sx?jf6 k}7f/L ul/Psf]
;"lt{af6 k"0f{ jf cf+lzs ?kn] k|zf]wg u/L lkmN6/ /flv jf g/fvL w'd|kfgsf]
lgldQ tof/ ul/Psf] h'g;'s} k|sf/sf] r'/f]6nfO ;Demg' kb{5 . ljleGg
:jb]zL tyf ljb]zL ljleGg hft / u'0f:t/sf ;'tL{x? nfO{ ld;fO{ ljleGg
j|f08sf] r'/f]6 tof/ ul/G5 . r'/f]6 pTkfbg , v/Lb ljs|L , k}7f/L tyf lgof{t /
;+ro ug{ cGtMz'Ns Ohfht lng' kb{5 .
%=#=!=! r'/f]6 pTkfbg tyf ljs|L ljt/0f M
lgodfjnLsf] lgod !$ adf]lhd r'/f]6 pTkfbg ug]{ Ohfhtkqjfnfn]
b]xfo adf]lhdsf] sfo{ ug'{kg]{5 .
-s_ sRrf / sf]/f ;'tL{sf] lx;fj /fVg' kg]{M
r'/f]6 jgfpgsf] lgldQ k|lti7fgdf lemsfOPsf] ;j} k|sf/sf
:jb]zL / ljb]zL ;'tL{sf] lx;fj tyf ljj/0f cg';"rL %
adf]lhdsf] 9f+rfdf /flv k|lti7fgdf vl6Psf cGtMz'Ns
clws[t jf lghn] v6fPsf] sd{rf/Laf6 k|dfl0ft u/fO{ /fVg'
kg]{ .
-v_ ;'tL{ vktsf] lx;fj /fVg]M
r'/f]6 jgfpgnfO{ k|of]u ul/Psf] ;'tL{sf] lx;fj cg';"rL ^
adf]lhdsf] 9f+rfdf /flv k|lti7fgdf vl6Psf cGtMz'Ns
clws[t jf lghn] v6fPsf] sd{rf/Laf6 k|To]s lbg h+rfO{
k|dfl0ft u/fO{ /fVg' kg]{ .
-u_ r'/f]6df ;'tL{sf] cg'kft v'nfpg] M
ljleGg k|sf/sf] r'/f]6 jgfpg k|of]u ul/g] :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL
;'tL{sf] cg'kft v'nfO{ ljefujf6 :jLs[lt lng' /fVg' kg]{ .
-3_ tof/L r'/f]6 j§f jGbL ug]{ M
ljqmLof]Uo tof/L r'/f]6nfO{ /fd|/L hfFra'em u/L j§fdf xfnL
jGb ug]{ tyf uf]bfdjf6 ljqmLsf] nflu lgsflnPsf] r'/f]6
cGtMz'Ns clws[tsf] :jLs[lt j]u/ sf/vfgfdf k'gM Nofpg'
gx'g] .
-ª_ r'/f]6sf a6\6fx? Koflsu ug]{
tof/L r'/f]6sf j§fx?nfO{ 7"nf] sfuhdf aGb u/L b}lgs aGb
ul/Psf] r'/f]6sf] j§f ;+Vof, l;nl;n]jf/ gDa/ / aGb ul/Psf]
ldlt ;d]t :ki6 b]lvg] u/L cg';"lr & adf]lhdsf] 9f+rfdf
61
pNn]v ug]{ tyf uf]bfddf /flvPsf] r'/f]6sf] lx;fj cg";'lr *
adf]lhdsf] 9f+rfdf /fVg' kg]{ .
r'/f]6sf j§fx? lgDgfg';f/ KoflsË ug'{kg]{ 5 M
-!_ *$ Pd=Pd eGbf j9L nDjfO{ ePsf] r'/f]6 …%Ú Pd -M_
df KoflsË ug'{ kb{5 .
-@_ cGo k|sf/sf ;j} r'/f]6 !) Pd -M_ df KoflsË ug'{
kb{5 .
-#_ ! Pd -M_ df !))) lvNnL r'/f]6 x'g' kb{5 .
-$_ Ps cfp6/ Kofs -Outer pack_ df @) lvNnL Kofs]6
ePdf !) j6f / !) lvNnL Kofs ePdf @) j6f j§f x'g'
kb{5 .
-r_ uf]bfdaf6 r'/f]6 lgsfNg] tl/sf M r'/f]6 ljs|L ug{sf] lgldQ
uf]bfdaf6 aflx/ lgsfNgnfO{ cg';"lr ( adf]lhdsf] 9f+rfdf
kmf/fd e/L cGtMz'Ns clws[t jf lghn] v6fPsf] sd{rf/L
;dIf k]z ug]{ tyf lghx?af6 hf+rL lgisf;g ug]{ Ohfht
k|fKt ePkl5 ;f] sf] ljj/0f e/L /fVg] .
%=#=@=! pTkfbgsf] :t/ / ;dfof]hgM
%=#=@=!=! r'/f]6sf] nDjfO{ ! ldlnld6/ ;Dd efusf] ± jf —
km/snfO{ ljefusf] k"j{ :jLs[lt lnP/ ;dfof]hg ug{
kfOg]5 .
%=#=@=!=@ dfly pNn]v ePsf] pTkfbg OsfO{sf] km/s u0fgf
ljefun] Calibrate u/]sf] cf}hf/sf] cfwf/df ul/g]5 .
%=#=@=@ r'/f]6 pTkfbg ug]{n] /fVg' kg]{ clen]v M
lgodfjnLsf] lgod !#s adf]lhd sfuht / ljj/0fsf] clen]v
/fVg'kg]{5 M
-s_ pTkfbg tyf ljs|L ePsf] b}lgs d}Hbftsf] ljj/0f -cg';"lr $_,
v_
sf]/f dfnsf] df}Hbft ljj/0f -cg';"lr %_,
-u_ sf]/fdfnsf] vkt / r'/f]6/lj8L pTkfbgsf] b}lgs ljj/0f cg';"lr ^_,
-3_ b}lgs Kofls+u ?dsf] ljj/0f - cg';"lr &_,
-ª_
uf]bfddf /x]sf] r'/f]6sf] b}lgs ljj/0f - cg';"lr *_,
-r_ r'/f]6 tyf lj8Lsf] lgisf;g df+u kmf/fd - cg';"lr (_,
62
-5_
-h_
-em_
-`_
-6_
-7_
-8_
v/Lb vftf - cg';"lr $u_,ljs|L vftf - cg';"lr $3_,
Jofr lgoGq0f vftf -cg';'lr (s_,
cfkm'n] hf/L u/]sf tyf k|fKt u/]sf lahsx?,
Jofkf/ , n]vf , gub k|fKtL / e'QmfgL ;DaGwL clen]v,
cfkm'n] u/]sf] cfoft / lgof{t;+u ;DalGwt ;Dk"0f{ sfuhftx?,
ljefun] tf]s]sf cGo sfuhftx? .
%=#=@=# r'/f]6sf] k|ltnJwL b/ tf]Sg] -lgodfjnLsf] lgod !$s_
r'/f]6 pTkfbgsf] k|ltnJwL b/ ljefun] tf]Sg ;Sg]5 . ljefun]
k|ltnJwL b/ gtf]s]sf] cj:yfdf r'/f]6 pTkfbg ug]{ Ohfhtkqjfnfn]]
k]z u/]sf] k|ltnJwL b/ pk/ hfFrj'em u/L To:tf] k|ltnJwL b/nfO{
ljefun] dfGotf lbg ;Sg]5 .
%=#=@=$ cGtMz'Ns l6s6M-lgodfjnLsf] lgod #) _
g]kfn leq pTkfbg x'g] jf k}7f/L x'g] r'/f]6sf] ljs|L tyf k}7f/L ubf{
r'/f]6sf] k|To]s j§fdf cGtMz'Ns l6s6 nufpg' kg]{5 .
%=#=@=% l6s6sf] k|lt:yfkg Joj:yf -lgodfjnLsf] lgod #)-%__
r'/f]6 pTkfbg ug]{ k|lti7fgnfO{ pknJw u/fOPsf] cGtMz'Ns l6s6
k|of]u ug]{ l;nl;nfdf RofltPdf, lju|LPdf jf sd ePdf cGtMz'Ns
clws[t jf sf/vfgfdf vl6Psf sd{rf/Ln] ef}lts k/lIf0f u/L k|dfl0ft
u/]sf] cfwf/df sfof{non] To:tf cGtMz'Ns l6s6 k|lt:yfkg ug{
;Sg]5 . To;/L RofltPsf jf ljlu|Psf l6s6sf] d'r'Nsfsf] cfwf/df
ljefun] tf]s]sf] k|s[of cg';f/ ;DjlGwt sfof{non] gi6 ug'{ kg]{5 .
%=#=@=^ d"No v'nfpg' kg]{ -lgodfjnLsf] lgod @(_
r'/f]6 pTkfbg ug]{ Ohfhtkqjfnfn] ljt/s, yf]s tyf v'b|f ljq]mtfnfO{
ljqmL ug]{ d"No ;fj{hlgs u/L cfk"mn] pTkfbg u/]sf] j:t'df clwstd
v'b|f d"No c+lst ug'{kg]{5 .
Ohfhtkqjfnfn] cfsf/ / u'0f:t/ kl/jt{g ug'{ k/]df jf gof+ j|f08
pTkfbg ug'{ k/]df ljefusf] k"j{ :jLs[lt lng'kg]{ / gof+ j|f08sf]
pTkfbg ug'{ cl3 af+ls jSof}tf /fh:j r'Qmf u/]sf] x'g'kg]{5 .
63
%=#=@ lj8L
lj8L eGgfn] g]kfndf pTkfbg ul/Psf] jf ljb]zjf6 k}7f/L ePsf] ;'tL{nfO{
cfjZostfg';f/ 6'qmf kf/L v}b hftsf] ?vsf] kft jf ljz]if k||sf/sf] sfuhdf
j]/L w'd|kfgsf] nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] j:t' xf] . lj8L pTkfbg, v/Lb ljs|L, k}7f/L
tyf lgof{t / ;+ro ug{ cGtMz'Ns Ohfht lng' kb{5 .
%=#=@=! la+8Lsf] k|ltnJwL b/ tf]Sg] -lgodfjnLsf] lgod !$s_
la+8Lsf] pTkfbgsf] k|ltnJwL b/ ljefun] tf]Sg ;Sg]5 . ljefun]
k|ltnJwL b/ gtf]s]sf] cj:yfdf la+8L pTkfbg ug]{ Ohfhtkqjfnfn]]
k]z u/]sf] k|ltnJwL b/ pk/ hfFrj'em u/L To:tf] k|ltnJwL b/nfO{
ljefun] dfGotf lbg ;Sg]5 .
%=#=@=@ pTkfbg tyf ljs|L ljt/0f -lgodfjnLsf] lgod !%_
lj8L pTkfbg ug]{ Ohfhtkqjfnfn] ;f] lj8L pTkfbg ug{sf] nflu
vkt ePsf] sRrf ;'lt{sf] lx;fj /fvL lj8Lsf] pTkfbg tyf ljs|L
ljt/0f ug'{ kg]{5 . lj8L pTkfbg u/L ljs+|L ug'{ k"j{ cg';l" r (
adf]lhdsf] lgisfzg dfu kmf/fd cGtMz'Ns clws[t jf lghn] tf]s]sf]
sd{rf/Laf6 :jLs[t u/fP/ dfq lgisfzg ug'{kg]{5 .
%=#=# ;"lt{hGo j:t'
;'lt{hGo j:t' pTkfbg , v/Lb ljs|L , k}7f/L tyf lgof{t / ;+ro ug{ cGtMz'Ns
Ohfht lng' kb{5 . cGtMz'Ns k|of]hgsf] nflu kfg d;fnf, hbf{, v}gLsf] tf}n
lnFbf n]j'n, KoflsË d]6]l/oN;, r'gf cflb ;d]tsf] x'g] tf}nnfO{ hgfpF5 . t/
lab]z lgof{tsf] xsdf Ohfhtjfnfsf] dfu cg';f/ k6s] ?kdf cGo ;fO{hdf
;d]t Kofls‹sf] cg'dlt laefun] lbg ;Qm5 .
%=#=#=! ;'lt{ hGo j:t'df a}wflgs r]tfjgL pNn]v x'g' kg]{
g]kfn leq pTkfbg jf k}7f/L u/L laqmL lat/0f ug]{ r'/f]6, l;uf/,kfg
d;nf h:tf ;'lt{hGo kbfy{sf] k|To]s j6\6fdf b]j gful/s lnkLdf
k|To]s a6|6fdf "w'd kfg :jf:Yosf] nflu xflgsf/s 5 " elg d'b|0f
ul/Psf] x'g' kg]{ 5 . o; Joj:yfsf] pNn+3g u/]df cg'dlt kqsf]
;t{ pNn+3g u/]sf] dflgg]5 .
%=#=#=@ ;"lt{hGo kbfy{ -lgoGq0f / lgodg ug]{_ P]g, @)^* df ePsf Joj:yfM
-s_ P]gsf] bkmf & cg';f/ pTkfbsn] cfkmgf] pTkfbgdf n]a'n
6«]8dfs{ lrGx lgsf]l6gsf] dfqf / cGo xflgsf/s tTj Pj+
cfjZos s'/fx? pNn]v ug'{ kg]{ . Kofs]6 jf /ofk;{df
gfjfnsnfO cfsif{0f ug]{ s'g} lsl;sdsf] nf]uf] lrGx zJb /fVg
gkfpg] ;fy} cGo pBf]u jf pTkfbssf] a|f08 tyf 6«]8 gfd /flv
;"lt{ hGo kbfy{ pTkfbg ug{ gkfpg] .
64
-v_ P]gsf] bkmf ( cg';f/ pTkfbsn] ;"lt{hGo kbfy{sf] j6\6f, /ofk;{,
Kofs]6 tyf kf;{nsf] KoflsËdf / n]j'nsf] aflx/L s"n efu dWo]
krxQ/ k|ltzt efudf ;"lt{ hGo kbfy{ :jf:YonfO xflgsf/s 5
eGg] h:tf Joxf]/fsf] dGqfnon] -:jf:Yo dGqfnon]_ tf]s]
adf]lhd r]tfjgLd"ns ;Gb]z / ;"lt{hGo kbfy{sf] ;]jgsf]
c;/jf6 ePsf] 3fts,/8uLg lrq k|:6 ?kdf a'emg] / b]Vg] u/L
g]kfnL efiffdf 5fKg' tyf cªsLt ug'{ kg]{, dfkb08 k"/f gePsf]
;"lt{ hGo kbfy{ cfoft ug{ gkfpg] Joj:yf 5 .
%=#=$ lgisf;g k|s[of M
r'/f]6, lj8L tyf ;"tL{hGo h:tf cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t'x? ef}lts lgoGq0f k|0ffnL
cGt{ut lgisf;g ug'{ kb{5 .
%=#=$=! ;"tL{hGo j:t' pTkfbsx?n] lgisf;g dfu kmf/fd rf/ k|lt e/L
cGtMz'Ns clws[t jf lghn] tf]s]sf] cGtMz'Ns sd{rf/Ljf6 :jLs[t
u/fP/ dfq lgisf;g ug'{ kg]{5 .
%=#=$=@ r'/f]6 pTkfbg ug]{ k|lti7fgjf6 pTkfbg ePsf] r'/f]6 tf]lsPsf]
uf]bfd k|j]z u/fP/ dfq lgisf;g ug'{ kg]{5 .
%=#=$=# r'/f]6sf] k|To]s a6\6fdf cGtMz'Ns l6s6 6fF; u/]/ dfq lgisf;g
ug'{ kg]{5 .
%=#=$=$ lj8L pBf]ux?n] pTkfbg u/]sf] kl/df0fsf] cfwf/df dfu u/]
jdf]lhdsf] kl/df0fdf laqmL lat/0fsf] nflu lgisf;g ubf{ nfUg]
cGtMz'Ns /sd lnO{ dfu kmf/fd :jLs[t ul/lbg] / o:tf]sf] dfu
kmf/fd btf{ clen]v cnUu} /fVg] .
%=#=$=% lal8 cf];f/ k;f/sf] qmddf dfu kmf/fd btf{ gDj/ l7s xf] xf]Og
eGg] k|Zg pTkGg ePdf glhssf] sfof{non] ;DjlGwt sfof{nodf
l56f] ;fwgjf6 j'lem cf];f/ k;f/df ;/nLs/0f ul/lbg] .
%=#=$=^ afs;df el/Psf tof/L r'/f]6sf] clen]v /fvL b}lgs ?kdf OsfO
sfof{nodf lbg] ul/G5 .
%=#=$=& lgisf;g ug'{kg]{ r'/f]6sf] cGtMz'Ns nufO cGo s/ tyf b:t'/
;d]t bflvnf u/L lgisf;g dfu kmf/fd :jLs[lt u/fO ;f] dfu
kmf/fd / lahs adf]lhd laqmLsf nflu k|lti7fgaf6 aflx/ n}hfg]
sfo{ x'G5 . o;/L lgsf;L :jLs[lt lbg'k"j{ s'g} /fh:j jSof}tf x'g'
x'b}g .
65
%=#=% ljqmL ljt/0f M
%=#=%=! r'/f]6 tyf ;'tL{hGo j:t' ljqmLsf nflu k|lti7fg jflx/ n}hfg' eGbf
cuf8L uf]bfddf /fVg' kb{5 . ljqmL ljt/0fsf nflu lgsfNg' kbf{
lgisf;g dfu kmf/fd e/L nfUg] cGtMz'Ns tyf nfUg] cGo s/ tyf
b:t'/ clu|d bflvnf u/L pQm lgisf;g dfu kmf/fd :jLs[lt u/fO{
dfq uf]bfd jflx/ nuL ljqmL ljt/0f ug'{ kb{5 .
%=#=%=@ r'/f]6 pTkfbg ug]{ k|lti7fgn] cfk\mgf] pTkfbg ljqmL ljt/0f ubf{
cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t' ljqmL ljt/0f ug]{ Ohfht kq lnPsfx?nfO{
dfq yf]sdf ljqmL ljt/0f ug'{ kb{5 .
%=#=%=# cGtMz'Ns l6s6 g6fFl;Psf] r'/f]6 v/Lb ljqmL ug'{ b08gLo ck/fw
xf] . To:tf] r'/f]6 ca}w xf] / To:tf] u/]sf] kfOPdf b08 hl/jfgfsf]
nflu v/Lbstf{ klg lhDd]jf/ x'g]5 .
%=#=%=$ j08]8 j]o/ xfp; dfk{mt ljqmL x'g] r'/f]6df æs/ d'Qm -Duty Free_Æ
c+lst u/]sf] j:t' dfq ljqmL ug'{ kg]{5 .
%=#=%=% ljb]zjf6 k}7f/L ul/Psf] r'/f]6df klg k|To]s j§fdf cGtMz'Ns l6s6
6fF; u/L dfq s/ d'Qm k;njf6 ljqmL ug'{ kg]{5 .
%=#=%=^ :jb]zdf pTkfbg x'g] l;uf/ lgsf;L ubf{ cGtMz'Ns l6s6 6fF; ug]{
;DjGwdf lgodfjnLdf :ki6 Joj:yf gePsf] / lgsf;Ldf cGtMz'Ns
;d]t gePsf]n] xfnnfO{ b]xfo adf]lhd ug{' kg]{5M .
-s_ lgof{t x'g] xb;Dd k6s] ?kdf pTkfbg ug]{ :jLs[tL lbg],
-v_ ljb]zdf dfq ljqmL ug]{ / cGtMz'Ns l6s6sf] ;§f æFor Export
OnlyÆ n]jn k|To]s j§fdf nufpg],
-u_ cGo ljifodf k|rlnt P]g, lgod, lgb]{lzsf tyf ljefuLo
kl/kq cg';f/ ug]{ .
66
kl/R5]b–^
cGtMz'Ns l6s6 -l:6s/_ ;+aGwL Joj:yf
^=!
cGtMz'Ns l6s6 / o;sf] k|of]u -lgodfjnLsf] lgod #)_
g]kfn leq pTkfbg x'g] jf k}7f/L x'g] dlb/f / r'/f]6sf] ljqmL tyf k}7f/L ubf{ dlb/fsf]
k|To]s af]tndf / r'/f]6sf] k|To]s j§fdf cGtMz'Ns l6s6 nufpg' kg]{5 . lgodfjnLsf]
lgod #)-@_ adf]lhd ljo/ lgisf;g ubf{ Kofs ePsf] k|To]s sf6'{gdf ljefu4f/f
tf]lsPsf] cGtMz'Ns l6s6 6f+; ug'{kg]{5 . lgodfjnLsf] lgod #)-@s_ adf]lhd l;uf/sf]
k|To]s j6\6fdf / d'vdf /fVg] v}gL jf ;'lt{sf] k|To]s Kofs]6 , a6\6f jf kf]sfdf ljefun]
tf]s] adf]lhd cGtMz'Ns l6s6 nufpg' kg]{5 .
k|lti7fgn] ljefun] tf]s]sf] b:t'/ lt/L sfof{nojf6 cGtMz'Ns l6s6 v/Lb ug'{ kg]{5 .
To:tf] l6s6 ljefun] tf]s] adf]lhd c+lst u/L cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t' las|L ug'{kg]{5 .
^=!=! sfof{non] cfk\mgf] sfo{If]q leq /x]sf dlb/f, ljo/ tyf r'/f]6 pTkfbg ug]{
k|lti7fgx?nfO{ jflif{s s] slt cGtMz'Ns l6s6 cfjZos kb{5 cg'dfg u/L
ljefudf dfu u/L n]vL k7fpg' kb{5 .
^=!=@ sfof{non] k|lti7fgsf] dfu jdf]lhdsf] cGtMz'Ns l6s6 ljefun]] tf]s]
adf]lhdsf] nfUg] b:t'/ clu|d ?kdf lnO{ pknJw u/fpg' kb{5 .
^=!=# k|lti7fgdf /x]sf] cGtMz'Ns OsfO{ sfof{non] klg k|of]usf nflu NofOPsf]
cGtMz'Ns l6s6sf] cfDbfgL / vr{sf] clen]v vftf -cg';"lr @^ cg';"lr @^s_ cg';"lr @^-v_ df r9fO{ cWofjlws u/fO{ /fVg' kb{5 .
^=!=$ k|lti7fgn] cGtMz'Ns l6s6sf] nflu sfof{nodf dfu ubf{ klxn] nu]sf] l6s6sf]
vr{sf] ljj/0f lbg' kg]{5 .
^=!=% cGtMz'Ns l6s6 k|lti7fgdf vl6Psf cGtMz'Ns sd{rf/Lsf] lhDdfdf /fVg'
kg]{5 .
^=!=^ ef}lts lgoGq0f k|0ffnL cGtu{t k|zf;g x'g] a:t'x?df Ohfhtkqjfnfx?n]
cGtMz'Ns l6s6 k|of]u ubf{ ;+ej eP;Dd l6s6sf] l;nl;n]j/ gDj/ cg';f/
ldnfO{ k|of]u ug'{ kb{5 .
^=!=& dlb/f pTkfbsn] k|To]s jf]tndf jf]tn / ljsf]{df kg]{ u/L cGtMz'Ns l6s6
nufpg' kb{5 .
^=!=* k|lti7gn] ljo/ lg:sf;g ubf{ laefu4f/f tf]lsPsf] cGtMz'Ns l6s6 Kofs ePsf]
k|To]s sf6'{gsf] hf]lg{df tn / dfly b'j} tkm{ kg]{ ul/ sf6'{g vf]Nbf pQm
cGtMz'Ns l6s6 Rofltg] -Scratch_ u/L 6f+:g' kb{5 .
^=!=( r'/f]6 pTkfbsn] k|To]s j§fdf cGtMz'Ns l6s6 6fF:g' kb{5 .
67
^=!=!) cGtMz'Ns l6s6 jf]tn, j§f jf sf6'{gdf k|of]u ubf{ jf nufpFbf ;f] j:t'
k|of]u gx'bf ;Dd gRoflQg] , gpKsg] jf pKsfO k'g k|of]u ug{ ;+ea gx'g]
u/L nufpg' kg]{5 .
^=!=!! dlb/f, ljo/ tyf r'/f]6 k}7f/L ug]{ Ohfhtkqjfnfx?n] klg cfk"mn] k}7f/L
u/]sf] dlb/fsf] k|To]s jf]tndf, ljo/sf] k|To]s sf6'{gdf / r'/f]6sf] k|To]s
j§fdf cGtMz'Ns l6s6 6fF;]/ dfq ljqmL ljt/0f ug'{ kb{5 .
^=!=!@ cGtMz'Ns l6s6 6fF; gu/L ljqmL ePsf] dlb/f tyf r'/f]6 cj}w x'g]5 .
^=@
l6s6 cfDbfgL vr{ Joal:yt ug]{M
^=@=!= laefun] sfof{nodf cGtMz'Ns l6s6 k7fpFbf Kofs]6df k7fpg' kg]{5 . sfof{non]
;f] 7Ls eP gePsf] olsg u/L l6s6 a'lemlng' k5{ .
^=@=@ sfof{no / OsfO sfof{non] l:6s/ g+a/ / ;f]df pNn]v ePsf] l6s6sf] l;=g=+
;d]t v'nfO uGtL u/L cfDbfgL hgfpg' k5{ .
^=@=# sfof{nodf k|fKt ePsf] l6s6sf] 5kfOdf s'g} q'6L ePdf, l;l/on g+a/df km/s
k/]df, aS;fsf] aflx/ pNn]v eP cg';f/ l6s6 gkfOPsf] cj:yf cflb s}lkmot
ePdf ;f]sf] Joxf]/f hgfO cfDbfgL afFwL laefudf t'?Gt hfgsf/L u/fpg' k5{ .
^=@=$ l6s6 k|fKtLsf] cfDbfgL hgfpFbf sfof{no k|d'v jf lghn] tf]s]sf] clws[tsf]
/f]xa/df l6s6sf] aS;f vf]nL x]/L hfr ug'{ kb{5 . s}lkmot b]lvPdf ;f]
Joxf]/f v'nfO{ k|dfl0ft u/L /fVg' k5{ .
^=#
l6s6 tfNrf -Ticket Lock_M
l6s6 tfNrf eGgfn] l6s6 6fF; u/L ;fFrf]n] jGb ug]{ / tfNrf vf]Nbf 6fFl;Psf] ;f] l6s6
Rofltg] -Scratch_ u/L k|of]u ul/g] tfNrf ;fFrf]df nufpg] l6s6nfO{ hgfpFb5 . ef}lts
lgoGq0fdf /x]sf] cGtMz'Ns nfUg] a:t' k}7f/L ug]{ Ohfhtkqjfnfx?n] k}7f/L u/]sf] a:t'
uf]bfddf /fvL cGtMz'Ns sd{rf/Ln] ;f] uf]bfddf l6s6 tfNrf nufO aGb ug'{ kg]{5 .
Ohfhtkqjfnfn] uf]bfddf /x]sf] a:t' lgisf;g ug{' k/]df ;f]sf] nfuL lgisf;g dfu
kmf/fd e/L ;f] kmf/fd :jLs[t ePkl5 dfq cGtMz'Ns sd{rf/Ln] cGtMz'Ns l6s6 nufO
dfu km/fddf n]lvPsf] kl/df0f a:t' lgisf;g ug{ lbg]5 .
cGtMz'Ns nfUg] ef}lts lgoGq0fsf] j:t' r'/f]6, dlb/f, lao/ /fVg] uf]bfddf l6s6
tfNrfsf] k|of]u clgjfo{ ?kdf ug'{ kb{5 . ;fy} cGtMz'Ns clws[tn] dgfl;j ;De]mdf
d'Vo sRrf kbfy{ /flvg] 7fpF, pTkfbg k|s[of ;dfKt e} tof/L j:t' /flvg] 7fpF, pTkfbg
;+u ;DalGwt cGo kbfy{ Pa+ ;Da4 a:t'x? /flvg] 7fpF h:tf d'Vo d'Vo :yfgx?df
klg l6s6 tfNrf / l6s6 nsj'ssf] k|of]u ug{ nufpg ;Sg]5 . l6s6 tfNrfsf]] k|d'v
68
p2]Zo sRrf kbfy{, cw{ tof/L j:t' / tof/L j:t'sf] b'?kof]u Pj+ cGtMz'Ns r'xfj6 x'g]
;DefjgfnfO{ /f]Sg' xf] .
^=#=! l6s6 tfNrf k|of]u ug]{ tl/sfM
^=#=!=! l;nl;n]jf/ gDj/ ;lxtsf] To:tf] l6s6 k|To]s k6s k|of]u ubf{
vf]n]sf] sf/0f / ;do ;lxt l6s6 ;fFrf] k|of]u clen]v lstfjdf
:ki6 pNn]v ul/g' kb{5 .
^=#=!=@ uf]bfddf hlt j6f 9f]sf eP klg sf/f]jf/sf] nflu vf]Ng] / jGb ug]{
d"n 9f]sfdf dfq l6s6 tfNrfsf] k|of]u ug'{ k5{ . uf]bfddf cGo
9f]sf 5g\ eg] tL 9f]sfx?df Ps k6s l6s6 ;lxt nfxf5fk nufO{
k"0f{ ?kdf ;+w} jGb ug'{ k5{ .
^=#=!=# l6s6 nssf] cfsf/ laefun] tf]s] adf]lhd x'G5 . ;f] l6s6nfO{
tfNrfdf ;fFrf] 3';fg]{ Kjfn jGb x'g] u/L tfNrfsf] jl/kl/ 9fs\g] u/L
j]l/lbg' kb{5 / tfNrf vf]Ngf ;fy l6s6 tfNrf Rofltg' kb{5 .
Rofltg jfFsL /x]sf] l6s6sf] efux? klg pKsfP/ 9f]sf jGb ul/;s]
kl5 k'gM csf]{ gofF l6s6 nufpg' kb{5 .
^=#=!=$ l6s6 ns k|of]u u/] kl5 tf]lsP jdf]lhdsf] vftfdf k|To]s k6s
uf]bfdsf] 9f]sf vf]Ng' kgf{sf] sf/0f ;lxtsf] ljj/0f n]v]/ clen]v
u/L dfq 9f]sf vf]Ng' k5{ / 9f]sf jGb u/] kl5 k|of]u ul/Psf] gofF
l6s6sf] l;=g+=pNn]v ug'{ k5{ .
^=#=!=% l6s6 nssf] vr{ ;DjlGwt k|lti7fgn] j]xf]g'{ kg]{ 5}g .
^=#=!+=^ l6s6 nssf] cfDbfgL÷vr{sf] clen]v laefu, sfof{no / OsfO{
sfof{non] cg';"rL @^ -v_ sf] 9f+rfdf /fVg' kb{5 .
^=$
l6s6 hlt{ ldGxf ;DjGwL Joj:yf M
^=$=!
r'/f]6 pTkfbg ug]{ k|lti7fgnfO{ pknJw u/fOPsf cGtMz'Ns l6s6 k|of]u ug]{
l;nl;nfdf RofltPdf, ljlu|Pdf jf sd ePdf cGtMz'Ns clws[t jf lghn]
v6fPsf] sd{rf/Ln] ef}lts k/LIf0f u/L k|dfl0ft u/]sf] cfwf/df sfof{non]
To:tf cGtMz'Ns l6s6 k|lt:yfkg ug{ ;Sg]5 . To;/L RofltPsf / lau|LPsf
cGtMz'Ns l6s6sf] d'r'Nsfsf] cfwf/df ljefun] tf]s]sf] k|ls|of cg';f/
;DalGwt sfof{non] gi6 ug'{kg]{5 eGg] Joj:yf lgodfjnLsf] lgod #)-%_ n]
u/]sf] 5 .
RofltPsf / lju|Psf l6s6 gi6 ug]{ k|lqmof
!= cGtMz'Ns l:6s/ RofltPsf] jf gi6 ePsf] ;k|df0f lgj]bg k]z u/]df
cGtMz'Ns clws[tn] ;f] pk/ 5fgljg tyf cg';Gwfg u/L To;/L
69
^=$=@
^=$=#
^=$=$
RofltPsf] jf gi6 ePsf] l:6s/x?sf] gd"gf ;DnUg /fvL ldGxf lbg
;Sg]5
@= To;/L ldGxf lbOPsf l:6s/x?sf] ;+Vof j/fj/ ;f]xL ju{sf] gofF
l:6s/ pknJw u/fpg' kg]{5 .
#= RofltPsf] jf gi6 eO{ ldGxf lbOPsf l:6s/x?sf] d'r'Nsf v8f u/L
;DjlGwt sfof{nosf k|d'v, lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nosf] k|ltlglw, sf]if
tyf n]vf lgoGqs sfof{nosf k|ltlglw, cGtMz'Ns x]g]{ clws[t /
;DalGwt pBf]usf k|ltlglwsf] /f]xj/df q}dfl;s ?kdf gi6
ug'{kg]{5 .
dlb/f tyf lao/sf] jf]tnx? sf6'{gdf Koflsª eO l6s6 nflu ;s]kl5 6'6k'm6
x'g uO sf6'{g Koflsª g} kl/jt{g x'g] ePdf vr{ eO{ k|of]udf cfpg g;s]sf
To:tf l6s6x?sf] clen]v v8f u/L l6s6 ;lxtsf] b}lgs laj/0f k|lti7fgn]
tof/ u/L laj/0f OsfO sfof{nodf ;d]t lbO /fVg' kg]{5 / OsfO{ sfof{non]
;d]t hf+rL x]/L ;fKtflxs÷kflIfs ?kdf sfof{nodf hfgsf/L u/fpg' kg]{5 .
cGtMz'Ns clws[tn] o:tf] hlt{ k/LIf0f h'g;'s} avt klg ug{ ;Sg]5g\ .
k|To]s dlxgf laj/0f cg';f/sf] ef}lts k/LIf0f cGtMz'Ns clws[t jf lghn]
v6fPsf sd{rf/Ln] ug'{ kg]{5 . ef}lts k/LIf0faf6 7Ls b]lvPdf k|lti7fgsf
sd{rf/L ;d]tsf /f]xj/df gf]S;fgLsf] laj/0fsf] d'r'Nsf v8f u/L sfof{non]
ldGxf lg0f{o u/fO{ pQm l6s6x? hnfO{ gi6 ug'{ kg]{5 . o:tf] d'r'Nsfsf] k|lt
laefudf
clgjfo{
?kdf
k7fpg'
kg]{5 .
cGtMz'Ns lg/LIfsn] k|lti7fgdf k|fKt ePsf s}lkmot -cf]; nfu]/ jf cGo s'g}
sf/0fn] sfd gnfUg] ePsf]_ cGtMz'Ns l6s6sf] t'?Gt} d'r'Nsf u/fO{
sfof{nodf k7fpg] . k|lt:yfkg :j?k ;f] adf]lhdsf] l6s6 lng] . To:tf]
s}lkmot l6s6 ldGxfsf] lg0f{o u/fO{ cf=j= sf] ;dfKtL kl5 cGo sfof{nosf]
k|ltlglw ;d]t /fvL sfof{non] hnfO gi6 ug]{5 .
cfly{s aif{df vkt ePsf] l6s6sf] kl/df0f, To; aif{sf] pTkfbg dWo]
lgisfzg ePsf] kl/df0f, df}Hbft /x]sf] kl/df0f / hlt{ uPsf] kl/df0fsf] of]u
;+u le8\g' kb{5 / To;sf] sf/vfgfut clen]v lstfj xf8{ slk tyf
sDKo'6/s[t ul/ k|dfl0ft u/L /fVg' kb{5 .
^=% cGtMz'Ns l6s6sf] cfk"lt{M
^=%=!
^=%=@
70
sfof{nodf 36Ldf kGw| lbgsf] nflu Go"gtd df}Hbft / yk kGw| lbgsf] nflu
rfn" df}Hbft /xg] u/L cGtMz'Ns l6s6 /fVg] Joa:yf ug'{ kg]{5 .
k|lti7fg÷ OsfO{ sfof{non] 36Ldf Ps dlxgf k'Ug] df}Hbft /x+b} sfof{nodf
df+u ug]{ . sfof{non] 36Ldf kGw| lbg k'Ug] df}Hbft x'g' cufj} laefu ;+u
^=%=#=
^=^
cGtMz'Ns l6s6sf] clen]v M
^=^=!
^=^=@
^=&
l6s6 df+u ug]{ . k|lti7fgnfO{ lg/Gt/ cfk"lt{ ug{ klxn] df+u ug]{n] klxn] kfpg]
Joa:yf sfof{no÷laefun] ldnfpg] .
/fh:j cg';Gwfg laefu÷OsfO{ / e+;f/ sfof{no h:tf lgsfon] cGtMz'Ns
nfUg] a:t'x?sf] lnnfd laqmL ubf{ o:tf] l6s6 df+u ug{ ;Sg] x"+bf ;DalGwt
sfof{noaf6 g} pknAw u/fpg] Joa:yf ug]{ . df+u cg';f/sf] l6s6 gePdf
laefu;+u df+u ug]{ / o:tf] df+u v'b|f ;+Vofdf x'g] ePsf]n] laefun] df}Hbft
/x]sf] glhssf jf s'g} sfof{noaf6 lng] u/L hfgsf/L u/fpg ;Sg]5 . To:sf]
b'?:t clen]v k|dfl0ft u/L /fVg' kb{5 .
cGtMz'Ns l6s6 cfDbfgL vr{sf] clen]v uf]Zjf/f vftf / JolQmut vftfdf
ljefun] sfof{no cg';f/ / sfof{non] k|lti7fg cg';f/ /fVg' kb{5 .
k|lti7fgn] cGtMz'Ns l6s6 cfDbfgL vr{sf] ljj/0f cBfalws /fVg' kg]{5 /
df:s]jf/L ljj/0f sfof{nodf k7fpg' kg]{5 .
cGtMz'Ns l6s6 k/LIf0f ug]{ M
P]gsf] bkmf !)6 df dlb/f, ljo/ jf r'/f]6sf] pTkfbgdf k|of]u ul/g] cGtMz'Ns l6s6
;SsnL jf gSsnL ;DaGwdf cGtMz'Ns clws[tn] k/LIf0f ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf 5 .
71
kl/R5]b–&
hlt{ tyf gf]S;fgL ;+jGwL Joj:yf
&=! cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] pTkfbg k|ltnAwL -P]gsf] bkmf !)r_
cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] pTkfbg k|ltnAwL b/ ;DaGwdf lgDg Joj:yf u/]sf]
5M
-!_
PgxfO8«; Oyfgf]n, /]lS6kmfO8 l:k|6 jf O=Pg=P= pTkfbg ug]{ pBf]un] k|of]u ug]{
cGg, df]nfl;; jf v'bf]af6 k|fKt x'g' kg]{ Oyfgf]n, l:k|6 jf O=Pg=P=sf] pTkfbg
k|ltnAwL b/sf] lgwf{/0f tf]lsP adf]lhd x'g]5 .
-@_
pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd tf]lsPsf] k|ltnAwL b/eGbf 36L pTkfbg ePsf] b]lvPdf
To:tf] km/s kl/df0fsf] Oyfgf]n, l:k|6 jf O=Pg=P= af6 ;f] k|lti7fgn] pTkfbg
ug]{ pRrtd\ sf]6Lsf] dlb/f pTkfbg ePsf] dflgg]5 .
-#_
ljefun] cGtMz'Ns nfUg] cGo j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] pTkfbg k|ltnAwL b/ tf]Sg
;Sg]5 .
dflysf] Jok:yf cg';f/ lgodfjnLn] cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t'sf] k|ltnAwL b]xfo adf]lhd
tf]s]sf] 5 .
&=!
72
k|ltnJwL b/ -lgodfjnLsf] lgod #$_
/]lS6kmfO{8 l:k|6 jf O=Pg=P pTkfbg ug]{ Ohfhtkqjfnfn] k|To]s dlxgfsf]
r'nfO{df k|lt lSjG6n v'bf] jf6 Go'gtd ^% cf]=kL= zlQmsf] slDtdf @) ln6/
/]lS6kmfO{8 l:k|6 jf !( ln6/ O=Pg=P pTkfbg ug'{ kg]{ u/L / PgxfO{8«;
Oyfgf]n pTkfbg ug]{ Ohfhtkqjfnfn] k|To]s dlxgfsf] r'nfO{df k|lt SjLg6n
v'bf] -df]nfl;;_ jf6 Go"gtd &@ cf]=kL=zlQmsf] slDtdf !( ln6/ Oyfgf]n
pTkfbg ug'{ kg]{ u/L k|ltnlJw b/ sfod ug'{ kg]{ 5 . !)) ln6/ /]lS6kmfO8
l:k|6jf6 O=Pg=P jgfpFbf Go"gtd (% ln6/ k|ltnJwL x'g' kg]{ 5 . cGgsf]
bfgfaf6 pTkfbg x'g] /]lS6kmfO{8 l:k|6 k|lt SjLG6n ^*=* cf]=kL= zlQmsf]
sDtLdf #)=%& ln6/ O=Pg=P pTkfbg ug'{ kg]{5 . ;f] afx]s cGo j:t'af6
pTkfbg x'g]sf] xsdf laefun] tf]s] adf]lhd x'g]5 .
t/ ;f] eGbf 36L k|ltnAwL b/ sfod ePdf Ohfhtkqjfnfn] To;sf] plrt tyf
kof{Kt sf/0f ljefudf k]z u/L :jLs[lt lng' kg]{5 / ljefuaf6 :jLs[lt k|fKt
gePdf km/s kl/df0fdf dlb/f tkm{sf] ;f] pBf]un] cfkm\gf] pTkfbgsf] pRrtd
b/aGbL cg';f/ nfUg] ;Dk"0f{ cGtMz'Ns sfof{non]] Ohfhtkqjfnfaf6 c;'n pk/
ug]{5 .
&=@
dlb/fsf] df}Hbft sdL -lgodfjnLsf] lgod @#_
-!_ dlb/f pTkfbg ug]{ Ohfhtkqjfnfn] cfk"m;+u /x]sf] dlb/fsf] df}Hbftdf
-@_
-#_
&=#
ljo/ df}Hbft sdLsf] ldGxfM -lgodfjnLsf] lgod @#=s_
-!_
-@_
&=$
jfliks/0f, b'jf}{lws/0f, r'xfj6 jf jf]tndf dlb/f ebf{sf] sf/0faf6 sdL x'g
cfPdf dfl;s ljj/0fdf pNn]v u/L ldGxfsf] nflu cGtMz'Ns clws[t ;dIf k]z
ug'{kg]{5 .
pklgod -!_ adf]lhd k]z ePsf] ljj/0f cGtMz'Ns clws[tn] kGw| lbg leq hf+r
ug'{kg]{5 .
pklgod -@_ adf]lhd hf+r ubf{ df}Hbft sdL ePsf] dgfl;j dflkmssf] sf/0f
ePdf cfwf/ :ki6 v'nfO{ cGtMz'Ns clws[tn] b'O{ k|ltzt;Dd df}Hbft sdL
ldGxf lbg ;Sg]5 .
ljo/ pTkfbg ug]{ Ohfhtkqjfnfn] tof/L ljo/ cGtLd ?kdf jf]tn aGbL
ubf{ kmnf]ld6/n] b]vfPsf] kl/df0f eGbf jf]tn aGbL ePkl5sf] jf]tn sfpG6/n]
b]vfPsf] kl/df0fsf] df}hbft sdL / kfZr//fOh];g, Kofs]lhu+ tyf uf]bfddf
e08f/0f ubf{ 6'6km'6 jf lju|]/ jf]tndf k|of]u x'g g;Sg] cj:yfsf qmfpg
ss{sf] df}hbft sdLsf] lja/0f laefun] tf]s]sf] 9frfdf dfl;s ?kdf pNn]v
u/L ldGxfsf] nflu cGtMz'Ns clws[t ;dIf k]z ug'{ kg]{5 .
pklgod -!_ adf]lhd k]z ePsf] ljj/0f cGtMz'Ns clws[tn] kGw| lbg leq hf+r
ug'{kg]{5 . To;/L hf+r ubf{ ˆnf]ld6/n] b]vfPsf] kl/df0f eGbf jf]tnaGbL eP
kl5sf] jf]tn sfpG6/n] b]vfPsf] kl/df0fsf] df}Hbft sdL ePdf al9df !=%
k|ltzt ;Dd / kfZr//fOh];g, Kofs]lhu tyf uf]bfddf e08f/0f ubf{ 6'6km'6
jf lau|]sf] ljo/sf] ef}lts kl/If0f u/L al9df @ k|ltzt ;Dd df}Hbft sdLsf]
ldGxf lbg ;Sg] 5 .
dlb/f tyf ljo/ pBf]usf] pTkfbgsf] gf]S;fgL ldGxfsf] nflu lgb]{lzsfsf]
cg';"rL @% sf] 9frfdf ;+aGwLt k|lti7fgaf6 lgj]bg lnO{ ;]fxL lgj]bgdf
ldGxf lbg] sfo{jfxL ug'{ kg]{ 5 .
xfgL gf]S;fgL ;DaGwdf - P]gsf] bkmf #s -%__
cfuhgL,rf]/L,b'3{6gf, WjD;fTds ultljlw jf j:t'sf] pkof]usf] Dofb ;lsPsf] sf/0fn]
xfgL gf]S;fgL ePsf] j:t'df lt/]sf] cGtMz'Ns laefun] tf]s] adf]lhd s6\6f ug{
kfOg]5 .
laefun] tf]s]sf] Joj:yf xfgL gf]S;fgL ePsf] cGtMz'Ns s6\6f ug]{ k|s[of lzif{sdf
pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
73
&=%
b'3{6gfsf] ;"rgf lbg' kg]{ -lgodfjnLsf] lgod @& _
Ohfhtkqjfnfn] pTkfbg :yndf s'g} lsl;dsf] b'3{6gf ePdf ;f] s'/fsf] ;"rgf oyfzLw|
;DalGwt cGtMz'Ns clws[t jf ljefunfO[{ lbg' kg]{5 . ;f] jdf]lhdsf] ;"rgf glbPdf
To:tf] b'3{6gfaf6 g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ x'g uPsf] cGtMz'Ns ;DaGwL xfgL gf]S;fgL
O{hfhtkqjfnfn] g} Joxf]g'{ kg]{5 .
t/ Ohfhtkqjfnfn] cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t' jf kbfy{ Ps :yfgaf6 csf]{ :yfgdf 9'jfgL
ubf{ b'3{6gf e} To:tf] j:t' jf kbfy{ gf]S;fgL ePsf] ca:yfdf ;f] j:t'sf] jLdf u/fPsf]
/x]5 / ;f] sf] Ifltk"lt{ k|fKt ePsf] /x]5 eg] ;f] Ifltk"tL{ k|fKt ePsf] xb;Dd g]kfn
;/sf/nfO{ x'g uPsf] cGtMz'Ns ;DaGwL xfgL gf]S;fgL Ohfhtkqjfnfn] Joxf]g{' kg]{
5}g .
!=
k|ltnlAw b/ ;DjGwL yk Joj:yf
Dried tapioca chips -cassava_ jf6 pTkfbg x'g] /]lS6kmfO8 l:k|6sf] k|ltnlJw b/
laefusf] ldlt @)^^.!).@& sf] lg0f{on] b]xfo k|ltnAwL b/ / zt{ tf]lsPsf]
5.
l;=g+=
!=
sRrf kbfy{sf] gfd
Dried tapioca
chips -cassava_
@=
74
kl/0fd
Ps lSjG6n
k|ltnlJw b/
cf]=lk=zlQm
@(=($%
ln6/ ^^=% cf]=lk=zlQm
/]lS6kmfO8 l:k|6
;t{ sy+sbflrt xfn pTkfbgdf k|of]u ePsf] sRrf kbfy{ eGbf /fd|f] u'0f:t/sf]
sRrf kbfy{ pknJw eO{ k|ltnlJw b/ j9\g uPdf ;f]sf] hfgsf/L ;DjlGwt
sfof{nonfO{ u/fpg' kg]{5 .
xfgL gf]S;fgL ePsf] cGtMz'Ns s6\6f ug]{ k|s[of - P]gsf] bkmf #s-%_ ;+u
;DalGwt_
!= cfuhgL,rf]/L, b'3{6gf Wj+;fTds ultljlw jf j:t'sf] Dofb ;lsPsf] sf/0fn]
xfgL gf]S;fgL ePsf] j:t'df lt/]s]f cGtMz'Ns s6\6L ug]{ ;DaGwdf cGtMz'Ns
Ohfhkq lnPsf JolQmn] gf]S;fgL s/ s§L bflj ubf{ gf]S;fgL x'g' cl3sf]
cjlw;Ddsf] cGtMz'Ns ljj/0f sfof{nodf k]z u/L ;s]s]f x'g' kg]{5 .
@= k|s/0f ! jdf]lhdsf JolQmn] gf]S;fgL ePsf j:t'x?sf] jLdf u/fPsf] /x]5
eg] jLdf sDkgL ;dIf bfjL u/]sf] k/Ldf0f / jLdf sDkgLn] gf]S;fgL ePsf]
k|dfl0ft u/L e'QmfgL u/]sf] k/Ldf0f jf d"Nosf e'QmfgL k|df0fx?sf ;fy
jLdf e'QmfgL ePsf] ldltn] tL; lbg leq cGtMz'Ns s/ s§L bfljsf] nfuL
;DalGwt sfof{nodf lgj]bg lbg ;Sg] 5g\ . To:tf] gf]S;fgLsf] jLdf bfjLsf
jvt k|f/lDes hfgsf/L cfkm' btf{ /x]sf] sfof{nodf ;d]t lbg' kg]{ 5 .
sfof{non] To:tf] jLdf sDkgLn] dfGotf lbPsf] xb;Dd e'QmfgL ePsf]
kl/df0f jf d"Nosf] cfwf/df nfUg] cGtMz'Nssf] cg'kftdf /sdsf] 5fgjLg
u/L] olsg u/L tL; lbg leq cGtMz'Ns s§L ug{ lbg] ;'rgf lgj]bsnfO{ lbg'
kg]{5 .
#= jLdf eP afx]ssf cGo gf]S;fgL ePsf Ohfhtkqjfnf JolQmn] lgDg
adf]lhdsf ljj/0f, sfuhx?sf ;fy gf]S;fgL ePsf] kl/df0f, d"No / bfjL
ul/Psf] cGtMz'Ns /sd pNn]v u/L ;DalGwt sfof{nodf lgj]bg lbg'
kg]{5M .
-s_ cfuhgL, rf]/L, b'3{6gf jf Wj+;fTds ultljlwaf6 gf]S;fgL ePsf]
;DaGwdf ;h{ldg d'r'Nsf, k|x/L k|ltj]bg, bfjL k|df0fLt ug]{
sfuhftx? eP ;f] / gf]S;fgLsf] ljj/0f ;lxt To:tf] 36gf ePsf]
ldltn] tL; lbg leq lgj]bg lbg' kg]{ 5 .
-v_ pkof]usf] Dofb ;lsPsf] a:t'sf] xsdf ;DalGw JolQmn] rfx]df To:tf]
a:t'sf] gfd, pTkfbgsf] gfd , pTkfbg ldlt, Dofb ;lsPsf] ldlt,
a:t'sf] kl/df0f tyf d"No ;lxtsf] ljj/0f tof/ u/L pkof]usf] Dofb
;lsPsf] ldltn] tL; lbg leqdf lgj]bg lbg' kg]{5 .
To:tf] j:t' lgj]bsn] cfkm\gf] kl/;/df ;+sng u/L lgl/If0fsf avt
clgjfo{ ?kdf b]vfpg' kg]{5 . ;f]lx j:t'sf] Pp6f JolQmn] Psk6s
eGbf a9L gf]S;fgL sl§ bfjL ug{ kfpg] 5}g . ;fdfg lkmtf{ lnO s§L
bfjL ug'{ k/]df 8]la6÷s|]l86 gf]6 hf/L u/]sf] x'g' kg]{5 .
$= k|s/0f # sf] k|of]hgsf] nfuL b]xfosf k|ltlglwx? /x]s]f 5fgjLg ;ldlt /xg]
5 . ;f] ;ldltn] lg/LIf0f Pj+ 5fgjLg u/L lgj]bg u/]sf] #) lbg leq
gf]S;fgLsf] l;kmf/L; ug]{ 5 . ;ldltsf] l;kmf/L;df sfof{non] /sd olsg
u/L tL; lbg leq cGtMz'Ns sl§ ug]{ hfgsf/L lgj]bsnfO{ lbg' kg]{5 .
-s_ sfof{no k|d'v jf lghn] tf]s]sf] jl/i7 clws[t
;+of]hs
v_ sfof{no k|d'vn] tf]s]sf] csf]{ Pshgf clws[t
;b:o
-u_ lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no jf sf]if tyf n]vf lgoGqs sfof{nosf
clws[t k|ltlglw
;b:o
-3_ ;DalGwt lhNnfsf pBf]u afl0fHo ;+3 jf j:t'ut ;3sf k|ltlglw
;b:o
-ª_ s/bftfsf] k|ltlglw
;b:o
75
cGtMz'Ns k|zf;g ug]{ sf]if tyf n]vf lgoGqssf] sfof{nosf] xsdf eg] ;f]xL
sfof{nosf] k|d'v sf]if lgoGqs ;+of]hs x'g] 5 .
#=
76
%= 5fgljg ;ldltn] 5fgljg ubf{ gf]S;fgL ePsf] b]v]df To:tf] gf]S;fgL ePsf]
a:t'df lt/]sf] ?= Ps nfv ;Ddsf] cGtMz'Ns eP ;DaGwLt sfof{nosf]
lg0f{oaf6 sl§ ug{ kfOg] 5 / ;f] eGbf a9L sl§ ug{sf nfuL gf]S;fgLsf]
ljj/0f tyf ;ldltsf] l;kmf/L; ;d]t v'nfO{ laefu ;dIf l;kmf/L; ug'{ kg]{
5 . o;/L k]z x'g cfPsf] l;kmf/L; ;fy gf]S;fgL ePsf] j:t'sf] :ynut
lgl/If0f u/L gf]S;fgL ePsf] a:t'sf] kl/df0f tyf d"No ;d]t :ki6 olsg
u/L ldGxf lbg' kg]{ 7x/ d'r'Nsf ;d]t ;+nUg x'g' kg]{ 5 .
t/, dlb/f pTkfbg ug]{ pBf]usf] xsdf lgodfjnLsf] lgod !& adf]lhd
s/bftfn] sRrf kbfy{sf] plrt ;+/If0fsf] k|aGw u/]sf] cj:yf ePdf dfq
pNn]lvt k|s[of cufl8 a9fpg' kg]{ 5 .
^= ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/z kl5 sfof{nosf tf]lsPsf sd{rf/L / lgj]bs jf lghsf
k|ltlglwn] To:tf]] pkof]u ldlt ;lsPsf a:t'sf] d'r'Nsf v8f u/L cGtMz'Ns
clws[tsf] /f]xa/df gi6 ug'{ kg]{ 5 . gi6 ubf{sf] k|s[of, :yfg / vr{sf]
;Dk"0f{ Joj:yf lgj]bsn] ug'{ kg]{ 5 .
hlt{ uPsf a:t' -seen loss_ ldgfxfsf nflu ckgfpg' kg]{ k|lqmofM
!=
k|lti7fgn]] k'g k|of]u ug{ g;lsg] a:t'sf] hlt{÷gf]S;fgLsf] b}lgs laa/0f
tof/ u/L /fVg' kg]{5 . o:tf] laa/0f b}lgs ?kdf x]g{ ;lsg] lsl;dn]
/x]sf] x'g' kg]{5 . ef}lts lgoGq0f tkm{sf] laj/0f OsfO sfof{nodf ;d]t
lbg'
kg]{5 .
@=
cGtMz'Ns clws[tn] dfl;s lg/LIf0f afx]s hlt{ gf]S;fgL ePsf] clen]v
s'g} klg ;dodf gd'gf k/LIf0fsf] ?kdf lg/LIf0f u/L olsg ug{
;Sg]5 .
#=
cGtMz'Ns clws[tn] olsg u/]sf] hlt{÷gf]S;fgLsf] laj/0fnfO{ ldgfxfsf]
lg0f{osf] nflu sfof{no k|d'v ;dIf l;kmfl/z ;fy k]z ug'{ kg]{5 .
sfof{no k|d'vn] rfx]df gd"gf k/LIf0f u/L ldgfxfsf] :jLs[lt jf lg0f{o
ug'{ kg]{5 .
$=
hlt{ ldgfxf ;DaGwL sfdsf] ;Dkfbg hlt{ cfoftg ;d]tsf] cfwf/df
36Ldf k|To]s kflIfs jf dlxgf / a9Ldf $÷$ dlxgf leqdf ;DkGg
ug'{, u/fpg' kg]{5 . - dlb/f tyf ljo/sf] xsdf lgod @# tyf @#s
adf]lhd x'g] _
%=
hlt{ ldgfxf ;DaGwL sfdsf] ;Dkfbg ug{ u/fpgdf ;DalGwt
pBf]uL÷Joa;foLn] sfof{nonfO{ ;dodfg} ldgfxfsf] nflu laj/0f ;fy
lgj]bg u/L ;f] ;DaGwL sfdsf] nflu cfaZos ;xof]u ug'{ lghsf]
bfloTj x'g]5 .
^=
hlt{ k|dfl0ftsf] :jLs[lt÷lg0f{o ePkl5 d'r'Nsf v8f u/L gi6 ug'{
kg]{5 .
&=
P]g tyf lgodfjnLn] tf]ls lbPsf] cj:yf jf laefu jf clwsf/ k|fKt
lgsfon] tf]lslbPsf] l;df eGbf a9L hlt{ b]lvPdf cGtMz'Ns lgwf{/0f
u/L To:tf] hlt{ ;d]t gi6 ug'{ kg]{5 .
*=
ldGxf ug]{ sfo{sf] nflu cGtMz'Ns tkm{sf lg/LIfs / sfof{nosf
tf]lsPsf sd{rf/L, cGtMz'Ns clws[t tyf k|lti7fgsf tkm{af6 ;DalGwt
sd{rf/L tyf clws[t /x]sf] 6f]nLsf] k|ltj]bg Pj+ d'r'Nsfsf] cfwf/df
sfof{no k|d'vn] ldgfxfsf] :jLs[lt jf lg0f{o ug'{ kg]{5 .
(=
To:tf] d'r'Nsf tof/ u/L hlt{ ldgfxf u/]sf], gi6 u/]sf], hnfPsf] cflb
sfo{x?sf] d'r'Nsf Ps Ps k|lt ;DalGwt k|lti7fg, sfof{nodf /fvL
;f]sf] hfgsf/L oyflz3| laefudf ;d]t u/fpg' kg]{5 .
pbfx/0f
hlt{ ldGxf ;DaGwdf b]xfo adf]lhd dfl;s ljj/0fsf] cWoog u/L hlt{ ldGxf
;DaGwL sf/jfxL ug'{ kg]{5 .
cl3Nnf] df}Hbft l:k|6 -Pn=lk=ln=_
=a
gofF cfDbfgL l:k|6 -Pn=lk=ln=_
=b
hDdf l:k|6 -Pn=lk=ln=_
= a+b
pTkfbgdf vr{ ePsf] l:k|6 -Pn=lk=ln=_
=x
pTkflbt dlb/f -Pn=lk=ln=_
=y
hlt{ kl/df0f -Pn=lk=ln=_
= x-y
hlt{ k|ltzt
= x-y 100 % x
=..............%
clGtd df}Hbft l:k|6 -Pn=lk=ln=_
= (a+b)-x
77
kl/R5]b–*
:jo+ lgisf;g k|0ffnL
P]g / lgodfjnL adf]lhd dlb/f, ljo/ / r'/f]6 afx]s cGo cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t' tyf ;]jfnfO{
:jo+ lgisf;g k|0ffnL cGtu{t /flvPsf] 5 . ef}lts lgoGq0f k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t afx]ssf
cGtMz'Ns nfUg] cGo a:t' jf ;]jfsf] pTkfbg, lgisf;g, k}7f/L tyf lgsf;L ul/g] k|0ffnLnfO{
:jo+ lgisf;g elgG5 .
*=!
k|lti7fgn] /fVg'kg]{ vftfx?
k|lti7fgn] lgDg adf]lhdsf] k|dfl0ft clen]v tyf vftfx? cBfjlws ?kdf /fVg'
kg]{5 . ;f] cg';f/sf] df:s]jf/L ljj/0f sfof{nodf lgoldt k7fpg' kg]{5 M
-s_ sRrf kbfy{sf] cfDbfgL vr{ vftf -pTkfbgd'ns pBf]usf] nflu_
-v_ pTkfbg tyf lgisf;gsf] df:s]jf/L tyf jflif{s k|ltj]bg
-u_ sRrf kbfy{sf] df:s]jf/L tyf jflif{s k|ltj]bg
-3_ vl/b tyf ljs|L vftf
dfly pNn]lvt clen]v tyf vftfx?df cGtMz'Ns clws[taf6 k|dfl0ft u/fO /fVg'
kb{5 . k|lti7fgsf] clwsf/ k|fKt JolQmaf6 ;d]t pQm vftfx?df ePsf] b}lgs
k|lji6Lx? k|dfl0ft ug'{ kb{5 .
*=@
ljj/0f bflvnf ;DalGw Joj:yf
k|lti7fgn] sRrf kbfy{sf] cfDbfgL / vr{ tyf pTkfbg / lgisf;gsf] df:s]jf/L
k|ltj]bg k|To]s dlxgf ;dfKt ePsf] ldltn] @% lbg leq / jflif{s ljj/0f cfly{s jif{
;dfKt ePsf] ldltn] @% lbg leq ;DalGwt sfof{nodf ;'rgf k|ljlw ;d]t k|of]u u/L
Online dfWodaf6 tyf Hard copy ;d]t k]z ug'{kg]{5 . ;do ;dodf sfof{noaf6
df+u ePsf tYof+s ,;'rgf tyf sfuhft tyf cGtMz'Ns clws[tn] df+u u/]df h'g;'s}
;dodf pknJw u/fpg'kg]{5 . k|lti7fgsf] ef}lts kl/df0f, vftf tyf clen]v /
cGtMz'Ns /sdsf] ljj/0f h''g;'s} jvt klg cGtMz'Ns clws[tn] lgl/If0f ug{ ;Sg]5 .
*=#
ljqmL ;DjGwL Joj:yf M
d"No clej[l4 s/ jdf]lhd zfvfsf] ?kdf btf{ ePsfn] afx]s c?n] rnfg dfk{mt
lgisf;g ug{ kfOg] 5}g . Jofkfl/s k|of]hgsf] nflu k}7f/L ul/Psf] cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t'
ljqmL ubf{ cGtMz'Ns nfUg] d"Nodf cGtMz'Ns nufO{ c;'n pk/ ug'{ kg]{5 .
78
*=$ cGtMz'Ns c;'nL / bflvnf ;DaGwL Joj:yfM
:jo+ lgisf;g k|0ffnL cGt{ut pTkfbg, k}7f/L tyf laamL lat/0f x'g] j:t' tyf ;]jfsf]
xsdf lgodfjnLsf] cg';"rL !# jdf]lhdsf] lahs hf/L ubf{ avtdf g} nfUg]
cGtMz'Ns lahsdf pNn]v u/L c;'n ug'{ k5{ . c;'n ul/Psf] cGtMz'Ns /sdnfO{
lahs hf/L eP kl5sf] dlxgfsf] kRrL; ut] leq cGtMz'Ns ljj/0f ;lxt ;DalGwt
sfof{nodf bflvnf ug'{ k5{ . pNn]v ePsf] Dofb leq cGtMz'Ns e'QmfgL gu/]df e'QmfgL
ug{ afFsL cGtMz'Ns /sddf k|lt lbg z"Go bzdnj z"Go kfFr k|ltztsf b/n] lanDa
b:t'/ nfUg]5 .
dfly h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] ePtf klg s'g} a:t' jf ;]jfsf] xsdf To:tf] a:t' pTkfbg
u/]sf], k}7f/L u/]sf] jf ;]jf k|bfg u/]sf] ca:yfdf g} cGtMz'Ns c;'n pk/ ug]{ u/L
tf]lsPsf] ePdf ;f]xL adf]lhd cGtMz'Ms /sd bflvnf ug'{ kg]{5 . cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t'
jf ;]jf jfktsf] j'emfpg' kg]{ eGbf 36L cGtMz'Ns /sd s;}n] j'emfPsf] b]lvPdf
lgodfjnLsf] lgod & cg';f/ lghjf6 cGtMz'Ns clws[tn] jfFsL cGtMz'Ns /sd c;"n
pk/ u/L lng ;Sg]5 .
*=%
cGtMz'Ns s6\6L ;DaGwL Joj:yf
:jo+ lgisf;g k|0ffnL nfu" x'g] pBf]un] sRrf kbfy{ v/Lb jf cfoft ubf{ lt/]sf]
cGtMz'Ns tof/L j:t' ljs|L ubf{ ltg'{kg]{ cGtMz'Nsdf s6\6f ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf P]gsf]
bkmf #s-#_ df 5 .
;xfos sRrf kbfy{df lt/]sf] cGtMz'Ns /sd s6\6L ;+aGwdf
P]gsf] bkmf #s sf] pkbkmf # adf]lhd cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t' pTkfbgdf k|of]u x'g] sRrf
kbfy{sf] vl/bdf lt/]sf] cGtMz'Ns dfq s6[f ug{ kfOg] x'+bf ;xfos sRrf kbfy{ Kofls+u d]6]l/on_ vl/bdf lt/]sf] cGtMz'Ns s6[f ug{ gkfOg] .
79
kl/R5]b–(
k}7f/L, lgof{t, s/ d'Qm k;n -j08]8 j]o/ xfp;_
/ gub w/f}6L jf a}s Uof/]G6L k'ms'jf
(=!
dlb/f, ljo/ / r'/f]6 k}7f/L ;DalGw Joj:yf
-s_
-v_
80
P]gsf] Joj:yf
P]gsf] bkmf ( adf]lhd dlb/f, ljo/ tyf r'/f]6 ljb]zjf6 cfoft ug{sf] nflu
lgodfjnLn] tf]s]sf] Joj:yf cg';f/ b:t'/ lt/L To:tf] j:t' cfoft ug]{ Ohfht
kq lng' kb{5 .
lgodfjnLsf] lgod !#-#_-v_ cg';f/ cGtMz'Ns nfUg] a:t' k}7f/L ul/Psf]
ca:yfdf cGtMz'Ns clws[t jf lghn] v6fPsf] sd{rf/L ;dIf v/Lb ljhs k]z
ug'{ kg]{5 .
k}7f/L ;DaGwL yk Joj:yf
-!_
k|lttkqsf] dfWodaf6 cGtMz'Ns nfUg] a:t'sf] k}7f/Lstf{n] k|lttkq
vf]Ng' cufj} a:t'sf] a|f08,kl/df0f,d"No lab]zL laqm]tfsf] gfd 7]ufgf,
k}7f/L x'g] eG;f/ laGb', k}7f/L x'g] j:t' /fVg] uf]bfd :ynsf] k"0f{ laa/0f
vf]nL ;DaGwLt sfof{nosf] cGtMz'Ns clws[t ;dIf k}7f/L ug]{
l:js[ltsf] nflu lgj]bg lbg' kb{5 .
-@_
o;/L k|fKt ePsf] lgj]bgdf cGtMz'Ns clws[tn] 5fglag u/L l:js[t
lbg ;Sg]5 . l:js[ltsf]] hfgsf/L k}7f/L x'g] eG;f/ sfof{nonfO{ klg
lbg'
kg]{5 .
-#_
eG;f/n] k}7f/L x'g] dlb/f, ljo/, r'/f]6df nfUg] cGtMz'Ns c;'n u/L dfn
j:t' hfr kf; e};s]kl5 k}7f/L stf{sf] uf]bfd;Dd Nofpg] sG6]g/df
l;n5fk nuffO{ k7fpg' kg]{ 5 .
-$_ eG;f/af6 k}7f/L e} cfPsf] dlb/f, ljo/, r'/f]6sf] sG6]g/df nfu]sf]
l;n5fk ;'/lIft ?kdf sf/f]jf/ :yn ;Dd NofO cGtMz'Ns clws[t jf
lghn] v6fPsf] sd{rf/Lsf]] pkl:yltdf uf]bfddf /fVg' k}7f/Lstf{sf]
st{Jo x'g] 5 . o;/L l;n5fk e} cfPsf] sG6]g/sf] l;n5fk hfr u/L]
k|1fkgkq ;+u le8fO{ cGtMz'Ns clws[t jf lghn] v6fPsf] sd{rf/Ln]
cfkmgf]] pkl:yltdf uf]bfddf /fVg nuffpg' kb{5 .
-%_ cfofltt j:t' uf]bfddf /fVbf 8f]/ns -l6s6 tfNrf_ nufO To:tf]
8f]/ns-l6s6 tfNrf_ df Ohfhtkq k|fKt k}7f/Lstf{{ jf lghsf]
cflwsfl/s k|ltlglw Pj+ cGtMz'Ns clws[t jf lghn] v6fPsf]
-^_
-&_
-*_
-(_
-!)_
-!!_
-!@_
(=@
sd{rf/Lsf] ;+o'Qm b:tvt ug'{ kg]{5 . uf]bfd vf]Nbf / aGb ubf{ l6s6
tfNrf clen]v lstfjdf ;f] sf] sf/0f hgfpg' kg]5 .
ljb]zjf6 cfoft ul/Psf] r'/f]6, dlb/f / ljo/ uf]bfdaf6 lgsf;L ug'{
k'j{ cGtMz'Ns clws[t jf lghn] v6fPsf] sd{rf/Lsf]] pkl:yltdf k|To]s
j§f tyf jf]tndf cGtMz'Ns l6s6 6f; u/]/ dfq To:tf] j:t' laqmL jf
rnfg ug'{ kg]{5 .
uf]bfd /x]sf] :yfg afx]s cGo :yfgaf6 dfn ;dfg laqmL lat/0f ug]{
ePdf rnfg ePsf] dfn j:t'sf] k'/f laa/0f b]lvg] u/L clen]v l7s
b'?:t /fVg' kg]{ 5 .
cfofltt dlb/f, ljo/ tyf r'/f]6sf] cfDbfgL laqmL df}Hbft tyf
l:6s/sf] k|of]u vkt ;+aGwL cg';"rL cg';"rL @^-s_ adf]lgdsf]
l:6s/sf] cfDbfgL vr{ vftf l7s b'?:t u/L /fVg' kg]{ tyf lgl/If0f ug{
dfu u/]sf jvt cGtMz'Ns clws[t ;dIf k]z ug'{ kb{5 .
k}7f/Lstf{n] cg';"rL #) -s_ sf] 9frfdf cfofltt j:t'sf] vl/b laqmL
df}Hbftsf] ljj/0f tyf cg';"rL @^ sf] 9f+rfdf l:6s/ k|fKtL, k|of]u tyf
df]Hbftsf] laa/0f To:tf] j:t' cfoftsf] nflu l:js[lt dfu ubf{, l:6s/
dfu ubf{ / dfl;s ?kdf sfof{nodf k]z ug'{ kb{5 .
dlb/f, ljo/ / r'/f]6 k}7f/Lstf{ jf ;f] sf] ljs|]tf Ohfhtkqjfnfn] ljs|L
ug]{ v'b|f d"No cfly{s jif{sf] z'?df / d"No kl/jt{g ePsf] cj:yfdf
kl/jt{g x'gf;fy ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L hfgsf/L u/fpg' kg]{5 .
cGtMz'Ns clws[tn] cfofltt dlb/f, lao/ / r'/f]6sf ]cfoft, laqmL,
df}Hbft, l:6s/sf] k|of]u ;DaGwdf :ynut ?kdf dfl;s lg/LIf0f u/L
;f] sf] k|ltj]bg sfof{nodf k]z ug'{ kb{5 .
k}7f/Lstf{{n] cfoft :jLs[lt lnbf o; cl3 vl/b ePsf] dfnj:t'sf] laqmL
kl/df0f, laqmL d"No, df}Hbft kl/df0f ;d]t v'n]sf] cg';"rL #) -s_ /
cGtMz'Ns l:6s/sf] cfDbfgL vr{sf] laa/0f cg';"rL @^ k]z ug'{ kb{5 .
cGtMz'Ns clws[tn] ;f] sf] kl/If0f u/L cfjZostf cg';f/ ef}lts
kl/If0f ;d]t u/L cfoft :jLs[lt k|bfg ug{ ;Sg] 5 .
s/ d'Qm k;n -j08]8 j]o/ xfp;_ ;DaGwL yk Joj:yf
-s_
sfg"gL Joj:yf
-!_ P]gsf] bkmf # v df cGtMz"Ns nfUg] j:t' jf ;]jfdf b]xfosf] cj:yfdf
cGtMz'Ns nfUg] 5}g M
-s_ g]kfn jflx/ lgsf;L u/]df jf :jLs[lt k|fKt s/ d'Qm k;n
-j08]8 j]o/ xfp; / 8\o'l6 lk|m ;k_ nfO{ dlb/f / r'/f]6 jfx]ssf
81
-v_
82
cGo j:t' ljqmL u/]df To:tf] j:t' jf ;]jfdf cGtMz'Ns nfUg]
5}g .
-v_ :jLs[t k|fKt j08]8 j]o/ xfp;n] g]kfn ;/sf/, k//fi6«
dGqfnon] l;kmfl/z u/]sf] s'6g}lts tyf dx;'n ;'lawf k|fKt
JolQm jf lgsfonfO{ laqmL ug]{ r'/f]6 tyf dlb/fdf cGtMz'Ns
nfUg] 5}g .
t/,
!= a08]8 xfp;n] r'/f]6 tyf dlb/f jfx]ssf cGo j:t'
cGtMz'Ns gnufO{ ljqmL ljt/0f ug{ jfwf kg]{ 5}g .
@= j08]8 j]o/ xfp;jf6 ljqmL ul/g] cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t'
k}7f/L ubf{ To:tf] j:t'df nfUg] cGtMz'Ns j/fj/sf]
/sd gub w/f}6L jf j}+s k|Tofe"tL /fVg' kg]{5 .
-u_ pkbkmf ! sf] v08 -s_ / -v_ adf]lhdsf] gub w/f}6L jf a}+s
k|Tofe'ltsf] km's'jf jf lkmtf{ k|ls|of ljefu4f/f tf]lsP adf]lhd
x'g]5 .
-3_ g]kfn leq pTkfbg ePsf jf tof/ ePsf j:t'x? g]kfn jflx/
lgof{t e};s]kl5 ;DjlGwt kf6L{n] lng c:jLsf/ u/L jf cGo
s'g} sf/0fn] k'gM k}7f/L u/L NofPsf] cj:yfdf ;f] dfnj:t' k}7f/L
ePsf] # dlxgf leq lgsf;L ug]{ ePdf o;/L lkmtf{ NofpFbfsf
jvt nfUg] cGtMz'Ns w/f}6Ldf /fvL ;f] dfnj:t' k'gM lgsf;L
ePkl5 w/f}6L /sd ;DjlGwt e+;f/ sfof{non] lkmtf{ lbg]5 .
s/ d'Qm k;n -j08]8 j]o/ xfp; / 8\o"6L lkm| ;k_ ;DaGwL yk Joj:yf
-!_
s/ d'Qm k;n -j08]8 j]o/ xfp;_ /fVg l:js[lt lng' kg]{ 5 .
-@_
To:tf] k;n jf xfp;df :jb]zL pTkfbs÷k|lti7fgn]] cfk\mgf] pTkfbgsf]
k|To]s jf]tn, Sofg jf j§fdf l;nl;n]jf/ gDj/ ;lxtsf] s/ d'Qm
n]lvPsf] l:6s/, l6s6 jf n]jn nufO{ dfq k7fpg' kb{5 .
-#_
lab]zjf6 k}7f/L u/L ljqmL ug{ NofOPsf To:tf j:t'x?df klg k|To]s
uf]6f jf yfgdf clgjfo{ ?kdf s/ d'Qm n]lvPsf] n]jn nufO{ ljqmL ug]{
Joj:yf ug'{ kb{5 .
-$_ s/ d'Qm k;n ;~rfng ug]{ ;+:yfn] v/Lb ljqmL ePsf] ljj/0f cg':'frL
#)-v_ jdf]lhdsf] /lh:6/df cWofjlws u/L /fVg' kb{5 .
-%_ j]08]8 j]o/ xfp; -s/ d'Qm k;n_ sf] laqmLsf] nflu lab]zaf6 cfoft
ul/Psf] dlb/f, ljo/ tyf r'/f]6 nufotsf a:t'x? cfoft ubf{ lt
-^_
-&_
-*_
j:t'x?sf] a|f08 gfd, kl/df0f, d"No ;d]tsf laa/0f :k:6 b]lvg] u/L
5'6\6ofO k|1ffkg kq e/L eG;f/ sfof{nodf k]z ug'{kg]{ 5 .
j08]8 j]o/ xfp; tyf s/ d'Qm k;nsf] laqm]tfn] dlb/f, ljo/ tyf
r'/f]6sf] cfDbfgL laqmL df}Hbftsf] laa/0f cg';"rL #) -v_ / laqmLdf
k|of]u x'g] cGtMz'Ns l:6s/sf] cfDbfgL vkt df}Hbftsf] ljj/0f x/]s
k6s To:tf j:t'x?sf] cfoft ubf{, l:6s/ dfu ubf{ / dfl;s ?kdf
;d]t
k]z
ug'{
kb{5 .
cGtMz'Ns clws[tn] s/ d'Qm k;n -j08]8 j]o/ xfp;_ af6 dlb/f,
lao/ / r'/f]6sf]cfoft, laqmL, df}Hbft, l:6s/sf] k|of]u u/]sf] ;DaGwdf
:ynut ?kdf dfl;s lg/LIf0f u/L ;f] sf] k|ltj]bg sfof{nodf k]z ug'{
kb{5 .
j08]8 j]o/ xfp;af6 s'6g}lts ;'ljwfk|fKt JolQm, ;+:yf jf lgof]unfO{
laqmL ug'{ kg]{5 .
(=# a}s k|Tofe"tL -Uof/]G6L_ tyf gub w/f}6L km's'jf
w/f}6L /x]sf] /sd jf a}+s k|Tofe"tLsf] k'ms'jf k|s[of lgDg adf]lhd x'g]5 .
-s_ Ohfhtkq k|fKt j08]8 j]o/ xfp;n] cGtMz'Ns nfUg] a:t' k}7f/L ubf{ nfUg]
cGtMz'Ns j/fj/sf] /sd w/f}6L÷a}+s k|Tofe"tL /fvL ;DaGwLt eG;f/
sfof{nodf lga]bg lbg] / cGtMz'Ns Ohfht k|bfg ug]{ sfof{non] lbPsf]
cfoft :jLs[lt cg'?k eP eG;f/ sfof{non] w/f}6L÷a}+s k|Tofe"tLsf cfwf/df
;fdfg k}7f/L ug{ lbg' kb{5 .
-v_ j08]8 j]o/ xfp;n] cg';"rL #) -v_ cg';f/sf] laa/0f ;DaGwLt s/bftf ;]jf
sfof{no jf cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{nodf / a}s Uof/G6L k'ms'jfsf] nflu eG;f/
sfof{nodf k]z ug'{ kb{5 . o;/L k]z ePsf] laa/0fdf cGtMz'Ns clws[tn]
k}7f/L u/]sf] k|1fkgkq, k//fi6« dGqfnosf]] l;kmfl/z ljqmL ePsf] dfn ;fdfgsf]
ljj/0f,l:6s/ k|fKtL vkt / df}Hbftsf] lja/0f, lgoldt ?kdf hfr ug'{ kg]{5 .
-u_
eG;f/ sfof{non] k}7f/L ePsf] ldltn] !! dlxgf leq ;+k"0f{ dfn j:t' laqmL
gePdf jf !! dlxgf leq w/f}6L k'ms'jfsf] nflu lga]bg glbPdf laqmL x'+g af+sL
kl/df0fsf] cGtMz'Ns j/fj/sf] /sd /fh:j bflvnf u/fO{ jf+sL w/f}6L÷a}+s
k|Tofe"tL k'ms'jf ug{ ;Sg]] 5 .
- 3_ gub w/f}6L÷a}+s k|Tofe"tL /fv]sf] ljj/0f ;lxtsf] clen]v eG;f/ sfof{non]
vftfdf clgjfo{ ?kdf /fVg' kg]{5 .
-8=_ dlb/f tyf r'/f]6sf] cfoft u/L s/ nfUg] / s/ d'Qm k;n jf j08]8 j]o/
xfp;af6 To:tf dfn j:t' laqmL ug]{ Ohfhtjfnfn] s/ nfUg] / s/ d'Qm
k;n jf j08]8 j]o/ xfp;sf] uf]bfd tyf laqmL sIf 5'6\6f 5'6\6} /fVg' kb{5 .
83
-r_ s/ d'Qm k;nsf] nflu a}+s k|Tofe"lt /flv k}7f/L u/L NofOPsf] dlb/f tyf r'/f]6
s'6g}lts tyf dxz'n ;'ljwf k|fKt JolQm jf lgsfonfO{ jfx]s c? s;}nfO{ ljs|L
ug{ kfOg] 5}g . o; Joj:yf ljkl/t ljs|L u/]df a}+s Uof/]G6L ;'ljwf Pj+
Ohfhtkq ;d]t /2 ul/g]5 / ljs|L ePsf] kl/df0f j/fj/ cGtMz'Ns lgwf{/0f
ul/g]5 .
(=$
lgof{t Joj:yf M
-s_
-v_
84
sfg"gL Joj:yf
-!_
g]kfn jflx/ lgsf;L u/]df P]gsf] bkmf # v jdf]lhd cGtMz'Ns nfUg]
5}g .
-@_
g]kfn leq pTkfbg ePsf jf tof/ ePsf dfn:t'x? g]kfn jflx/ lgof{t
e};s]kl5 ;DjlGwt kfl6{n] lng c:jLsf/ u/L jf cGo s'g} sf/0fn] k'gM
k}7f/L u/L NofOPsf] ca:yfdf ;f]xL dfnj:t' k}7f/L ePsf] tLg dlxgf
leq lgsf;L ug]{ ePdf o;/L lkmtf{ NofpFbf avt nfUg] cGtMz'Ns
w/f}6Ldf /fvL To:tf] dfn j:t' k'gM lgsf;L eP kl5 w/f}6L /sd
;DjlGwt e+;f/ sfof{non] lkmtf{ lbg]5 .
dlb/f, ljo/, r'/f]6 lgsfzL ;DjGwL] Joj:yf
P]gsf] bkmf #v df ePsf] ;+zf]wg cg';f/ dlb/f tyf r'/f]6 g]kfn jflx/ lgsf;L
ubf{ gub w/f}6L jf a}+s k|Tofe"lt /fVg'kg]{ Joj:yf x6fPsf] ;Gbe{df ef}lts
lgoGq0f k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t' -dlb/f, ljo/ / r'/f]6_ sf]
g]kfn jflx/ lgsf;L ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu lgDgfg';f/sf] k|lqmof tf]lsPsf] 5 .
!=
pBf]un] lgsf;Lsf] nflu ;DjlGwt sfof{nodf lga]bg lbg'kg]{,
@=
pQm lgj]bgdf lgDg s'/fx? v'nfpg'kg]{,
-s_ s'g eG;f/ ljGb'jf6 lgsf;L ug]{,
-v_ lgsf;L ul/g] j:t'sf] kl/df0f, ljqmL d"No / cGtMz'Ns /sd,
#=
pQm lgj]bgsf ;fy lgDgfg';f/sf sfuhft k]z ug'kg]{ .
-s_ lgsf;Lstf{ / cfoftstf{ jLrsf] vl/b ljqmL ;+emf}tf -Quality /
Quantity v'n]sf]_,
-v_ lgsf;Lsf] nflu vf]lnPsf] Pn=;L=sf] k|ltlnlk,
$=
cGtMz'Ns clws[t jf lghn] tf]s]sf] sd{rf/Lsf] /f]xj/df dlb/f÷r'/f]6
nf]8 ug]{, sG6]g/df l;n5fk u/L ;f]sf] hfgsf/L ;DalGwt eG;f/
sfof{nonfO{ lbg'kg]{ .
%=
^=
&=
*=
(=
s/bftfn] lgsf;L u/]sf] j:t'sf] lgsf;L k|1fkg kqsf] k|ltlnlk ;lxt #
lbgleq ;DjlGwt sfof{nodf hfgsf/L u/fpg' kg]{5 .
lgsf;L ug'{ u/fpg' k"j{ pBf]un] ltg'{kg]{ cGtMz'Ns d"No clea[l4 s/
tyf cfos/ aSof}tf g/x]sf] x'g'kg]{ .
lgsf;Lsf] nflu pBf]ujf6 lgisfzg u/]sf] j:t' dgfl;j sf/0f j]u/
lgsf;L gu/]sf] kfOPdf cGtMz'Ns lgwf{/0f u/L nfUg] cGtMz'Ns tyf
ljnDj b:t'/ c;'n u/L cGtMz'Ns bjfP l5kfPsf] jf 5n]sf] s;'/ dfgL
sf/jfxL ;d]t x'g]5 .
cGtMz'Ns lgodfjnL -;+zf]w ;lxt_, @)%( sf] lgod !@-!_ sf] v08 ª_ adf]lhd lg/LIf0fsf ;dodf To; k"j{ g]kfn jflx/ lgsf;L ePsf]
j:t'sf] lgsf;L k|1fkg kq tyf e'QmfgL ePsf] k|dfl0ft x'g] sfuhft
;d]t hf+r ug'{kg]{5 .
lgsf;L x'g] dfn j:t'sf] j6\6f jf n]jndf "lgsf;Lsf] nflu dfq" eGg] zJb
n]lvPsf] x'gk5{ .
85
kl/R5]b–!)
cGtMz'Nssf] clen]v tyf k|ltj]bg
cGtMz'Ns Ohfhtkq k|fKt JolQmn] cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t' jf ;]jfsf] pTkfbg, ljqmL tyf To:tf]
j:t' jf ;]jf pTkfbgsf nflu k|of]u x'g] sRrf kbfy{, ;xfos sRrf kbfy{ cflbsf] v/Lb, vkt
tyf clGtd df}Hbftsf] n]vf cBfjlws /fVg] vftfx? sf/f]jf/ z'? ug'{ eGbf cuf8L g}
;DjlGwt cGtMz'Ns clws[tjf6 k|dfl0ft u/fO{ n]vf /fVg' kb{5 .
!)=! n]vf cBfjlws u/L /fVg' kg]{ - P]gsf] bkmf !)v _
-!_
-@_
-#_
-$_
cGtMz'Ns ljj/0f k]z ug'{ kg]{ JolQmn] cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t' jf ;]jfsf] pTkfbg,
ljqmL, To:tf] j:t' jf ;]jfsf] pTkfbgsf] nflu k|of]u ul/g] sRrf kbfy{, ;xfos
sRrf kbfy{ cflbsf] v/Lb, vkt tyf clGtd df}Hbftsf]] d"No tyf kl/df0f
v'Ng] tf]lsP jdf]lhdsf ljj/0f ;lxtsf] n]vf cWofjlws /fVg' kg]{ 5 / To:tf]]
n]vf cGtMz'Ns clws[tn] lgl/If0f ug{ df+u u/]sf jvt pknJw u/fpg' kg]{5 .
v/Lb, pTkfbg, lgisfzg, ljqmL / df}Hbft vftf ;DjlGwt cGtMz'Ns clws[t4f/f
k|dfl0ft u/fO{ n]vf /fVg] k|of]hgsf] nflu k|of]u ug'{ kg]{5 .
Ohfhtjfnfn] sf/f]jf/sf] n]vf ^ jif{ ;Dd ;'/lIft /fVg' kg]{5 .
P]gsf] sfof{Gjogsf] lgldQ cGtMz'Ns clws[tn] lnlvt?kdf ;"rgf lbO
cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] sf/f]jf/sf] ;DjGwdf hfgsf/L dfUf ug{
;Sg]5 .
!)=@ sf/f]jf/sf] clen]v /fVg] Joj:yf -lgodfjnLsf] lgod !@-!_ -u_ tyf lgod !#s!_ _
Ohfhtkqjfnfn] P]g / lgodfjnLsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu b]xfosf sfuhft tyf
ljj/0fx?sf] n]vf k|of]hgsf nflu clen]v /fVg' kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf]5 M
-s_ r'/f]6 pTkfbs Ohfhtkqjfnfn] b]xfo jdf]lhdsf vftf / ;f] sf] ljj/0f,
-!_
pTkfbg tyf ljs|L ePsf] b}lgs df}Hbftsf] ljj/0f -cg';"lr $_,
-@_
sf]/f dfnsf] df}Hbft ljj/0f -cg';"lr %_,
-#_
sf]/fdfnsf] vkt / r'/f]6/lj8L pTkfbgsf] b}lgs ljj/0f - cg';"lr ^_,
-$_ b}lgs Kofls+u ?dsf] ljj/0f - cg';"lr &_,
-%_ uf]bfddf /x]sf] r'/f]6sf] b}lgs ljj/0f -cg';"lr *_,
-^_
r'/f]6 tyf lj8Lsf] lgisf;g df+u kmf/fd -cg';"lr (_,/
86
-v_
dfq
-&_ Jofr lgoGq0f vftf - cg';"lr (s_
dlb/f, l:k|6, v'bf] / ljo/ pTkfbs Ohfhtkqjfnfn] b]xfo adf]lhdsf] vftf,
kmf6jf/L / ltgsf] ljj/0f,
-!_
pTkfbg tyf laqmL ePsf] b}lgs df}Hbftfsf] lx;fj - cg';"lr $_
-@_
Jofr lgoGq0f vftf - cg';"lr (s_
-#_
l8li6Ln/L a'|c/Ljfnfn] lbg' kg]{ /S;L ,ljo/ ,jfOg sf] laqmL / To;jf6
cfpg] cGtMz'Nssf] kmf6jf/L - cg';"lr !)_
-$_ l8li6Ln/L a'|c/Ljfnfn] lbg' kg]{ /S;L ,ljo/ ,jfOg sf] kmf6jf/L-cg';"lr
!!_
-%_ ;Vv/ v'bf]sf] b}lgs lx;fj - cg';"lr !@_
-^_
ljo/sf] gf]S;fgL ldGxfsf] lgj]bg tyf l;kmfl/; -cg';"lr @% ljo/fsf] nflu
-&_
-u_
Dlb/fsf] gf]S;fgL ldGxfsf] lgj]bg tyf l;kmfl/; cg';"lr @%-s_+ dlb/fsf]
nflu dfq
cGtMz'Ns ljj/0f j'emfpg' kg]{ ;j} Ohfhtkqjfnfx?n] b]xfo adf]lhdsf
vftfx?,
-!_
v/Lb vftf -cg';"lr $u_,
-@_
ljs|L vftf -cg';"lr $3_,
-#_
Jofr lgoGq0f vftf -cg';'lr (s_,
-$_ cfkm'n] hf/L u/]sf tyf k|fKt u/]sf lahsx?,
-%_ Jofkf/, n]vf, gub k|fKtL / e'QmfgL ;DaGwL clen]v,
-^_
cfkm'n] u/]sf] cfoft / lgof{t;+u ;DalGwt ;Dk"0f{ sfuhftx?,
-&_ ljefun] tf]s]sf cGo sfuhftx? .
!)=# lg/LIf0f k'l:tsf /fVg' kg]{ -lgodfjnLsf] lgod @!_
dlb/f pTkfbg ug]{ Ohfhtkqjfnfn] l8i6Ln/L jf a'|c/Ldf ljefun] tf]s] adf]lhdsf]
Pp6f lg/LIf0f k'l:tsf /fVg' kg]{5 . cGtMz'Ns clws[t jf lghn] v6fPsf] sd{rf/Ln]
l8i6Ln/L jf a'|c/L lg/LIf0f ubf{ lg/LIf0f ldlt, ;do / dlb/f pTkfbg k|lqmofdf
;DaGwdf b]v]sf] q'6L ;DaGwL ;a} s'/f ;f] k'l:tsfdf n]Vg' kg]{5 .
!)=$ pTkfbg ug]{ k|lti7fgn] /fVg' kg]{ yk vftfx? M
cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t' pTkfbg ug]{ k|lti7fgn] cGo vftfsf] cltl/Qm b]xfosf] vftfx?
;d]t cWofjlws agfO{ /fVg' kb{5 .
87
-s_
-v_
-u_
-3_
-ª_
-r_
-5_
-h_
-em_
-`_
-6_
-7m_
-8_
-9_
-0f_
-t_
-y_
sRrf kbfy{sf] cfDbfgL vr{ vftf cg';"rL !$ -:jod lgisf;g k|0ffnLsf] nflu
dfq _
b}lgs sfo{ kl/rfng vftf cg';"rL !% -dlb/f pBf]usf] dfq_
sf/vfgfsf] uf]bfd If]qaf6 cGtMz'Ns nfUg] kbfy{ lg:sf;g ug]{ dfu kmf/d
cg';"rL !& -ef}lts lgoGq0fsf] nflu dfq_
dfu kmf/fd btf{ lx;fa vftf cg';"rL !* -ef}lts lgoGq0fsf] nflu dfq_
t}of/L ;fdfgsf] cfDbfgL tyf laqmL -lg:sf;g_ vftf cg';"rL !( -dlb/f
pBf]usf] nflu dfq_
pTkfbg tyf lgisf;gsf] df:s]jf/L . jflif{s k|ltj]bg -cg';"lr @&_ -:jod
lgisf;g k|0ffnLsf] nflu dfq_
sRrf kbfy{sf] df:s]jf/L. jflif{s k|ltj]bg -cg';"lr @*_ -:jod lgisf;g
k|0ffnLsf] nflu dfq_
cGtMz'Ns l6s6 / l6s6 nssf]] cfDbfgL vr{ vftfsf] gd"gf cg';"rL @^
cg';"rL @^-s_
cGtMz'Ns l6s6 ns -;frf]_sf]] k|of]u /]s8{ vftfsf] gd"gf cg';"rL @^-v_
dlxgf / jflif{s pTkfbgsf] cGtMz'Ns lja/0f cg';"rL @(
dlxgf / jflif{s laqmLsf] cGtMz'Ns lja/0f cg';"rL #)
cGtMz'Ns /fh:j cz'nLsf] dfl;s lja/0f cg';"rL #!
j:t'ut cGtMz'Ns /fh:j cz'nLsf] dfl;s lja/0f cg';"rL #@
t'ngfTds j:t'ut cGtMz'Ns /fh:j cz'nL lja/0f cg';"rL ##
dfl;s sfo{ k|ult lja/0f cg';"rL #$-sfof{nosf] k|of]hg dfq_
cGtMz'Ns btf{ clen]v lstfj cg';"rL #%-sfof{nosf] k|of]hg dfq_
!)=% ljw'tLo dfWoddf clen]v /fVg ;lsg]
P]g, lgodfjnL tyf o; lgb]{lzsf jdf]lhd /fVg' kg]{ clen]vx? cGtMz'Ns clws[tsf]
cg'dlt lnO{ sDKo'6/ jf To:t} cGo oflGqs k|0ffnLdf ljefun] tf]lslbP adf]lhdsf]
tl/sf ckgfO{ /fVg ;Sg]5 .
!)=^ sDKo'6/af6 k|zf]lwt clen]v k|df0fsf] ?kdf u|fX\o x'g] -P]gsf] bkmf !)u_
-!_ k|rlnt sfg"gdf h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg cGtMz'Nssf] k|of]hgsf] nflu
cGoyf k|dfl0ft ePsf]df afx]s ljefu jf ;f] cGtu{tsf sfof{no jf cGtMz'Ns
88
-@_
-#_
k|zf;g ug{ tf]lsPsf] sfof{nodf /x]sf sDKo'6/af6 k|zf]lwt s'g} JolQmsf]
cGtMz'Ns ;DaGwL clen]v k|df0fsf] ?kdf u|fXo x'g]5 .
cGtMz'Ns nfUg] tf]lsPsf j:t' jf ;]jfsf] pTkfbg ;DaGwL tYofÍ ljB'tLo
dfWodaf6 ljefu jf ;f] ljefun] tf]s]sf] sfof{nodf :jtM k|fKt x'g] u/L Joj:yf
ug{ ;Sg]5 .
ljefun] ljB'tLo dfWodaf6 cGtMz'Ns ljj/0f k]z ug]{ / cGtMz'Ns e'QmfgL ug]{
;DaGwdf cfjZos Joj:yf ug{ ;Sg]5 .
cGtMz'Nssf] clen]vf+sg k|ltj]bg cgnfOg dfWodaf6 ug'{kg]{ u/L ;km\6j]o/
Joj:yf ul/ ;lsPsf] 5 .
!)=^ cGtMz'Ns clws[tn] clen]v hf+r ug{ ;Sg] -lgodfjnLsf] lgod !# s
-$_ / -%_ _
Ohfhtkqjfnfn] /fVf]sf] clen]v cGtMz'Ns clws[tn] sf/f]jf/ ;do jf sfof{No ;dodf
h'g;'s} avt x]g{ ;Sg]5 . cGtMz'Ns clws[tn] clen]v hfFr ug]{ l;nl;nfdf df+u
u/]sf sfuhft / ljj/0f pknJw u/fpg' / cfjZos ;xof]usf nflu sd{rf/Lsf] Joj:yf
ug'{ Ohfhtkqjfnfsf] st{Jo x'g]5 .
!)=& ;+ro tyf cf];f/ k;f/sf] clen]v /fVg'kg]{
cGtMz'Ns ljj/0f k]z ug'{ kg]{ JolQmn] cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t'sf] ;+ro tyf cf];f/ k|;f/
;d]t sf] l:ylt ;d]t b]lvg] u/L clen]v /fVg' kb{5 .
89
kl/R5]b–!!
cGtMz'Ns lgwf{/0f, c;'nL tyf bflvnf
!!=!
cGtMz'Ns lgwf{/0f -P]gsf] bkmf #s=_
P]g jdf]lhd nfUg] cGtMz'Nssf] lgwf{/0f / c;"n ug]{ bfloTj cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t' jf
;]jfsf] pTkfbg ug]{ pTkfbssf] x'g]5 . t/ k}7f/L x'g] j:t'sf] cGtMz'Nssf] lgwf{/0f /
c;"nL ;DjlGwt e+;f/ sfof{non] ug]{5 . s'g} j:t'sf] pTkfbg jf k}7f/Lsf cltl/Qm
ljqmL ljt/0fsf] txdf ;d]t cGtMz'Ns nfUg] ePdf P]g adf]lhd nfUg] cGtMz'Nssf]
lgwf{/0f / c;"nL ug]{ bfloTj k}7f/Lstf{ jf ljqm]tfsf] x'g]5 .
!!=@ cGtMz'Ns b/ M
cGtMz'Ns b/ eGgfn] cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t' jf ;]jfdf P]g adf]lhd nfUg] cGtMz'Ns
b/jGbLnfO{ hgfpFb5 . P]gsf] cg';'lrdf cGtMzNs b/jGbL tf]lsPsf] 5 . jt{dfg
cj:yfdf lglb{i6 tyf df]n k|ltzt u/L b'O{ k|sf/sf] b/sf] cfwf/df cGtMz'Ns nufOg]
Joj:yf 5 .
!!=@=!
lglb{i6 b/ -Specific Rate_ M s'g} klg j:t'sf] gfk, tf}n jf kl/df0fsf]
cfwf/df cGtMz'Ns nufpg'nfO{ g} lglb{i6 b/ elgG5 . o:tf j:t'sf] gfk,
tf}n jf kl/df0fsf] cfwf/df cGtMz'Ns lgwf{/0f ul/g] ePsf]n] cGtMz'Ns
k|zf;gn] ef}lts lgoGq0f k|0ffnLnfO{ ljz]if Wofg lbg' kb{5 . o;df sRrf
kbfy{, ;xfos sRrf kbfy{sf] kl/df0fnfO{ n]vfhf]vf u/L pTkfbgzLntf
olsg
ul/g'
h?/L
x'G5 . h:t}M dlb/f, r'/f]6, ljo/, rfprfp, v'bf], kmnkm'nsf] /; . kfgd;nf,
;"lt{, l;d]06 cflbdf of] b/ k|of]u u/L cGtMz'Ns lgwf{/0f ug]{ ul/G5 .
!!=@=@
df]n k|ltzt -Ad-valorem_ M s'g} j:t'sf] d"Nosf] cg'kftsf] cfwf/df
cGtMz'Ns nufOg'nfO{ df]n k|ltzt elgG5 . j:t'sf] pTkfbg ubf{ s] slt
sRrf kbfy{ / cGo vr{ s] slt nfu]sf] 5 To;sf] nfutsf] lx;fj u/L k|lt
OsfO{ d"No sfod u/L To; d"Nosf] cfwf/df jf d"NonfO{ cfwf/ dfgL
cGtMz'Ns lgwf{/0f ug]{ k2tLnfO{ g} df]n k|ltzt elgG5 . o;df sRrf
kbfy{sf] vr{, lz/f]ef/ vr{ tyf hlt{ gf]S;fgL cflb kb{5g\ . csf]{ zJbdf
o;nfO{ cGtMz'Ns nufOg' eGbf cuf8Lsf] j:t' pTkfbg ubf{ -pTkfbssf]
d'gfkmf jfx]s_ sf] k/n d"No klg elgG5 . ;jf/L ;fwfg , k]G6;\ cflbdf of]
b/ k|of]u u/L cGtMz'Ns lgwf{/0f ug]{ ul/G5 .
90
!!=#
cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] d"No lgwf{/0f -P]gsf] bkmf &_
-!_
g]kfn leq pTkfbg x'g] s'g} klg j:t' jf ;]jfdf d"Nosf] cfwf/df cGtMz'Ns
nfUg] ePdf b]xfo jdf]lhdsf] d"NonfO{ cfwf/ dflg cGtMz'Ns nufO{g]5 M
-s_ pTkfbsn] cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t' ljqmL ubf{ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] sf/vfgf d"No,
jf
-v_ ;]jfsf] xsdf ljqmL ubf{sf] d"No, jf
-u_ ljefun] pTkfbg nfut jf cGo pko'Qm cfwf/df tf]lsPsf] d"No .
-@_ g]kfn leq k}7f/L x'g] j:t'sf] ;DjGwdf To:tf] j:t'df eG;f/ dxz'n lng]
k|of]hgsf] lgldQ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] d"Nodf e+;f/ dxz'n ;d]t yku/L sfod x'g
cfpg] d"Nodf cGtMz'Ns nufOg]5 .
-# _ ;]jfdf ljhs jdf]lhdsf] d"No lgwf{/0f u/L cGtMz'Ns c;"n pk/ ul/g]5 .
-$_ cGtMz'Ns clws[tn] cGtMz'Ns c;"n pk/ ug]{ k|of]hgsf] lgldQ
cfjZostfg';f/ k'gM d"No lgwf{/0f jf cltl/Qm d"No lgwf{/0f ug{ ;Sg]5 .
!!=$ cGtMz'Ns c;"nL -P]gsf] bkmf $_
-!_
-@_
o; P]gdf cGoyf Joj:yf ul/Psf]df afx]s o; P]g adf]lhd cGtMz'Ns nfUg]
j:t' tyf ;]jfdf b]xfo adf]lhd cGtMz'Ns c;"n ul/g] 5 M
-s_ ef}lts lgoGq0f k|0ffnL nfu" x'g] pBf]un] pTkfbg ug]{ j:t'sf] xsdf
k|lti7fgaf6 pTkfbg u/L ljs|Lsf nflu lgisf;g ubf{sf] jvt,
-v_ :jd+ lgisf;g k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] xsdf ljhs hf/L
ubf{sf]
jvt,
-u_ k}7f/L x'g] j:t'sf] xsdf To:tf] j:t' g]kfnleq k|j]z ubf{sf] avt eG;f/
ljGb"df,
-3_ k}7f/L x'g] ;]jfsf] xsdf ljefu4f/f tf]lsP adf]lhd .
pk bkmf -!_ df h'g;'s} s/f n]lvPsf] ePtfklg s'g} j:t' jf ;]jfsf] xsdf
To:tf] j:t' pTkfbg u/]sf] jf] ;]jf k|bfg u/]sf] cj:yfdf g} cGtMz'Ns c;'n
ug'{kg]{ u/L ljefun] tf]Sg ;Sg]5 .
91
!!=% Ohfhtkq glnO{ p7fPsf] cGtMz'Ns lgwf{/0f / c;'nL -lgodfjnLsf] lgod û_
s;}n] Ohfhtkq glnO{ cGtMz'Ns jf cGtMz'Nssf] gfddf cGo s'g} /sd p7fPdf
lghn] p7fPsf] cGtMz'Ns /sd lgod ^-s_ adf]lhd lgwf{/0f u/L c;'n pk/ ul/g]5 .
!!=^ Ohfhtkq /2 ePdf df}Hbft /x]sf] j:t' laqmL ug]{ -lgodfnLsf] lgod *_
P]g tyf o; lgodfjnL adf]lhd Ohfhtkq /2 x'Fbfsf cj:yfdf uf]bfddf df}Hbft /x]sf
j:t'sf xsdf jSof}tf cGtMz'Ns a'emfO{ ljefusf] :jLs[lt lnO{ laqmL ug{ ;lsg]5 .
ljefunfO{ a'emfpg' kg]{ jSof}tf cGtMz'Ns ga'emfPdf ljefun] To:tf] j:t' lnnfd laqmL
u/L k|fKt ePsf] /sdaf6 jSof}tf cGtMz'Ns lnO{ afFsL /xg uPsf] /sd ;DalGwt
JolQmnfO{ lkmtf{ ug'{ kg]{5 .
!!=& cGtMz'Ns nufpg] k|s[of -lgodfjnLsf] lgod ^_
-!_
-@_
-#_
-$_
92
dlb/f, l:k|6, v'bf] -df]nf;];_ , ljo/ / r'/f]6 pTkfbg u/L lgisfzg ubf{sf]
cj:yfdf g} cGtMz'Ns nufO{ c;'n pk/ ug]{ u/L ef}lts lgoGq0f k|0ffnL
cGt{ut lgisfzg ug{ lbOg]5 .
dfly pNn]lvt j:t'x? jfx]ssf cGo cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t' tyf ;]jfnfO{ :jo+
lgisfzg k|0ffnL cGt{ut lgisfzg ug{ lbOg]5 .
pTkfbg u/L lgisfzg ubf{sf] cj:yfdf g} cGtMz'Ns nufO{ c;"n pk/ ug'{ kg]{
ef}lts lgoGq0f k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t j:t'sf] xsdf pTkfbsn] cfly{s jif{ el/df
pTkfbg ug]{ j:t' / ;f] jfkt j'emfpg' kg]{ cGtMz'Ns /sdsf] cGtMz'Ns
clws[tn] lx;fj u/L To:tf] /sd pTkfbsaf6 clu|d ?kdf w/f}6L /fVg nufpg
;Sg]5 . To;/L w/f}6L /flvPsf] /sd cGtMz'Ns jfkt j'emfpg' kg]{ eGbf sd
ePdf cGtMz'Ns clws[tn] gk'u /sd hlt pTkfbsaf6 bflvnf ug{ nufpg
;Sg]5 / j9L eP hlt /sd pTkfbsnfO{ lkmtf{ ug'{ kg]{5 .
:jo+ lgisfzg k|0ffnL cGt{ut lgisfzg x'g] j:t' tyf ;]jfsf xsdf cg';"rL !#
jdf]lhdsf] ljhsdf cGtMz'Ns c;"n u/L P]gsf] bkmf # adf]lhd bflvnf
ug'{kg]{5 .
ef}lts lgoGq0f k|0ffnL cGt{utsf j:t'sf] lgisfzg dfu kmf/fd :jLs[t eP kl5
klg cg';"rL !# adf]lhdsf] ljhs hf/L u/L ;fdfg lgisfzg ug'{ kg]{5 .
!!=* cGtMz'Ns s6\6L ;DaGwL Joj:yf
!!=^=!
pTkfbgdf k|of]u ePsf] sRrf kbfy{df lt/]sf] cGtMz'Ns s6\6L Joj:yf P]gsf] bkmf #s-#_ _
cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t' pTkfbg ubf{ vkt ePsf] sRrf kbfy{df lt/]sf]
cGtMz'Ns tof/L j:t' lgisf;g ubf{ ltg'{ kg]{ cGtMz'Nsdf s§f ug{ kfOg]5 .
t/ :jo+ lgisf;g k|0ffnL nfu" x'g pBf]un] sRrf kbfy{ v/Lb jf cfoft ubf{
lt/]sf] cGtMz'Ns tof/L j:t' ljs|L ubf{ ltg'{kg]{ cGtMz'Nsdf s§f ug{ kfpg]
5.
!!=^=@ xfgL gf]S;fgL ePsf] j:t'df lt/]sf] cGtMz'Ns s6\6L Joj:yf -P]gsf] bkmf #s%_ _
cfuhgL, rf]/L, b'3{6gf, Wj+;fTds ultljlw jf j:t' pkof]u ug]{ Dofb ;lsPsf]
sf/0fn] xfgL gf]S;fgL ePsf] j:t'df lt/]sf] cGtMz'Nssf] xsdf ljefun] tf]s]
jdf]lhd dfq s§L ug{ kfOg]5 . kl/R5]b & df k|ls|of tf]lsPsf] 5 .
!!=( cGtMz'Ns j'emfpg] bfloTj -P]gsf] bkmf $s_
cGtMz'Ns a'emfpg] bfloTj b]xfo adf]lhdsf] JolQmdf x'g]5 M
-s_ g]kfnleq pTkfbg x'g] j:t' jf ;]jfsf] xsdf pTkfbs,
-v_ k}7f/L x'g] j:t'df ;f] j:t' k|fKt ug]{ ljn ckm n]l8+u, Pc/ j] ljn, ljn ljhs
jf hf+rkf;sf] nflu lbPsf] lgj]bgdf df pNn]v ePsf] JolQm,
-u_ cGtMz'Ns nfUg] kbfy{ lnnfd ePsf]df ;f] lnnfd ;sfg]{ JolQm,
-3_ s/ d'Qm k;n - 8\o'6L lk|m ;k _ af6 ljs|L ePsf] dlb/f jf r'/f]6 afx]ssf j:t'
k'gM ljs|L jf cGo k|of]hgdf k|of]u ePdf k'gM ljs|L ug]{ jf k|of]u ug]{ JolQm,
-ª_ s'g} j:t' jf ;]jf cGtMz'Ns gnfUg] cj:yfaf6 nfUg] cj:yfdf kl/jt{g ePdf
To:tf] j:t'sf] :jfldTj sfod /xg] JolQm .
-r_ dfly pNn]v eP b]lv jfx]s cGo cj:yfdf ljefun] tf]s]sf] JolQm .
!!=!) cGtMz'Ns bflvnf ug]{ Dofb - P]gsf] bkmf $v _
c;'n ePsf] cGtMz'Ns b]xfo adf]lhd bflvnf ug'{kg]{ 5 M
-s_ ef}lts lgoGq0f k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t j:t'sf] xsdf To:tf] j:t' lgisf;g ubf{sf]
avt,
-v_ :jo+ lgisf;g k|0ffnL cGtu{t pTkfbg tyf las|L ljt/0f x'g] j:t' jf ;]jfsf]
xsdf ljhs hf/L eP kl5sf] dlxgfsf] kRrL; ut] leq,
93
-u_ k}7f/L x'g] j:t'sf] xsdf To:tf] j:t' g]kfnleq k|j]z ubf{sf] jvt,
-3_ k}7f/L x'g] ;]jfsf] xsdf ljefun] tf]s] adf]lhd .
dfly v08 -v_ adf]lhdsf] Dofbleq cGtMz'Ns e'QmfgL gu/]df e'QmfgL ug{ af+ls
cGtMz'Ns /sddf k|lt lbg z"Go bzdnj z"Go kf+r k|ltztsf b/n] ljnDj b:t'/ nfUg]
5.
!!=!! ls:tfaGbLdf ltg]{ Joj:yf -P]gsf] bkmf !& -s__
s'g} s/bftfn] aSof}tf cGtMz'Ns ls:tfaGbLdf a'emfpg kfpF egL lnlvt cg'/f]w u/]df Ps
jif{sf] nflu ls:tfaGbLdf a'emfpg] u/L cg'dlt k|bfg ug{ ;lsg]5 .
!!=!@ cGtMz'Ns ;/x dflgg] -P]gsf] bkmf @@-s__
P]g adf]lhd nfUg] b:t'/, ljnDa z'Ns jf hl/afgf o; P]g adf]lhd nfUg] cGtMz'Ns
;/x dflgg]5 .Æ
!!=!# ljnDa z'Ns
!!=!#=! :jo+ lgisf;g k|0ffnL cGtu{t j:t'sf] cGtMz'Ns ;dodf e'Qmfg gu/]df nfUg]
ljnDa z'Ns -P]gsf] bkmf $v-@_ _
:jo+ lgisf;g k|0ffnL cGtu{t pTkfbg tyf ljs|L ljt/0f x'g] j:t' jf ;]jfsf]
xsdf lahs hf/L eP kl5sf] dlxgfsf] kRrL; ut] leq cGtMz'Ns
e'QmfgL gu/]df e'QmfgL ug{ af+ls cGtMz'Ns /sddf k|lt lbg z"Go
bzdnj z"Go kf+r k|ltztsf] b/n] lanDa z'Ns nfUg] 5 .
!!=!#=@ P]gsf] bkmf $ sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -s_ sf] cj:yfdf afx]s cGtMz'Ns
lgwf{/0f ePsf] jf cGo s'g} sf/0fn] o; P]g adf]lhdsf] Dofbleq a'emfpg' kg]{
cGtMz'Ns /sd s'g} JolQmn] ga'emfPdf a'emfFpg afFsL /x]sf] cGtMz'Ns /sddf
k|lt lbg z"Go bzdnj z'Go kfFr k|ltztsf b/n] ljnDa z'Ns nfUg]5 . P]gsf]
bkmf !) em_
:jo+ lgisfzg tkm{sf a:t'x?sf] laqmLsf] cGtMz'Ns /sd bflvnf ug]{ ;DaGwdf
:jo+ lgisfzg tkm{sf a:t'x?sf] pTkfbgx?sf] laqmLsf] cGtMz'Ns /sd k|lti7fgsf]
d'Vo sfof{no btf{ /x]sf] ;DjlGwt cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{nodf bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ .
94
kl/R5]b–!@
cGtMz'Ns lja/0f
cGtMz'Ns lgwf{/0f / c;"n ug'{kg]{ bfloTo ePsf JolQmn] k|To]s dlxgfsf] cGtMz'Ns ljj/0f csf]{
dlxgfsf] @% ut] leq ;DalGwt s/bftf ;]jf sfof{no jf cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no jf ;f]
sfof{no gePsf] 7f+pdf sf]if tyf n]vf lgoGqs sfof{nodf bflvnf ug'{ kb{5 . cGtMz'Ns
ljj/0f ljw'tLo dfWodaf6 a'emfpg] Joj:yf 5 .cGtMz'Ns ljj/0f Dofb leq k]z gu/]df , cw'/f]
jf q'6Lk"0f{ k]z u/]df / em'7\6f ljj/0f k]z gu/]df cGtMz'Ns P]g adf]lhd b08 h/Ljfgf nfUg]
sfg"gL Joj:yf 5 .
!@=! P]gsf] bkmf !)s sf] Joj:yf M
bkmf #s adf]lhd cGtMz'Ns lgwf{/0f / c;"n ug'{ kg]{ bfloTj ePsf JolQmn] k|To]s
dlxgfsf] cGtMz'Ns nfUg] sf/f]jf/sf] ljj/0f ;f] dlxgf ;dfKt ePsf] kRrL; lbgleq
cGtMz'Ns clws[t ;dIf jf x'nfsaf6 /lhi6L u/L tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] cGtMz'Ns ljj/0f
k]z ug'{kg]{ 5 . To:tf] ljj/0f ;f] dlxgfdf cGtMz'Ns nfUg] sf/f]jf/ u/]sf] jf gu/]sf] h]
;'s} eP tfklg k]z ug'{kg]{5 .
!@=@ lgodfjnLsf] lgod !#u sf] Joj:yf
cGtMz'Ns p7fO{ a'emfpg' kg]{ bfloTj ePsf Ohfhtkqjfnfn] ljs|d ;+jt cg';f/sf] Ps
dlxgfsf] cGtMz'Nssf] ljj/0f ;f] dlxgf ;dfKt ePsf] ldltn] @% lbg leq cg';"lr $ª_ adf]lhdsf] 9f+rfdf ;DalGwt cGtMz'Ns clws[t ;dIf k]z ug'{kg]{ 5 .
!@=@=# ljz]if cj:yfdf xsjfnf jf sfg"gL k|ltlglwn] ljj/0f k]z ug{ ;Sg]-lgodfjnLsf]
lgod !#3_
s'g} Ohfhtkqjfnfsf] d[To" ePdf jf lghn] cGtMz'Ns ljj/0f k]z ug{ zf/Ll/s jf
dfgl;s ?kdf c;dy{ ePdf lghsf] d[To" ePsf] jf lgh zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s ?kdf
c;dy{ ePsf] cl3Nnf] lbg ;Ddsf] cjlw;Dd lghn] cGtMz'NshGo sf/f]jf/ u/]sf] dfgL
cGtMz'Ns clws[tn] ;f] dlxgfsf] cGtMz'Ns ljj/0f lghsf] xsjfnf jf sfg"g
adf]lhdsf] k|ltlglwnfO{ k]z ug{ nufpg ;Sg]5 .
95
kl/R5]b–!#
cGtMz'Ns kl/If0f tyf cGtMz'Ns lgwf{/0f
!#=! cGtMz'Ns n]vfk/LIf0fM
P]gn] cGtMz'Ns hGo j:t'sf] sf/f]jf/ ug]{ / cGtMz'Ns ;+sng u/L bflvnf ug'{ kg]{
bfloTj ePsf Ohfhtkqjfnfx?sf] sf/f]jf/sf] hf+r k/LIf0f ug{ cGtMz'Ns clws[tnfO{
clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . cGtMz'Ns k|zf;g k/+k/fut ef}lts lgoGq0f k|0ffnLdf dfq
;Lldt g/xL cj s/bftf :jo+n] cfk\mgf] sf/f]jf/sf] cfk}+m n]vf /fvL cGtMz'Ns lgwf{/0f
u/L cGtMz'Ns j'emfpg' kg]{ Joj:yf :jod\ lgisfzg k|0ffnLsf] ?kdf Joj:yf ePsf] 5 .
cGtMz'Ns nufpg] k4tL Pp6f ljz'4 k|fljlws kIf xf] . cGtMz'Ns d"ntM pTkfbg /
k}7f/L ljGb'dfg} nfUb5 . vf;u/L :jf:Yodf c;/ kg]{, jftfj/0fnfO{ c;/ kfg]{ Pj+
;dfhsf] ;bfrf/df c;/ ug]{ j:t'x?sf] pTkfbgdf lgoGq0f, u'0f:t/ / laqmL| lat/0fdf
lgoGq0f ug{ o:tf j:t'sf] pTkfbgdf j9L s/ nufpg] ul/G5 . o; afx]s d'n's laZj
Jofkf/ / If]qLo Jofkf/sf] ;+hfndf cfa4 x'g] qmddf e+;f/ b/x?df x'g] kl/dfh{g af6
36\g hfg] /fh:j k"tL{sf nflu cGo a:t'x?df cGtMz'Ns nufO /fh:jsf] bfo/f la:tf/
ug]{ /fh:j gLlt /x]sf]5 . cGtMz'NshGo a:t' ef}lts lgoGq0fdf pTkfbg / lgisf;g
ul/b} cfPsf] ePtfklg cGo s/x? :jo+ lgwf{/0f k4tLdf cfwfl/t ul/b} nluPsfn] pRr
/fh:j hf]lvd ePsf dlb/f, lao/ / r'/f]6 afx]s cGo a:t'x? :jo+ lgisf;g k|0ffnLdf
pTkfbg tyf lgisf;g u/L cfPsf]5 . olx sf/0fn] ubf{ cGtMz'Nsdf pTkfbg k|s[of tyf
pTkfbgsf] qmddf ljleGg tx / ljGb'df /flvg] clen]vnfO{ j9L dxTj lbOg] ul/G5 /
oxL dfWodjf6 /fh:jsf] hf]lvdsf] cfwf/nfO{ klxrfg u/L cGtMz'Ns /fh:jsf] r'xfj6
lgoGq0f ug{ n]vfk/LIf0fsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ sfg"gL ?kdf ljsf; ul/Psf] 5 . jt{dfg
cGtMz'Ns P]gdf lgDg s'/fx? k|ltljDjLt ePsf 5g\ M
-s_ /fh:j ;+sng k|s[ofnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfO{ /fh:j kl/rfng a9fpg] ,
-v_ cGtMz'Ns k|zf;gnfO{ s/ k|zf;gsf] d"n k|jfxdf NofO{ cfw'lgsLs/0f ug]{,
-u_ pTkfbg, lgisfzg Pj+ ljqmL ljt/0fdf x'g ;Sg] r'xfj6df sd ug]{,
-3_ cGtMz'Ns k/LIf0fnfO{ ;d]t k|efjsf/L jgfpg],
-ª_ :jo+ lgisfzg k|0ffnLsf] k|s[of, clen]v / sfg"gL k4tL cem Jojl:yt ug]{, /
-r_ ef}lts lgoGq0f k|0ffnLnfO{ cem r':t / k|efjsf/L u/fO{ /fh:j j[l4 ug]{ .
cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t'sf] sf/f]jf/ ug]{ s/bftfn] ltg'{ kg]{ /fh:jsf] 5fgljg tyf k/LIf0f
ug]{ p2]Zosf nflu ljefujf6 dfu{bz{g tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . ;f] cg';f/ j9L eGbf j9L
cGtMz'Ns /fh:j ;+sng ug{sf nflu k/LIf0fsf qmddf lgDg ljifodf ljz]if b[li6
k'¥ofpg hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 .
96
-s_
-v_
-u_
-3_
-8_
-r_
-5_
-h_
#=!=!
Ohfht kqjfnfsf] sfg"gL x}l;ot
cGtMz'Ns P]g÷lgod÷lgb]{lzsf cg';f/ /flvg' kg]{ clen]v
tf]lsPsf] cGtMz'Ns b/jGbL jdf]lhd cGtMz'Ns bflvnf u/]÷gu/]sf]
lglb{i6 ul/Psf] k|s[of Pj+ pTkfbgzLntf cg'?k pTkfbg eP÷gePsf]
pTkfbg :jLs[lt adf]lhdsf] u'0f:t/ , gfk / tf}n eP÷gePsf]
;+sng ul/Psf] cGtMz'Ns bflvnf u/]÷gu/]sf]
sf/f]jf/jf6 n'sfPsf] cfo j}olQms ;Dklt jf vr{df k|ltljlDjt eP÷gePsf]
P]g lgodn] tf]s]sf] k|s[of / ;dofjlw adf]lhd hlt{ ldGxf eP÷gePsf] .
n]vfk/LIf0fsf k|sf/M
!#=!=!=! lg/LIf0fsf] cfwf/df cGtMz'Ns lgwf{/0f M cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t' pTkfbg
ug]{ k|lti7fgsf] cGtMz'Ns clws[tn] dfl;s ?kdf lg/LIf0f u/]/
k|lti7fgdf /flvPsf n]vf clen]v sfuhftsf] hf+r k/LIf0f u/]/ jf
ahf/df cg'udg tyf lg/LIf0f sfo{ lgoldt ?kdf u/]/ s}lkmot
kfOPdf tTsfn cGtMz'Ns lgwf{/0f u/L df+u ug'{ kb{5 .
!#=!=!=@ df}Hbft sdL bfjLsf] k/LIf0fsf] cfwf/dfM cGtMz'Ns lgwf{/0f
r'/f]6,dlb/f tyf ljo/ pTkfbg ug]{ k|lti7fgn] cfk\mgf] df}Hbftdf
/x]sf] ;fdfgdf ljleGg sf/0fjf6 sdL x'g uPsf] 5 eg] dfl;s
ljj/0fdf pNn]v u/L df}Hbft sdLsf] bfjL u/]sf] ePdf cGtMz'Ns
clws[tn] ljj/0f k]z u/]sf] kGw| lbg leq hf+r k/LIf0f u/L ldGxf
lbg] jf cGtMz'Ns lgwf{/0f ug'{ kb{5 .
!#=!=!=# k"0f{ n]vfk/LIf0fsf] cfwf/dfM cGtMz'Ns lgwf{/0f M ljefu jf sfof{non]
/fh:j hf]lvd ePsf cfwf/ tyf sf/0fjf6 5gf}6 ul/Psf
s/bftfx?sf] cGtMz'Ns ;DjGwL ;du| n]vfk/LIf0f u/L cGtMz'Ns
lgwf{/0f ug'{ kb{5 . o:tf] n]vf kl/If0fdf pTkfbg ,cfoft, ;+ro,
laqmL ljt/0f, cGtMz'Ns cz'nL bflvnf Pj+ k|of]u ePsf sRrf kbfy{
cflbsf] ;du| n]vf hf]vf Pj+ hfr kl/If0f ul/ s}lkmot kfOPdf
cGtMz'Ns lgwf{/0f ug'{ kb{5 .
!#=!=@ n]vfk/LIf0fsf] nflu s/bftf 5gf}6sf cfwf/ M
cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t'sf] sf/f]jf/ ug]{ ;j} s/bftfx?sf] n]vf k/LIf0f Ps} jif{df
ug{ ;Dej Pj+ Jojxfl/s gx'g] ePsf]n] cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)%* n]
lg/LIf0f÷k/LIf0f ug'{ kg]{ elg Dofb tf]s]sf] cj:yfdf jfx]ssf] n]vf k/LIf0f tyf
5fgljgsf nflu lglZrt cfwf/x? tf]Sg' kb{5 . k/LIf0fsf nflu s/bftf 5gf}6
ubf{ /fh:j hf]lvdsf If]qnfO{ ljz]if Wofg lbOg' kg]{ ePsfn] 5gf}6sf d'Vo d'Vo
cfwf/ lgDg ljifonfO{ dfGg ;lsG5 M
97
-s_
k|rlnt P]g÷lgod÷lgb]{lzsfn] tf]s]sf k|s[of / To;sf] kfngf
u/]÷gu/]sf],
-v_ jhf/df cj}w j:t'sf] pknJwtfsf] l:ylt,
-u_ /fh:j hf]lvd / hfn;fhLsf] ;Defjgf,
-3_ laQLo dxTj
-ª_ cGtMz'Ns l6s6sf] c:jefljs k|of]u,
-r_ ;fdfg cf];f/ k;f/÷9'jfgL ubf{ cfjZos sfuhft ;fydf g/x]sf] jf
gSsnL ePsf] cj:yf,
-5_ ljut jif{x?df s/ 5n]sf], n]vf k/LIf0fjf6 s]xL s}lkmot b]lvPsf, s/
jSof}tf j9L ,
-h_ cGo lgsfox?af6 k|fKt ;"rgf .
!#=!=# n]vfk/LIf0fsf cfwf/x? M
n]vfk/LIf0fsf cGt/fli6«o / cGo k|rlnt dfGotfx? Pj+ k|rlnt P]g÷lgod sf
cltl/Qm cGtMz'Ns n]vfk/LIf0f ubf{ lgDg s'/fx?nfO{ cfwf/ jgfO{ j:t'lgi7
?kdf 5fgjLg u/L n]vfk/LIf0f ug'{ kb{5 M
!#=!=# !
hf]lvd laZn]if0fM
-s_ cj}w sf/f]jf/, s/d'Qm k;n / ahf/sf] cWoog ljZn]if0f,
-v_ ljgf Ohfht cGtMz'Ns hGo j:t'sf] pTkfbg, cf];f/ k;f/,
ljqmL ljt/0f,
-u_ lgsf;L, k}7f/L / ;+ro cflb ;"rgf ;+sng,
-3_ j:t' pTkfbg, Kofs]lhË, e08f/0f, lgisf;g Pj+ ljleGg
txdf x'g] ljqmL ljt/0f Joj:yfsf] qmd cflb .
/fh:j r'xfj6 x'g ;Sg] ;Defjgfsf] cWoog M
!#=!=# @
-s_ pTkfbg / jhf/sf] l:yltsf] t'ngfTds ljZn]if0f,
-v_ ljleGg lgsfojf6 ;"rgf ;+sng u/L cWoog ug]{,
-u_ cj}w sf/f]jf/sf] ljZn]if0f / To;sf] sf/f]jf/ lgoGq0f ubf{
k|fKt x'g ;Sg] /fh:jsf] cg'dfg cflb .
!#=!=# #
;'/fsL Joj:yfkg / ;dGjo M
-s_ ;'/fsLsf] Joj:yf, k|f]T;fxg Pj+ uf]kgLotf sfod u/L ;"rgf
;+sng ug]{,
98
-v_ ;'/fsLjf6 k|fKt tYofÍ÷;"rgfsf] ;+sng, ljZn]if0f /
pkof]u,
-u_ k|fKt eP ;Ddsf ;"rgfsf] cfwf/sf] pkof]u cflb .
!#=!=# $
;+:yfut ;dGjo / ;"rgf ;+sng M
-s_ cGtMz'Ns hGo j:t' pTkfbs ;+3÷;+:yf ;+u ;dGjo u/L
;"rgf k|fKtL,
-v_ cGtMz'Ns hGo j:t'sf] ljt/s÷yf]s ljqm]tf ;+3, v'b|f ljqmL
;+3÷;+:yf;+u ;dGjo / ;"rgf k|fKtL,
-u_ e+;f/ tyf /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefu;+u ;dGjo u/L ;"rgf
;+sng,
-3_ ;DjlGwt ;/sf/L lgsfo -dGqfno_ ljefu, sfof{nox?;+u
;dGjo u/L ;"rgf ;+sng ug]{ cflb .
!#=!=$ n]vfk/LIf0fsf tl/sfx?M
!#=!=$=! sfo{sIfjf6 ;ldIff -Desk Review_ M
-s_ 5fgljg÷n]vfk/LIf0f ul/g] s/bftfx?sf] j9L ;] j9L
tYofÍ Pj+ ;"rgfx? k|fKt u/L ljZn]if0f ug]{,
-v_ k|f/lDes cg';Gwfgsf] ;Gbe{df sf/f]jf/;+u ;DjlGwt
JolQmut ;"rgf ;+sng ug]{,
-u_ n]vfk/LIf0fnfO{ k[i6 kf]ifs x'g] k|Zg tof/ u/L ;f] sf]
pkof]u ug]{
!#=!=$=@ :ynut e|d0f M
-s_ sf/f]jf/ :ynsf] e|d0f u/L sf/f]jf/;+u ;DjGwL clen]v,
k|df0f Pj+ ;"rgfx?sf] hfFr ug]{,
-v_ cfjZos k/]df pTkfbg k|lti7fg, uf]bfd:yn, sfof{no Pj+
s/bftfsf] jf;:yfg ;d]tsf] :ynut e|d0f ug]{ .
!#=!=$=#
ef}lts k/LIf0f M
-s_ sf/f]jf/sf] clen]vsf] jf:tljstf olsg ug{ tof/L a:t'
pTkfbg ug{ nfUg] sRrf kbfy{, ;xfos sRrf kbfy{sf]
pkof]u, df}Hbft / pTkfbgsf] gfk, hf+r / u0fgf u/L
99
logLx? aLrsf] kl/df0ffTds ;DaGw hlt{ ÷ k|ltnAwL
;d]tsf] laZn]if0f ug'{ kg]{ .
-v_ ef}lts hf+r k/LIf0fdf k|fKt ePsf df}Hbft kl/df0f
clen]v n]vf ljj/0f;+u ldN5 ldNb}g hfFrL x]g]{ .
!#=!=$=$ k|fljlws k|dfl0fs/0f M
k|rlnt P]g÷lgodn] tf]s] cg'';f/sf] kl/df0f, u'0f:t/, zlQm,
nDJffO{ tyf :t/sf] j:t'x? 5 5}g cfjZostfg';f/ k|fljlws
k/LIf0f ug]{ . o:tf k/LIf0f ul/g' kg]{ j:t'x?df dlb/f, r'/f]6,
ljo/ cflb kb{5g\ .
!#=!=$=% cGtMz'Ns l6s6 k/LIf0f M
;DjlGwt k|lti7fgnfO{ pknJw u/fOPsf] cGtMz'Ns l6s6sf]
cfdbfgL vr{ / ;f] vr{ eP jdf]lhdsf] pTkfbg ePsf] j:t'sf]
cGtMz'Nssf] /fh:j cfDbfgL lx;fj l7s 5÷5}g olsg ug]{ .
l6s6sf] b'?kof]u, k|of]u g} gePsf], cj}w k|of]u h:tf s'/fsf]
plrt dfkg u/L cGtMz'Ns r'xfj6 ePsf] 5 ls ;f] sf] lg?k0f
ug]{ .
!#=!=$=^ k/LIf0f -Audit_ M
-s_ k/LIf0fsf nflu 5gf}6df k/]sf j9L cGtMz'Ns hf]lvd
ePsf s/bftfsf] ;Dk"0f{ kIf lj:t[t ?kdf k/LIf0f
5fgljg ug]{ kIf g} k/LIf0f xf .
-v_ ljleGg >f]t Pj+ tl/sfjf6 k|fKt ul/Psf hfgsf/L,
;"rgf, clen]v Pj+ sfuhftx?sf] le8fg u/L k"0f{
k/LIf0f ug]{ .
-u_ sRrf kbfy{ , ;xfos sRrf kbfy{, Kofls+ d]6]l/oN;,
cGtMz'Ns l6s6 cflbsf] cfDbfgL, vr{, df}Hbft, laqmL,
cGtMz'Ns cz'nLsf] laZn]if0f ug]{ .
-3_ cGtMz'Ns lgisfzg dfu kmf/fd, jf;nft, d"No clej[l4
s/ ljj/0f, j}+s :6]6d]G6 tyf cGo n]vf;+u ;DjlGwt
sfuhftx?sf] cWoog Pj+ le8fg sfo{ ug]{ .
-ª_ k/LIf0f ug]{ sfo{ ;DjlGwt s/bftf jf lghsf k|ltlglwsf]
/f]xj/df ug'{k5{ . To;f] ubf{ k/LIf0f ug]{ l;nl;nfdf
100
b]lvPsf s}lkmot Pj+ z+sf lgjf/0f ug{ cfjZos k|df0f
tyf cfwf/x? pknJw u/fO{ lbg ;Sb5 .
!#=!=% cGtMz'Ns n]vfk/LIf0fsf] tof/L / ;+/rgfM
!#=!=%=! s/bftf 5gf}6sf] hfgsf/LM
ljefu jf sfof{non] lglZrt cfwf/df n]vfk/LIf0fsf] nflu 5gf}6
ul/Psf cGtMz'NshGo sf/f]jf/ ug]{ s/bftfx?sf] n]vfk/LIf0f
ug{ s/bftfsf] ;"rL cGtMz'Ns clws[tnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg'
k5{ . cfsflids hf+r / cg';Gwfg jfx]ssf n]vfk/LIf0fsf] nflu
5gf}6df k/]sf] ;"rgf ;DjlGwt s/bftfnfO{ ;d]t lbg' kb{5 .
!#=!=%=@ ;"rgf ;+sng M
cGtMz'Ns n]vfk/LIf0f ul/g] s/bftfsf] cGtMz'Ns k/LIf0f dfq
ul/g] geO{ d"No clej[l4 s/ tyf cfos/ ;d]tsf] s/ k/LIf0f
sfo{ x'g] ePsf]n] cGtMz'Ns kl/If0fsf] s|ddf k|of]u ePsf
tYof+s tyf kl/If0f k|ltj]bg ;lxtsf] s/bftfsf] sf/f]jf/;+u
;DjlGwt ;Dk"0f{ ;"rgfsf] klxrfg, ;+sng, ljZn]if0f /
Joj:yfkg ug'{ kb{5 . o;} kl/R5]bsf] !@=! df pNn]v ePsf
hf]lvd, ;'/fsL, cj}w j:t'sf] hfgsf/L jf s/ k/LIf0f ubf{sf
jvt b]lvPsf / cf}+NofOPsf ;"rgfsf >f]tx? g} ;"rgf
;+sngsf
k|d'v
cfofd
x'g\ .
o;sf
cltl/Qm
Joj;fo÷sf/f]jf/;+u ;DjGwL lgDg >f]tx?sf] klg k|of]u ubf{
pkof]u x'g ;Sb5 M
-s_ klxn] ePsf n]vfk/LIf0f tyf cGtMz'Ns lgwf{/0fsf
k|ltj]bg,
-v_ s/bftfsf] JolQmut ljj/0f / ;"rgfx?,
-u_ cfly{s ljj/0f / nutx?,
-3_ cGtMz'Ns ljj/0f, d"No clea[l4 s/ ljj/0f, cfos/
ljj/0f,
-ª_ Jofkfl/s vftfjxLx?,
-r_ n]gb]g lx;fjx?, /
-5_ cGo lgsfojf6 k|fKt ;"rgf Pj+ hfgsf/Lx? .
!#=!=%=# ;do lgwf{/0f M
cGtMz'Nssf] n]vfk/LIf0f ug{sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ k|df0f,
sfuhkq, ljj/0fx? tyf vftfjxL cfjZos k/]sf] ;dodf
101
!#=!=%=$
pknJw u/fpg ;s'g eGgsf lgldQ n]vf k/LIf0f ug{ 5gf}6df
k/]sf s/bftfx?nfO{ lnlvt ?kdf k"j{ hfgsf/L u/fpg' kb{5 .
sfo{;"rL tof/ ug]{ M
n]vfk/LIf0fsf] k|efjsfl/tf j9fpg ;ts{tfk"j{s e|d0f ug{, ;"rgf
Pj+ hfgsf/Lx?sf] oyfy{ ljZn]if0f / d"NofÍg ug{, s/bftfsf]
Joj;flos Pj+ n]vf kfng k|0ffnL klxrfg ug{ tyf s/bftsf]
sfg"gL Pj+ ljQLo cj:yf j'e\mgsf nflu sfo{ ;"rL cfjZos kg]{
ePsf]n] sfo{ ;"rL tof/ ug'{ kb{5 .
!#=!=%=%
!#=!=^
e|d0f sfo{qmdM
pNn]lvt
sfo{sf]
tof/L
e};s]kl5
s/bftfsf]
sf/f]jf/÷pTkfbg:ynsf] e|d0f sfo{qmd jgfO{ sfof{no k|d'v;+u
cfwf/e"t ;"rgf / sfo{ ;"rLsf jf/]df 5nkmn u/L vl6Psf]
6f]nLn]
e|d0f
ubf{
kmnbfoL
x'g]5 . o; k|sf/sf] n]vfk/LIf0fsf] e|d0f 6f]nLdf ;fdfGotof b'O{
hgf clws[t x'g'kb{5 . t/ kof{Kt sd{rf/L gePsf] v08df Ps
hgf clws[t / Ps hgf ;xfos=:t/sf sd{rf/Lsf] n]vf k/LIf0f
6f]nL jgfO{ v6fpg ;lsg] 5 .
;fdfGo k/LIf0f M
s/bftfsf] sf/f]jf/ :yn÷pTkfbg :ynd} lgDg s'/fx?sf] k/LIf0f ul/g' kb{5
M
-s_ cGtMz'Ns n]vf, clen]v Pj+ ljj/0f, j:t'ut÷kl/df0fut kmfF6jf/L tyf
df:s]jf/L,
-v_ Joj;flos s[ofsnfk / Jofkfl/s nfesf] t'ngfdf cGtMz'Ns bflvnf
u/]÷gu/]sf],
-u_ cGtMz'Ns nfUg] d"Nodf s'g} 5'6 lbPsf], l:sd jf of]hgf, pkxf/sf]
Joj:yf u/]sf]÷gu/]sf],
-3_ cGtMz'Ns e'QmfgL cj:yf, jSof}tf l:ylt, sf/f]jf/ ;DjGwL :j:Yotf cflb
;DjGwdf ljZj;lgotf / ;To tYo k"0f{ 5÷5}g,
-ª_ pTkfbg vftf, kmFf6jf/L, ljj/0f jLrsf] cGt/ ;DjGwsf] le8fg ug]{,
-r_ cGtMz'Ns hGo sf/f]jf/ ug]{ Ohfht kq lnP glnPsf]÷gljs/0f u/]
gu/]sf],
102
-5_ ljefun] tf]s] cg';f/ cfsf/ / kl/df0fdf Kofls+u e} n]jn 6f+; eP
gePsf], lgodg, lgoGq0f u/]sf]÷gu/]sf] / k|fljlws k|s[of cjnDjg
u/]÷gu/]sf,]
-h_ cGtMz'Ns l6s6 ;DjGwL tf]lsPsf] k|s[of, ljlw jdf]lhd b:t'/ lt/L 6fF;
u/]÷gu/]sf],
-em_ cGtMz'Ns sd{rf/Lsf] pkl:ylt, lghsf] cg'dlt cg';f/ lgisf;g eP
gePsf] / l6s6 tfNrf cWofjlws 5÷5}g,
-`_ Jofr lgoGq0f vftf, dfu kmf/fd, pTkfbg vftf, lgisf;g / ljqmL
le8fg x'g]÷gx'g] .
-6_ cGtMz'Ns P]gn] tf]s] adf]lhd d"No ;fj{hlgs u/] ÷gu/]sf] , ;f] d"Nodf
km/s kf/L ljs|L eP÷ gePsf] .
!#=!=& lj:t[t cGtMz'Ns n]vfk/LIf0f M
!#=!=&=!
lj:t[t n]vfk/LIf0f ubf{ cGtMz'Ns clws[tn] sf/f]jf/sf] k|s[lt,
;Defljt hf]lvdsf If]qx?, sf/f]jf/sf] ljZjf;gLotf, cWofjlws
Pj+ lgisf;g clen]v k|ljli6 / ;f] sf] ;'4tf, jSof}tfsf] l:ylt,
sf/f]jf/ / /flvPsf] n]vfsf] ;x ;DjGwtf ;d]tsf ;DjGwdf kfP
;Ddsf] ;Dk"0f{ ;"rgfx?sf] k/LIf0f u/L ljZn]if0f / d"NofÍg ug]{,
cGtMz'Ns clen]v, d"No clea[l4 s/ ljj/0f, cfos/ ljj/0f, n]vf
k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg ;DjGwL ;"rsx? le8fg ug'{ k5{ .
!#=!=&=@
cGo s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu /flvPsf] ljqmL, v/Lb gfkmf÷gf]S;fg
lx;fj ;+u klg cGtMz'Nssf] k/f]If ;DjGw x'g] x'Fbf ltgLx?sf]
cGt/ ;DjGw ldN5÷ldNb}g le8fg ug'{ k5{ .
!#=!=&=#
cGtMz'Ns ;DjGwL lgDg dxTjk"0f{ ;"rssf] lj:t[t k/LIf0f ug'{
kb{5 M
-s_ dlb/f, ljo/ / r'/f]6sf] pkef]Qmf d"Nosf] ;fj{hlgs
hfgsf/Lsf] ;"rgf / ;f]jf6 :yflkt x'g] cGtMz'Nssf]
;DjGw / c;/ (Back Calculation) ljZn]if0f,
-v_ df}Hbft sdL bfjLsf] ljZn]if0f / k/LIf0f,
-u_ j:t'sf] u'0f:t/, k|fljlws k|lqmof / To;jf6 cGtMz'Nsdf
kg]{ c;/sf] cGt/;DjGw,
103
-3_ pTkfbgzLntf, k|ltnJwL b/ / To;jf6 cGtMz'Ns df kg]{
k|efjsf] k/LIf0f ug,]{
-ª_ cGtMz'Ns l6s6 k|flKt, vr{ / To;jf6 k|lt OsfO{
cGtMz'Ns k|ltljlDjt x'g] /sdsf] k/LIf0f ug]{ .
!#=!=&=$ cGtMz'Nssf] k"0f{ n]vfk/LIf0f ljgf d"No clea[l4 s/ / cfos/sf]
k"0f{ n]vf k/LIf0fsf] ck"0f{ / cw'/f] x'g] x'Fbf tLgj6} s/ k/LIf0f jLr
tfbfTDotf x'g] u/L k/LIf0f ug'{ kb{5 .
!#=!=&=%
kl5Nnf] jif{sf] cGtMz'Ns k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg;+u / ;dfg k|s[ltsf]
Joj;fosf] sf/f]jf/;+u ;d]t t'ngf u/L lj:t[t k/LIf0f ug]{ .
!#=!=* cGtMz'Ns k/LIf0f ;+rfng ug]{
!#=!=*=! cGtMz'Ns n]vfk/LIf0f ;DjGwL sfo{ z'? ubf{ Wofg lbg' kg]{
s'/fx?
-s_ sf/f]jf/÷Joj;fo;+u ;DjGwL kof{Kt ;"rgf Pj+ hfgsf/L
;+sng ug]{,
-v_ k/LIf0f sfo{ of]hgf jgfpg] . sfo{ of]hgf jgfpFbf
Joj;fosf] k|s[lt, pTkfbg Pj+ ljt/0f k|0ffnL tyf s'g}
zfvf tyf l8kf] ePdf To;nfO{ klg k/LIf0f ug{sf nflu
sfo{qmd jgfpg],
-u_ pTkfbg;+u ;DjlGwt k|fljlws ljifodf 1fg /fVg],
-3_ hf]lvdsf] u'~hfO; /x]sf] g/x]sf] ;DjGwdf lglZrGt x'g],
-ª_ s/bftf jf Joj;fodf cfj4÷;+nUg sd{rf/Lx?jf6 k|fKt
eP;Ddsf hfgsf/Lsf] clen]v /fVg],
-r_ s/bftfnfO{ ;f]Wg] ul/Psf k|Zgx?sf] hjfkm k|fKt ug{
cfjZos k/]df k'i6\ofFO{ le8fg u/L olsg ug]{,
-5_ Joj;fo ;+rfngdf s'g} k|sf/sf] cj/f]w gx'g] u/L ;Eo,
lzi6 Pj+ d[b'eflif e} lj:t[t k/LIf0f ug]{ .
!#=!=*=@ k|f/lDes k/LIf0f M
cGtMz'Ns clws[tn] cfk"mn] ;DkGg u/]sf] e|d0f, lg/LIf0f,
k|f/lDes 5fgljg nufotsf cGtMz'Ns n]vf k/LIf0fsf] ;"rgf
lbPsf] # dlxgf leq d'=c=s/ tyf cfos/ ;d]tsf] k"0f{ n]vf
k/LIf0f ;DkGg ug'{ kg]{5 .
!#=!=*=# cGtMz'Nssf] clGtd n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bg tof/ ug'{ cuf8L ug'{ kg]{
sfd M
104
!#=!=*=$
-s_ cGtMz'Nssf]] n]vfk/LIf0fsf] l;nl;nfdf ul/Psf ;Dk"0f{
sfdsf] clen]v /fVg] / l6kf]6 ul/Psf] ePdf s/ k/LIf0f
k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v ug]{,
-v_ s/ k/LIf0f ubf{ cf}+NofOPsf q'l6x?sf] sRrfjf/L tof/ ug]{
/ yk cGtMz'Ns lgwf{/0f ug{ oy]i6 k|df0f h'6fO{
k|ltj]bg;+u ;dfj]z ug]{,
-u_ s/bftf jf lghsf k|ltlglw;+u sf/f]jf/sf ;DjGwdf
;f]wk'5 ubf{ s'g} q'l6 jf uNtL b]lvPdf To;sf] hl/ofjf6
yk x'g ;Sg] cGtMz'Ns lgwf{/0f ul/g] / jfFsL jSof}tf eP
;f] r'Qmf ug{ elg s/bftf;+u lnlvt k|ltlqmof dfu ug]{,
-3_ n]vfk/LIf0fsf] sfo{nfO{ oyf;Dej lgwf{l/t ;do leq g}
;DkGg u/L ;Sg' kg]{5 .
cGtMz'Ns n]vf k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg M
cGtMz'Ns ;DjGwL n]vfk/LIf0f ;dfKt ePkl5 tf]lsP jdf]lhdsf]
9fFrfdf lgDg s'/fx? :ki6 pNn]v u/L k|ltj]bg k]z ug'{ kb{5 .
-s_ cGtMz'Ns Ohfht kqsf] lsl;d / gljs/0f eP gePsf],
-v_ pTkfbg, k}7f/L Pj+ ljqmL ljt/0fsf] ljj/0f,
-u_ pTkfbgzLntf / hlt{ s] slt bfjL u/]sf] 5 / ;f]
ljefuLo gd{; leq k5{ kb}{g,
-3_ k/LIf0f ul/Psf s'/fx?sf] lj:t[t Joxf]/f, cGtMz'Ns
lgwf{/0f ug'{ kg]{ /sd eP To;sf] cfwf/, sf/0f /
To;nfO{ k'i6\ofFO{ ug]{ k|df0fx? ;+nUg ug'{ kb{5,
-ª_ n]vfk/LIf0fsf] cfwf/df ;DjlGwt s/bftfnfO{ k|f/lDes
cGtMz'Ns lgwf{/0fsf] ;"rgf k7fPsf]df tf]lsPsf] Dofb leq
s/bftfjf6 ;f] cg';f/sf] cGtMz'Ns gnfUg' kg]{ k|df0f
;lxtsf] lhls/ k|fKt ePsf] eP ;f] ;d]t pNn]v u/L
lhls/ bfjL k'Ug] gk'Ug] :ki6 v08g u/L cGtLd cGtMz'Ns
lgwf{/0f ug]{ .
!#=@ cGtMz'Ns lgwf{/0f -P]gsf] bkmf !)3_
!#=@=!
b]xfosf s'g} cj:yfdf cGtMz'Ns clws[tn] cGtMz'Ns lgwf{/0f ug{ ;Sg] 5 .
-s_ Dofb leq cGtMz'Ns ljj/0f k]z gu/]df,
-v_ cw'/f] jf q'l6k"0f{ cGtMz'Ns ljj/0f k]z u/]df,
105
-u_ e'm6\7f cGtMz'Ns ljj/0f k]z u/]df,
-3_ cGtMz'Nssf] /sd sd b]vfPsf] jf 7Ls gePsf] eGg] ljZjf; ug'{ kg]{
cfwf/
ePdf,
-ª_ ljqmL d"Nodf Go"g ljhsLs/0f u/]sf] eGg] ljZjf; ug'{ kg]{ cfwf/ /
sf/0f e} P]gsf] bkmf & sf] pkbkmf -$_ jdf]lhd k'gM d"No lgwf{/0f jf
cltl/Qm d"No lgwf{/0f ug'{ kg]{ ePdf,
-r_ cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t' jf ;]jfsf] pTkfbg k|ltnJwL tf]lsPsf]df ;f]
cg';f/sf] pTkfbg k|ltnJwL gk'u]df,
-5_ lgisfzg u/]sf] dlb/f / r'nfO{df hfg] kbfy{sf] cNsf]xnsf] dfqf Ps
k|ltzt eGbf j9L km/s k/]df,
-h_ cGtMz'Ns 5n]df,
-em_ Ohfht kq glnO{ s'g} JolQmn] cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t'sf] sf/f]jf/ u/]df .
!#=@=@ cGtMz'Ns lgwf{/0f ubf{ cGtMz'Ns clws[tn] ;DjlGwt JolQmnfO{ cfk\mgf] ;kmfO{
k]z ug{ kGw| lbgsf] Dofb lbg' kb{5 .
!#=@=# cGtMz'Ns lgwf{/0fsf] ;DaGwdf ljefun] cg'udg ug{ ;Sg]5 . cg'udg ubf{
s'g} q'l6 b]lvPdf dxflgb]{zsn] k'gM cGtMz'Ns lgwf{/0f ug{ cfb]z lbg ;Sb5 .
!#=@=$ lgodfjnLsf] lgod ^s-!_ adf]lhd cGtMz'Ns clws[tn] cGtMz'Ns lgwf{/0f
ubf{ cg';"rL $s jdf]lhdsf] 9f+rfdf cGtMz'Ns lgwf{/0f cfb]z hf/L ug'{
kg]{5 . lgod ^s-!_ adf]lhd hf/L ePsf] cfb]zsf ;DaGwdf P]gsf] bkmf
!)3sf] pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhdsf] Dofb leq k]z ePsf k|df0f tyf lnPsf
lhls/sf] 5fgljg u/L cGtMz'Ns clws[tn] cg';"rL $v jdf]lhdsf] clGtd
cGtMz'Ns lgwf{/0f cfb]z hf/L ug'{ kg]{5 . To:tf] cfb]zdf cGtMz'Ns lgwf{/0f
cfb]z hf/L ePsf] ldlt ;Ddsf] P]gsf] bkmf $v sf] pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd
nfUg] ljnDj b:t'/ ;d]t ;dfj]z ug'{ kg]{5 . lgod ^s-@_ adf]lhd hf/L
ePsf] cGtMz'Ns lgwf{/0f cfb]z jdf]lhdsf] cGtMz'Ns, ljnDj b:t'/ tyf
hl/jfgf /sd ;DjlGwt JolQmn] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf] ldltn] ;ft lbg leq
;DjlGwt sfof{nodf bflvnf ug'{ kg]{5 .
!#=@=% P]gsf] bkmf !)3-$_ df cGtMz'Ns lgwf{/0f ug]{ jf bkmf!)s adf]lhd k]z
u/]sf] cGtMz'Ns ljj/0f hf+r ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu cGtMz'Ns clws[tnfO{ b]xfo
adf]lhdsf] clwsf/ x'g]5 M
-s_ cGtMz'Ns bfloTj;+u ;DalGwt j:t'x?, :yfg, sfuhft, n]vf tyf
clen]v hf+r ug]{,
106
-v_ s'g} JolQmsf] sf/f]jf/ :yn jf o; P]g cGtu{t s;"/ dflgg] sfo{l;t
;DalGwt k|df0fx? x'g ;Sg] ;Defjgf ePsf cGo :ynx?df vfgtnf;L
lng],
-u_ cfkm\gf] st{Jokfngsf] l;nl;ndf s'g} clen]v , lstfa. vftf
sfuhftx? tof/ ug]{ jf ltgLx?df ljj/0f eg]{ JolQm;+u hfgsf/L df+u
ug]{,
-3_ cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] sf/f]jf/:yn jf ;f];+u ;DalGwt cGo
:yndf /x]sf s'g} sfuhft, lstfa tyf clen]vnfO{ sAhf ug]{ jf cGoq
n}hfg],
-ª_ sf/f]jf/ ;+rfng ug]{ :yfg jf sfof{no jf cGo s'g]} pko'{Qm :yfgdf
cGtMz'Nssf] n]vfk/LIf0f ug]{,
-r_ cGtMz'Ns clws[tn] a}+s tyf ljlQo ;+:yf nufot s'g} JolQm;+u
cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t' jf ;]jfsf] sf/f]jf/sf] ;DaGwdf s'g} s'/fsf]
hfgsf/L df+u ug]{ . cGtMz'Ns clws[tn] o; bkmf adf]lhd df+u u/]sf]
;"rgf lbg' To:tf] a}+s tyf ljlQo ;+:yf jf JolQmsf] st{Jo x'g]5 .
!#=@=^ cGtMzNs 5Ng] of]hgf lj?4sf] Joj:yf -P]gsf] bkmf -!)`_+_
o; P]gdf cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] ePtf klg cGtMz'Nssf] kmfObf lng]
p2]Zon] s'g} JolQmn] b]xfosf] s'g} sfo{ u/]df cGtMz'Ns d'lQm of]hgf u/L o;
P]g jdf]lhd nfUg] cGtMz'Ns 5Ng] b'?T;fxg u/]sf] dfgL dxflgb]{zsn] To:tf]
JolQmsf] cGtMz'Ns lgwf{/0f Pj+ c;'npk/ ug{ cGtMz'Ns clws[tnfO{ cfb]z
lbg ;Sg]5 M
-s_ o; P]gdf ePsf] Joj:yfsf] b'?kof]u u/L cGtMz'Ns 5Ng] p2]Zon] s'g}
of]hgf tyf sfo{ u/L cGtMz'Nssf] bfloTj sd u/]df, jf
-v_ cGtMz'Ns bfloTj sd ug]{ p2]Zon] s'g} sfo{ u/]df jf ;f] ug]{ p2]Zon]
;+emf}tf u/]df .
!#=@=& cGtMz'Ns lgwf{/0f cfb]zsf] ;"rgf k7fpg] tl/sf -lgodfjnLsf] lgod ^v-!__
k|rlnt sfg"gdf h''g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] ePtfklg cGtMz'Ns clws[tn]
OhfhtkqjfnfnfO{ lgod ^s jdf]lhd cGtMz'Ns lgwf{/0f cfb]zsf] ;"rgf
k7fpFbf lghnfO{ j'emfpg jf To:tf] JolQmsf] 7]ufgfdf /flvPsf] 6]lnk\mofS;,
6]n]S; jf To:t} ljB'tLo pks/0f dfk{mt k7fpg jf lghsf] sfof{nodf
a'emfpg jf lghsf] 7]ufgfdf /lhi6L u/L x'nfs dfk{mt k7fO{ tfd]n ug{
;lsg]5 . To;/L tfd]n ul/Psf] ;"rgf /Ltk"j{s tfd]n ePsf] dflgg]5 . lgod
^v-!_ jdf]lhd cGtMz'Ns lgwf{/0f cfb]zsf] ;"rgf tfd]n x'g g;s]df
cGtMz'Ns clws[tn] ;DjlGwt JolQmnfO{ /]l8of], 6]lnlehg jf /fli6«o:t/sf]
b}lgs kq klqsfdf tT;DalGw cfb]zsf] ;"rgf k|;f/0f jf k|sfzg u/L
107
hfgsf/L u/fpg ;Sg]5 / o;/L ;"rgf k|;f/0f jf k|sfzg ul/Psf]df
;DjlGwt JolQmn] To:tf] ;"rgf k|fKt u/] ;/x dflgg]5 .
!#=@=* cGtMz'Ns lgwf{/0fsf] cjlw -lgod ^3_
P]gsf] bkmf !) 3 sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] k|ltaGwfTds jfSofz+ adf]lhd cjlw u0fgf ubf{
cGtMz'Nssf] ;DaGwdf s'g} cbfntdf lgj]bg k/L :yug cfb]z hf/L ePsf] cj:yfdf ;f] sf]
lg0f{o geP ;Ddsf] cjlw s6fO{ u0fgf ul/g] 5 .
108
kl/R5]b–!$
jSof}tf c;'nL ;DaGwL Joj:yf
!$=! afFsL /sd ;/sf/L afFsL ;/x c;"n ug]{ - bkm @@ _ M
of] P]g / o; P]g cGtu{t ag]sf] lgod adf]lhd s'g} JolQmn] g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ ltg'{
a'emfpg' kg]{ /sd glt/L ga'emfO{ afFsL /x]sf]df To:tf] /sd lghaf6 cGtMz'Ns
clws[tn] ;/sf/L afFsL ;/x c;"n pk/ ug]{5 .
!$=@ jSof}tf cGtMz'Nssf] c;'nL -P]gsf] bkmf !)h_
o; P]g adf]lhdsf] Dofbleq j'emfpg' kg]{ cGtMz'Ns s'g} JolQmn] gj'emfPdf ;DalGwt
cGtMz'Ns clws[tn] b]xfosf s'g} jf ;j} tl/sf ckgfO{ c;"n pk/ ug{ ;Sg]5M.
-s_ To:tf] JolQmnfO{ lkmtf{ ug'{kg]{ s'g} /sd eP To;df s§f u/]/,
-v_ g]kfn ;/sf/ jf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jfldTjdf ePsf] s'g} ;+ul7t ;+:yf jf :yfgLo
lgsfox?af6 To:tf] JolQmn] kfpg] /sdaf6 s§f ug{ nufP/,
-u_ To:tf] JolQmsf] a}+s, ljQLo jf cGo ;+:yfdf /x]sf] lxtaf6 s§f ug{ nufP/,
:ki6Ls/0f M o; v08sf] k|of]hgsf] nflu "lxt" eGgfn] a}+s, ljQLo jf cGo
;+:yfdf /x]sf] lgIf]k tyf nufgL ;d]tnfO{{ ;Demg'k5{ .
-3_ To:tf] JolQmsf] ljqmL, lgsf;L, k}7f/L / cGo Joj;fo /f]Ssf u/]/,
-ª_ To:tf] JolQmsf] rn tyf crn ;DklQ sJhf u/]/,
-r_ To:tf] JolQmsf] rn tyf crn ;DklQ ;Dk"0f{ jf s]xL Ps} k6s jf k6s k6s
u/L tf]lsP adf]lhd lnnfd ljqmL u/]/,
-5_ df}Hbftdf /x]sf] j:t' lnnfd u/]/ .
!$=# lgodfjnLsf] lgod & df jfFsL /x]sf] cGtMz'Ns /sd c;"n pk/ ug]{ ;DaGwdf
lgDg Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 M
cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t' jf ;]jf jfkt s;}n] P]g tyf o; lgodfjnL adf]lhd cGtMz'Ns
/sd eGbf 36L /sd j'emfPsf] b]lvPdf cGtMz'Ns clws[tn] lghaf6 af+ls cGtMz'Ns
/sd c;"n pk/ u/L lng ;Sg]5 .
!$=$ g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ ltg'{ kg]{ /sd ;/sf/L afFsL ;/x c;"n ug]{ dlb/f P]]g, @)#!
bkmf !)
of] P]g jf o; P]g cGtu{t ag]sf] lgod adf]lhd s'g} JolQmn] g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ ltg'{
a'emfpg' kg]{ /sd glt/L ga'emfO{ afFsL /fv]df To:tf] /sd lghaf6 cGtMz'Ns clws[tn]
;/sf/L afFsL ;/x c;"n pk/ ug]{5 .
109
kl/R5]b–!%
vfgtnfzL, ;DklQ /f]Ssf, lnnfd
laqmL / hkmt ;+aGwL Joj:yf
!%=! vfgtnfzL, sAhf jf lu/km\tf/
!%=!=! oy]i6 cfwf/ b]lvPdf tnfzL lng] - P]gsf]] bkmf !!_
cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t' cGtMz'Ns 5nL k|lti7fgaf6 lgisf;g u/L jf ljb]zjf6
k}7f/L u/L lnO{ hfg nfu]sf] 5 eGg] dgfl;a dflkmssf] z+sf nfu]df cGtMz'Ns
clws[t jf lghn] v6fPsf] sd{rf/Ln] h'g;'s} JolQm jf ;jf/L ;fwgnfO{ /f]Ssf
ug{ / cGtMz'Ns lt/]sf] k|df0f dfu ug{ ;Sg]5 . cGtMz'Ns dxz'n lt/]sf]
k|df0f k]z ug{ g;s]df cGtMz'Ns 5n]sf] dflgg]5 .
!%=!=@ vfgtnfzL , sAhf jf lu/km\tf/ ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf - P]gsf]] bkmf !@ _ M
-!_ s'g} JolQm, kmd{, sDkgL jf ;+:yfn] Ohfhtkq glnO{ cGtMz'Ns nfUg]
j:t' pTkfbg, k}7f/L, las|L jf ;+ro u/L jf cGtMz'Ns nfUg] ;]jf k|bfg
u/L Joj;fo ;+rfng u/]df jf bkmf !! adf]lhd cGtMz'Ns 5n]sf] eGg]
s'/fsf] hfgsf/L cGtMz'Ns clws[t jf lghn] v6fPsf sd{rf/Ln] kfPdf
To:tf clws[t jf sd{rf/Ln] To:tf] sfo{ e}/x]sf] k|lti7fg, 3/, hUuf,
;jf/L ;fwg jf :yfgsf] vfgtnfzL lng ;Sg]5 .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd vfgtnfzL ln+bf o; P]g ljkl/t cGtMz'Ns nfUg]
j:t'sf] pTkfbg, las|L, k}7f/L , ;+ro jf cf];f/ k;f/ ug]{ sfo{ jf
cGtMz'Ns nfUg] ;]jf k|bfg u/L Joj;fo ;+rfng ug]{ sfd u/]sf] kfOPdf
To:tf] sfddf ;/Ls ePsf] JolQmnfO{ vfgtnfzL lng] clws[t jf
sd{rf/Ln] k'hL{ lbO{ lu/km\tf/ u/L Toxf+ k|fKt j:t'sf] d'r'Nsf v8f u/L
sAhfdf lng'kg]{5 .
-#_ o; P]g cGtu{tsf] s'g} s;"/ s'g} k|lti7fg, 3/, hUuf , ;jf/L ;fwg jf
:yfgdf e}/x]sf] 5 / t'?Gt} s]xL sf/jfxL gu/]df cleo'Qm efuL hfg] jf
s;"/sf] ;a't k|df0f ufoa x'g] ;Defjgf b]v]df cGtMz'Ns clws[t jf
lghn] v6fPsf] sd{rf/Ln] ;f] s'/fsf] krf{ v8f u/L cfkm}n] jf cfkm\gf]
dftxtsf sd{rf/L4f/f h'g;'s} avt b]xfsf sfdx? ug{ u/fpg ;Sg]5 M
-s_ To:tf] k|lti7fg, 3/, hUuf, ;jf/L ;fwg jf :yfgdf k|j]z ug{,
110
-v_ To;/L k|j]z ubf{ afwf la/f]w ePdf To; :yfgdf /x]a;]sf
dflg;nfO{ Toxfaf6 x6\g dgfl;a dflkmssf] df}sf lbO{ em\ofn
9f]sf kmf]/L k|j]z ug{,
-u_ s;"/l;t ;DalGwt cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t' / ;f] adf]lhdsf] s;"/
k|dfl0ft ug{ ;xfos x'g] cGo j:t' sJhf ug{ / ;f] :yfgnfO{
l;naGbL ug{,
-3_ Ohfhtkq lgnDag ug{, /
t/ To:tf] lgnDag ;ft lbg eGbf a9Lsf] cjlwsf] nflu ug{
kfOg] 5}g . To;/L lgnDag u/]sf] ;f7L lbg leq lg0f{o u/L ;Sg'
kg]{5 .
-ª_ s;"/ u/]sf] egL z+sf nfu]sf] JolQmnfO{ lu/km\tf/ ug{ .
-$_ o; bkmf adf]lhd s'g} k|lti7fg, 3/, hUuf, ;jf/L ;fwg jf :yfgdf
k|j]z ubf{ jf vfgtnfzL ln+bf ;Dej eP;Dd ;DalGwt dxfgu/kflnsf,
pkdxfgu/kflnsf , gu/kflnsf jf uf+p ljsf; ;ldltsf] Ps hgf
;b:o jf To; 7f+psf Pshgf :yfgLo JolQmnfO{ ;f+IfL /fVg' kg]{5 .
-%_ o; P]g adf]lhd s;}nfO{ lu/km\tf/ u/]sf]df jf s'g} JolQm, k|lti7fg, 3/,
hUuf, ;jf/L ;fwg jf :yfgsf] vfgtnfzL u/]sf]df jf cGtMz'Ns nfUg]
j:t' jf cGo j:t' sAhf u/]sf]df To;/L vfgtnfzL jf lu/km\tf/ ug]{
cGtMz'Ns clws[tn] To;sf] k|ltj]bg ljefusf] dxflgb]{zs ;dIf ;f]
lu/km\tf/, vfgtnfzL jf j:t' sAhf u/]sf] ldltn] rf}la; 306f leq
l56f] ;fwg4f/f k7fpg' kg]{5 . cGtMz'Ns clws[t afx]s lghsf]
dftxtsf cGo sd{rf/Ln] To:tf] sfd u/]df lghn] To;sf] k|ltj]bg
To:tf] sfd u/]sf] ldltn] rf}la; 306fleq cGtMz'Ns clws[t jf ljefu
;dIf k7fpg' kg]{5 .
-^_ o; P]g adf]lhd s;"/sf] txlssftsf] ;DaGwdf cGtMz'Ns clws[tnfO{
k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd k|x/LnfO{ eP ;/xsf] clwsf/ x'g]5 .
-&_ vfgtnfzL , lu/km\tf/ jf sAhf ug]{ sfddf cGtMz'Ns clws[tn]
;xof]usf] lgldQ :yfgLo k|zf;g jf k|x/L;+u cg'/f]w u/]df :yfgLo
k|zf;g jf k|x/Ln] tTsfn ;xfotf k|bfg ug'{kg]{5 .
!%=!=# cGtMz'Ns clws[tnfO{ cbfntnfO{ eP ;/xsf] clwsf/ x'g] -P]gsf]] bkmf !*_
-!_ o; P]gsf] k|of]hgsf nflu cGtMz'Ns clws[tnfO{ ;DalGwt JolQmnfO{
lemsfpg], jofg u/fpg], k|df0f a'e\mg] / lnvtx? k]z ug{ nufpg], y'gfdf
/fVg] af hdfgLdf 5f8\g] ;DaGwdf k|rlnt sfg"g jdf]lhd cbfntnfO{ eP
;/xsf] clwsf/ x'g]5 .
111
-@_
o; P]g jdf]lhd sf/jfxL ubf{ cGtMz'Ns clws[tn] ;+lIfKt sfo{lalw
P]g, @)@* adf]lhdsf] sfo{lalw ckgfpg' kg]{5 .
!%=!=$ dlb/f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf * df vfgtnfzL, sAhf jf lu/km\tf/ ug{ ;Sg]
;DaGwdf lgDg Joj:yf u/]sf] 5M
-!_ s'g} :yfgdf o; P]g adf]lhd ;hf+o x'g] s;"/ ePsf] 5 eGg] dgfl;j
dflkmssf] sf/0f ePdf cGtMz'Ns clws[tn] To:tf] :yfgsf] vfgtnfzL
ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-@_ vfgtnfzL ubf{ cGtMz'Ns clws[tn] vfgtnfzL ug'{kg]{ sf/0f vf]nL
vfgtnfzL ug]{ :yfgsf] wgL jf tTsfn ;f] :yfg k|of]u ul//x]sf]
JolQmnfO{ ;f] :yfgdf k|j]z ug'{ eGbf cufj} ;"rgf lbP/ dfq vfgtnfzL
ug'{ kg]{5 .
-#_ vfgtnfzL ubf{ o; P]g adf]lhd ;hf+o x'g] s;"/ ePsf] ljZj;gLo
sf/0f b]lvPdf To:tf] s;"/;+u ;DalGwt ;fdfg sAhfdf lng ;lsg]5 .
-$_ s'g} JolQmn] o; P]g adf]lhd ;hf+o x'g] s;"/ u/]sf] jf ug{ nfu]sf] 5 /
lghnfO{ lu/km\tf/ gu/]df lgh efuL hfg] ;Defjgf 5 eGg] nfu]df
cGtMz'Ns clws[tn] lghnfO{ lu/km\tf/ ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-%_ o; bkmf adf]lhd vfgtnfzL, sAhf jf lu/km\tf/ ubf{ cGtMz'Ns
clws[tnfO{ k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd k|x/LnfO{ eP ;/xsf] clwsf/ x'g]5 .
-^_ cGtMz'Ns clws[tn] o; bkmf adf]lhd vfgtnfzL, sAhf jf lu/km\tf/
ubf{ :yfgLo k|ltlglwsf] /f]xj/df ug'{kg]{5 .
-&_ cGtMz'Ns clws[tn] o; bkmf adf]lhd vfgtnfzL sAhf jf lu/km\tf/
ubf{ ckgfpg' kg]{ cGo Joj:yf tf]lsP adf]lhd x'g]5 .
!%=!=% dlb/f P]g , @)#! sf] bkmf ( df lu/km\tf/L / sAhfsf] k|ltj]bg lbg'kg]{
;DaGwdf lgDg Joj:yf u/]sf] 5M
o; P]g cGtu{t s;}nfO{ lu/km\tf/ u/]sf] jf s'g} :yfgdf vfgtnfzL u/]sf] jf
s'g} ;fdfg sAhf u/]sf]df cGtMz'Ns clws[tn] ;f] s'/fsf] k|ltj]bg rf}la;
306f leq l56f] ;fwg4f/f cfkm"eGbf Ps tx dflysf] clwsf/L ;dIf k7fpg'
kg]{5 .
!%=@ ;DklQ /f]Ssf tyf lnnfd las|L
!%=@=! ;DklQ /f]Ssf tyf lnnfd las|L ug]{ -P]gsf]] bkmf !&_
-!_ of] P]g jf o; P]g cGtu{t ag]sf] lgod adf]lhd cGtMz'Ns clws[tn]
s'g} JolQmsf] ;DklQ hkmt ug'{ kg]{ dgfl;a dflkmssf] sf/0f kg{ cfPdf
112
To:tf] ;+klQ cGo s'g} JolQmnfO{ xs x:tfGt/0f jf :jfldTj kl/at{g x'g
g;Sg] u/L ;+alGwt lgsfodf /f]Ssf /fVg ;Sg]5 .
-@_ o;/L /f]Ssf /x]sf] ;DklQ ;8\g] , lau|g] , gi6 x'g] jf To;sf] d"No 36\g]
b]lvPdf cGtMz'Ns clws[tn] To:tf] j:t' t'?Gt lnnfd las|L u/L cfPsf]
/sdsf] cfDbfgL af+Wg' kg]{ 5 . /f]Ssf /x]sf] ;DklQ kl5 ;DalGwt
JolQmn] lkmtf{ kfpg] 7xl/Pdf lnnfd las|Laf6 k|fKt ePsf] /sd dfq
lghnfO{ lkmtf{ lbOg]5 . ;DalGwt JolQmn] j:t' g} lkmtf{ kfp+ egL bfaL
ug{ kfpg] 5}g .
!%=@=@ ;DklQ /f]Ssf ug{ ;lsg] ;DaGwdf Joj:yf - lgodfjnLsf] lgod (_M
-!_ s'g} JolQmn] pTkfbg :ynaf6 cGtMz'Ns nfUg] a:t' cGtMz'Ns 5nL
lgisf;g u/L jf lab]zaf6 k}7f/L u/L lnO hfg nfu]sf] cGtMz'Ns
clws[t jf lghn] v6fPsf] sd{rf/Ln] km]nf k/]df To:tf a:t' nfg
gkfpg] u/L cGtMz'Ns clws[tn] /f]Ssf /fVg ;Sg]5 .
-@_ s'g} JolQmn] P]g / o; lgodfjnL adf]lhd j'emfpg' kg]{ cGtMz'Ns Dofb
leq gj'emfPdf cGtMz'Ns clws[tn] To:tf] AolQmsf] ;DklQ /f]Ssf /fVg
;Sg]5 .
-#_ pklgod -!_ / -@_ adf]lhd cGtMz'Ns clws[tn] /f]Ssf /fv]sf] j:t' jf
;+klQ ljqmL ljt/0f jf s'g} klg lsl;dn] xs x:tfGt/0f ug{ gkfpg]
u/L /f]Ssf /fVgsf] nflu To:tf] a:t' jf ;+klQ /f]Ssf ug{ To:tf] j:t' jf
;DklQ /f]Ssf /fVg ;DalGwt sfof{nodf n]lv k7fpg' kg]{5 . o;/L
/f]Ssf /fVg n]vL cfPsf]df To:tf] a:t' jf ;+klQ /f]Ssf /fvL lbg'
;DalGwt sfof{nosf] st{Jo x'g]5 .
!%=@=# lnnfd ljqmL ;DaGwL Joj:yf - lgodfjnLsf] lgod !) _
-!_ P]gsf] bkmf !& adf]lhd /f]Ssf /x]sf j:t' jf ;DklQ nfdf] ;do;Dd
sAhfdf /fVbf lvof nfuL jf c? s'g} kl/jGbaf6 6'6km'6 jf gf]S;fg x'g
;Sg] b]lvPdf jf ;8L unL hfg] ePdf jf k'/fgf] e} d"No 36g hfg]
ePdf jf j]jfl/;] ePdf jf :yfg cefjsf] sf/0faf6 /fVg g;lsg] ePdf
jf ;+/If0f k|bfg ug{ g;lsg] cj:yfsf] ePdf To:tf] j:t' jf ;DklQsf]
cj:yf / k|s[lt x]/L a9Ldf ;ft lbg ;Ddsf] Dofb lbO{ lnnfd ljs|Lsf]
;"rgf sfof{nosf] ;"rgf kf6Ldf 6f+; u/L lnnfd ljs|L ug'{ kg]{5 .
-@_ pk lgod -!_ adf]lhd =lnnfd ljs|L ubf{ lnnfd las|L ug]{ j:t'' /x]sf]
:yfgsf] :yfgLo lgsfosf] Pshgf k|ltlglw jf glhssf] ;/sf/L
sfof{nosf] Pshgf sd{rf/L / ;Dej eP ;Dd ;DalGwt JolQm jf
lghsf] k|ltlglw ;d]tnfO{ /f]xj/df /fVg' kg]{5 .
113
-#_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd lnnfd ljs|L ul/g] j:t' jf ;DklQsf] lnnfd ljs|L
ubf{ To:tf] j:t' jf ;DklQsf] k|rlnt ahf/ d"NonfO{ cfwf/ dflg
Go"gtd d"No sfod u/L a9fa9sf] cfwf/df lnnfd ljs|L ug'{ kg]{5 .
!%=# a:t' jf ;+klQ hkmt
!%=#=! cGtMz'Ns clws[tn] j:t' jf ;DklQ hkmg ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf -lgodfjnLsf]
lgod !! _
-!_ cGtMz'Ns nfUg] a:t' cGtMz'Ns ga'emfO{ k|lti7fgsf] pTkfbg :ynaf6
lgisf;g u/L nu]sf] jf lab]zaf6 k}7f/L u/L NofPsf] k|dfl0ft ePdf
To:tf] a:t' cGtMz'Ns clws[tn] cfkm\gf] sJhfdf lnO hkmt ug{
;Sg]5 .
-@_ em'6\7f n]vf jf sLt]{ sfuh tof/ u/L cGtMz'Ns nfUg] a:t'
pTkfbg, k}7f/L, laqmL jf ;+ro u/]df jf cGtMz'Ns nfUg] ;]jf
k|bfg u/]sf] kfOPdf cGtMz'Ns clws[tn] ;f] ;+u ;DalGwt
;Dk"0f{ a:t' hkmt ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-#_ ltg'{ kg]{ cGtMz'Ns bjfP, l5kfP jf 5n]df cGtMz'Ns clws[tn]
;f];+u ;DalGwt a:t' / ;f] a:t' pTkfbg ug]{ pks/0f ;d]t
hkmt ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-$_ sAhfdf lnPsf] a:t' cGtMz'Ns clws[tn] hkmt ug'{ cl3
;DalGwt JolQmnfO{ hkmt ug'{ gkg]{ s'g} sf/0f eP ;f]sf] k|df0f
k]z ug{sf] nflu ;ft lbgsf] ;"rgf lbg' kg]{5 .
!%=#=@ hkmt ug]{ sf/afxL :ylut /xg] Joj:yf -P]gsf]] bkmf @! _
of] P]g jf o; P]g cGtu{t ag]sf lgodx? adf]lhd cGtMz'Ns clws[tjf6 s'g}
JolQmsf] ;DklQ hkmt ug]{ u/L lg0f{o e} ;f] lg0f{o pk/ k'g/fa]bg k/]sf]df
k'g/fa]bg x]g]{ clwsf/Ln] k'g/fa]bgsf] sf/afxL lsgf/f gu/] ;Dd ;f] ;DklQ
hkmt ug]{ sf/afxL :ylut /fVg] cfb]z cGtMz'Ns clws[tnfO{ lbg ;Sg]5 .
t/ P]gsf] bkmf !& sf] pkbkmf -@_ sf] ca:yfdf of] bkmfsf] Joa:yf nfu" x'g]
5}g .
bkmf !&-@_ sf] cj:yf eGgfn] /f]Ssf /x]sf] ;DklQ ;8\g], lau|g], gi6 x'g] jf
To;sf] d"No 36\g] b]lvPdf t'?Gt lnnfd las|L ug'{ kg]{ cj:yfnfO{ a'emfpb5 .
!%=# # dlb/f P]g , @)#! sf] bkmf !# df dlb/f tyf cGo ;fdfgsf] hkmt / ljs|L
;DaGwdf lgDg Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 M
114
-!_ s'g} JolQmn] o; P]g ljkl/t dlb/fsf] pTkfbg, las|L ljt/0f, lgsf;L jf
k}7f/L u/]df ;f] sfo{ ;+u ;DalGwt dlb/f cGtMz'Ns clwsf/Ln] hkmt
ug]{5 .
-@_ hkmt ul/Psf] dlb/fdWo] u'0f:t/o'Qm dlb/f cGtMz'Ns clws[tn] tf]lsP
adf]lhd lnnfd ljs|L ug'{kg]{5 .
-#_ o; P]g ljkl/t dlb/fsf] sf/f]jf/ ug{ k|of]u ul/Psf] ;a} ;fdfgx?
cGtMz'Ns clws[tn] hkmt u/L tf]lsP adf]lhd lnnfd las|L ug]{5 .
t/ ;jf/L ;fwgsf] xsdf ;jf/L wgLsf] d~h'/L /x]g5 eg] To:tf] ;jf/L
;fwg hkmt x'g] 5}g .
lnnfd k|ls|of lgDg cg';f/ tf]lsPsf] 5 M
!=
b]xfo adf]lhdsf] :yfgLo d"Nof+sg ;ldltaf6 hkmt dfn j:t'sf] d"Nof+sg
u/fpg]
-s_ sfof{no k|d'v
;+of]hs
-v_ sf]if tyf n]vf lgoGqs sfof{nosf] k|ltlglw
;b:o
-u_ lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nosf] k|ltlglw
;b:o
-3_ :yfgLo pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3sf] k|ltlglw
;b:o
-ª_ k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Ln] tf]s]sf] d]sflgsn OlGhlgo/
;b:o
-;jf/L ;fwgsf] d"Nof+sg ug'{kg]{ ePdf dfq_
-r_ cGtMz'Ns x]g]{ clws[t
;b:o
;lrj
@=
d"Nofs+g ;ldltaf6 ePsf] d'No ? ! nfv eGbf jl9 eP kq klqsfdf ;"rgf
k|sflzt ul/ jf]nkq cfJxfg ug]{ .
#=
? ! nfv eGbf sd d'No ePdf ;fj{hlgs :yfgx? h:t} lhNnf k|zf;g
sfof{no , dfnkf]t sfof{no , sf]if tyf n]vf lgoGqs sfof{no tyf :yfgLo
cGo sfof{nox?df ;"rgf 6f+; ul/ lnnfd j9fa9 ug]{ . ;"rgf 6f+;sf] hfgsf/L
k|fKt u/L ;+alGwt kmfOndf /fVg] .
$=
jf]nkq cfly{s k|zf;g tyf ;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnL adf]lhd !) k|ltzt
sjf]n c+ssf] w/f}6L /fv]sf] x'g'kg]{ / lnnfd a9fa9 ubf{ ;d]t /sd sa'n ug]{
k|To]s JolQmsf] gfd, 7]ufgf sa'n c+s pNn]v tTsfn ul/ /lhi6/df ;lx
u/fpg] .
115
%=
^=
&=
*=
116
jf]n sjf]n kqsf] jlGb vfd vf]Nbf af]nsjf]njfnf w]/} ePdf tf]lsPsf] ;+Vofdf
sd eP ;j}nfO{ /f]xj/df /fvL vfddf ;lx u/fO{ vf]Ng] , ;f] ljifo /lhi6/df
h:tfsf] t:t} ;fg]{ / ;j}sf] vf]ln ;s]kl5 /lhi6/df ptf/L ;s]kl5 ;j]
pkl:ytsf] ;lx u/fpg] .
sa'n u/]sf] c+s a'emfO{ & lbg leq ;fdfg p7fpg kq lbg] , gp7fPdf hdfgt
hkmt u/L bf]>f] nfO{ ;"rgf lbg] .
;jf/L ;fwg lnnfd ePsf] cj:yfdf ;jf/L btf{sf] nflu pkTosf jflx/sf
oftfoft Joj:yf sfof{nodf n]lv k7fO{ lbg] .
vfB j:t'sf] xsdf vfB k|ljlw tyf u'0f lgoGq0f ljefuaf6 kl/If0f k|ltj]bg
k|fKt ul/ ;f] cfwf/df lnnfd ug]{ .
kl/R5]b–!^
b08 ;hfo ;+jGwL Joj:yf
!^=! ;"rgf jf d2t glbg] JolQmnfO{ b08 ;hfo -P]gsf]] bkmf !%_
o; P]g lakl/t sfo{ x'g nfu]sf], e}/x]sf]] jf e};s]sf] s'/f yfxf kfPkl5 ;f] s'/fsf]
;"rgf lbg'kg]{ jf cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{non] dfu]sf] avt d2t lbg' kg]{ st{Jo ePsf]
s'g} JolQmn] hfgL hfgL ;"rgf jf d2t glbPdf lghnfO{ s;"/sf] k|s[lt x]/L tLg
dlxgf;Dd s}b jf bzxhf/ ?k}of+ ;Dd hl/jfgf jf b'a} ;Fhfo x'g]5 .
cGtMz'Ns P]g , @)%* sf] bkmf @-r_ adf]lhd g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf
k|sflzt u/L tf]ls lbPsf] cGtMz'Ns clws[t jf sfof{non] ;d]t P]gsf] bkmf !%
adf]lhdsf] ;hfo ug{ ;Sb5g .
!^=@ b08 -P]gsf]] bkmf !^_
!^=@=! s;}n] b]xfosf s;'/ u/]df To:tf JolQmnfO{ To:tf] s;"/sf] lgldQ ljuf] hkmt
u/L ljuf] adf]lhd hl/jfgf jf Ps jif{;Dd s}b jf b'j} ;hfo x'g]5 M
-s_ o; P]g adf]lhd ltg'{ kg]{ cGtMz'Ns bjfPdf, l5kfPdf jf 5n]df,
-v_ Ohfht glnO{ cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t' pTkfbg Pj+ k}7f/L u/]df,
-u_ s'g} JolQmn] e'm6\6f n]vf jf lst]{ sfuh jgfO{ P]g ljkl/t s'g} s;'/
u/]df,
-3_ dlb/f, ljo/ jf r'/f]6 pTkfbgdf k|of]u ul/g] cGtMz'Ns l6s6 gSsnL
agfO{ k|of]u u/]df , pTkfbg u/]df jf cf];f/ k;f/ jf e08f/0f u/]df .
:ki6Ls/0f M o; v08 adf]lhd ;hfo ug{ lauf] sfod ubf{ To:tf]
l6s6 k|of]u ePsf] jf x'g;Sg] a:t'sf] zlQm , kl/df0f jf cfsf/sf
cfwf/df cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t'sf] d'No sfod u/L ;f] df nfUg]
cGtMz'Ns ;d]t hf]8L sfod ul/g]5 .
dfly n]lvPsf] s;"/ ug{ k|oTg jf b'?T;fxg u/]df cfwf ;hfo x'g]5 .
!^=@=@ s;'/;+u k|ToIf jf k/f]If ?kdf k|of]u x'g cfPsf] efF8f jt{g, j:t' jf ;]jf,
pTkfbg ug{ k|of]u ul/Psf] Hofjn, d]lzg, pks/0f / ;jf/L ;fwg ;d]t
hkmt x'g]5 .
t/ To:tf] s;"/ ug]{ JolQmn] ef8fsf] ;jf/L ;fwg k|of]u u/]sf] / ;jf/L
wgLsf] cg'dltljgf ;jf/L ;fwg To:tf] sfddf k|of]u u/]sf] ePdf To:tf]
;jf/L ;fwg hkmt gu/L ;jf/L wgLnfO{ klRr; xhf/ ?k}ofF hl/jfgf / ;jf/L
117
rfnsnfO{ s;"/sf] k|s[lt x]/L tLg dlxgf;Dd s}b jf kGw| xhf/ ?k}ofF ;Dd
hl/jfgf jf b'j} ;hfo x'g]5 . ef8fsf] ;jf/Ldf btf{ u/L ;jf/L ;fwgsf]
dflnsn] g} k|of]u u/]sf] kfOPdf To:tf] ;jf/L hkmt x'g]5 .
dlb/f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf !@ df klg dfly a'+bf g+=! / @ df n]lvP adf]lhd
s} b08 ;hfosf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
!^=@=# s'g} JolQmn] b]xfosf] s'g} s;'/ u/]df cGtMz'Ns clws[tn] b]xfo adf]lhd
hl/jfgf ug{ ;Sg]5 M
-s_ bkmf & sf] pkbkmf -$_ adf]lhd k'gM d"No lgwf{/0f jf cltl/Qm d"No
lgwf{/0f ePdf yk x'g] cGtMz'Ns /sdsf] zt k|ltzt /sd,
-v_ Ohfhtkq glnO{ cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t' jf ;]jf ljqmL jf ;+ro u/]]df
kfFr xhf/ b]lv kGw| xhf/ ?k}ofF ;Dd,
-u_ bkmf !)s sf] Joj:yf adf]lhd cGtMz'Ns ljj/0f tf]lsPsf] ;dodf k]z
gu/]df nfUg] cGtMz'Nssf] k|lt lbg z"Go bzdnj z"Go kf+r k|ltzt jf
k|lt ljj/0f Ps xhf/ ?k}ofF dWo] h'g j9L x'G5 ;f] /sd,
-3_ bkmf !)v sf] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] v/Lb, pTkfbg, lgisf;g, las|L /
df}Hbft vftfsf] n]vf cBfjlws g/fv]df bz xhf/ ?k}of / sf/f]jf/sf]
n]vf lg/LIf0f ug{ glbPdf k6s} lkR5] kf+r xhf/ ?k}of,
-ª_ bkmf !)v sf] pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd v/Lb, pTkfbg, ljqmL / df}Hbft
vftf ;DalGwt cGtMz'Ns clws[t4f/f k|dfl0ft u/fO{ g/fv]df k+fr xhf/
?k}of ;Dd,
-r_ bkmf !)v sf] pkbkmf -#+_ adf]lhd Ohfhtkqjfnfn] sf/f]jf/sf] n]vf ^
jif{;Dd ;'/lIft g/fv]df bz xhf/ ?k}of,
-5_ bkmf !)3 sf] pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhd cGtMz'Ns lgwf{/0fsf] ;DaGwdf
ljefun] cg'udg ug]{ sfo{df jfwf lj/f]w u/]df k6s} lkR5] kf+r xhf/
?k}of,
-h_ bkmf !)5= jdf]lhd hfFr ubf{ cNsf]xnsf] dfqf Ps k|ltzt eGbf j9L
km/s ePdf /fh:j r'xfj6 ePsf] /sdsf] zt k|ltzt /sd,
-em_ cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t' jf ;]jfsf] pTkfbg k|ltnJwL tf]lsPsf]df ;f]
cg';f/sf] pTkfbg k|ltnJwL gk'u]df yk x'g] cGtMz'Nssf] zt k|ltzt
/sd,
-h_ bkmf $3= adf]lhd ljs|L ljt/0fdf lgoGq0f ;DaGwL Joj:yf pNn+3g
u/]df k6s} lkR5] bz xhf/ ?k}ofF,
118
-em_ of] P]g / o; P]g cGtu{t ag]sf lgod pNn+3g u/]df k6s} lkR5] Ps
xhf/ ?k}ofF .
!^=@=$ dlb/f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf !! df b'Mv lbg] lgotn] vfgtnfzL, sAhf jf
lu/km\tf/ ug]{nfO{ lgDg ;hf+o x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 M
o; P]gsf] lj?4 sfd eP u/]sf] eGg] dgfl;j z+sf geO{ csf{nfO{ b'Mv lbg],
x}/fgL ug]{, a]OHhtL ug]{ jf Iflt k'/\ofpg] lgotn] s'g} :yfgdf k|j]z ug{ jf
vgtnfzL ug]{ u/fpg], s;}nfO{ lu/km\tf/ ug]{ u/fpg], sAhf jf hkmt ug{
gx'g] ;fdfg sAhf jf hkmt ug]{ u/fpg] jf s;}nfO{ cgfjZos Iflt jf rf]6
k'/\ofpg nufpg] JolQmnfO{ 5 dlxgf ;Dd s}b jf Ps nfv ?k}of ;Dd
hl/jfgf jf b'j} ;hf+o x'g]5 .
119
kl/R5]b–!&
k'/:sf/ ;+aGwL Joj:yf
!&=! ;'/fsL k|f]T;fxg vr{sf] Joj:yf -P]gsf] bkmf !# sf] pkbkmf -$_ / -%__
-s_
-v_
ljefun] o; bkmf adf]lhdsf] s;"/sf] ;"rgf lbg] ;'/fsLnfO{ ;"rgfsf] ;Totfsf]
cfwf/df ljefun] tf]s] adf]lhd a9Ldf bz xhf/ ?k}oFf;Dd ;'/fsL k|f]T;fxg vr{
lbg ;Sg]5 .
o; bkmf adf]lhd s;"/sf] ;"rgf lbg] JolQmsf] ljj/0f uf]Ko /xg]5 .
!&=@ ;'/fsL, j:t' / bzL k]z ug]{nfO{ k'/:sf/ -P]gsf] bkmf !$_
-!_
-@_
o; P]g ljkl/t sfd x'g nfu]sf], e}/x]sf]] jf e};s]sf] s'/fsf] ;"rgf jf ;'/fs
lbg] ;/sf/L sd{rf/L jf cGo s'g} JolQmnfO{ cleo'Qmaf6 j/fdb ePsf]
cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t'jf6 c;'n ePsf] ljuf]sf] b]xfo jdf]lhd x'g] /sd d'2fsf]
clGtd lg0f{o eP kl5 ;DalGwt cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{nojf6 k'/:sf/ :j?k
k|bfg ul/g]5 M
-s_ ;'/fs lbg] JolQmnfO{ lauf]sf] bz k|ltzt,
-v_ a:t' dfq kqmL k]z ug]{ JolQmnfO{ lauf]sf] aL; k|ltzt,
-u_ bzL tyf dflg; ;lxt kqmL k]z ug]{ JolQmnfO{ lauf]sf] tL; k|ltzt,
t/ ;"rgf jf ;'/fs lbg] JolQm Ps eGbf a9L ePdf To:tf JolQmx? aLr
k'/:sf/sf] afF8kmfF6 bfdf;fxLn] ul/g]5 .
s'g} sd{rf/L jf k|x/Ln] ;'/fs kfO{ j/fdb u/]sf] j:t' JolQm ;lxt kqmfp u/]df
To:tf] sd{rf/L jf k|x/LnfO{ ljuf]sf] kRrLz k|ltzt lbOg]5 .
t/ a:t' dfq klqmPdf klqmPsf] a:t'sf] d"Nosf] kRrL; k|ltzt dfq k'/:sf/
:j?k k|bfg ul/g]5 . To;/L k'/:sf/ lb+bf Ps k6sdf k|lt JolQm kG3| xhf/
?k}ofF eGbf a9L ePdf ;f] c+sdf ga9\g] u/L lbOg]5 .
!&=# dlb/f P]g , @)#! sf] bkmf !%s df k'/:sf/ ;DaGwL lgDg Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 M
!&=#=!
120
s;}n] o; P]g ljkl/t dlb/f pTkfbg, ;+ro, las|L ljt/0f, cf];f/ k;f/,
lgsf;L jf k}7f/L ug{ nfu]df jf u/]df To;sf] ;'/fs lbg] jf ;a't k|df0f
;lxt dflg; ks|L k]z ug]{ JolQmnfO{ ;f] sfo{ eP u/]sf] k|dfl0ft x'g cfPdf
b]xfo adf]lhdsf] /sd k'/:sf/ :j?k lbOg] 5 M
-s_ ;'/fs lbg] JolQmnfO{ ljuf]sf] bz k|ltzt ,
-v_ dlb/f jf dflg; ks|L k]z ug]{ JolQmnfO{ ljuf]sf] aL; k|ltzt ,
-u_ dlb/f / dflg; b'j} ks|L k]z ug]{ JolQmnfO{ ljuf]sf] tL; k|ltzt .
!&=#=@ k'/:sf/ lbg] k|of]hgsf] nflu dlb/f / ;f] ;+u ;DalGwt hkmt ePsf] ;fdfg
lnnfd ePsf] cj:yfdf lnnfdaf6 k|fKt /sdnfO{ ljuf] dflgg]5 .
!&=#=# s'g} sf/0fn] hkmt ePsf] dlb/f jf ;fdfg lnnfd x'g g;s]df jf lnnfd gx'g]
ePdf g]kfn ;/sf/n] To:tf] ;'/fs lbg] jf ;a't k|df0f ;lxt dflg; ks|L k]z
ug]{ JolQmnfO{ plrt 7x/\ofPsf] /sd k'/:sf/ :j?k lbg ;Sg]5 .
!&=#=$ o; bkmf adf]lhd k'/:sf/ kfpg] JolQm Ps hgf eGbf a9L ePdf k'/:sf/sf]
/sd bfdf;fxLn] ljt/0f ul/g]5 .
1= ;'/fsL k|f]T;fxg vr{ ;DaGwdf ul/Psf] yk Joj:yf
P]gsf] bkmf !# sf] pkbkmf $ adf]lhd s;'/sf] ;'rgf lbg] ;'/fsLnfO{ ;'/fsL k|f]T;fxg
vr{ lbg] ;DjGwdf b]xfo adf]lhdsf] sfo{ljlw tf]lsPsf] 5 .
!=
s;"/sf] cfwf/
P]g ljkl/t b]xfosf] sfo{ u/]df s;"/ u/]sf] dflgg]5 M
!=! cGtMz'Ns P]g÷lgod ljkl/t pTkfbg Pj+ lgisfzg u/]df .
!=@ cGtMz'Ns l6s6 gnufOPsf jf gSsnL l6s6 nufOPsf dlb/f tyf
r'/f]6 laqmL lat/0f u/]df .
!=# cj}w ?kdf cGtMz'NshGo j:t'sf] cf];f/ k;f/ u/]df .
!=$ gSsnL jf csf{sf] :jLs[t a|f08df dlb/f pTkfbg jf laqmL lat/0f
u/]df .
!=% cGtMz'Ns Ohfhtkq glnO{ cGtMz'NshGo j:t'sf] sf/f]jf/ u/]df .
!=^ Ohfht lnPtf klg gu/kflnsf If]qleq dlb/fsf] tyf cGo j:t'sf]
ldl>t sf/f]jf/ u/]df .
@=
;"rgf lbg ;lsg] lgsfo
P]g÷lgodfjnL ljkl/t k|s/0f ! df pNn]v eP jdf]lhd s;"/ x'g nfu]sf],
eO/x]sf] jf eO;s]sf] s'/f yfxf kfpg] JolQm jf lgsfon] lnlvt jf df}lvs
?kdf b]xfosf dWo] s'g} Ps sfof{nodf s;"/sf] ;"rgf lbg ;Sg]5 M
-s_ cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no
-v_ s/bftf ;]jf sfof{no
121
-u_ sf]if tyf n]vf lgoGqs sfof{no
#=
$=
122
;"rgf ;+sng
k|s/0f @ adf]lhd cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no , s/bftf ;]jf sfof{no jf sf]if
tyf n]vf lgoGoqs sfof{nodf k|fKt ;"rgf sfof{no k|d'vn] clen]v /fvL b]xfo
cg';f/sf] sfo{ ug'{kg]{5 M
#=! k|fKt ;"rgfsf] oyfy{tf jf ;Totfsf] cfwf/df cfkm" nufot clws[t tyf
;xfos sd{rf/Lsf] Task Force u7g u/L oyfzL3| 5fgljg k|f/De
ug'{kg]{5 .
#=@ k|fKt ;"rgfsf cfwf/df z+sf:kb cleo'Qm tTsfn efuL hfg] k|df0f nf]k
ug]{ jf yk ;"rgf cfjZos kg]{ jf ;+:yfut ?kdf tof/L ug'{kg]{
b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf t'?Gt sf/afxL z'? ug'{kg]{5 .
;"rgfsf] ljZn]if0f
$=! ;"rgf k|fKt x'gf;fy b]xfo adf]lhdsf] ;"rgfsf] ljZn]if0f ug'{kg]{5 M
-s_ k|fKt ;"rgf cg';f/ e}/x]sf] sfo{af6 cj}w ?kdf sf/]fjf/ u/]sf]
j:t'sf] ef}lts cj:yf s] 5 <
-v_ k|fKt ;"rgf cg';f/ e}/x]sf] jf x'gnfu]sf] cj}w sfo{af6 kg]{ ;Sg]
/sd÷sf/f]jf/ d"Nosf] cj:yf s] 5 <
-u_ k|fKt ;"rgf cg';f/ e}/x]sf] jf x'g nfu]sf] sfo{af6 cGtMz'Ns jf
cGo /fh:j r'xfj6 x'g] ;Defjgf 5 <
$=@ k|s/0f ! adf]lhd ;"rgfsf] ljZn]if0f u/L lgDg cfwf/df /fh:j r'xfj6
x'g] s;"/sf] d"Nof+sg ug'{ kg]{5 M
-s_ pRr /fh:j hf]lvd ePsf],
-v_ sd /fh:j hf]lvd ePsf],
-u_ ;fdflhs ;bfrf/ v/fj ug]{,
-3_ /fh:j hf]lvd gePsf] t/ P]g÷lgod pNn+3g ePsf] .
$=# lgDg cfwf/df s;"/bf/sf] d"Nof+sg ug'{kg]{5 M
-s_ cj}w pTkfbg ePsf],
-v_ cj}w lgsf;L÷k}7f/L ePsf],
-u_ cGtMz'Ns l6s6 gnufPsf] jf gSsnL cGtMz'Ns l6s6 nflu
dlb/f laqmL lat/0f ePsf],
-3_ gSsnL a|f08df jf cs}{sf] a|f08df pTkfbg÷laqmL lat/0f u/]sf],
-ª_ Ohfhtkq glnO{ sf/f]jf/ u/]sf] .
k'/:sf/ tf]Sg] Joa:yf
k|s/0f $ adf]lhdsf s;"/ / s;"/bf/sf] d"Nof+sg u/L k|fKt ;"rgfsf] ;Totfsf
cfwf/df sfof{no k|d'vn] b]xfojdf]lhd To:tf] s;"/sf] ;"rgf lbg]
JolQm÷lgsfonfO{ k|f]T;fxg :j?k k'/:sf/ lbg'kg]{5 M
-s_ cj}w ?kdf pTkfbg ePsf] kfOPdf
?=!),))).– ;Dd
-v_ cj}w lgsf;L k}7f/L ePsf] kfOPdf
?=*,))).– ;Dd
-u_ cGtMz'Ns l6s6 gnufPsf] / gSsnL cGtMz'Ns l6s6
nflu dlb/f laqmL lat/0f ePsf] kfOPdf
?=!),))).– ;Dd
-3_ gSsnL a|f08df jf cs}{ a|f08df pTkfbg u/]sf] kfOPdf ?=!),))).– ;Dd
-ª_ gSsnL a|f08df jf cs}{ a|f08df laqmL lat/0f u/]sf]
kfOPdf
?= #,))).– ;Dd
-r_ Ohfhtkq glnO{ sf/f]jf/ u/]sf] cj:yfdf
?= @,%)).– ;Dd
-5_ dxfgu/kflnsf, pk–dxfgu/kflnsf /
gu/kflnsf If]qdf dlb/fsf] cnUu}
sf/f]jf/ :yndf sf/f]jf/ gu/]sf] cj:yfdf
?= !,))).– ;Dd
-r_ cj}w dlb/f laqmL ljt/0f u/]df
?= !,))).– ;Dd
^=
clen]v ;'/fsLaf6 k|fKt ;"rgf / ;'/fsLnfO{ lbOPsf] k'/:sf/sf] nutsf] clen]v
/fVg'kg]{5 .
&=
jh]6M cGtMz'Ns ;'b[9Ls/0f jh]6sf] ljljw lzif{ssf] jh]6af6 k'/:sf/ lbg'kg]{5 .
*=
k|ltj]bg o; ljlw cg';f/ ul/Psf sfdsf] k|ult k|ltj]bg dfl;s ?kdf
ljefudf lbg'kg]{5 .
(=
ljljwM o; sfo{ljlw nfu" ubf{ s'g} b'ljwf eO{ JofVof ug'{kg]{ ePdf ljefun]
JofVof ul/ nfu" ug]{5 .
@= ;'/fsL k'/:sf/ ;DaGwL cGo Joj:yf
dlb/f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf !%-s_@ adf]lhd ljuf] sfod x'g g;Sg] cj}w -3/kfnf_
dlb/fsf] pTkfbg, ;+ro, cf];f/–k;f/ tyf ljqmL ljt/0f u/]df jf ug{ nfu]df To;sf]
;'/fs lbg] JolQmnfO{ ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf !%-s_# adf]lhd k'/:sf/ lbg] k|of]hgsf] nflu
ldlt @)^).!@.!! sf] dGqL:t/Lo lg0f{ofg';f/ b]xfosf zt{ tyf cfwf/x? tf]lsPsf]
kfOG5 .
%=
123
zt{ tyf cfwf/x?
!=
s;}n] dlb/fsf] cj}w sf/f]jf/ u/]sf] 5 jf ug{ nfu]sf] 5 eGg] yfxf kfpg]
JolQmn] tt\ ;DjGwL ljj/0f jf ;a'b k|df0f ;lxt ;f] s'/fsf] ;"rgf lnlvt jf
df}lvs ?kdf ;DjlGwt cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no jf ljefudf lbg ;Sg]5 .
To:tf] ;"rgf s'g} JolQmn] cfkm\gf] gfd v'nfO{ jf uf]Ko /fVg] zt{df lbg ;Sg]5 .
@=
o;/L k|fKt ePsf] ;"rgfsf] ljj/0f lnlkj4 u/L l;njGbL vfddf /fVg' kg]{5 .
;Dej eP;Dd ;'/fsLsf] gfd jf ;+s]t gDj/, 7]ufgf / lghjf6 k|fKt ePsf]
;"rgfsf] 5f]6sf/L ljj/0f uf]Ko?kdf /fVg] Joj:yf ldnfpg' kg]{5 .
#=
;'/fsLsf] jf:tljs klxrfg x'g] k|df0f dfu u/L ;gfvt ;d]t u/fO{ ;'/fsL
/lhi6/df /]s8{ -lnlkj4_ u/L /fVg] Joj:yf ldnfpg' kg]{5 .
$=
;'/fsLnfO{ k'/:sf/ /sd e'QmfgL lb+bf ;s];Dd ;Djlgwt JolQmsf] gfddf
r]såf/f e'QmfgL lbO{ ekf{O{ /fVg' kg]{5 . uf]klgotfsf] sf/0fjf6 ck7\of/f] kg{
hfg] ePd cGo Joj:yfåf/f e'QmfgL ug{ ;lsg]5 .
;'/fsL k'/:sf/
!=
cj}w dlb/f -3/kfnf_ sf] cj}w sf/f]jf/ ug]{ JolQm To:tf] dlb/f ;lxt kqmfp
ePdf hkmt ul/Psf] dlb/fsf] k|lt ln6/ ?=!).– sf b/n] ?= !),))).– df
gj9\g] u/L k'/:sf/ lbg ;lsg] .
@=
cj}w dlb/f -3/kfnf_ sf] cj}w sf/f]jf/df dlb/f dfq hkmt ePdf hkmt ePsf]
dlb/fsf] k|lt ln6/ ?=%.– sf b/n] ?=%,))).– df gj9\g] u/L k'/:sf/ lbg]
;lsg] .
124
kl/R5]b–!*
k|zf;sLo k'g/fanf]sg tyf k'g/fa]bg ;DaGwL Joa:yfM
!*=! k|zf;sLo k'g/fanf]sg tyf k'g/fa]bg ;DaGwL Joa:yf -P]gsf] bkmf !( _
!*=!=! cGtMz'Ns clws[tn] cGtMz'Ns lgwf{/0f tyf c;'nLsf nflu u/]sf] lg0f{o pk/
lrQ ga'em]df To:tf] ;"rgf kfPsf] ldltn] tL; lbg leq ;f] lg0f{o lj?4
ljefu ;dIf k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sgsf nflu lga]bg lbg ;Sg]5 . t/ P]gsf]
bkmf !^ sf] pkbkmf -!_,-@_,-#_ / -$_ adf]lhdsf s;"/df s}b ug]{ u/L u/]sf]
lg0f{o pk/ /fh:j Gofoflws/0fdf k'g/fa]bg ug'{ kg]{5 .
!*=!=@ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd lga]bg lbg] Dofb u'lh|g uO{ s'g} JolQmn] Dofb yksf]
nflu Dofb u'lhPsf] ldltn] ;ft lbg leq lgj]bg lbPdf ljefun] Dofb
u'lh|Psf] ldltaf6 j9Ldf tL; lbgsf] Dofb yk ug{ ;Sg]5 .
!*=!=# pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd lbPsf] lga]bg ;d]tsf k|df0f sfuhft 5fgljg ubf{
lga]bssf] lhls/ ;To b]lvg cfPdf :ki6 sf/0f v'nfO{ krf{ v8f u/L
dxflgb]{zsn] ;f] cGtMz'Ns lgwf{/0f cfb]z ab/ u/L k'gM cGtMz'Ns lgwf{/0f
ug{ cfb]z lbg ;Sg]5 .
!*=!=$ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd lga]bg k/]sf] ldltn] ;f7L lbg leq ;f] lga]bg pk/
laefun] lg0f{o ug'{ kg]{5 . Dofb leq laefun] lg0f{o gu/]df ;f] Dofb
gf3]kl5 jf u/]sf] lg0f{o pk/ lrQ ga'em]df ;f] lg0f{osf] ;"rgf kfPsf] ldltn]
k}+lt; lbg leq ;DalGwt JolQmn] /fh:j Gofoflws/0fdf k'g/fa]bg lbg
;Sg]5 .
!*=!=% pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd lga]bg lbg] JolQmn] lgwf{l/t cGtMz'Ns /sd dWo] ljjfb
/lxt cGtMz'Ns / hl/jfgf /sd a'emfO{ ljjflbt cGtMz'Ns / hl/jfgf /sdsf]
Ps ltxfO{ /sd gub w/f}6L /fVg' kg]{5 .
!*=!=^ k|zf;sLo k'g/fanf]sgsf] lga]bg jf k'g/fa]bg lbg] JolQmn] ;f] sf] Ps k|lt
kGw| lbg leq ;DalGwt sfof{nodf btf{ u/fpg' kg]{5 .
!*=!=& pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd k'g/fjnf]sgsf] lgj]bg jf k'g/fj]bg lbPsf] sf/0faf6
bkmf !^ sf] pkbkmf -!_ df pNn]lvt lg0f{osf] sfof{Gjogdf c;/ k/]sf] dflgg]
5}g .
125
kl/R5]b–!(
cGtMz'Ns k|zf;g
P]g jdf]lhd cGtMz'Ns nufpg], c;'n ug]{ / lgoldt ug]{ cleef/f cfGtl/s /fh:j
ljefunfO{ /x]sf] 5 . cGtMz'Ns k|zf;g ;DjGwL ;Dk"0f{ sfo{ ug{sf] nflu gLlt lgod th'{df ug]{,
lgb]{zg lbg], lgb]{lzsf hf/L ug]{ h:tf sfo{ o; ljefun] ug]{ ub{5 . o; ljefu cGt{ut Pp6f
7"nf s/bftf sfof{no, @@ j6f cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{nox? / !# j6f s/bftf ;]jf sfof{nox?
/x]sf 5g\ . cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{nox? gePsf ljleGg lhNnfx?df tf]lsPsf sf]if tyf n]vf
lgoGqs sfof{nox?n] cGtMz'Nssf] k|zf;g ;DjGwL sfo{x? ;Dkfbg ub{5g\ . sfo{If]q lhNnf
tf]lsPsf] af/]sf] /fhkqsf] ;"rgf cg';'lrdf pNn]v ul/Psf]5 .
!(=! P]gsf] sfof{Gjog / k|zf;g ug{ ljefu lhDd]jf/ x'g] -P]gsf] bkmf @#_
P]gsf] sfof{Gjog tyf k|zf;g ug]{ sfdsf] nflu ljefu lhDd]jf/ x'g] 5 .
!(=@ ljz]if1sf] ;]jf lng ;Sg] -P]gsf] bkmf !)ª _
ljefun] o; P]gsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf nflu cfjZostfg';f/ dlb/f ljz]if1, a|'OË
ljz]if1, /;fog lj1 nufotsf cGo ljz]if1x¿sf] ;]jf lng ;Sg]5 .
!(=# cGtMz'Ns clws[t lgo'Qm ug{ jf tf]Sg ;Sg] - P]gsf] bkmf %_
P]gsf] k|of]hgsf] lgldQ g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfjZos ;+Vofdf cGtMz'Ns clws[t lgo'Qm ug{
;Sg]5 / g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfjZos b]v]df g]kfn ;/sf/sf] cGo s'g} clws[tnfO{ klg
cGtMz'Ns clws[tsf] sfo{ ug]{ u/L tf]Sg ;Sg]5 .
æg]kfn ;/sf/n] cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf % n] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L cfGtl/s
/fh:j ljefusf pkdxflgb]{zs, lgb]{zs jf cGo clws[t, cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{nosf
k|d'v s/ k|zf;s, k|d'v s/ clws[t, s/ clws[t , s/bftf ;]jf sfof{nosf k|d'v s/
clws[t, s/ clws[t / pNn]lvt kbflwsf/L gePsf] lhNnfdf k|d'v eG;f/ clws[t,
eG;f/ clws[t tyf lghx? klg gePsf lhNnfdf k|d'v sf]if lgoGqs jf sf]if
lgoGqsnfO{ cGtMz'Ns clws[t tf]s]sf] 5 .Æ -g]kfn /fhkq, v08 ^!, ;+Vof @%, ldlt
@)^*÷^÷#) df k|sflzt _
126
!(=$ cGtMz'Ns clws[tsf] clwsf/If]qM -P]gsf] bkmf ^_
cGtMz'Ns clws[tsf] clwsf/ If]q g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s] adf]lhd x'g]5 .
æcGtMz'Ns clws[tsf] clwsf/If]qÆ
g]kfn ;/sf/n] cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf ^ n] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L b]xfo
adf]lhdsf sfof{nosf] cGtMz'Ns clws[tsf] clwsf/ If]q b]xfo adf]lhd tf]lsPsf] 5 . g]kfn /fhkq, v08 ^!, ;+Vof @%, ldlt @)^*÷^÷#) df k|sflzt _
qm=;+=
sfof{nosf] gfd
sfof{non] x]g]{ lhNnf
!
@
#
$
%
^
&
*
(
cfGtl/s
cfGtl/s
cfGtl/s
cfGtl/s
cfGtl/s
cfGtl/s
cfGtl/s
cfGtl/s
cfGtl/s
/fh:j
/fh:j
/fh:j
/fh:j
/fh:j
/fh:j
/fh:j
/fh:j
/fh:j
!)
cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no, e}/xjf
!!
cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no, a'6jn
sfof{no,
sfof{no,
sfof{no,
sfof{no,
sfof{no,
sfof{no,
sfof{no,
sfof{no,
sfof{no,
eb|k'/
lj/f6gu/
w/fg
nfxfg
hgsk'/
l;d/f
lj/u~h
x]6f}+8f
e/tk'/
´fkf / Onfd lhNnf .
df]/Ë lhNnf .
;'g;/L / wgs'6f lhNnf .
l;/fxf, ;Kt/L / pbok'/ lhNnf .
wg'iff, dxf]Q/L, ;nf{xL / l;Gw'nL lhNnf .
af/f / /f}tx6 lhNnf .
k;f{ lhNnf .
dsjfgk'/ lhNnf .
lrtjg / gjnk/f;L lhNnfsf] bfpGg] k"j{sf]
gjnk'/ If]q .
?kGb]xL lhNnfsf] a'6jn gu/kflnsf, b]jbx,
z+s/gu/, df]ltk'/, ;]dnf/, k/f]{xf, b'w/fIf,
;fn´08L, ?b|k'/, uh]8L, v08jf agufO{,
dfgks8L / ;f}/fxf km;f{l6s/ uf=lj=;= afx]s
cGo ;a} gu/kflnsf / uf=lj=;=x?,
gjnk/f;L lhNnfsf lqj]0fL;':tf, ?kf}lnof,
s'l8of, g;{xL, kslnxjf, u'8L k/;f]gL, uf}yL
;"o{k'/f, a]bf}nL, k|tfkk'/, hd'lgof, ;f]dfgL,
tf}nL, e"hxjf, /fdk'/ v8f}gf, a8x/f b'jf}lnof,
hxfbf, ;/fjn, b]euf}g, ;'g/L, s';df, x/k'/,
kfNxL, u]/dL, ;gO{, xs'O{, ;'S/f}nL, cd/f]8,
aGhl/of / ;':tf u/L hDdf @( uf=lj=;= /
/fdu|fd gu/kflnsf .
?kGb]xL lhNnfsf a'6jn gu/kflnsf, b]jbx,
z+s/gu/, df]ltk'/, ;]dnf/, k/f]{xf, b'w/fIf,
;fn´08L, ?b|k'/, uh]8L, v08jf agufO{,
dfgks8L / ;f}/fxf km;f{l6s/ u/L hDdf !@
127
!@
!#
!$
!%
!^
!&
!*
!(
@)
@!
@@
@#
@$
@%
@^
@&
@*
@(
#)
#!
#@
##
#$
#%
#^
128
ufp ljsf; ;ldltx? / gjnk/f;L lhNnfsf
bfpGg]b]jL, dfs/, w'/sf]6, k~rgu/, ltnsk'/,
dg/L, /fdgu/, :jfyL / ;'gjn u/L ( ufp
ljsf; ;ldlt tyf kfNkf / u'NdL lhNnf ;j} .
sf:sL, tgx'F, uf]/vf / :ofËhf lhNnf .
slknj:t' lhNnf .
afFs], alb{of, ;'v]{t / b}n]v lhNnf .
bfË, ;Nofg / Ko"7fg lhNnf .
s}nfnL lhNnf .
s~rgk'/, 88]Nw'/f / a}t8L lhNnf .
eQmk'/ / sfe|]knf~rf]s lhNnf .
nlntk'/ lhNnf .
;f] sfof{nonfO{ tf]lsPsf] If]q .
cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no, kf]v/f
cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no, s[i0fgu/
cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no, g]kfnu~h
cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no, bfË
cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no, wgu9L
cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no, dx]Gb|gu/
cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no, eQmk'/
cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no, nlntk'/
cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no, sf7df08f}
If]q g+= !
cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no, sf7df08f} If]q ;f] sfof{nonfO{ tf]lsPsf] If]q .
g+= @
cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no, sf7df08f} If]q ;f] sfof{nonfO{ tf]lsPsf] If]q .
g+= #
s/bftf ;]jf sfof{no, k'tln;8s
s/bftf ;]jf sfof{no, gofFafg]Zj/
s/bftf ;]jf sfof{no, alQ;k'tnL
s/bftf ;]jf sfof{no, rfjlxn
s/bftf ;]jf sfof{no, sf]6]Zj/
s/bftf ;]jf sfof{no, lqk'/]Zj/
s/bftf ;]jf sfof{no, gofF;8s
s/bftf ;]jf sfof{no, 7d]n
s/bftf ;]jf sfof{no, 6+ufn
s/bftf ;]jf sfof{no, dxf/fhu~h
s/bftf ;]jf sfof{no, afnfh'
s/bftf ;]jf sfof{no, sn+sL
s/bftf ;]jf sfof{no, sfnLdf6L
cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no / s/bftf ;]jf sfof{non] x]g]{ egL tf]lsPsf pNn]lvt lhNnfx?
jfx]ssf lhNnfx?sf] xsdf cGtMz'Ns clws[tsf] clwsf/ If]q ;DalGwt sf]if tyf n]vf
lgoGq0f sfof{nonfO{ tf]lsPsf] If]q g] x'g] u/L tf]lsPsf] 5 .
!(=% cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu, ljefu cGt{utsf @# j6f sfof{nox? cGt/ut :yfkgf ePsf
se/bftf ;]jf sfof{nox? tyf lo sfof{nox? gePsf :yfgsf nflu tf]lsPsf #& j6f
sf]if tyf n]vf lgoGqs sfof{nox?jf6 cGtMz'Ns P]g lgod, dlb/f P]g lgod,
lgb]{lzsf tyf laefuaf6 hf/L ePsf kl/kqx? ;d]tsf] clwgdf /xL cGtMz'Ns ;DjGwL
k|zf;g ;~rfng x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 .
!(=^ cGtMz'Ns clws[tsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ -lgodfjnLsf] lgod !@_
s=
uf]bfddf /x]sf] cGtMz'Ns nfUg] a:t' laqmL ljt/0f jf cf];f/ k;f/ ug{
uf]bfdaf6 lgsfNbf cfk\mgf] pkl:yltdf To:tf] j:t' lgsfNg nufO{ ;f]sf] nut
k|lti7fgsf] pTkfbg :yndf /fVg nufpg],
v=
ljefuaf6 df+u ul/Psf] cGtMz'Ns nfUg] a:t'sf] pTkfbg jf laqmL ljt/0f jf
uf]bfddf /x]sf] j:t'sf] kl/df0f / c;'n pk/ ePsf] cGtMz'Ns jf ljefun]
df+u]sf] c? s'g} s'/fsf] k|ltj]bg ljefudf k7fpg],
u=
cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t'sf] pTkfbg jf laqmLsf] ljj/0f cg';'lr $ adf]lhdsf]
b}lgs lstfadf /fVg nufpg],
3=
eG;f/ gfsfaf6 cGtMz'Ns nfUg] a:t' k}7f/L ePsf] ca:yfdf k}7f/L ug]{
Ohfhtkqjfnfsf] gfd, k}7f/L ul/Psf] j:t'sf] kl/df0f / d"No :ki6 v'Ng] u/L
b}lgs lstfadf hgfO{ /fVg],
ª
Ohfhtkqjfnfn] cGtMz'Ns lgodfjnLsf] lgod !# adf]lhdsf] sfd st{Jo
kfngf u/] gu/]sf] ;+aGwdf ;do ;dodf lg/LIf0f ug]{,
r=
cGtMz'Ns nfUg] a:t' pTkfbg ug]{ k|lti7fgsf] dfl;s ?kdf lg/LIf0f u/L
cGtMz'Ns lgwf{/0f ug]{,
5=
cGtMz'Ns clws[tn][ o; lgodfjnL adf]lhd cfkm\gf] st{Jo kfng ug]{ ;Gbe{df
laefun] tf]s]sf cGo sfo{x? ug]{,
h=
:jod\ lgisf;g k|0ffnL cg';f/ lgisf;g ug]{sf] xsdf tf]lsPsf] k|lqmof ckgfO{
O{hfhtjfnfsf] vftf Pjd\ ljj/0f hf+|r u/L k|dfl0ft ug]{ .
Ohfhtkqjfnfn] :jo+d lgisf;g k|s[of cg';f/ cfkm} lgisf;g u/]sf]
cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t'sf] xsdf cGtMz'Ns clws[tn] ljefun] tf]s] adf]lhdsf]
k|ls|of ckgfO{ Ohfhtkqjfnfsf] vftf tyf ljj/0f hf+rL k|dfl0ft ug'{ kg]{ 5 .
!(=& ;xof]u ug'{ kg]{ -dlb/f P]g @)#! sf] bkmf !# -s__
o; P]g cGtu{t ;hfFo x'g] s;"/sf] txlssftsf] l;nl;nfdf cGtMz'Ns clws[t jf
lghaf6 clwsf/ kfPsf] sd{rf/Ln] ;xof]u dfu]df cfjZos ;xof]u ug'{ ;DalGwt
JolQmsf] st{Jo x'g]5 .
129
!(=* d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/L -dlb/f P]g @)#! sf] bkmf !$_
-!_
bkmf !! cGtu{tsf] d'2fdf z'? sf/jfxL / lsgf/f ug]{ clwsf/ g]kfn ;/sf/ jf
g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]sL lbPsf] clwsf/LnfO{ / ;f] afx]s o; P]g cGtu{tsf] c?
d'2fsf] z'? sf/jfxL / lsgf/f ug]{ clwsf/ cGtMz'Ns clws[tnfO{ x'g]5 .
-@_
pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd z'? sf/jfxL / lsgf/f ug]{ clwsf/LnfO{ k|rlnt g]kfn
sfg"g adf]lhd lhNnf cbfntnfO{ eP ;/xsf] clwsf/ k|fKt x'g]5 .
!(=( dlb/f laqmL ljt/0f ug]{ ;do -dlb/f lgodx? @)## sf] sf] lgod !)_
Ohfhtkq k|fKt JolQmn] laxfg !) ah]b]lv /flt !) ah];Dd dfq dlb/f laqmL ljt/0f
ug{ kfpg]5 .
t/, g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfjZos ;Dem] adf]lhdsf] 7fpFsf] nflu ;f] ;dodf x]/km]/ ug{ jf
;f] aGb]hnfO{ x6fpg ;Sg]5 .
!(=!) dlb/f laqmL ug{ gx'g] -dlb/f lgodx? @)## sf] sf] lgod !!_
cGtMz'Ns clws[tn] dgfxL u/]sf] :yfg jf k;ndf dlb/fsf] laqmL ljt/0f ug{ kfOg]
5}g .
!(=!! s;"/sf] ;"rgf lbg'kg]{ - P]gsf] bkmf !#_
-!_ s;}n] o; P]g ljk/Lt s'g} sfd x'g nfu]sf], e}/x]sf] jf e};s]sf] s'/f yfxf kfPdf
cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{nodf jf glhsdf cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no geP k|x/L
sfof{no jf cGo s'g} ;/sf/L sfof{nodf ;f] s'/fsf] ;"rgf lbg' lghsf] st{Jo
x'g]5 . ;"rgf lbg] JolQmn] To:tf] ;"rgf lnlvt jf df}lvs ?kdf lbg ;Sg]5 .
To;/L ;"rgf k|fKt ug]{ sfof{non] t'?Gt To:tf] ;"rgf ;DalGwt cfGtl/s /fh:j
sfof{nodf k7fpg' kg]{5 .
-@_ ;"rgf lbg] JolQmn] cfˆgf] gfd uf]Ko /fVg rfx]df ;f+s]lts efiffdf cfˆgf] kl/ro
lbg ;Sg]5 .
-#_ ;"rgf lbbf ;"rgf lbg] JolQmn] cfkm"n] yfxf kfPsf] ;|f]t v'nfpg afWo x'g]5}g .
-$_ ljefun] o; bkmf adf]lhdsf] s;"/sf] ;"rgf lbg] ;'/fsLnfO{ ;"rgfsf] ;Totfsf]
cfwf/df a9Ldf bz xhf/ ?k}of;Dd ljefun] tf]s] adf]lhd ;'/fsL k|f]T;fxg vr{
lbg ;Sg] 5 .
o; ;DaGwL k|ls|of kl/R5]b !& df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
-%_ o; bkmf adf]lhd s;"/sf] ;"rgf lbg] JolQmsf] ljj/0f uf]Ko /xg]5 .
130
!(=!@ clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg x'g g;Sg] -P]gsf] bkmf @)_
P]gsf]] bkmf !% / !^ adf]lhd cGtMz'Ns clws[tnfO{ k|fKt clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg x'g
;Sg] 5}g .
!(=!#
laqmL lat/0fdf lgoGq0f -P]gsf] bkmf $3 _
g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfjZos 7fg]sf] cGtMz'Ns hGo j:t'sf] laqmL lat/0fdf lgoGq0f
u/L tf]lsP adf]lhd Jojl:yt ug{ ;Sg] 5 .
!(=!$ dlb/fsf] laqmL ljt/0fdf lgoGq0f -dlb/f P]g @)#! sf] bkmf $_
s'g} JolQmn] Ohfhtkq j]u/ / Ohfhtkq kfPsf]n] klg Ohfhtkqdf tf]lsPsf] zt{
adf]lhd afx]s dlb/f laqmL, ljt/0f ug{ jf dlb/f v'jfpg] af/, /]i6'/]06 jf k;n yfKg
kfpg] 5}g .
!(=!% dlb/fsf] pTkfbg tyf laqmL ljt/0fdf aGb]h -dlb/f P]g @)#! sf] bkmf
$-s_ _
-!_ s;}n] klg Knfli6ssf] kf]sf -kfpr_ df dlb/f /fvL dlb/fsf] pTkfbg tyf laqmL
ljt/0f ug'{ x'b}g .
-@_ s;}n] klg c7f/ jif{sf] pd]/ k'/f gu/]sf] JolQmnfO{ dlb/f laqmL ljt/0f ug'{
x'b}g .
-#_ c7f/ jif{sf] pd]/ k'/f gu/]sf] JolQmn] dlb/fsf] laqmL ljt/0f ug'{ x'b}g .
!(=!^ vftf k|dfl0ft ;DaGwL Joj:yf - lgod !#v_
P]]gsf] bkmf !) v sf] pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhdsf vftfx? sf/f]jf/ ;'? x'g' k'j{ cGtMz'Ns
clws[tjf6 k|dfl0t u/fOg' kg]{] 5 .
!(=!& Ohfht j]u/ l8li6n/L jf a|'c/Lleq k|j]z ug{ gkfpg] -lgod @)_
l8li6n/L jf a'|c/Lleq dlb/f agfpg] jf dlb/f /fv]sf] 7fpFlg/ l8li6n/L / a'|c/Lsf]
sfdbf/ afx]s a];/f]sf/jfnf cGo s'g} klg JolQm cGtMz'Ns clws[t jf lghn] v6fPsf]
sd{rf/Lsf] Ohfht a]u/ k|j]z ug{ kfpg] 5}g .
!(=!* df}Hbft hfFRg ;Sg] -lgod @^_
Ohfhtkqjfnfn] cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t' ;DaGwL sRrf kbfy{ cw{ tof/L kbfy{ jf j:t'
tyf tof/L kbfy{ jf j:t'sf] df}Hbft hfFr ug{sf nflu sfof{non] s'g} klg ;dodf
sd{rf/L v6fpg ;Sg]5 . To:tf] sd{rf/LnfO{ df}Hbft hfFr ug{ lbg' Ohfhtkqjfnfsf]
131
st{Jo x'g]5 . To;/L hfFr ul/Psf] ljj/0fsf] k|ltj]bg sfof{non] ljefudf k]z ug'{
kg]{5 .=
!(=!( cGtMz'Ns k|zf;g ;'b[l9s/0f ;DjGwdf lgDg Joj:yf ePsf] .
cGtMz'Ns k|zf;gnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfO{ /fh:j ;+sngdf clej[l4 ug{sf nflu tkl;ndf
plNnlvt a'+bfx?nfO{ tTsfn sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] .
!= sfof{nodf /xg] k|To]s kbflwsf/Lsf] cGtMz'Ns ;DjGwL sfd st{Jo / clwsf/sf]
sfo{ ljj/0f cg'?k sfd ug]{ kbflwsf/L tf]Sg] .
@= ;a} cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{nodf cGtMz'Ns ;DjGwL sfdsf] nflu df}h'bf
clws[tx? dWo] Ps hgf clws[t -cGtMz'Ns hGo j:t' pTkfbg ug]{ k|lti7fg
gePsf] / # hgf dfq clws[t ePsf]df sfof{non ldnfpg] afx]s_ / ;xfos
sd{rf/L Go"gtd ! hgf / sfo{jf]em cg';f/ ;f] eGbf j9LnfO{ cGtMz'Nssf]
k"0f{sflng sfd ug]{ u/L tf]Sg] .
-s_ sfof{nosf cGtMz'Ns clws[tn] ;Dkfbg ug'{kg]{ sfdx?M
!= ef}lts lgoGq0fdf ;+rflnt cGtMz'NshGo kbfy{sf] pTkfbg, cfoft,
lgof{tsf] O{hfht / gljs/0fsf] nflu cfj]bg ;fy k|fKt sfuhft Pj+
/fh:j l7s 5 5}g x]/L 7Ls eP sfof{noaf6 :jLs[lt ug]{ afx]s cGodf
ljefudf k7fpg k]z ug]{ .
@= cGtMz'NshGo j:t' lg:sf;g / ljqmL ubf{ nfUg] /fh:j c;"n pk/ u/L
bflvnf u/fpg] / ;f] sf] cg'udg ug]{ .
#= cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t' g]kfn /fHo jflx/ lgsf;L ug{ / jf s/ d'Qm
k;ndf ljqmL ug{ gub jf a}+s k|Tofe"lt ;lxt cfj]bg u/]df x]/L hfFrL
:jLs[lt lbg] .
$= cGtMz'NshGo j:t' Ohfhtkq glnO{ jf cGtMz'Ns ga'emfO{ jf 36L a'emfO{
pTkfbg, k}7f/L, ljqmL ljt/0f u/]sf] 5 eGg] ;"rgf s'g} dfWodaf6 k|fKt
ePdf Pstx dfly hfgsf/L u/fO{ To;sf] cg';Gwfg txlssft u/L
sf/jfxL lsgf/fsf nflu bfo/ug]{ .
%= cGtMz'Ns lgl/Ifs / cGtMz'Ns ;xfossf] sfdsf] ;'kl/j]If0f ug]{ s}lkmot
kfOPdf tTsfn ;Rofpg nufpg] .
^= cGtMz'Ns nfUg] k|lti7fgsf] dfl;s ?kdf lg/LIf0f u/L k|lti7fgdf
/flvPsf cGtMz'Ns lg/LIfsåf/f k|dfl0ft clen]v Pj+ cGtMz'Ns hfFrL
k|dfl0ft ug]{ .
&= cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t'sf df}Hbft hfFr u/L k|ltj]bg k]z ug]{ tyf df}Hbft
sld ldGxfsf] nflu k/]sf lgj]bgsf] cfwf/df 5fgljg u/L lg0f{o x'g'kg]{
tyf cGtMz'Ns lgwf{/0f x'g'kg]{ ljifo Plsg u/L k]z ug]{ .
132
*=
-v_
k|To]s pTkfbg, ljqmL, df}Hbft / /fh:j v'Ng] dfl;s k|ult ljj/0f ljefu
k7fpg] .
(= cGtMz'Ns sDKo'6/ k|0ffnLdf k|To]s k|lti7fgsf] clen]v k|lai6 u/L u/fO{
Jojl:yt u/fpg],
!)= P]g, lgodfjnL Pj+ lgb]{lzsf Pj+ kl/kq jdf]lhd tf]lsPsf] clen]v
Jojl:yt u/fpg] .
!!= cj}w dlb/f lgoGq0f ;ldltsf] ;b:o ;lrj e} sfd ug]{ .
!@= cj}w dlb/f lgoGq0f ;DjGwL sfd sf/afxL ug]{ . hgr]tgf k|j4{g ug]{ .
!#= jf]tndf jf sf6{'gdf nfu]sf l:6s/sf] gd"gf ;+sng u/L gSsnL eP
gePsf] hfFr u/fO{ gSsnL ePsf] kfOPdf vl/b u/]sf] ;|f]t ;d]t kQf
nufO{ sf/afxL ug]{ .
!$= cGtMz'Nssf] gofF bfo/fdf cfPsf j:t' tyf ;]jfx?sf] cg'udg ug]{ .
!%= cGtMz'Ns ;DalGw hfgsf/L pknJw u/fpg] k|rf/ k|;f/ ug]{ .
!^= sfof{no cGtu{t k|lti7fgx?sf] ljutsf] pTkfbg Pj+ cfufdL nIosf
cfwf/df cfjZos kg]{ cGtMz'Ns l:6s/ k|If]k0f ug]{, dfu ug]{, ljt/0f ug]{
/ To;sf] clen]v b"?:t /xg] Joj:yf ug]{ .
!&= k|lti7fgsf] pTkfbg / lgisf;gnfO{ l:6s/sf] sdL x'g glbg ;r]t /xg] .
!*= k|To]s dlxgf sDtLdf Ps k6s ;DaGwLt sfof{no k|d'vn] lgsf;L dfu
ug]{ pBf]usf] d"No clea[l4s/ nuffot s'g} s/ afls 5 5}g ;f] x]g'{
kg]{5 . tyf s'g} s/ afls b]lvPdf t'?Gt lgsf;L /f]Ssf /fVg' kg]{5 .
!(= cGtMz'Nssf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg tof/ ug]{ u/fpg] .
@)= dftxtsf sd{rf/Lsf] sfdsf] cfwf/df k'/:sf/ jf ljefuLo ;hfosf] nflu
l;kmfl/; ug]{ .
@!= tf]s]sf cGo sfo{x? ;Dkfbg ug]{ .
pTkfbg tkm{ vl6g] cGtMz'Ns sd{rf/L -lg/LIfs_ n] ;Dkfbg ug'{kg]{ sfdx?M
!= sRrf kbfy{, cw{ tof/L j:t' / tof/L j:t'sf] cfDbfgL vr{ / df}Hbftsf]
b}lgs lx;fj k|dfl0ft u/L /fVg] .
@= @sRrf kbfy{, cw{tof/L kbfy{ Pj+ tof/L kbfy{ pTkfbg :yn kl/;/ leq
cnu cnu uf]bfddf /fVg lbg] .
#= k|To]s uf]bfdsf] Pp6f ;fFrf] Ohfht kqjfnfsf] k|ltlglw / csf]{ cfk\mgf]
lhDdf
/fVg] .
133
$=
%=
^=
&=
*=
(
!)=
!!=
!@=
!#=
!$=
!%=
!^=
134
uf]bfd vf]Nbf / jGb ubf{ u]6df nufpg] tfNrfsf] ;fFrf] 3';fg]{ Kjfn jGb
x'g] / vf]Nbf Rofltg] u/L b:tvt ldlt / 5fk ;lxtsf] cGtMz'Ns l6s6
ns k|of]u ug]{ .
k|To]s k6s uf]bfd vf]Ng' kbf{ / jGb ubf{ sf/0f ;lxt ljj/0f clen]v
lstfjdf e/L 9f]sf vf]Ng] / k'gM jGb u/L l6s6 ns nufpg] .
df]nfl;; / l:k|6 6]+s jf lk6df aflx/af6 :ki6 b]lvg] :s]n u/L u]lhË
/fVg nufpg] . l:6n 6]+s jf kSsL lk6 afx]s cGo 7fpFdf df]nf;];
e08f/0f ug{ glbg] . -l:k|6 tyf cw{ tof/L dlb/f :6Ln 6\of+sdf dfq /fVg'
kb{5 ._
v'nf lk6df df]nf;]; /fVg cg'dlt glbg] . lk6df kfgL ghfg] jGbf]j:t
ldnfpg k|lti7fgnfO{ lgb]{zg lbg] .
;a} clen]vsf] dfl;s k|ltj]bg sfof{nodf lbg] .
df]nf;];, l:k|6, ;"lt{, j6{ cflb s'g} sf/0faf6 gf]S;fgL x'g uPsf] ;"rgf
k|fKt ePdf =To:tf] 36gf x'g'sf] sf/0f, gf]S;fgL kl/df0f Plsg u/L
tTsfn k|f/DeLs k|ltj]bg ;d]t tof/ u/L k|ltj]bg ug]{ .
sRrf kbfy{sf] vktsf cfwf/df k|ltnAwL x]/L b}lgs ?kdf htL{sf]
clen]v /fVg] .
pTkfbg ug]{ :yndf v'nf 8«d, kfOk cflb g/xg] Aoj:yf ug]{ . pTkfbg
sfo{ jGb ePkl5 pTkfbg :ynsf] 9f]sfdf l6s6 ns ;lxt tfNrf
nufpg] .
;do ;dodf sRrf kbfy{ /xg] :ynsf] cfs:dLs lg/LIf0f u/L df}Hbft /
vr{ ?h' ug]{ .
pBf]u÷k|lti7fg kl/;/leq j];/f]sf/jfnf AolQmnfO{ k|j]z ug{ glbg] .
o;df k|lti7fg wgLnfO{ g} To:tf] Aoj:yf ug{ nufO{ ;'/Iffsf] k"0f{ Aoj:yf
ldnfpg] .
cGtMz'Ns clws[t jf sfof{no k|d'vnfO{ k"j{ hfgsf/L glbO{ :jLs[t glnO{
cfkm"nfO{ v6fOPsf] k|lti7fg g5f8\g] .
cGtMz'NshGo kbfy{ Pj+ tof/L j:t' ;d]t xfgL gf]S;fgL gx'g] u/L k"0f{
;'/Iff Aoj:yf ug{ nufpg] .
k|To]s dlxgfsf] cGtdf cfkm" vl6Psf k|lti7fgdf /flvPsf cfkm"n] k|dfl0ft
ub}{ cfPsf clen]vx? clgjfo{ ?kdf cGtMz'Ns clws[taf6 k|dfl0ft
u/fO{ ;f] clGtd clen]v adf]lhd To; kl5sf] dlxgfsf] z'? clen]v v8f
ug]{ .
-u_
!&= k|lti7fgdf k|fKt sRrf kbfy{, ;xfos sRrf kbfy{, KoflsË d]6]l/oN;,
cGtMz'Ns l6s6, tof/L j:t' cflbsf] cfDbfgL vr{ Pj+ df}Hbft sf] b}lgs
?kdf sDKo'6/ ;km\6j]o/df k|lai6 ug{ nufpg]
!*= cGo tf]lsPsf sfdx? ug]{ .
lgisf;g tkm{ vl6g] cGtMzNs lg/LIfsn] ;Dkfbg ug'{kg]{ sfdx?M
!= tof/L j:t'sf] cfDbfgL vr{ lgisf;g Pj+ df}Hbftsf] b}lgs lx;fj k|dfl0ft
u/L
/fVg] .
@= dlb/fsf] pTkfbg k|lqmof;+u} k|To]s jf]tndf Jofr gDa/, l;nl;n]jf/
gDa/, pTkfbg ug]{ Ohfhtjfnfsf] gfd, 6«]8dfs{ / zlQm clwstd v'b|f
d'No n]lvPsf] n]jn c+lst x]/L dfq cfDbfgL afFWg] . Aofr / l;nl;n]jf/
gDj/sf cfwf/df lgisf;g ug]{ .
#= pTkfbgdf tf]lsPsf] u'0f:t/ 5}g eGg] z+sf nfu]df cGtMz'Ns clws[tnfO{
;'rgf lbO{ pTkflbt j:t' /x]sf] uf]bfd l;njGbL u/L j:t' k/LIf0f ug{
sfof{no k7fpg] / k/LIf0f glthf k|fKt gx'gh]n To:tf] j:t'sf] lgisf;g
/f]Ssf /fVg] .
$= dfu kmf/fd :jLs[t e} cfPkl5 x]/L ?h' u/L ;f] cg'?k j:t' lgisf;g ug{
lbg] . lgisf;g lb+bf cfk\mgf] pkl:ytLdf r]s hfFr u/L dfq lbg] .
%= cGtMz'Ns l:6s/sf] cfDbfgL vr{sf] lx;fj /fVg] . sDtLdf !% lbgsf] nflu
k'Ug] df}Hbft lg/Gt/ ?kdf /xg] u/L l:6s/ dfu ug]{ .
^= dlb/f / r'/f]6 k|To]s jf]tn jf j§fdf cGtMz'Ns l:6s/ c+lst ePsf]nfO{ dfq
lgisf;g ug{ lbg] . jLo/sf] k|To]s sf6'{gsf] tndfly jGbdf kg]{ u/L
cGtMz'Ns l6s6 6f+; u/fO{ lgisf;g ug{ lbg] .
&= k|To]s uf]bfdsf] Pp6f ;fFrf] O{hfhtkqjfnfsf] k|ltlgwL / csf]{ cfk\mgf]
lhDdfdf /fVg] .
*= k|To]s uf]bfdsf] tfNrfsf] ;fFrf] 3';fg]{ Kjfn jGb x'g] / vf]Nbf Rofltg] u/L
b:tvt , ldlt / 5fk ;lxtsf] l6s6 ns k|of]u ug]{ .
(= k|To]s k6s uf]bfd vf]Ng' kbf{ / jGb ubf{ sf/0f ;lxt ljj/0f clen]v
lstfjdf e/L 9f]sf vf]Ng] / k'gM jGb u/L l6s6 ns nufpg] .
!)= ;j} clen]vsf] dfl;s k|ltj]bg sfof{nodf lbg] . tof/L dfnj:t' s'g}
sf/0faf6 gf]S;fgL x'g uPsf] ;"rgf k|fKt ePdf To:tf] 36gf 36\g'sf]
sf/0f, gf]S;fgL kl/df0f Plsg u/L tTsfn k|f/DeLs k|ltjb]g ;d]t tof/
u/L k|ltj]bg ug]{ .
!!= k|lti7fgsf] jl/kl/ cglws[t ?kdf dfn;fdfg cfpg ;Sg] :yfgx?
lgoGq0f ug{ nufO{ Pp6f dfq d'Vo åf/ /xg] Aoj:yf ldnfpg] .
135
!@= tof/L kbfy{ /xg] :ynsf] cfsl:ds lg/LIf0f u/L df}Hbft / vr{ ?h' ug]{ .
!#= k|To]s dlxgfsf] cGtdf cfkm" vl6Psf k|lti7fgdf /flvPsf] cfkm"n] k|dfl0ft
ub}{ cfPsf clen]vx? clgjfo{ ?kdf cGtMz'Ns clws[taf6 k|dfl0ft
u/fO{ ;f] clGtd clen]v adf]lhd To; kl5sf] dlxgfsf] z'? clen]v v8f
ug]{ .
!$= tof/L kbfy{sf] cfDbfgL lgisf;g ljs|L df}Hbft cflb ljj/0f sDKo'6/
;km\6j]o/df b}lgs ?kdf k|lji6 ug{ nufpg] .
!%= tf]lsPsf cGo sfdx? ug]{ .
-3_
136
sfof{nodf /xg] cGtMz'Ns ;xfosn] ;Dkfbg ug'{kg]{ sfdx?M
!= sfof{no cGtu{t k|To]s k|lti7fgaf6 k|fKt dfl;s k|ltj]bg ?h' ug]{,
le8fg ug]{ / To;sf] clen]v /fVg] . s}lkmot kfOPdf cfjZos sf/afxLsf]
nflu cGtMz'Ns clw[st ;dIf k]z ug]{ .
@= ljefuaf6 k|fKt cGtMz'Ns l:6s/x? cfDbfgL af+Wg], k|lti7fgaf6 k|fKt
dfunfO{ clw[st ;dIf k]z u/L :jLs[t u/fO{ k7fpg] / To;sf] clen]v
sDKo'6/ k|0ffnLdf ;d]t k|lji6 u/L Jojl:yt ug]{ .
#= k|lti7fgaf6 k|fKt dfl;s k|ltj]bgnfO{ PsLs[t u/L sRrf kbfy{, vkt,
pTkfbg, lgsf;L, /fh:j c;"nL ;lxt :ki6 x'g] k|ltj]bg tof/ ug]{ .
$= cGtMz'NshGo j:t' pTkfbg, k}7f/L, ljqmL jf ;+rosf nflu O{hfhtkq jf
gjLs/0fsf] nflu k|fKt lgj]bg ;fy tf]lsP jdf]lhdsf sfuhft / b:t'/
eP gePsf] ?h' u/L k]z ug]{ .
%= cGtMz'Ns clws[taf6 :jLs[lt kZrft Ohfht k|bfg ug]{ .
^= ljefuaf6 dfu ePsf] ljj/0f tof/ u/L k]z ug]{ .
&= cGtMz'Ns clws[tnfO{ tf]lsPsf] sfddf ;3fpg] .
*= cGtMz'Ns clws[t;Fu cfjZostf cg';f/ cg'udg, lg/LIf0fdf hfg] .
(= cj}w dlb/f lgoGq0fsf nflu cg'udg Pj+ cg';Gwfgsf nflu clws[tnfO{
;3fpg] .
!)= cGtMz'NshGo k|lti7fg Pj+ ljqm]tfx?sf] lg/LIf0f Pj+ df}Hbft hfFrdf
clws[tnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ .
!!= cGtMz'Ns;Fu ;Djlgwt ;j} k|sf/sf] clen]v k4tLnfO{ Aojl:yt /fVg] .
!@= k|To]s k|lti7fgsf] sDKo'6/ ;km\6j]o/df k|lji6 e} cfPsf] clen]v hf+r u/L
Jojl:yt u/fpg cGtMz'Ns clws[tnfO{ ;3fpg] .
!#= tf]lsPsf] cGo sfdx? ug]{ .
-8=_
pTkfbg / lgisf;g k|s[ofnfO{ ljeQm u/L 5'§} k|zf;g ug]{M
r'/f]6, ljo/ / dlb/f pTkfbg ug]{ k|lti7fgjf6 pTkfbg / lgsf;L k|s[ofnfO{
cnu cnu ?kdf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . t;y{ pTkfbg k|s[of / lgisf;g
k|s[ofnfO{ cnUu} OsfO{ dflg cGtMz'Ns k|zff;g ug]{ sfof{noaf6 vl6Psf
sd{rf/L /xg]5g\ . pTkfbg OsfO{sf ;Dk"0f{ vftfx? pTkfbg If]qdf v6fO{Psf
sd{rf/Lsf] lhDdfdf /xL gLhjf6} ;~rfng x'g]5 eg] lgisf;g tk{msf
vftfkqx? uf]bfddf lgisf;g tkm{sf] nflu vl6Psf cGtMz'Ns sd{rf/Lsf]
lhDdfdf /xL lghn] ;~rfng ug]{5g\ .
t/ pBf]usf] sfo{If]q ;fgf] ePdf jf sd{rf/Lx?sf] sld ePsf] cj:yfdf eg]
ljefunfO{ ;f] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L lbO{ pTkfbg / lgisf;g b'j} sfo{sf] lgldQ Pp6f
dfq cGtMz'Nssf] sd{rf/L sfof{non] v6fpg ;Sg]5 .
137
kl/R5]b–@)
lalaw
@)=! k|lti7fg aGb ubf{ ;"rgf lbg' kg]{ -lgodfjnLsf] lgod @*-!__
s'g} k|lti7fg s'g} klg sf/0fn] aGb ug'{ k/]df To;sf] sf/0f :ki6 v'nfO{ To;/L aGb ug'{
eGbf tLg lbg cufa} ;DalGwt cGtMz'Ns clws[t / laefunfO{ lnlvt ?kdf hfgsf/L
u/fpg' kb{5 . t/ O{6\6f pBf]usf] xsdf of] Joa:yf nfu' x'g] 5}g .
To:tf] ;"rgf k|fKt ePdf ljefun] cfaZos ;Dem]df ;f] k|lti7fg rfn' /fVg ;DalGwt
JolQmnfO{ cfb]z lbg ;Sg]5 .
@)=@=
d"No clgjfo{ v'nfpg' kg]{ -lgodfjnLsf] lgod @(_
dlb/f, ljo/, r'/f]6 pTkfbg ug]{ Ohfhtkqjfnfn] ljt/s, yf]s tyf v'b|f ljq]mtfnfO{
ljqmL ug]{ d"No ;fa{hlgs u/L cfkm"n] pTkfbg u/]sf] j:t'df clwstd v'b|f d"No c+lst
ug'{
kg]{5 . dlb/f ljo/sf] k|To]s jf]tn / sf6'{gdf ;d]t clwstd v'b|f d'No pNn]v ug'{kg]{
u/L tf]lsPsf] 5 .
@)=#= ;]jf ljqmL ubf{ ljhs hf/L ug'{ kg]{M
cGtMz'Ns nfUg] ;]jf ljqmL ubf{ lgodfanLsf] cg';"rL !# jdf]lhdsf] ljhs hf/L ug'{
kb{5 .
@)=$ pkxf/ tyf gub 5"6 lbg gkfOg] -P]gsf] bkmf $ª=_
dlb/f, ljo/ jf r'/f]6 pBf]ux? / ltgsf laqm]tfx?n] s'g} klg k|sf/sf pkxf/ sfo{qmd
;+rfng ug{ jf To:tf pBf]ux?n] d'No clea[l4 s/df btf{ ePsf jfx]s cGo ljqm]tfnfO{
To:tf] pTkfbg ljqmL ubf{ 5'6 lbg kfOg] 5}g . o:tf] sfo{ u/]sf] kfOPdf Ohfhtkqsf]
zt{ pn+3g u/]sf] dflgg]5 .
@)=% cGtMz'Ns ;DaGwL Joj:yf P]g adf]lhd x'g] - P]gsf] bkmf @$_
k|rlnt sfg"gdf h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg ;fnj;fnL nfu" x'g] cfly{s P]gn] o;
P]gdf ;+zf]wg u/L cGtMz'Ns nufpg], lgwf{/0f ug]{, a9fpg], 36fpg], 5"6 lbg] jf ldgfxf
lbg] ;DaGwL Joj:yf u/]sf]df afx]s cGo s'g} klg P]gn] o; P]g adf]lhdsf
138
cGtMz'Nssf Joj:yfx?df s'g} klg ;+zf]wg, kl/jt{g ug{ jf cGtMz'Ns ;DaGwL cGo
Joj:yf ug{ ;Sg] 5}g .
@)=^ tof/L j:t' /fVg] 7fpF M -lgod ##_
-!_ pTkfbg ul/Psf] j:t' Ohfhtkqjfnfn] To:tf] j:t' pTkfbg:yn kl/;/leq
uf]bfddf /fVg' kg]{5 . :jo+ lgisfzg k|0ffnL cg'?k lgisf;g x'g]df afx]s
uf]bfdsf] Pp6f tfNrfsf] ;fFrf] Ohfhtkqjfnfsf] k|ltlglw / csf]{ tfNrfsf] ;fFrf]
cGtMz'Ns clws[t jf lghn] v6fPsf] sd{rf/Ln] /fVg' kg]{5 .
-@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd /flvPsf cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t'x? ;'/lIft ;fy /fVg]
lhDd]jf/L Ohfhtkqjfnfsf] x'g]5 . cfuf] nflu jf rf]/L eO{ jf c? s'g} sf/0fn] To:tf] cGtM
z'Ns nfUg] j:t' gf]S;fg ePdf pQm gf]S;fgL afkt g]kfn ;/sf/ hjfkmb]xL x'g]5}g .
-#_ cGtMz'Ns nfUg] pTkfbg:ynleq /x]sf j:t' cGtMz'Ns clws[tsf] k"0f{ /]vb]vdf
/xg]5 . cGtMz'Ns clws[t jf lghn] v6fPsf] sd{rf/Lsf] Ohfht j]u/ s'g} klg
cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t' ;DaGwL sRrf kbfy{, cw{ tof/L kbfy{ jf tof/L kbfy{
pTkfbg:yn aflx/ n}hfg x'Fb}g . :jo+ lgisfzg k|0ffnL cGtu{t lgisf;g x'g]
j:t'sf] xsdf cGtMz'Ns clws[t jf lghn] v6fPsf] sd{rf/Ln] vftf tyf ljj/0f
hfFrL k|dfl0ft u/] dfq k'Ug]5 .
139
kl/R5]b–@!
cg';"rLx?
l6s6
cg';"rL —!
-lgod # / % tyf dlb/f lgodx?sf] lgod # / ^ ;+u ;+aGwLt_
-lgb]{lzsfsf] bkmf $=$ cg';f/_
Ohfhtkq tyf gljs/0fsf] nfuL lbOg] b/vf:tsf] 9f+rf
>Ldfg k|d'vHo",
cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu÷sfof{no jf sf]=n]=lg=sf=, ============== .
d÷xfdLn] b]xfodf pNn]lvt sfo{ ug{sf nflu b]xfosf sfuhft, ljj/0f / Ohfhtkq
b:t'/ ;+nUg /fvL Ohfhtkq kfpg÷gljs/0fsf] nflu of] lgj]bg k]z u/]sf] 5'÷5f}+ . plNnlvt
ljj/0f / tYo d}n] hfg]a'em];Dd 7Ls 5g\ .
-!_ cGtMz'Ns Ohfhtkqsf] k|sf/M— -cfkm"n] lng'kg]{ Ohfhtkqsf] k|sf/df-7Ls_ nufpg'
xf];_
Ohfhtkq k|sf/ pTkfbg k}7f/L ljqmL
;+ro
;]jf O{6f
cGo
gofF
gjLs/0f
sf/f]jf/sf] gfd
-@_ AolQm÷k|lti7fgsf] gfdM—
g]kfnL
c+u|]hL
JolQm eP lghsf]M
klt÷kTgLsf] gfdM afa'sf] gfdM
140
afh]÷;;'/fsf] gfdM
-#_ btf{ ljj/0f M—
:yfoL n]vf gDj/
Aoj;fo btf{ ldlt
sfof{nosf] gfd M
btf{ g+=
sfof{no / :yfg
sf/f]jf/ z'? ePsf] ldlt
@) ÷ ÷
gljs/0f x'g'kg]{ cf=j=
@) ÷ ÷
-$_ d'Vo sfof{nosf] 7]ufgf M—
:yfg
kqfrf/ ug]{ 7]ufgf
3/ g+=-Ans g+=_
j8f g+=
6f]n
 d= p=d=g=kf= g=kf= 
uf=lj=;=
lhNnf
If]q
6]lnkmf]g g+=
k\mofS; g+=
kf]=j=g+=
Od]n
-%_ sf/f]jf/sf] d'Vo :yfg M—
-olb d'Vo sfof{no eGbf km/s ePdf dfq_
:yfg
kqfrf/ ug]{ 7]ufgf
3/ g+=-Ans g+=_
j8f g+=
6f]n
 d= p=d=g=kf= g=kf= 
uf=lj=;=
lhNnf
141
If]q
6]lnkmf]g g+=
k\mofS; g+=
rf/
k"j{
lsNnf
kf]=j=g+=
Od]n
klZrd
pQ/
blIf0f
-^_ Ohfht b:t'/÷gjLs/0f b:t'/ ;DaGwL ljj/0fM—
hl/jfgf a}+s÷sfof{no
qm=;+ sf/f]jf/sf] gfd÷Ohfht bflvnf
=
kq k|sf/
b:t'/
o sfof{nodf bflvnf u/]sf] eP ;f]sf] k=;+=================ldlt @) ÷ ÷
o s'g} /fh:j afFsL 5÷5}g . 5 eg] <
cfos/
d"=c=s/ M
cGtMz'Ns M
cGo M
-&_ k|jGw lgb]{zs÷k|d'v ;+rfns÷sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs M—
klxnf]
aLrsf]
-s_ gfd
g]kfnL
c+u|]hL
-v_ lgo'lQm ldlt
-3_ kl/ro u/fpg] cGo sfuhft
sfuhftsf] k|sf/
kl/rokq g+=
142
ef}=g+=÷
/=g+=
y/
-u_ /fli6«otf
hf/L ug]{ sfof{no /
:yfg
hf/L u/]sf] ldlt
-ª_
7]ufgf M—
:yfg
kqfrf/ ug]{ 7]ufgf
3/ g+=-Ans g+=_
j8f g+=
6f]n
 d= p=d=g=kf= g=kf= 
uf=lj=;=
lhNnf
If]q
6]lnkmf]g g+=
k\mofS; g+=
kf]=j=g+=
Od]n
lgj]bssf] b:tvt M
lgj]bssf] gfd M
;+:yfsf] 5fk M
kb M
sfof{no k|of]hgsf] nflu === === === === === === cf=j===============sf nflu :jLs[t ePsf]
5.
Ohfhtkq
=================================Ohfhtkq
cf=j================sf nflu gljs/0f
ePsf] 5 .
=== === ==== === Ohfhtkqsf nflu ef}=g+= === === === === /=g+= === === === ===af6 ?= === === === === ===
b:t'/ / ?=======================yk b:t'/ -hl/jfgf_ bflvnf ePsf] 5 .
k]z ug]{ M
l;kmfl/; ug]{ M
;b/ ug]{ M
ldlt
-*_
143
cg';"rL–@
-jfx|f} ;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt -cf=j= )^*.^( sf] nfuL_
-lgod # / % ;+u ;DalGwt_
Ohfhtkq lng' kg]{ j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] Ohfhtkq b:t'/ / gljs/0f b:t'/
cg';f/_
-lgb]{lzsfsf] bkmf $=$
Ohfhtkq b:t'/ tyf gjLs/0f b:t'/ b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5 M
!=
dlb/f / Oyfgf]n pTkfbg tkm{ M–
-s_ l:k|6 pTkfbg ug]{ k|lti7fgsf] nflu ====================================== =?= *),))).–
-v_ ljo/ pTkfbg ug]{ k|lti7fgsf] nflu ===================================== ?= *),))).–
-u_ O{yfgf]n pTkfbg ug]{ k|lti7fgsf] nflu ================================= =?= *),))).–
-3_ jfO{g÷j|f08L -kmnk"mndf cfwfl/t_ dfq agfpg] k|lti7fgsf] nflu ==?=$),))).–
-ª_ cGo dlb/f pTkfbgsf nflu =============================================== =?= *),))).–
-r_ r'/f]6 pTkfbg ug]{ k|lti7fgsf] nflu ===================================== =?= !)),))).–
@=
144
dlb/f ljqmL ljt/0f tkm{ M–
-s_ xf]6n, /]i6'/]06 tyf nhx¿sf] nflu M–
-!_ kfFrtf/] xf]6n ==============================================
?=#),))).–
-@_ rf/tf/] xf]6n ==================================================== =?=@%,))).–
-#_ tLgtf/] xf]6n =================================================
?=!*,))).–
-$_ b'O{tf/] xf]6n ==================================================
?=!@,%)).–
-%_ Pstf/] xf]6n ======================================================= ?= &,))).–
-^_ :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL dlb/f af]tn vf]nL ljqmL ljt/0f ug]{ ko{6s
:t/sf] /]i6'/]06 tyf l/;f]6{========================================== ?= %,))).–
-&_ :jb]zL dlb/f jf]tn vf]nL ljqmL ljt/0f ug]{ ;fwf/0f xf]6n, /]i6'/]06
/ af/ tyf nh ==============================================
?= #,))).–
-v_ dlb/f ljqm]tfsf] nflu M–
-!_ dlb/f ljt/s ===================================================== ?= @),))).–
-@_ yf]s ljqm]tf ========================================================== ?= !@,))).–
-u_
-3_
#=
-#_ :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL dlb/f ljqmL ug]{ v'b|f ljqm]tf =================?= *,))).–
-$_ dxfgu/kflnsf, pkdxfgu/kflnsf / gu/kflnsfdf :jb]zL
dlb/fdfq ljqmL ug]{ v'b|f ljqm]tf =======================================?= ^,))).–
-%_ dxfgu/kflnsf, pkdxfgu/kflnsf / gu/kflnsf jfx]ssf
cGo If]qdf :jb]zL dlb/fdfq ljqmL ug]{ v'b|f ljqm]tf================?=@))).–
-^_ l8kf6{d]06n:6f]/ ============================================================?=!),))).–
dlb/f lgsf;L tyf k}7f/L stf{sf] nflu M–
-!_ ljb]zL dlb/f / l:k|6 k}7f/Lstf{ ========================================?=@),))).–
-@_ dlb/f lgsf;Lstf{ ===========================================================?=#,%)).–
r'/f]6 lgsf;Lstf{ M–
g]kfn aflx/ r'/f]6 lgsf;Lstf{ ==================================================?=#,%)).–
k}7f/L tyf cGo j:t' vl/b ljqmL / pTkfbg tkm{ M–
-s_ ljb]zL r'/f]6, l;uf/, ;'tL{ tyf ;'tL{hGo j:t' k}7f/L ug]{sf]nflu=========?=!),))).–
-v_ ljb]zL v}gL, hbf{, gz kfgk/fu tyf kfgd;nf k}7f/L ug]{sf] nflu ====?=@%,))).–
-u_ kfgk/fu, kfg d;nf, r'/f]6, v}gL, hbf{, gz, ;'tL{, tyf ;'tL{hGo
j:t' yf]s vl/b laqmL ug]{sf] nflu ================================================?=%,))).–
-3_ kfgk/fu, kfg d;nf, v}gL, hbf{, gz, ;'tL{, tyf ;'tL{hGo j:t'
-r'/f]6 jfx]s_ pTkfbg ug]{sf] nflu ==============================================?=@%,))).–
-ª_ r'/f]6, v}gL, hbf{, gz, kfgk/fu, ;'tL{ tyf kfgd;nf v'b|f vl/b ljqmL
ug]{sf] nflu =============================================================================?=!,%)).–
-r_ ljb]zL v'bf] / u'F\8 k}7f/L ug]{sf] nflu ===========================================?=*,))).–
-5_ v'bf], u'F8 / l:k|6 vl/b laqmL -lgsf;L ;d]t_ ug]{sf] nflu ==================?=#,%)).–
-h_ OF6f pTkfbg ug]{ pBf]usf] k|lte§fsfnflu =================================?=!,%),))).–
-em_ :6f]g qm;/ -lu§L /f]8f pTkfbg jf lgsf;L ug]{ pBf]u_ ===============?=!,)),))).–
-`_ kfj/ qm;/ k|of]u u/L pTkfbg x'g] ;Vv/ -u'0f_, sfnf] ;Vv/, /;s6
pTkfbg ug]{ b]xfo adf]lhdsf pBf]usf] nflu M–
-!_ el6{sn /f]n/ k|of]u ug]{ pBf]usf] nflu -bz x;{
kfj/;Ddsf]_================================================================== ==?=!%,))).–
-@_ xf]l/h]G6n /f]n/ k|of]u ug]{ pBf]usf] nflu -bz x;{ kfj/ eGbf
a9Lsf]_========================================================================== ?=#),))).–
145
$= dfyL k|s/0f !,@ / # df pNn]v eP jfx]ssf] xsdf k|lti7fgsf] l:y/ k"+hLsf] cfwf/df k|To]s
! nfv ?k}ofF l:y/ k"+hL ePsf] k|lti7fgnfO{ tL; ?k}ofFsf b/n] pTkfbg Ohfhtkq b:t'/
nfUg]5 . o:tf] Ohfhtkq b:t'/ Go"gtd kfFr xhf/ ?k}ofF eGbf sd / clwstd kRrL;
xhf/ ?k}ofF eGbf a9L x'g] 5}g .
b«i6Jo M
-!_ o; cg';"rL adf]lhdsf] b:t'/ sf7df8f}+ pkTosf aflx/sf OF6f pBf]usf] xsdf
kRrL; k|ltzt / b'u{d If]qsf kmnkm'ndf cfwfl/t jfOg Pjd\ dlb/f pBf]usf] xsdf
krxQ/ k|ltztn] sd nfUg]5 .
-@_ Ps PsfOn] PseGbf j9L lsl;dsf] dlb/f vl/b ljqmL ug]{ ePdf ;aeGbf j9L b/sf]
b:t'/ dfq j'emfP k'Ug]5 .
-#_ OF6f pTkfbs / :6f]g qm;/ pBf]un] k|s/0f # sf] v08 -h_ jf -em_ adf]lhd a'´fpg'
kg]{ /sddWo] aL; k|ltzt Ohfhtkq ln+bf, rfnL; k|ltzt df3 d;fGt;Dd / afFsL
/sd h]7 d;fGt;Dd a'´fpg] u/L ls:tf sfod ul/Psf] 5 .
-$_ d"No clej[l4 s/df btf{ ePsf OF6f pTkfbg / :6f]g qm;/ pBf]ux¿n] Ohfhtkq
b:t'/ ltg'{ kg]{ 5}g .
t/ o:tf OF6f pTkfbs / :6f]g qm;/ pBf]un] Ps cfly{s jif{sf nflu a'´fpg'
kg]{ Ohfhtkq b:t'/ eGbf sd d"No clej[l4 s/ cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{nodf
bflvnf u/]sf] cj:yfdf To:tf] sd ePsf] /sd Ohfhtkq b:t'/ jfkt cfly{s jif{
;dfKt ePsf] Ps dlxgf leqdf cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{nodf bflvnf ug'{ kg]{5 / ;f]
cjlwleq bflvnf gu/]df ;f]df P]g adf]lhd lanDa b:t'/ nfUg]5 .
-%_ o; cg';"rLsf] k|s/0f # sf] v08 -s_, -v_, -u_, -3_ / -em_ df tf]lsPsf] Ohfhtkq
b:t'/ tyf gjLs/0f b:t'/ sf7df8f}+ pkTosf eGbf aflx/sf Ohfhtkqjfnfsf xsdf
kRrL; k|ltztn] sd nfUg]5 .
146
cg';"rL—#
-lgod $ ;+u ;DalGwt_
g]kfn ;/sf/
cy{ dGqfno
cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu
-lgb]{lzsfsf] bkmf $=$ cg';f/_
;+s]t g+=
cGtMz'Ns Ohfhtkq
:yfoL n]vf g+=
Ohfht g+=
cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no M
cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)%* bkmf * sf] pkbkmf -@_ / cGtMz'Ns lgodfjnL,@)%( sf] lgod
$ adf]lhd Ohfhtkqsf nflu kg{ cfPsf] lgj]bgsf cfwf/df cGtMz'Ns nfUg] a:t'
pTkfbg÷vl/b÷laqmL÷lgsf;L÷ k}7f/L÷;~ro ug{ jf cGtMz'Ns nfUg] ;]jf k|bfg ug{ b]xfosf
zt{ kfngf ug]{ u/L of] Ohfhtkq lbOPsf] 5 . dlb/fsf] sf/f]jf/ ug]{n] dlb/f P]g, @)#! tyf
dlb/f lgodx?, @)## df pNn]lvt zt{ ;d]t kfngf ug'{ kg]{5 .
Ohfhtkq kfpg] k|lti7fgsf]
gfd M
7]ufgf M
;+Grfnssf] gfd M
;+Grfnssf] :yfoL 7]ufgf M
:jb]zL÷ljb]zL
sf/f]jf/sf] ljj/0f M
sf/f]jf/sf] lsl;d M
pTkfbs÷ljt/s÷yf]s ljqm]tf÷v'b|f ljqm]tf
lgsf;L÷k}7f/L÷/]i6"/]06÷l8kf6{d]06n :6f]/÷xf]6n
Ohfhtkq kfpg]sf]
b:tvt M
Ohfhtkq hf/L ug]{]
b:tvt M
gfd M
bhf{ M
s[kof cGo hfgfsf/Lsf] nflu k5f8L x]g'{ xf]nf
147
-s_
-v_
-u_
148
;a} Ohfhtkqjfnfn] kfngf ug'{ kg]{ zt{x?
!= Ohfhtkq k|To]s cfly{s jif{sf] >fj0f dlxgf leq gjLs/0f u/fO{;Sg' kg]{5 .
@= Ohfhtkq ;a}n] b]Vg]u/L sf/f]jf/ :yndf /fVg' kg]{5 .
dlb/f Joj;flon] dfq kfngf ug'{ kg]{ zt{x?
!= l8kf6{d]06n :6f]/n] dlb/fhGo kbfy{ laqmL ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu cnUu} ljqmL sIfsf]
Joj:yf ug'{ kg]{5 .
@= k|To]s jf]tndf ljsf]{ / af]tndf kg]{ u/L cGtMz'Ns l6s6 6fF;L lgsf;L ug'{ kg]{5 .
#= ljxfg !)M)) ah] b]lv /ftL !)M)) ah];Dddfq dlb/f laqmL ljt/0f ug'{ kg]{5 .
$= c7f/ jif{ pd]/ gk'u]sf] JolQmnfO{ dlb/f laqmL ljt/0f ug{ kfO{g] 5}g .
%= dlb/f vl/b laqmL ug]{n] dlb/f vl/b laqmL u/]sf] ljhs /fVg' kg]{5 .
^ Ohfhtkqjfnfn] k|To]s jf]tndf cGtMz'Ns l6s6 6fF;]sf] dlb/f dfq laqmL
ug'{kg]{5 . cGtMz'Ns l6s6 g/x]sf] ;fdfg v/Lb laqmLsf] nflu /fv]sf] kfOPdf
To:tf] j:t' hkmt u/L laqm]tfnfO{ sfg"g adf]lhd b08 h/Ljfgf x'g]5 .
&= cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)%* tyf dlb/f P]g, @)#! / ;f] cGtu{t ag]sf lgod tyf
lgb]{lzsfdf pNn]lvt k|fjwfgx?sf] kfngf ug'{ kg]{5 .
s/d'Qm k;nn] kfngf ug'{ kg]{ zt{x?
!= s'6g}lts ;'ljwfk|fKt JolQm, ;+:yf jf lgof]unfO{ j08]8 jo/ xfp;af6 g} laqmL ug'{
kg]{5 .
@= s/d'Qm k;nn] a}+s Uof/]G6Lsf] ;'ljwfdf cfoft u/]sf] dfn;fdfgsf] ljj/0f dfl;s
ljj/0f ;Fu} a'´fpg' kg]{5 .
#= j08]8 jo/ xfp;df eG;f/ ljGb'af6 leq\ofpFbf / laqmLsf nflu uf]bfdaf6 aflx/
lgsfNbf vl6Psf] cGtMz'Ns sd{rf/Lsf] /f]xj/df dfq leq\ofpg] / lgsfNg] ug'{
kg]{5 .
$= cfudg tyf k|:yfg b'j}tkm{ laqmL ubf{ x/]s JolQmsf] 5'§f5'§} lahs agfpg' kg]{ /
;f]df kf;kf]6{ gDa/, /fli6«otf tyf ˆnfO6 gDa/ pNn]v ug'{ kg]{5 .
gjLs/0f ;DaGwL ljj/0f
gjLs/0f u/]sf] ldlt
cfly{s jif{ gjLs/0f ug]{ clws[tsf] b
s}lkmot
cg';"rL–$
-lgod !@ ;+u ;DalGwt_
-lgb]{lzsfsf] bkmf !)=@=! cg';f/_
pTkfbg tyf ljqmL ePsf] b}lgs df}Hbftsf] lx;fa
:yfoL n]vf gDj/
cGtMz'Ns Ohfht gDj/
Ohfhtkqjfnfsf] gfd / 7]ufgf M === === === === === === == === ===
cl3Nnf]
lbgsf]
L
ldlt dfnsf]
ljj/0f df}jf+Hs
bft
lbg
e/Lsf]
ePsf]
pTkfbg
ljqmLsf]
hDdf kl/df0f cGtM
df}Hbft
z'Ns
b/
af+sL df}Hbft
hDdf
cGtM
z'Ns
kl/df0f cGtM
z'Ns
b/
hDdf
cGtMz'Ns
s}lkmot
149
cg';"rL–$s
-lgod ^s sf] pklgod -!_ v08 -u_ ;Fu ;DalGwt_
-lgb]{lzsfsf] bkmf !#=@ cg';f/_
g]kfn ;/sf/
cy{ dGqfno
cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu
cGtMzN' s lgwf/{ 0f cfbz
]
ldlt M
÷ ÷
>L === === === === === ===
-!_
Ohfhtkqjfnfsf] gfdM
-@_
Ohfhtkqjfnfsf] 7u] fgfM
--#_
:yfoL nv
] f gDa/
cGtMzN' s Ohfhtkq gDj/
-$_
cGtMz'Ns lgwf{/0f ePsf] cjlw ====================================
-%_
cGtMz'Ns lgwf{/0f ug]{ P]gsf] bkmf ========= tyf lgodfjnLsf] lgod ======= ;Fu ;DjlGwt .
lgDg cg';f/sf] cGtMz'Ns /sd ?= === === === === === ===-cIf]/]kL === === === == === === =_
dfq ltg'{ gkg]{ cyjf kl/jt{g ug'{ kg]{ s'g} 7f]; k|df0f eP of] kq k|fKt ug'{ ePsf] !% lbg
leq cGtMz'Ns clws[t ;dIf k]z ug'{ xf]nf . cGoyf of] cfb]z k|fKt ug'{ ePsf] !%lbg leq
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;j{;l~rt sf]ifdf bflvnf x'g] u/L === === === === === === === l:yt == === === ===
=== === === === === a}+s jf gub bflvnf ug'{ xf]nf .
cGtMzN' s lgwf/{ 0f ug{' kg{] sf/0fx?
!= Dofb leq cGtMz"Ns ljj/0f bflvnf gu/]sf]n]
@= cw"/f] jf q'l6k"0f{ cGtMz'Ns ljj/0f k]z u/]sf]n]
#= em'6[f cGtMz'Ns ljj/0f k]z u/]sf]n]
$= cGo M
%= ldlt === === === === === === ===;Ddsf] ljnDj b:t"/ / hl/jfgf u0fgf ul/Psf] 5 .
cGtMz'Ns clws[t
150
cGtMzN' s lgwf/{ 0f ePsf] cjlw
qm=;+=
dfl;s
dlxgf
jif{
yk cGtMz'Ns lgwf{{/0f
ePsf] /sd
ljnDj
b:t'/
hl/jfgf
!
$
hDdfM
sfofn
{ o ko| fh
] gsf] nflu dfq
sDKo6" / kl| jli6
ldlt M
÷ ÷
cGtMz'Ns clws[tsf] b:tvt
151
hDdf
cg';"rL–$v
-lgod ^s sf] pklgod -@_ ;Fu ;DalGwt_
-lgb]{lzsfsf] bkmf !#=@ cg';f/_
cy{ dGqfno
cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu
clGtd cGtMzN' s lgwf/{ 0f cfbz
]
ldlt M
÷ ÷
>L === === === === === ===
-!_ Ohfhtkqjfnfsf] gfdM
-@_ Ohfhtkqjfnfsf] 7u] fgfM
-#_ :yfoL nv
] f gDa/
cGtMzN' s Ohfhtkq gDj/
-$_ cGtMz'Ns lgwf{/0f ePsf] cjlw ====================================
-%_ cGtMz'Ns lgwf{/0f ug]{ P]gsf] bkmf =============== tyf lgodfjnLsf] lgod ================ ;Fu
;DjlGwt .
tkfO{n] k]z ug'{ePsf] hjfkm tyf k|df0f sfuhftx?;d]tsf] d'Nof+sg ubf{ lgDgfg';f/sf]
cGtMz'Ns /sd ?= === === === === === === === -cIf]/]kL === === === === === === === === === === === === ===_
dfq ltg'{ kg]{ b]lvg cfPsf] 5 . pQm /sd of] cfb]z hf/L ePsf] ldltn] ;ft lbgleq g]kfn
;/sf/sf] ;j{;l`rt sf]ifdf bflvnf x'g] u/L === === === === === === === === === === === === === === ===
l:yt === === === === === === === === === === === === a}+sdf gub bflvnf ug'{ xf]nf . of] cfb]z hf/L
ePsf] ldltn] ;ft lbg leq cGtMz'Ns ga'emfPdf lanDj b:t'/ / h/Ljfgf nfUg] Aoxf]/f ;'lrt
ul/G5 . of] cfb]zdf lrQ gj'em] P]g jdf]lhd k'g/fjnf]sg lbg ;lsg] s'/f hfgsf/L u/fOG5 .
cGtMzN' s lgwf/{ 0f ug{' kg{] sf/0fx?
!= Dofb leq cGtMz"Ns ljj/0f bflvnf gu/]sf]n]
@= cw"/f] jf q'l6k"0f{ cGtMz'Ns ljj/0f k]z u/]sf]n]
#= em'6[f cGtMz'Ns ljj/0f k]z u/]sf]n]
$= cGo M
%= ldlt === === === === === ;Ddsf] ljnDj b:t"/ / hl/jfgf u0fgf ul/Psf] 5 .
cGtMz'Ns clws[t
152
cGtMzN' s lgwf/{ 0f ePsf] cjlw
qm= dfl;s
;+=
!
@
dlxgf
jif{
yk cGtMz'Ns
lgwf{/0f ePsf] /sd
ljnDj b:t'/
hl/jfgf
hDdf
h Dd f
sfofn
{ o ko| fh
] gsf] nflu dfq
sDKo6" / kl| jli6
ldlt M
÷ ÷
153
cg';"rL –$u
-lgod !#s= sf] pklgod -!_ v08 -u_ ;Fu ;DalGwt_
-lgb]{lzsfsf] bkmf !)=@ cg';f/_
v/Lb vftf
:yfoL n]vf gDj/
cGtMz'Ns Ohfht gDj/
v/Lb ePsf] cjlw M dlxgf === === === ===;fn === === ======
ljhs
ldlt ljhs
gDa/
cGtMz'Ns cGtMz'Ns
cGtMz'Ns
hDdf
gnfUg]
of]Uo v/Lb
of]Uo k}7f/L
v/Lb
cfk"lt{stf{ cfk"lt{stf{
v/Lb
cGtM
cGtM
d"No
d"No
d"No
sf] gfd
sf] gDa/
d"No
z'Ns -?_
z'Ns -?_
s"n hDdf
gf]6 M
154
olb Ohfhtkqjfnf d"=c=s/df ;d]t btf{ ePdf o; vftfnfO{ d"=c=s/ vl/b vftf;Fu
;dfof]hg u/L tof/ ug{ ;lsg]5 .
cg';"rL–$3
-lgod !#s= sf] pklgod -!_ v08 -u_ ;Fu ;DalGwt_
laqmL vftf
:yfoL n]vf gDj/
cGtMz'Ns Ohfht gDj/
ljqmL ePsf] cjlw M dlxgf =================== ;fn =====================
ljhs
ldlt ljhs gDa/
hDdf ljqmL
cGtMz'Ns of]Uo ljqmL
lgsf;L
vl/bstf{ v/Lbstf{
kl/df0f d"No
d"No
cGtMz'Ns
sf] gfd sf] btf{ g+=
s"n hDdf
gf]6 M olb Ohfhtkqjfnf d"=c=s/df ;d]t btf{ ePdf o; vftfnfO{ d"=c=s/ ljqmL vftf;Fu
;dfof]hg u/L tof/ ug{ ;lsg]5 .
155
cg;"rL–$ ª
-lgod !#u= ;+u ;DalGwt_
-lgb]{lzsfsf] bkmf !@=! cg';f/_
cGtMz'Ns ljj/0f kmf/fd
jif{M======================dlxgfM========
! @ # $ % ^ & * ( !) !! !@
:yfoL n]vf gDj/
cGtMz'Ns Ohfht gDj/
gfd
7]ufgf
j:t' jf ;]jfsf] gfdM
cGtM z'Ns b/ M
olb o; cjlwdf sf/f]jf/ gu/]sf] eP tnsf] dxndf z'Go /fv]/ ljj/0fdf x:tfIf/ ug'{xf]; . ?=! eGbf 3l6 ePdf k};fnfO{ ?=! df
ldnfg ul/ ljj/0f eg'{xf]nf .
sf/f]jf/ d"No vl/bdf lt/]sf] cGtMz'Ns qm]l86 ljqmLdf ;+sng u/]sf] cGtMz'Ns 8]lj6
!= ljqmL
!=!= cGtMz'Ns of]Uo ljqmL
!=@ lgsf;L
@= vl/b ÷k}7f/L
@=!= cGtMz'Ns of]Uo vl/b
@=@= cGtM z'Ns of]Uo k}7f/L
@=#= 5'6 vl/b
@=$= 5'6 k}7f/L
#= cGo
#=!= cGo yk36
$= hDdf
%= 8]lj6–qm]l86
-±_ jf -—_
M=============================
^= ut dlxgfsf] ldng ug{ jfFsL qm]l86
================================
&= s'n ltg{' kg]{ cGtM z'Ns ?=-%–^_
-±_ jf -—_M=============================
*= s/ lkmtf{ dfu ul/Psf] /sd - lgisf;gsf] cfwf/df_M
(= s/ cjlwdf k|of]u ul/Psf sfuhftx?sf] ;VofM
k|sf/
ljhssf] z'? ;Vof ljhssf] clGtd ;Vof hDdf lahs ;+Vof
k|fKt lahs
hfl/ ul/Psf] lahs
s|]l86 gf]6
8]la6 gf]6
d, _____________________ -k"/f gfd_ o; ljj/0fdf pNn]v ul/Psf] hfgsf/L ;To / k'/f ePsf] Aoxf]/f
k|dfl0ft ub{5' .
ldlt _____________________
x:tfIf/ _____________________
kb __________________
sfof{no k|of]hgsf] nflu dfq
sDKo"6/ btf{
ldlt =========÷======÷===
=======================
cGtMz'Ns clws[t
gf]6 M kl/df0fsf] cfwf/df cGtMz'Ns nfUg] a:t'sf] sf/f]af/ ug]{ Ohfhtkqjfnfn] z'? df}Hbft pTkfbg, laqmL tyf
clGtd df}Hbftsf] kl/df0ffTds ljj/0f ;d]t o; ljj/0f ;fy ;+nUg ug'{ kg]{5 .
156
cg';"rL–%
-lgod !$ sf] v08 -s_ ;+u ;DalGwt_
sf]/f dfnsf] df}Hbft ljj/0f
k[i6fÍ M–
Ohfhtkqjfnfsf] gfd / 7]ufgf M–================
:yfoL n]vf gDj/
cGtMz'Ns Ohfht gDj/
ldlt dfnsf]
ljj/0f
cl3Nnf]
af+sL
kl/df0f
cfh
cfPsf]
kl/df0f
hDdf
r'/f]6÷la8L
agfpgnfO{
lemlsPsf]
kl/df0f
af+sL cGtMz'Ns
clws[tsf]]
;xL
sf/vfgf wgL s}lkmot
k|jGwssf]
;xL
157
cg';"rL–^
-lgod !$-v_ ;+u ;DalGwt_
sf]/f dfnsf] vkt / r'/f]6÷la8L pTkfbgsf] b}lgs ljj/0f
k[i6fÍ M–
Ohfhtkqjfnfsf] gfd / 7]ufgf M–================
:yfoL n]vf gDj/
cGtMz'Ns Ohfht gDj/
ldlt
158
cl3Nnf]
af+sL ;'tL{
cfh
lnPsf]
;'tL{
hDdf
cfhsf]
pTkfbg
df vr{
ePsf]
gf]S;fgL
ePsf]
af+sL
/xg
uPsf]
;'tL{}
r'/f]6÷la8L
pTkfbgsf]
kl/df0f
cGtMz'Ns
clws[tsf]]
;xL
Ohfhtkq–
jfnfsf] jf
k|jGws
sf] ;xL
s}lkmot
cg';"rL–&
-lgod !$ sf] v08 -ª_ ;+u ;DalGwt_
b}lgs KoflsË ?dsf] ljj/0f
Ohfhtkqjfnfsf] gfd / 7]ufgf M==========================================
:yfoL n]vf gDj/
cGtMz'Ns Ohfht gDj/
cl3Nnf]
ldlt afls
a§f /
k}s]h
cfh
k|fKtx'g
cfPsf]
hDdf
uf]bfd 3/df uPsf]
k}s]h qmd ;+Vof /
kl/df0f
k}s]h l;l/on
gDa/
afFsL
kl/df0f
cGtMz'Ns
clws[tsf]
;xL
Ohfhtkq
jfnfsf] jf
k|jGwssf]
;xL
s}lkmot
159
cg';"rL– *
-lgod !$ sf] v08 -ª_ ;+u ;DalGwt_
-lgb]{lzsfsf] bkmf !)=!=@ cg';f/_
uf]bfddf /x]sf] r'/f]6sf] b}lgs ljj/0f
k[i6fÍ
Ohfhtkqjfnfsf] gfd / 7]ufgf M–=== === === === === ===
:yfoL n]vf gDj/
cGtMz'Ns Ohfht gDj/
ldlt dfnsf] cl3Nnf]
af+sL
ljj/0f
df}Hbft
160
KoflsË ?daf6
uf]bfd
3/df cfPsf]
k}ls+u
r'/f]6sf]
?d
;+Vof
;+Vof
cGtMz'Ns
cGtMz'Ns Ohfhtkq s}lkmot
ePsf]
b/
clws[tsf] jfnf jf
k}s]hsf]
lrGx
b/
hDdf lgsf;L
/
;+Vof
af+sL
;xL
hDdf
k|jGwssf]
;xL
cg';"rL–(
-lgod !$ sf] v08 -r_ / lgod !% sf] pklgod -@_ ;Fu ;DalGwt _
r'/f]6 tyf lj8Lsf] lgisfzg dfu kmf/fd
Ohfhtkqjfnfsf] gfd / 7]ufgf M—
cf=j
:yfoL n]vf gDj/
cGtMz'Ns Ohfht gDj/
uf]bfd 3/sf] g+=
qmd ;+Vof
/ ldlt
!=
@=
#=
$=
r'/f]6÷lj8Lsf]
gfd / KoflsË
qmd ;+Vof
kl/df0f
j§f, u|'; jf
kf]sf
d"No
hDdf Kofs]hsf] ;+Vof M—
;fdfgsf] kl/df0f M—
cGtMz'Ns b/M—
r'/f]6sf] xsdf dfq M— cfjZos cGtMz'Ns l6s6 ;+Vof
M—
sfof{no k|of]hgsf] nflu
!=
@=
cGtMz'Ns
b/ -?=_
cGtMz'Ns
-?=_
s}lkmot
lgisf;g dfu ug]{k|ltlglw÷k|jGwssf]
;xL M—
gfd M—
lgisfzg dfu u/]sf] kl/df0fsf] hDdf x'g] cGtMz'Ns /sd ?= ==== === === === ===
ef}=g+=÷/=g+= === === == === ldlt === === == == df bflvnf 5 / cGtMz'Ns l6s6 yfg === ===
=== === sf] k|lt yfg ?================n] ?================ bflvnf 5 .
cGtMz'Ns sd{rf/Lsf]÷kmfF6jfnfsf] ;xLM—
ldlt M
pk/f]Qm cg';f/ bflvnf ePsf] tyf l;kmfl/;sf cfwf/df r'/f]6÷la8L lgisf;g :jLs[lt
lbOPsf] 5 .
ldltM
cGtMz'Ns clws[tsf] ;xLM—
161
cg';"rL–(s
-lgod !* ;Fu ;DalGwt_
Aofr lgoGq0f vftf
Ohfhtkqjfnfsf] gfd / 7]ufgf === === === === === === === === === === === === ===
df};d== === === === === === === === === dlxgf=== === === === === === === === === === ===
:yfoL n]vf gDj/
cGtMz'Ns Ohfht gDj/
a|f08sf] gfd
l;=g+
-gfd, zlQm /
=
kl/df0f_
pTkfbg
ldlt
Aofr
g++=
l;nl;n]jf/
g+=
b]lv ;Dd
hDdf af]tn
yfg
s}lkmot
hDdf
gf]6M != k|To]s a|f08sf] gfd, o"=kL= zlQm / Pd Pn v'Ng] u/L qmdzM pNn]v ug'{kg]{ .
@= of] vftf k|To]s lbgsf] :ki6 b]lvg] u/L /fVg'kg]{
162
cg';"rL– !)
-lgod @@ sf] pklgod -!_ ;+u ;DalGwt_
l8li6n/L÷a|'c/L jfnfn] lbg'kg]{ /S;L÷ljo/÷jfOgsf] kmf+6jf/L
ldlt =============================== b]lv ============================================ hDdf
Ohfhtkqjfnfsf] gfd / 7]ufgf M==================
;fn ========================dlxgf =====
zfvf ====
:yfoL n]vf gDj/
cGtMz'Ns Ohfht gDj/
/S;L÷jfOgsf] cl3Nnf] af+sL :6s
/S;L÷ljo/ yf]s
jfOgsf] Uofng
gfd
1
2
zlQm Pn=lk=
Uofng
3
af]tnx?df eg{ uPsf] /S;L÷
jfOgsf] kl/df0f
t}of/ ePsf] /S;L
/S;L÷ ljo/
yf]s
jfOgsf]
Uofng
gfd
4
5
6
zlQm Pn=lk=
Uofng
7
8
hDdf Pn=lk=
Uofng snd /S;L÷
ljo/ yf]s
$*
jfOg Uofng
sf] gfd
9
10
11
zlQm Pn=lk=
Uofng
12
13
:6sdf jf+sL /x]sf] /S;L÷jfOg
s]f kl/df0f
s}lkmot
/S;L÷
ljo/ yf]s zlQm Pn=lk=
Uofng
jfOgsf] Uofng
gfd
14
15
16
17
18
163
cg';"rL–!!
-lgod @@ sf] pklgod -!_ ;+u ;DalGwt_
l8li6n/L]÷a|'c/Ljfnfn] lbg'kg]{ /S;L÷ljo/÷jfOg af]ntx?sf]
laqmL / To;af6 cfpg] cGtMz'Nssf] kmf+6jf/L
164
zlQm
kl/df0f
af]tnsf] ;+=
:6sdf af+sL
af]tnx?
/S;L÷ljo/÷jfOg dfsf{
b/
zlQm
kl/df0f
af]tnsf] ;+=
hDdf
cGtM
z'Ns
ljqmL ePsf] af]tn
zlQm
kl/df0f
af]tnsf] ;+Vof
hDdf af]tn
zlQm
kl/df0f
af]tnsf] ;+Vof
t}of/ ul/Psf]
af]tnx?
kl/df0f
zlQm
af]tnsf] ;+Vof
S;L÷ljo/÷jfOg dfsf{
/S;L ljo/sf]
af]tnsf] z'? :6s
s}lkmot
Ohfhtkqjfnfsf] gfd / 7]ufgf M === === === === === ===
zfvf === === === ===
;fn === === === === === === == dlxgf === === === === === ==
:yfoL n]vf gDj/
cGtMz'Ns Ohfht gDj/
cg';"rL–!@
-lgod @% ;+u ;DalGwt_
;Vv/ v'Fbf]sf] b}lgs lx;fa
Ohfhtkqjfnfsf] gfd / 7]ufgf === === === === === === === === === ==
df};d === === === === === === dlxgf === === === === ===
:yfoL n]vf gDj/
cGtMz'Ns Ohfht gDj/
k|fKt ePsf]
ldlt
hDdf lx;fa
sf/vfgfaf6
cl3Nnf] af+sL v/Lb ePsf]
:6s
aflx/af6 v/Lb
ePsf]
af]/ jf
rSsL
af]/f jf
rSsL
jhg
af]/f jf
rSsL
jhg
kun]sf]
kun]sf] hDdf af+sL
u'8
hDdf
jhg
jf]/f jf
rSsL
jhg ;]/ af]/f jhg af]/f jhg
af]/f jf
rSsL jhg s}lkmot
165
cg';"rL–!#
-lgod ^ sf] pklgod -$_ / -%_ tyf lgod @(s= ;Fu ;DjlGwt _
-lgb]{lzsfsf] bkmf !!=% cg';f/_
s/ ljhssf] 9fFrf
ljhs g+= M
ljqm]tfsf] gfd M
7]ufgf M
kmf]g g+=M
k\mofS; g+= M
ljqm]tfsf] btf{ g+=M
qm]tfsf] gfd M
7]ufgf M
e'QmfgLsf] tl/sf M gub÷r]s÷8«fk\m6÷cGo
;=g+=
ljj/0f
kl/df0f
sf/f]jf/ ldlt M
ljhs hf/L ePsf] ldlt M
Od]n M
j]e;fO6 M
k|lt PsfO{
d"No -?=_
hDdf d"No -?=_
hDdf
cGtMz'Ns k|ltzt========÷kl/df0f=========sf b/n] ?=
s"n /sd
5'6
v'b /sd
====k|ltztn] d"=c=s/
s"n hDdf
las|]tfsf] ;xL
166
cg';"rL–!$
-lgb]{lzsfsf] bkmf !)=$ ;+u ;DjlGwt_
sRrf kbfy{sf] cfDbfgL tyf vr{ vftfsf] 9fFrf
-pTkfbgd"ns pBf]usf] nflu_
sRrf kbfy{sf] gfd
k|lti7fgsf] gfd
cf=a=
7]ufgf
dlxgf M
:yfoL n]vf gDj/
cGtMz'Ns Ohfht gDj/
ldlt sRrf kbfy{sf] >f]t
lgsfosf] la=g+=÷
k|=k=g+=
gfd
k|lt
hDdf cfhsf]
OsfO{ d"No
vl/b
d"No
kl/df0f
cl3Nnf]
df}Hbft
kl/df0f
hDdf pTkfbgdf
vr{
ePsf]
afsL
kl/df0f
sf=wgL jf s}lkmot
k|ltlglwsf]
b:tvt
ldlt
dlxgfsf] hDdfM–
dlxgfsf] hlt{ hDdf
b|i6Jo M
!=
o; vftfdf cGtMz'Ns nfUg] a:t'sf] sRrf kbfy{x?sf] cfDbfgL vr{ hgfpg' kb{5 .
@=
sRrf kbfy{sf] gfd eg]s]f :yfgdf o; kfgfdf aflwg] sRrf kbfy{sf] gfd n]Vg] / k|To]s sRrf
kbyf{sf] nflu 5'§f 5'§} kfgf k|of]u ug]{ .
#=
>f]t elgPsf] dxndf hxfaf6 cfPsf] ;f] lgsfosf] gfd / ljn g+= jf eG;f/ k|1fkg kq gDj/
/ ldlt :ki6 pNn]v ug'{ kg]{5 .
$=
dlxgfsf] hlt{ kl/df0f / k|ltzt b]vfpg] t/ cfDbfgL vr{ vftfdf sfof{noaf6 :jLs[lt k|fKt
eP kl5 dfq kl/df0f 36fpg' kg]{5 .
167
cg';"rL–!$-s_
l:k|6sf] cfDbfgL vr{ vftf
sf/vfgfsf] gfd
cf=a=
7]ufgf
l:k|6sf] gfdM
zlQmM
dlxgf M
:yfoL n]vf gDj/
cGtMz'Ns Ohfht gDj/
ldlt
l:k|6sf] zlQm cl3Nnf]
>f]t
kl/df0f
ln
Pn lk
cfhsf]
b'a}sf]
cfDbfgL
hDdf
laqmL vr{
ln Pn lk ln Pn lk ln Pn
lk
afls
sf/vfgf
cGtMz'Ns s}lkmot
wlg jf
lgl/Ifssf]
k|ltlglwsf] b:tvt
ln Pn lk b:tvt
hlt{ kl/df0f === === === === === === === k|ltzt === === ===
b|i6Jo M
!=
l:k|6sf] k|sf/ cg';f/ 5'§f 5'§} kfgf k|of]u ug'{ kb{5 .
@=
l:k|6sf] >f]t elgPsf] dxndf hxfaf6 cfPsf] ;f] lgsfosf] gfd / ljn g+= jf eG;f/ k|1fkg
kq gDj/ / ldlt :ki6 pNn]v ug'{ kg]{5 .
#=
dlxgfsf] hlt{ kl/df0f / k|ltztnfO{ sfof{noaf6 :jLs[lt k|fKt eP kl5 dfq vftfdf 36fpg'
kg]{5 .
$=
cGo pBf]u Joj;foLnfO l:k|6 laqmL u/]sf] cj:yfdf ;f] sf] clen]v 5'6\6} /fVg' kb{5 .
%=
of] vftf l:k|6 pTkfbg u/L ;f] sf] cfkm} k|of]u ug]{ jf cGo pBf]u kmd{ Joj;foLnfO laqmL
ug]{ pBf]]u tyf ;f] l:k|6 vl/b u/L cfkm}n] k|of]u ug]{ pBf]u kmd{ jf Joj;foLn] ;d]t
k|of]udf Nofpg' kb{5 .
168
cg';"rL !$-v_
df]nf;];sf]] cfDbfgL vr{ vftf
pBf]u jf kmd{sf] gfd
cf=a=
7]ufgf
dlxgf M
:yfoL n]vf gDj/
cGtMz'Ns Ohfht gDj/
ldlt
sRrf
kbfy{sf]
zlQm
>f]t
cl3Nnf]
kl/df0f
cfhsf]
b'a}sf]
cfDbfgL hDdf
vr{
afls sf/vfgfwgL jf s}lkmot
k|ltlglwsf]
pTkfbgdf laqmL
b:tvt
b|i6Jo M
!=
>f]t elgPsf] dxndf hxfaf6 cfPsf] ;f] lgsfosf] gfd / ljn g+= jf eG;f/ k|1fkg kq gDj/
/ ldlt :ki6 pNn]v ug'{ kg]{5 .
@=
of] vftf df]nf;]; pTkfbg u/L ;f] sf] cfkm} k|of]u ug]{ jf cGo pBf]u kmd{ Joj;foLnfO
laqmL ug]{ pBf]]u tyf ;f] df]nf;]; vl/b u/L cfkm}n] k|of]u ug]{ pBf]u , kd{ jf Joj;foLn]
;d]t k|of]udf Nofpg' kb{5 .
#=
df]nf;]; sf] cfDbfgL tyf vr{ lSjG6n jf s] hL df v'nfO /fVg' kb{5 .
169
cg':f"rL–!$-u_
-lgod !( ;+u ;DaGwLt_
-lgb]{lzsfsf] bkmf %=!=@ cg';f/_
jf; cfDbfgL vr{ vftf
k|lti7fgsf] gfd 7]ufgf M
:yf=n]=g+=
Ohfht kq g+=
cf=a=
ldlt
Eof6 g+=
cl3Nnf]
cfhsf] cfDbfgL
df}Hbft sRrf kbfy{ kfgL jf;
r'nfOdf vr{ ePsf]
b'a}sf]
hDdf
jf;
Eof6 g+=
afsL df}Hbft sfwjf
jf; Eof6 g+= k|=lg=;xL
cGtMz'Ns
lgl/Ifssf]
b:tvt
b|i6JoM
!=
o; vftfsf] ;+rfng pTkfbg tkm{ vl6Psf cGtMz'Nssf] sd{rf/Laf6 k|dfl0ft u/L
sf/vfgfsf] lhDdf /fVg' kb{5 .
@=
k|To]s dlxgfsf] cGtdf k|To]s vftfsf] hf]8 hDdf ul/ /fVg' kb{5 .
170
cg':f"rL–!%
-lgb]{lzsfsf] bkmf !)=$ ;+u ;+aGwLt_
b}lgs sfo{ kl/rfng vftf
k|lti7fgsf] gfd 7]ufgf
:yf=n]=g+=
cf=a
Ohfht kq g+=
z'? ;do s[of
s|=;+= sfo{
ldlt
;dflKt
k|fKt
/]lS6kmfO8
l:k|6
k|fKt
/]lS6kmfO8
l:k|6
k|fKt x]8\; Eof6 k|fKt
l:k|6
g+= sldzg
sfwjf
k|=lg=
;xL
cGtMz'Ns
lgl/Ifssf]
b:tvt
ldlt ;do ln6/ zlQm ln6/ zlQm ln6/ zlQm
b|i6JoM
!=
o; vftfsf] ;+rfng pTkfbg tkm{ vl6Psf cGtMz'Nssf] sd{rf/Laf6 u/L vftfnfO
sf/vfgfsf] lhDdf /fVg' kb{5 .
@=
171
cg':f"rL–!^
-lgb]{lzsfsf] bkmf %=!=^=@ ;+u ;+aGwLt_
-v'bf] / l:k|6 jfx]s cGtMz'Ns j:t'sf] lgsf;L dfu lgj]bg_
ldlt
>L cf=/f=sf=÷s/bftf ;]jf sfof{no
=== === === === === === === === === === ===
ljifoM=================== lgsf;L l:js[t kfp .
>L === === === === === === === === === === === === === === pBf]uaf6 pTkflbt b]xfosf] ljj/0f cg';f/sf]
;fdfg lgsf;L :jLs[t x'g ldlt === === === === ;Ddsf] lgDg ljj/0f e/L k]z u/]sf] 5'÷5f} . dfu
adf]lhdsf] lgsf;L kfpg cg'/f]w u/]sf] 5'÷5f} .
!= ;fdfgsf] gfdM
#= OsfO{ kl/df0f M
@= cfsf/ (Size) M
$= -s_ cGtMz'Ns b/jGbL -k|lt OsfO{_ b/ M
-v_ ;f] jdf]lhd x'g] b:t'/ M
^= pQm jfkt bflvnf /fh:j /sd M
%= -s_ k|lt OsfO{ d"No clej[l4 s/M
-v_ ;f] adf]lhdsf] hDdf d"=c=s/ M
/sd
ldlt
r]s÷ef]r/ g+=
a}+s
/fh:j lzif{s
-s_ cGtMz'Ns
&=
Dofb gf3]sf] d"No clej[l4 s/ tyf cfos/ jfFsL 5}g .
pNn]lvt Joxf]/f l7s ;frf] xf], em'7\7f 7x/] k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd sf/jfxL ePdf d]/f]÷xfd|f]
d~h'/L 5 .
lgsf;L dfu u]g]{sf],
lgsf;L dfu ug]{sf] tkm{jf6
vl/b ljqmL Ohfhtkq gDj/M
gfdM
pBf]u÷Joj;foL ;+;yfsf] gfdM
;lxM
5fk M
172
sfof{nosf] tkm{jf6 eg]{
pNn]lvt /fh:j bflvnf adf]lhdsf] /sd ?h' u/L ljj/0f l7s ;fFrf] b]lv b]xfo
adf]lhdsf] kl/df0fsf] ;fdfg lgsf;L ug{ cfb]z lbPsf] 5' .
;fdfgsf] gfd
cGtMz'Ns clws[t
cfsf/ -Size_ M
gfd M
OsfO{ M
ldlt M
hDdf yfg -s]z, s]u_ M
sfof{nosf] 5fk M
-=== === === === b]lv === === === === === ;Ddsf] cGtMz'Ns l6s6 lbOPsf]_
jf]wfy{ tyf sfof{y{
sf/vfgf lgl/Ifs >L === === === === === === .
cf=/f=sf=÷s/bftf ;]jf sfof{no === === === === === === .
=== === === === === pBf]u÷l8li6n/L === === === === ===. pNn]lvt eP adf]lhdsf] lgsf;L lbO{
cGtMz'Ns
/]s8{ /fVg' x'g .
173
cg':f"rL–!^-s_
-lgb]{lzsfsf] bkmf %=!=!) ;+u ;+aGwLt_
-v'bf] / l:k|6sf] cGtMz'Ns j:t'sf] lgsf;L dfu lgj]bg_
ldlt
>L cf=/f=sf=÷s/bftf ;]jf sfof{no
=== === === === === === === === === === ===
ljifoM /]S6L kmfO{6 l:k|6 ;fOn]G; (ENA) l:k|6 v'bf] vl/b l:js[t kfp .
o; === === === === === === === === === === === === === === pBf]usf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ /]S6LkmfO{6 l:k|6
;fOn]G; (ENA) l:k|6 v'bf] >L ================af6 pknAw u/fO lbg' x'g ldlt === === === ===
;Ddsf] lgDg ljj/0f e/L k]z u/]sf] 5'÷5f} . dfu adf]lhdsf] lgsf;L kfpg cg'/f]w u/]sf]
5'÷5f} .
!= pBf]u Ohfht ;fdfgsf] gfdM
@= v'bf]÷l:k|6 vl/b Ohfht g+= / ldlt M
#= gljs/0f cjlw M
$= ut cfly{s jif{sf] ljj/0f M
-s_ k|fKt kl/df0f M
-v_ k|of]u ePsf] kl/df0f
-u_ afFsL
%= rfn" cfly{s jif{sf] ljj/0f
^= lgsf;L dlb/fsf] bflvnf cGtMz'Ns /sd M
-s_ k|fKt kl/df0f
-v_ pTkfbgdf vr{ ePsf] kl/df0f
-u_ jfFsL kl/df0f M
*= xfn dfu ePsf]
(= dfu ePsf] kl/df0fsf] k|of]u cf}iflw÷cg';Gwfg÷cGtMz'Ns
nfUg]
/]s6kmfO8
l:k|6÷;fOn]G6
-ENA_
kbfy{ pTkfbg÷cGo k|of]hg_ M
l:k|6÷v'bf]
-molasses_ kl/df0f M
!)=d"No clej[l4 s/ tyf cfos/ jfFsL 5}g .
!!= l:k|6÷v'bf] vl/b jfkt j'emfPsf] /fh:j
ljj/0f
/fh:j lzif{s
/sd
ldlt
r]s÷ef]r/ g+=
a}+s
-s_ cGtMz'Ns
pko'{Qm Joxf]/f xfd|f] l8li6n/L÷pBf]usf] /]s8{ cg';f/ le8fO{ 7Ls ;fFrf] Joxf]/f pNn]v
u/L k]z u/]sf] 5'÷5f} . em'7\7f 7x/]df cGtMz'Ns P]g, @)%*, dlb/f P]g, @)#! tyf d"No clej[l4
s/ P]g, @)%@ adf]lhd sf/jfxL ePdf d]/f÷xfd|f] d~h'/L 5 .
174
5fk
sf/vfgf÷l8li6n/L wgL jf clwsf/ k|fKt JolQmsf]
;lx M
gfd M
ldlt M
pNn]lvt Joxf]/f l7s ;frf] xf], em'7\7f 7x/] k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd sf/jfxL ePdf d]/f]÷xfd|f]
d~h'/L 5 .
lgsf;L dfu ug]{sf],
lgsf;L dfu ug]{sf] tkm{jf6
vl/b ljqmL Ohfhtkq gDj/M
gfdM
pBf]u÷Joj;foL ;+;yfsf] gfdM
;lxM
5fk M
sfof{nosf] tkm{jf6 eg]{
pNn]lvt /fh:j bflvnf adf]lhdsf] /sd ?h' u/L b]xfo adf]lhdsf] kl/df0fsf] ;fdfg
lgsf;L ug{ cfb]z lbPsf] 5' .
;fdfgsf] gfd
cGtMz'Ns lg/LIfs÷ cGtMz'Ns clws[tsf]
lgsf;L kl/df0f
b:tvt
gfd M
dfu kmf/d g+
ldlt M
ldlt
sfof{nosf] 5fk M
bflvnf ug]{ sfof{nosf] tkm{af6
pko'Qm Joxf]/f o; sfof{nosf] /]s8{ adf]lhd ldNg] b]lvG5 . lgsf;L e}{ cfPsf] kl/df0fsf] v'bf]
÷ l:k|6 lgodfg';f/ /]s8{ /flv cfDbfgL aflwPsf] Joxf]/f k|dfl0ft ul/G5 .
sf/vfgf lgl/Ifs ÷ cGtMz'Ns clws[t
b:tvt
gfd
ldlt sfof{nosf] gfd
b|i6JoM dflysf] laa/0fdf s'g} s}lkmot b]lvPdf ;f] Joxf]/fsf] hfgfsf/L ;+AfGwLt sfof{no /
laefunfO{ lbg' kb{5 . M
175
cg':f"rL–!&
-lgb]{lzsfsf] bkmf %=!=^=@ ;+u ;+aGwLt_
sf/vfgfsf] uf]bfd If]qaf6 cGtMz'Ns nfUg] kbfy{ lgisfzg ug]{ kmf/fd
1=
lgisfzg kmf/fd g+=
2=
sf/vfgfsf] gfd / &]ufgf
3=
pTkfbg Ohfht kq g+=
4=
yf]s vl/b laqmL Ohfhtkq ;+Vof
5=
:yfO{ n]vf gDj/
6=
vl/bstf{sf]
7=
-s_ ('jfgL ;fwg / gDj/M
-s_ gfd / &]ufgf M
-v_ :yfO{ n]vf gDj/ M
8=
ldlt
-u_ cGtMz'Ns Ohfht kq g+= M
9=
;do M
-#_
l;=g+=
-v_ rfnssf] gfd M
cGtMz'Ns Ohfht hf/L sfof{nosf] gfd M
k]s]h Jofr
dflysf] gDj/
lrGx /
;+Vof
s'g}
b:t'/
eP
cGtMz'Ns
dfnsf] laqmL
ljj/0f kl/df0f cGtMz'Ns hDdf ========== d"=c=s=
b/ cGtMz'Ns b:t'/ nfUg] d"No
hDdf cGtMz'Ns c+sdf ? M sf/vfgf wgL jf k|ltlglwsf] b:tvt
cIf/df M
gfdM
ldlt M
;do
hDdf b:t'/ c+sdf ?M
cIf/df M
hDdf d"=c=s/ c+sdf ?M
cIf/df M
hDdf ?================================
176
d"No clej[l4 s/
hDdf
d"=c=s/
a'emfpg]
clGtd
ldlt
s}lkmot
cGtMz'Ns lgl/Ifssf] b:tvt
gfd
ldlt
;do
gfdM
ldlt M
b|i6Jo M
!=
dfu kmf/fd $ k|lt agfpg' kg]{5 .
-s_ klxnf] k|lt -/ftf]_ dfn;fy nf}hfg'kg]{5 .
-v_ bf]>f] k|lt -kx]nf]_ ef}r/;fy sf/vfgf wgLn] cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{nodf k]z ug'{kg]{5 .
-u_ t];|f] k|lt -xl/of]_ cGtMz'Ns lg/LIfsn] sfof{nodf k]z ug'{kg]{5 .
-3_ rf}yf] k|lt -;]tf]_ sf/vfgfsf] cfkm\gf] kmfOndf /xg]5 .
@=
cGtMz'Ns -w|'dkfg tyf dlb/f b:t'/, dlb/f lgoGq0f ;]jf z'Ns / cGtMz'Ns l6s6 z'Ns nfUg]df
;f] ;d]t_ clu|d bflvnf ePsf] k|df0f k]z ePkl5 dfq dfu kmf/fd sfl6g]5 .
#=
cGtMz'Ns b/ pNn]v ePsf] dxndf cfly{s P]gsf] b/jGbL adf]lhdsf] b/ pNn]v ug'{ kb{5 .
$=
cl3Nnf] dfu kmf/fd cg';f/ a'emfpg'kg]{ d"No clej[l4 s/ ga'emfO{ P]gsf] Dofb u'lh|Psf] xsdf
;f] r'Qmf geO{ k'gM dfu kmf/fd sfl6g] 5}g .
%
o; kmf/fdsf] ;+rfng cGtMz'Ns sd{rf/Laf6 x'g]5 .
177
cg':f"rL–!*
dfu kmf/fd btf{ lx;fa vftf
k|lti7fgsf] gfd 7]ufgfM
:yfoL n]vf gDj/
cGtMz'Ns Ohfht gDj/
cfly{s aif{M
ldlt cl3Nnf] hDdf dfu kmf/fd dfu kmf/fd kf;sf] sfof{nodf
df=kmf= aS;f
bflvnf
kf;sf] d"=c=s= /sd
g+=
c=z'=/sd
c=z'= hDdf d"=c=s/ ldlt
b/ /sd
ef}=g+=
178
a'emfpg
afsL
df=kmf=g+=
afsL
d"=c=s/
/sd
afsL
/xgsf]
sf/0f
ef}=g+= d"=c=s/
/sd
cg':f"rL–!(
t}of/L ;fdfgsf] cfDbfgL tyf ljqmL -lgisf;g_ vftf
k|lti7fgsf] gfd 7]ufgfM
:yfoL n]vf gDj/
cGtMz'Ns Ohfht gDj/
cfly{s aif{M
ldlt cl3Nnf] cfhsf]
df}Hbft cfDbfgL
b'a}sf] lgisf;g ljs|L cGtMz'Ns hDdf
hDdf
b/
cGtMz'Ns
lgisf;gsf]
s];÷ Pn=lk=
s]u ln=÷ln
hDdf afsL
d"=c=s/ kl/df0f
lgisf;g
sf]
sf/vfgf
wlg
cGtMz'Ns
lgl/Ifssf]
b:tvt
b|i6JoM
!=
o; vftfsf] zlQm / cNsf]xn k|ltzt / ldlnln6/ eGg] dxndf dlb/fsf] ePdf zLQm,
ljo/sf] ePdf cNsf]xn k|ltzt / r'/f]6sf] ePdf ldlnln6/ jf cGo kbfy{ pNn]v ug'{
kb{5 .
@=
o; vftfsf] ;+rfng pTkfbg tkm{ vl6Psf cGtMz'Nssf] sd{rf/Laf6 ug]{ Joj:yf u/L
vftfnfO sf/vfgfsf] lhDdf /fVg' kb{5 .
#=
$=
k|To]s a|f08 cg';f/ 5'6\6f 5'6\6} kfgfdf lja/0f pNn]v ug'{ kb{5 .
179
cg';"rL–@)
-lgb]{lzsfsf] bkmf %=@=%= ;+u ;DjlGwt_
sf/vfgfsf] uf]bfd If]qaf6 ljo/ lgisf;g ug]{ dfu kmf/fd
!=
@=
#=
$=
%=
^=
!)=
l;=g+
dfu kmf/fd g+=
sf/vfgfsf] gfd / 7]ufgf
pTkfbg Ohfht kq ;+Vof
yf]s vl/b laqmL Ohfht kq gDj/
:yfO{ n]vf gDj/
vl/bstf{sf] gfd / 7]ufgf
;do
;fdfgsf]
ljj/)f
laqmL kl/df)f
sf^'g
{
af]tn -ln=_
;+=
;+=
hDdf cGtMz'Ns cIf/df M
hDdf d"=c=s/ cIf/df M
sf/vfgf wgL jf k|ltlglwsf] ;xL M
ldlt M
;do M
&= yf]s vl/b ug]{sf]
-s_ cGtMz'Ns Ohfht kq gDj/
-v_ :yfO n]vf gDj/
-u_ Ohfht kq hf/L ug]{ sfof{nosf] gfd
*= 9'jfgL ;fwg / gDj/
(= ldlt
cGtMz'Ns
cGtMz'Ns hDdf
b/
cGtM
z'Ns
d"No clej[l$ s/
d"=c=s=
hDdf
nfUg]
d"=c=s/
d"No
d"=c=s=
s}lkmot
a'emfpg]
clGtdldlt
cGtMz'Ns sd{rf/Lsf] ;xL M
ldlt M
;doM
b|i6Jo M
!=
dfu kmf/fd $ k|lt agfpg' kg]{5 .
-s_ klxnf] k|lt -/ftf]_ dfn;fy nf}hfg'kg]{5 .
-v_ bf]>f] k|lt -kx]nf]_ ef}r/;fy sf/vfgf wgLn] cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{nodf k]z ug'{kg]{5 .
-u_ t];|f] k|lt -xl/of]_ cGtMz'Ns lg/LIfsn] sfof{nodf k]z ug'{kg]{5 .
-3_ rf}yf] k|lt -;]tf]_ sf/vfgfsf] cfkm\gf] kmfOndf /xg]5 .
@=
cGtMz'Ns -w|'dkfg tyf dlb/f b:t'/, dlb/f lgoGq0f ;]jf z'Ns / cGtMz'Ns l6s6 z'Ns nfUg]df
;f] ;d]t_ clu|d bflvnf ePsf] k|df0f k]z ePkl5 dfq dfu kmf/fd sfl6g]5 .
#=
cGtMz'Ns b/ pNn]v ePsf] dxndf cfly{s P]gsf] b/jGbL adf]lhdsf] b/ pNn]v ug'{ kb{5 .
$=
cl3Nnf] dfu kmf/fd cg';f/ a'emfpg'kg]{ d"No clej[l4 s/ ga'emfO{ P]gsf] Dofb u'lh|Psf] xsdf
;f] r'Qmf geO{ k'gM dfu kmf/fd sfl6g] 5}g .
%
o; kmf/fdsf] ;+rfng cGtMz'Ns sd{rf/Laf6 x'g]5 .
180
cg';"rL–@!
-lgb]{lzsfsf] bkmf %=@=% ;+u ;DjlGwt_
tof/L af]tnaGbL lao/ pTkfbg / lgisf;g -cfDbfgL tyf vr{_ vftf
lao/ sf/vfgfsf] gfdM
:yfoL n]vf gDj/
cGtMz'Ns Ohfht gDj/
/]s8{ /fVg]
tnaGbL lao/sf]
af]tnaGbL lao/sf] cfDbfgL af]vr{
afF
s
L
kl/df0f
sd{
rf/Lsf] cGtMz'Ns
-lgisf;g_
b:tvt lgl/Ifssf] s}lkmot
ldlt ljo/sf]
gfd
b:tvt
uf]bfd af]tn sf6'{g ln6/ af]tn sf6'{g ln6/ af]tn sf6'{g ln6/
g+= ;+=
;+=
df
;+=
;+=
df
;+= ;+= df
k|lti7fg wgL jf k|ltlglwsf] b:tvt
k|lti7fgsf] 5fk
b|i6JoM
!=
o; vftfsf] ;+rfng pTkfbg tkm{ vl6Psf cGtMz'Nssf] sd{rf/Laf6 u/L
vftfnfO sf/vfgfsf] lhDdf /fVg' kb{5 .
@=
#=
k|To]s a|f08 cg';f/ 5'6\6f 5'6\6} kfgfdf lja/0f pNn]v ug'{ kb{5 .
181
cg';"rL–@@
-lgb]{lzsfsf] bkmf %=@=^= ;+u ;DjlGwt_
lao/ af]tnaGbL ;DaGwL k|ltj]bg
:yfoL n]vf gDj/
cGtMz'Ns Ohfht gDj/
pTkfbgsf] k6s=====÷=====
sf/vfgfsf] gfdM=================
ldltM========================
cfhsf] ===================cf} l;ˆ6df lgDgfg';f/sf] kl/df0fdf -af]tnsf] ;+Vof÷kl/df0f_ af]tnaGbL ljo/sf]
hfFr u/]sf 5f}+ . hfFr ul/Psf] pQm kl/df0f ePsf] 7Ls ;fFrf] xf] . pTkfbgsf qmddf gf]S;fg ePsf]
======== ln= kl/df0f ePsf] / hfFr ubf{ b]lvPsf] lao/sf] lj:t[t ljj/0f lgDgfg';f/ 5M—
!= af]tnaGbL ePsf] lao/M
ljo/sf]
lsl;d /
gfd
af]tn aGbL ePsf] ljo/sf]
;fOh ;+Vof
ln6/
sf6'{g
af]tn
u0fgf
:yfg
ˆnf]ld6/
sf]
sf]8 g+=
af]tnaGbL u/]sf] ;do
z'? ;do
k"/f ePsf]
;do
k"0f{
;dofjlw
@= ˆnf]ld6/af6 gfk ePsf] lao/ / gf]S;fg ePsf] lao/sf] hfFr k/LIf0fM
l;=g+=
ˆnf]ld6/af6 lao/
af]tn sfpG6/sf] bf]>f]
ljj/0f
hfFbfsf]
klxnf]
ljGb'sf] l8:Kn]df
ljGb'sf] l8:Kn]df
b]vfPsf] c+s cg';f/
b]vfPsf] c+s cg';f/
!
z'? c+s
@
clGtd c+s
#
hDdf lao/ kl/df0f
============================ln= ======================;+=
$
lao/ k|jfx x'Fbf gf]S;fg ePsf]
============================ln= ==================k|ltzt
kl/df0f
#= gf]S;fgL ePsf] qmfpg ss{ ;+VofM
$= ˆnf]ld6/n] slt kl/df0f b]vfPsf] 5 eGg] hfFr ug]{ k|s[of / b]vfPsf] ljj/0fM -olb ˆnf]ld6/ lau|]df_
ˆnf]ld6/af6 af]tndf /flvPsf] lao/sf] kl/df0f jf c+s / jf:tljs u0fgfaf6 cfPsf] c+s
af]tn
ln=
%=s}lkmot =============================================================hfFr u/]sf] ;doM===================================
;xLM==========================-cGtMz'Ns sd{rf/L_
;xLM==================-Ohfhtkqjfnf jf lghsf]
k|ltlglw_
gfdM==========================================
gfdM===============================================
182
cg';"rL–@#
lgisf;g ul/Psf] tyf af]tnaGbL ul/Psf] lao/sf] ljj/0f
lao/sf]gfdM======================
af]tnsf] ;fOhM====================ln6/ kl/df0f
:yfoL n]vf gDj/
cGtMz'Ns Ohfht gDj/
lgisfl;t lao/sf] ljj/0f
af]tnaGbL
cg';"rL @@ cg';f/
af]tn
cg';"rL @) cg';f/ ePsf] laqmL
ldlt
aGbLsf] ;+Vof
ljo/sf]
{g
;fOh af];+t=n ln6/ sf6'
;+=
gfd
gf]S;fgL gf]S;fgL ldgfxf cGtMz'Ns
s}lkmot
ljj/0f
lgl/Ifssf] b:tvt
af]tn ln= sf6'{g ln=
;+=
;+=
ldlt
kl/df0f
hDdf
k|lti7fg wgL jf k|ltlglwsf] b:tvt
k|lti7fgsf] 5fk
183
cg';"rL–@$
a'|c/Ljfnfn] lbg'kg]{ lao/sf af]tnx?sf]
laqmL / To;af6 cfpg] cGtMz'Nssf] dfl;s tyf jflif{s kmfF6jf/L
kl/df0f -ln6/df_
:6sdf af+sL
af]tnx?
af]tnsf] ;+=
hDdf
cGtMz'Ns
b/
ePsf]
kl/df0f -ln6/df_
af]tnsf] ;+Vof
kl/df0f -ln6/df_
hDdf af]tn ljqmL
af]tn
af]tnsf] ;+Vof
kl/df0f -ln6/df_
af]tnsf] ;+Vof
zlQm / ;fOh
af]tnsf] ;+Vof -
t}of/
ul/Psf]
af]tnx?
ljo/sf] gfd
ljo/sf] af]tnsf] z'?
:6s
kl/df0f ln6/df_
Ohfhtkqjfnfsf] gfd / 7]ufgf M==================
;fn ======================dlxgf ============== =======zfvf ===========================
:yfoL n]vf gDj/
cGtMz'Ns Ohfht gDj/
s}lkmot
Ohfhtkqjfnf jf lghsf] k|ltlglwsf]
x:tfIf/M
kbM
184
ldltM
gfdM
cg';"rL–@%
-lgb]{lzsfsf] bkmf %=@=& ;+u ;DjlGwt_
ljo/sf] gf]S;fgL ldGxfsf] lgj]bg tyf l;kmfl/;
qm=;+==========
sf/vfgfsf] gfdM===========================
ldltM=======================
>Ldfg\======================================Ho",
dfkm{tM cGtMz'Ns OsfO sfof{no
o;
sDkgL
==============================================================sf]
tkm{af6
ldlt==============================b]lv ldlt =============================;Dd lao/ pTkfbg k|lqmofdf uPsf] hlt{ jf
gf]S;fgLsf] ljj/0f b]xfo adf]lhd sfuh k|df0f ;lxt k]z u/]sf 5f}+ . lgodfg';f/ ldGxfsf] nflu
cg'/f]w 5 .
l;= g+ af]tn
aGbL
ldlt
ljo/sf] pTkfbgdf
Jf]ftlnu+ Knf]ld6/ tkm{sf]
gfd, / uPsf]
zlQm
kl/df0f pTkfbg Gff]S;fgL Gf]fS;fgL Affls
ln6/
ln6/g ln6/
k|ltzt af]tn
ln6/
ln6/
x:tfIf/M==========================
kfZr/f/fh];g,KoflsË
uf]bfd tkm{sf] gf]S;fgL
sf6'{g ln6/ gf]S;fgL
;+=
ln6/ /
%
Gff]S;fgL
hDdf
ln6/ /
% df
pBf]u ÷ sDklgsf] 5fFk
-Ohfhtkqjfnf jf lghsf] k|ltlglw_
gfdM === === === === === === === === ldltM === === === === === pBf]udf lghsf] kb lhDd]jf/L====
!= gf]S;fgL kl/df0fM ln6/-s_ Jf]ftlnu+ Knf]ld6/ tkm{sf] tkm{
-v_ kfZr/f/fh];g, KoflsË uf]bfd tkm{ ==================
l;kmfl/zstf{ cGtMz'Ns PsfO sfof{nosf] sd{rf/Lsf]
x:tfIf/====
gfdM=========
l;kml/; ldltM====================
cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{nodf gf]S;fgL ldGxfsf] nflu k|fKt ldltM=
btf{ g+
185
cg';"rL–@%-s_
-lgb]{lzsfsf] bkmf %=@=& ;+u ;DjlGwt_
dlb/fsf] gf]S;fgL ldGxfsf] lgj]bg tyf l;kmfl/;
qm=;+==========
sf/vfgfsf] gfdM===========================
ldltM=======================
>Ldfg\======================================Ho",
dfkm{tM cGtMz'Ns OsfO sfof{no
o;
sDkgL
==============================================================sf]
tkm{af6
ldlt============================b]lv ldlt =============================;Dd dlb/f pTkfbg k|lqmofdf uPsf] hlt{ jf
gf]S;fgLsf] ljj/0f b]xfo adf]lhd sfuh k|df0f ;lxt k]z u/]sf 5f}+ . lgodfg';f/ ldGxfsf] nflu cg'/f]w
5.
l;= g+
pTkfbg ldlt Dlb/fsf] /sf] pTkfbgdf
gfd, / uPsf]
zlQm
pTkfbg ePsf]
Gff]S;fgL
sf/0f
kl/df0f Pn a|f08
Pn
zlQm kl/df0f
lk
ln6/
lk
ln6/
Jf]ftn
ln6/
x:tfIf/M==========================
gf]S;fgLsf]
ln6/ Pn lk Gf]fS;fgL %
lk
ln6/
pBf]u ÷ sDklgsf] 5fFk
-Ohfhtkqjfnf jf lghsf] k|ltlglw_
gfdM=====================ldltM===============================pBf]udf lghsf] kb lhDd]jf/L====
!= gf]S;fgL kl/df0fM ln6/
Pn lk ln6/
l;kmfl/zstf{ M
cGtMz'Ns PsfO sfof{nosf] sd{rf/Lsf]
x:tfIf/===
kb=
gfd y/=========
l;kmfl/; ldltM====================
cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{nodf gf]S;fgL ldGxfsf] nflu k|fKt ldltM=
btf{ g+
186
cg';"rL–@^
-lgb]{lzsfsf] bkmf ^=! ;+u ;DjlGwt_
cGtMz'Ns l6s6 / l6s6 nssf]] cfDbfgL vr{ vftfsf] gd"gf
k|lti7fgsf] gfd, 7]ufgfM
:yfoL n]vf gDj/
cGtMz'Ns Ohfht gDj/
cfly{s aif{M
cGtMz'Ns l6s6sf] k|sf/
k]|ifs
gfd
r=g+=÷
ef}=g+=
ljj/0f /fVg] sd{rf/Lsf] gfd
cfDbfgL
vr{
aflwPsf]
ldlt
ldlt
cfDbfgL
kl/df0f
b]lv
l6s6
k7fPsf]
sfof{no÷ O
sfof{no
;Dd
vr{
df}Hbft
laa/0f
/fVg]
sd{rf/Lsf]
;lx
kl/df0f b]lv ;Dd kl/df0f b]lv ;Dd
Gf]f6
!=
@
#
$
cGtMz'Ns l6s6sf] k|of]usf] nflu 5'6\6} ?kdf uf]:jf/f vftfsf] ?kdf /lh:6/ v8f ul/ /fVg'
kb{5 .
cGtMz'Ns l6s6sf] k|sf/ cg';f/ 5'6\6f 5'6\6} vftfsf] kfgf k|of]udf Nofpg' kb{5 .
o; vftfsf] k|of]u tyf ;+rfng cfGtl/s /fh:j laefu, cGtMz'Nssf] k|zff;g ug]{ cfGtl/s
/fh:j sfof{no sf]if tyf n]vf lgoGqs sfof{no / OsfO sfof{non] ug'{ kb{5 .
o; vftfdf cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t'df k|of]u x'g] l:6s/ tyf lt j:t'sf] pTkfbg laqmL ljt/0f
;+u ;+aGwLt -sf/f]jf/ :yn, uf]bfd, pTkfbg:yn_ df k|of]u x'g] 8f]/ns -l6s6 ;frf]_ sf]
clen]v /flvG5 .
187
cg';"rL–@^-s_
k|lti7fgsf] gfd, 7]ufgfM
:yfoL n]vf gDj/
cGtMz'Ns Ohfht gDj/
cfly{s aif{M
cGtMz'Ns l6s6sf] k|sf/
sfof{no / pBf]usf] gfd
k]|ifs
gfd r=g+=÷ ldlt
ef}=g+=
cfDbfgL
vr{
aflwPsf]
ldlt
ljj/0f /fVg] sd{rf/Lsf] gfd
cfDbfgL
kl/df0f b]lv ;Dd
l6s6
k7fPsf]
sfof{no
O
vr{
df}Hbft
laa/0f
/fVg]
sd{rf/L
sf] ;lx
kl/df0f b]lv ;Dd kl/df0f b]lv ;Dd
Gf]f6M
!=
@=
#=
$=
%=
188
cGtMz'Ns l6s6sf] k|of]u s'g sfof{no tyf s'g pBf]udf eof] eGg] hfgfsf/Lsf] nflu of]
vftfsf] k|of]u ul/G5 .
5'6\6} ?kdf uf]:jf/f vftfsf] ?kdf /lh:6/ v8f ul/ /fVg' kb{5 .
cGtMz'Ns l6s6sf] k|sf/ cg';f/ 5'6\6f 5'6\6} vftfsf] kfgf k|of]udf Nofpg' kb{5 .
o; vftfsf] k|of]u tyf ;+rfng lgDg cg';f/ x'G5
-s_ cfGtl/s /fh:j laefun] sfof{nout l6s6sf] cfDbfgL tyf vr{sf] clen]v /fVg ,
-v_ cGtMz'Nssf] k|zff;g ug]{ cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no sf]if tyf n]vf lgoGqs sfof{non]
pBf]u cg';f/ l6s6sf] cfDbfgL tyf vr{sf] clen]v /fVg
-u_ OsfO sfof{nodf vl6Psf] sd{rf/Ln] ;f] pBf]usf] pTkfbgsf] k|sf/ cg';f/ k|of]u x'g]
l6s6sf] cfDbfgL tyf vr{sf] clen]v /fVg .
o; vftfdf cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t'df k|of]u x'g] l:6s/ tyf lt j:t'sf] pTkfbg laqmL ljt/0f
;+u ;+aGwLt -sf/f]jf/ :yn, uf]bfd, pTkfbg:yn_ df k|of]u x'g] 8f]/ns -l6s6 ;frf]_ sf]
clen]v /flvG5 .
cg';"rL–@^-v_
cGtMz'Ns l6s6 ns -;frf]_ sf]] k|of]u /]s8{ vftfsf] gd"gf
sf/f]jf/ pTkfbg :ynM
l6s6 k|of]u x'g] sfof{no jf sf/vfgfsf] gfdM
k|of]u e}
/x]sf]
cGtMz'Ns
l6s6 gDa/
k|of]u ePsf]
:yfg
vf]n]sf]
ldlt
vf]n]sf] vf]Ng'
;do
k/]sf] sf/0f
aGb
ePsf] ;do
k|of]u x'g]
vf]Ng
gof cGtMz'Ns cg'dlt lbg]
l6s6 gDa/
cGtMz'Ns
clws[tsf] ;lx
Gff]6M
!=
@=
#=
$=
o; vftfdf cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t'df k|of]u x'g] l:6s/ jf lt j:t'sf] pTkfbg laqmL ljt/0f ;+u
;+aGwLt
-sf/f]jf/ :yn, uf]bfd, pTkfbg:yn_ sf] ;'/Iffsf] nflu k|of]u x'g] 8f]/ns -l6s6 ;frf]_ sf]
clen]v /flvG5 .
8f]/ns cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t' /x]sf] :yfg,sIf,;fwg, ef8f],6of+s jf s'g} Koflsu ul/Psf]
;fwgsf] ;'/Iff tyf Joj:yfkgsf] nflu k|of]u x'G5 .
Kf|yd k6s k|of]u ubf{ Kf|yd k6s k|of]u ul/Psf] eGg] Joxf]/f v'nfpg' kb{5 .
vf]n]sf] ldlt, ;do, / sf/0fdf ef}lts lgoGq0f cGt/utsf j:t' /x]sf] :yfg ;fwg k|j]z åf/
vf]Nbfsf] Joxf]/f v'nfpg' kb{5 .
189
cg';"rL–@&
pTkfbg tyf lgisf;gsf] df:s]jf/L÷ jflif{s k|ltj]bg
k|lti7fgsf] gfdM
dlxgf ÷aif{
:yfoL n]vf gDj/
cGtMz'Ns Ohfht gDj/
l;=g+= kbfy{sf] cl3Nnf] of]
gfd
dlxgfsf] dlxgfdf
df}Hbft pTkfbg
b'a}sf]
hDdf
lgsf;L afsL hDdf
k|lti7fg s}lkmot
kl/df0f df}Hbft cGtMz'Ns ;+rfng
/sd
lbg
s'n hDdf
k|lti7fgsf] cflwsf/Ls JolQmsf]
b:tvtM
ldltM
gf]6M of] ljj/0f jflif{s tyf dfl;s ?kdf sfof{nodf k7fpg' kb{5 .
190
cg';"rL–@*
sRrf kbfy{sf] df:s]jf/L ÷aflif{s k|ltj]bg
k|lti7fgsf] gfd ;fdfgsf] gfd
dlxgf÷ jif{ OsfO{
:yfoL n]vf gDj/
cGtMz'Ns Ohfht gDj/
l;=g+=
ljj/0f
kl/df0f
OsfO
clwNnf]
df}hbft
o; dlxgfsf]
cfdbfgL
hDdf
vr{ afFsL
kl/df0f
s}lkmot
s"n hDdf
k|lti7fgsf] cflwsf/Ls JolQmsf]
b:tvtM
ldltM
b|i6Jo
!=
ljj/0fdf sRrf kbfysf] gfd pNn]v ug'{ kg]{5 .
@=
of] ljj/0f aflif{s / dfl;s ?kdf sfof{nodf k7fpg' kg]{5 .
#
of] lja/0f cGtz"Ns nfUg] j:t' -l:k|6, df]nf;];_ vl/b ug]{ cGo pBf]u jf Joj;foLn]
;d]t ;DaGwLt cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{nodf k]z ug'{ kb{5 .
191
cg';"rL–@(
g]kfn ;/sf/
cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu
>L cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no======================.
pBf]usf] gfdM
Ohfht k|fKt÷gljs/0f ldltM
7]ufgf
kf]i6aS; g+M
sf/f]jf/ btf{ sfof{no÷btf{ g+= / ldltMM
k|f]k|fO6/÷;+rfnsx? !_
sf/f]jf/ z'? aif{M
kmf]g g+ x?
k\mofS; g+M
Od]n 7]ufgf
@_
:yfoL n]vf gDj/
cGtMz'Ns Ohfht gDj/
cf=j=@)^==÷@)^==== sf] @)^== ===============dlxgfsf]÷aflif{s pTkfbgsf] cGtMz'Ns laj/0f
X
X
cGtMz'Ns
cGtMz'Ns of]Uo laqmL
X
d"No÷/fh:j
cGtMz'Ns b/aGbL
z'? df}Hbft
X
hDdf laqmL
kl/df0f
X
5'6 laqmL
k|sf/÷zlQm
X
lgof{t
OsfO{
vktsf] cGtMz'Ns
laqmL kl/df0f
pTkfbgsf] gfd
pTkfbg kl/df0f
af+sL kl/df0f
hlt{
vr{ kl/df0f
pTkfbgdf vr{
cGtMz'Ns
cfoft÷vl/b kl/df0f
OsfO
vl/b
sRrf kbfy{ x?sf] gfd
l;=
g+=
v08 v
af+sL df}Hbft
hDdf laqmL d"No
v08 s
!=
@=
vl/bsf]
cGtMz'NsM?
pTkfbgsf j|f08 gfdx?M
s'g} s}lkmot ePdfM
vktsf] cGtMz'Ns ?M
cGtMz'Ns l6s6 hDdfM
hDdf d"No /
cGtMz'Ns ?
-8]_
vl/b÷vktdf
lt/]sf]
a}s bflvnf
hDdf
lt/]sf]
-qm]_
af+sL 8]la6
÷qm]l86 _
gf]6M cGtMz'Ns b/jGbL cg';f/sf] pTkfbg a:t'÷OsfO{÷zlQm÷k|sf/ / kl/df0f pNn]v ug'{ kg]{5 . v08
s nfO{ cfjZostf cg';f/ sf]nd yk u/L cnu kfgfdf tof/ ug{ ;lsg]5 . ef}lts lgoGq0f tkm{sf]
a:t' eP of] laj/0f laefudf ;d]t k7fpg' kb{5 .
tof/ ug]{sf]M
k|dfl0ftug]{sf]M
b:tvt / ldltM
b:tvt / ldltM
gfdM
gfdM
kb
sDkgLsf] 5fk
kb
192
cg';"rL–#)
g]kfn ;/sf/
cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu
kmd{÷sDkgLsf] gfdM
gljs/0f ldltM
7]ufgf
sf/f]jf/ btf{ sfof{no÷btf{ g+= / ldltM
k|f]k|fO6/÷;+rfnsx? !_
sf/f]jf/ z'?aif{M
kf]i6aS; g+M
kmf]g g+ x?
k\mofS; g+M
Od]n
7]ufgf
@_
:yfoL n]vf gDj/
cGtMz'Ns Ohfht gDj/
cf=j=@)^==÷@)^==== sf] @)^== ===============dlxgfsf] laqmLsf] cGtMz'Ns laj/0f
nfu]sf]
cGtMz'Ns
b/aGbL
hDdf laqmL
d"No
hDdf d"No / cGtMz'NsM—
af+sL df}Hbft
X
hDdf laqmL
kl/df0f
lgof{t
X
5'6 laqmL
cGtMz'Ns of]Uo
laqmL
d"No÷/fh:j
z'? df}Hbft
laqmL
cfoft÷vl/b
kl/df0f
cGtMz'Ns
OsfO
tof/L a:t'sf]
-;jf/L ;fwg
;d]t_ laj/0f
zlQm jf k|sf/
vl/b÷cfoft
l;=g+=
!
@
vl/bdf lt/]sf] cGtMz'NsM—
d'Vo vl/b÷ laqmLsf a|f08 gfdx?M—
-8]_
vl/bdf lt/]sf] cGtMz'NsM
a}+s bflvnf /sdM
hDdf lt/]sf]
-qm]_
af+sLM 8]la6÷qm]l86 _
s'g} s}lkmot eP oxf+ pNn]v ug'{ xf]nfM—
gf]6M cGtMz'Ns b/jGbL cg';f/sf] vl/b a:t'÷OsfO{÷zlQm÷k|sf/÷ kl/df0f pNn]v ug'{ kg]{5 .
tof/ ug]{sf] b:tvt / ldltM
k|dfl0ft ug]s
{ f] b:tvt /
ldltM
gfdM
gfdM
kbM
sDkgLsf] 5fk
kbM
193
cg';"rL–#)-s_
-lgb]{lzsfsf] bkmf (=!=;+u ;DjlGwt_
g]kfn ;/sf/
cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu
kmd{÷sDkgLsf] gfdM
sf/f]jf/ z'? aif{M
kf]i6aS; g+M
kmf]g g+
7]ufgf
sf/f]jf/ btf{ sfof{no÷btf{ g+= / ldltM
k\mofS; g+M
k|f]k|fO6/÷;+rfnsx? -!_
-@_
Od]n 7]ufgf
:yfoL n]vf gDj/
cGtMz'Ns Ohfht gDj/
Ohfht k|fKt÷gljs/0f ldltM
cf=j=@)^==÷@)^==== sf] @)^== ===============dlxgfsf] cfofltt j:t'sf] laj/0f
afls
hDdf laqmL
d"No
l:6s/ nfu]sf]
kl/df0f
l:6s/ gnfu]sf]]
kl/df0f
cGtMz'Ns of]Uo
laqmL
cGtMz'Ns gnfUg]
laqmL
laqmL
hDdf kl/df0f
o; cl3sf]
df}Hbft
cfoft kl/df0f
cfofltt a:t'sf]
laj/0f
zlQm jf k|sf/
cfoft / df}Hbft
hDdf laqmL
kl/df0f
af+sL df}Hbft
l;=
g+=
!
@
gf]6M
!=
@=
#=
$=
of] kmf/d dlb/f ,r'/f]6, ljo/ cfoftstf{n] k|of]u ug'{ kg]{ 5 .
cGtMz'Ns b/jGbL cg';f/sf] vl/b a:t'÷OsfO{÷zlQm÷k|sf/÷ kl/df0f pNn]v ug'{ kg]{5 .
df}Hbftfdf /x]sf] j:t'sf] l:6s/ nfu]sf] / gnfu]sf] 5'6\6f 5'6\6} v'nfpg' kg]{ 5 .
of] laa/0f ;fy qm]tf cg';f/sf]] laqmL lja/0f k]z ug'{ kg]{5 . h;df qm]tfsf] gfd, :yfO n]vf
g+a/, j:t'sf] a|f08 cg';f/sf] gfd ,kl/df0f, d"No v'nfpg' kg]{ 5 .
k]z ug]{sf] gfd
b:tvt
ldltM
194
kbM
sDkgLsf] 5fk
cg';"rL–#)-v_
-lgb]{lzsfsf] bkmf (=# ;+u ;DjlGwt_
kmd{÷sDkgLsf] gfdM
7]ufgf
k|f]k|fO6/÷;+rfnsx? -!_
-@_
kmf]g g+
Od]n
:yfoL n]vf gDj/
cGtMz'Ns Ohfht gDj/
Ohfhtkq gljs/0f ldltM
cf=j=@)^==÷@)^==== sf] =====dlxgfdf j]08]8 j]o/ xfp; - s/ d'Qm k;n_ n] n] laqmL u/]sf] j:t'sf] laj/0f
ld
lt
cfofltt a:t'sf] laj/0f
gfd
cfoft
laa/0f
cfoft
jf vl/b
kl/df0f
o;
cl3sf]
df]Hbft
8o'l6 lkm|af6 laqmL
hDdf
kl/df0f
vl/bstf{sf] kl/df0f
gfd
d"No
k|of]u
l:6s/
;+Vof
afls df}Hbft
k//fi6| d+
sf]
l;kmfl/;
kqsf] r g+
/ ldlt
a}s
Uof/G6L
jf
w/f}6L
afls ?
eG;f/
d"No
l:6s/
nfu]sf]
;+Vof
s}lkmot
l:6s/
gnfu]sf]
;+Vof
gf]6M
!= of] kmf/d j]08]8 j]o/ xfp; - s/ d'Qm k;n_ n] tof/ u/L clen]vdf /fVg] tyf cfoft l:js[lt
lnbf, a}s Uof/]G6L wf/f}6L km's'jf ubf{ ,cGtMz'Ns l:6s/ dfu ubf{ / x/]s dfl;s k|ltj]bg ;fy
;+nUg ug'{ kb{5 .
@= cGtMz'Ns b/jGbL cg';f/sf] vl/b a:t'÷OsfO{÷zlQm÷k|sf/÷ kl/df0f pNn]v ug'{ kg]{5 .
#= of] laa/0fdf qm]tfsf] gfd, j:t'sf] a|f08 cg';f/sf] gfd ,kl/df0f, d"No v'nfpg' kg]{ 5 .
$= of] kmf/d s/ d'Qm k;nn] laqmL x'g] j:t' cfoft vl/b ubf{ jf laqmL ubf{ x/]s k6s lgoldt
?kdf eg'{ kb{5 .
%= of] kmf/d dlb/f , ljo/, r'/f]6 a|f08Lsf] k|sf/ cg';f/ 5'6\6f 5'6\6} ?kdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
^= Ps eGbf al9 k|1fkgkqaf6 cfofltt j:t' Ps} k6s laqmL ePsf]df ;f] Joxf]/f s}lkmot dxndf
pNn]v ug'{ kb{5 .
&= k//fi6| dGqfnoaf6 l;kmfl/; ul/Psf] eGbf sd kl/df0fdf laqmL ePsf] cj:yfdf ;f] Aoxf]/f
s]lkmot dxndf pNn]v ug'{ kb{5 .
*= cfoft laa/0fdf k}7f/Lsf] xsdf eG;f/ k|hfkgkq / ldlt, :jb]zL vl/bsf] xsdf lan g+ /
ldlt pNn]v ug'[ kb{5 .
k]z ug]{sf] gfd
b:tvt
ldltM
kbM
sDkgLsf] 5fk
195
cg';"rL–#!
s}lkmot
*
dlxgfsf] lgfof{t÷ 5'6
laqmL kl/df0f
af+sL df}Hbft
*
nfUg] cGtMz'Ns
lgisfzg÷ laqmL
*
pTkfbg
*
rfn" cf=j= sf]
xfn
;Ddsf] hDdf
nfUg] cGtMz'Ns
lgisfzg÷ laqmL
*
o; dlxgfsf]
- @)^=
_
pTkfbg
lgisfzg÷ laqmL
*
nfUg] cGtMz'Ns
pTkfbg
zlQm÷k|sf/
l;= cGtMz'Ns nfUg]
g+= j:t'sf] sf/f]jf/
ug]{
s/bftfx?sf]
gfd
rfn" cf=j=sf]
ut
dlxgf ;Ddsf]
OsfO{
@)^===
a:t'÷;]jfsf] laj/0f
g]kfn ;/sf/
cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu
cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no==================
dlxgfsf] -cf=a=@)^ ÷)^ _ cGtMz'Ns /fh:j c;'nLsf] dfl;s ljj/0f
!
@
hf]8 hDdfM—
gf]6M
!
@
196
*
*
a:t'sf] gfd÷zlQm÷k|sf/÷ OsfO{ cGtMz'Ns b/jGbL cg';f/ pNn]v ug'{ kg]{5 . s'g} Ps Ps
a:t'sf] hf]8 hDdf kl5 csf]{ a:t' ub]{ qmdzM laj/0f eb]}{ n}hfg' kg]{ . h:t}M r'/f]6, lao/,
:k|L6÷df]nf;];, dlb/f÷jfOg, l;d]06, kmnfdsf, /+u/f]ug, Knfli6s ;dfg, la8L÷;"lt{,
u'8\vf÷kfgk/fu, cGo, cGo, ;jf/L ;fwg_
of] laj/0f k|To]s dlxgfsf] !% ut] leqdf laefudf k7fpg' kb{5 .
tof/ ug]{sf] M
k|dfl0ft ug]{sf]
b:tvt /
b:tvt
gfdM
gfdM
kbM
kbM
ldlt
ldlt
cg';"rL–#@
g]kfn ;/sf/
cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu
dlxgfsf] -cf=a=@)^ ÷)^ _ a:t'ut cGtMz'Ns /fh:j c;'nLsf] dfl;s ljj/0f
tof/ ug]{sf] M
b:tvt /
gfdM
kbM
ldlt
s}lkmot
af+sL df}Hbft
dlxgfsf] lgfof{t÷
5'6 laqmL kl/df0f
nfUg]
cGtMz'Ns
lgisfzg÷laqmL
rfn" cf=j= sf] xfn
;Ddsf] hDdf
pTkfbg
nfUg]
cGtMz'Ns
lgisfzg÷laqmL
o; dlxgfsf]
- @)^=
_
nfUg]
cGtMz'Ns
lgisfzg÷laqmL
pTkfbg
zlQm÷k|sf/
OsfO{
l;=g+
a:t'÷;]jfsf] laj/0f
rfn" cf=j=sf] ut
dlxgf ;Ddsf]
pTkfbg
@)^===
k|dfl0ft ug]{sf]
b:tvt
gfdM
kbM
ldlt
197
cg';"rL–##
g]kfn ;/sf/
cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu
pBf]usf] gfd 7]ufgfM
cf=a=@)^ ÷ )^ / @)^ ÷ )^ d;fGt ;Ddsf] t'ngfTds a:t'ut cGtMz'Ns /fh:j c;'nL
ljj/0f
l;= vl/b
zlQm÷ cf=a= @)^ ÷ @)^
OsfO{ k|sf/
g= ljj/0f
dlxgf ;Dd
pTkfbg lgisf;g bflvnf
j:t'ut
cf=a=@)^÷)^ sf] rfn'
cf=a=@)^÷ )^ sf] rfn'
dlxgf ;Dd
afFsL
:6s
kl/df0f ÷laqmL
cGtMz'Ns kl/df0f ÷laqmL
cGtMz'Ns kl/df0f ÷laqmL
kl/df0f
kl/df0f
kl/df0f
cGtMz'Ns
s}kmLot
pTkfbg÷
hDdf
tof/ ug]{sf] M
b:tvt /
gfdM
kbM
ldlt
Gff]6M
!=
@=
198
k|dfl0ft ug]{sf]
b:tvt
gfdM
kbM
ldlt
laefun] ;do ;dodf k7fpg' kg]{ egL tf]lsPsf ljj/0fx? tf]s] adf]lhd sfof{nojf6 gd'gfdf
tof/ u/L k7fpg' kg]{5 .
cfly{s aif{ ;dfKt ePsf] dlxgfsf] laj/0f ;fy aflif{s k|ult laa/0f ;d]t tof/ u/L
k7fpg' kg]{
cg';"rL–#$
g]kfn ;/sf/
cy{ dGqfno
cfGtl/s /fh:j laefu
cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no=================.
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1= -s_ cGtMz'Ns Ohfhtkq btf{ ;DaGwL laj/)fM
pTkfbg -;+Vof_
cfoftsf]
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7
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8 :jb]zL dlb/f cGo If]qdf
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+ , :k|L^ laqmL
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2
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200
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s/bftfsf] gfd
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201
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2
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===================================================================================================================================
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202
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203
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206
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84.43
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pkfbfgx¿åf/f d'b|0f sfo{sf] nflu k|of]u x'g] 5fKg] -d'b|0f_
oGqfjnLÙ cGo d'b|0f oGqx¿, k|ltlnlk ptfg]{ oGqx¿, /
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8443.31.00
8443.39.00
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84.72
8472.90.00
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84.79
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b'O{eGbf a9L sfo{x¿ ;DkGg ug{ ;Sg] oGqx¿, :jrflnt
cfFs8f k|zf]wg oGq jf ;+hfn -g]6js{_ df hf]8\g
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df]n k|ltzt
15
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10
cGo sfof{no oGqx¿ -clkm; dlzG;_ -pbfx0ftM
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sfpl06Ë jf ¥oflkË dlzgx¿, k]lG;n zfk]{lgË
dlzgx¿, k/kmf]]/]l6Ë jf :6\oflKnË dlzgx¿_ .
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o; efusf] cGoq pNn]v gePsf jf ;dfj]z gePsf,
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oflGqs
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8479.89.90
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212
85.17
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5jL jf cGo cfFs8f k|;f/0f jf ;+u|x0f lgldQsf
pks/0fx¿, tf/;lxt jf tf//lxt ;+hfn
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;d]t, zLif{s *$=$#, *%=@%, *%=@& jf *%=@* sf
k|;f/0f jf ;+u|x0f pks/0fx¿ afx]s .
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lgldQsf pks/0fx¿, tf/;lxt jf tf//lxt ;+hfn h:t}M :yfgLo jf a[xt If]q ;+hfn -nf]sn c/ jfO8
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8517.61.00
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df]n k|ltzt
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5
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8517.69.00
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8517.70.00
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85.18
8518.10.00
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8518.29.00
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sf8{x¿Æ / WjgL jf cGo k|j[lQnfO{ clen]vg ug{
lgldQsf cGo dfWod, clen]vg ul/Psf jf gul/Psf
l8:s pTkfbgsf nflu k|of]u x'g] Dofl6«;x¿ / dfi6/x¿,
t/
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8523.29.90
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8523.51.00
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8523.52.00
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8523.59.00
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8523.80.00
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85.25
5
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85.28
5
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gePsf df]lg6/x¿ -k/LljIfsx¿_ / k|f]h]S6/-k|If]lkq_
x¿ .
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8528.61.00
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10
zLif{s *%=@% b]lv *%=@* ;Ddsf pks/0fx¿sf] nflu
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85.31
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8531.20.00
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8532.10.00
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;Gwfl/q -Sofkfl;6/_ / )=% s]=ef/ -kfj/ Sofkfl;6/_
eGbf sd Ifdtf gePsf] l/PS6Le zlQm ;~rfng ug{
;Sg] ePsf]
10
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8532.21.00
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10
8532.22.00
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df]n k|ltzt
10
8532.23.00
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df]n k|ltzt
10
8532.24.00
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df]n k|ltzt
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8532.25.00
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8532.29.00
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10
df]n k|ltzt
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8532.30.00
8532.90.00
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85.33
8533.10.00
df]n k|ltzt
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ljB't k|lt/f]ws -/]l;i6/_
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afx]s .
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215
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8533.21.00
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df]n k|ltzt
10
8533.29.00
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8533.31.00
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df]n k|ltzt
10
8533.39.00
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10
lk|G6]8 ;ls{6 -5flkPsf kl/kyx¿_ .
df]n k|ltzt
10
df]n k|ltzt
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8533.40.00
8533.90.00
8534.00.00
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85.36
8536.50.00
!))) ef]N6;Ddsf] ef]N6]h ePsf] jfNg] lgefpg] :jLlrª_ jf ljB'tLo kl/kysf] nflu jf ljB't kl/kydf
jf ;Fu hf]8\gsf] nflu rflxg] j}B'lts pks/0fx¿ -h:t},
:jLr, l/n], ô"h, ;h{ ;k|];/, Knu, ;s]6, NofDk–xf]N8/
/ cGo ;+of]hsx¿ -sg]S6;{_ hS;g aS;];_Ù rfIf'ifLo
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8536.69.00
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8536.90.00
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85.44
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;d]t_, tf/ -jfo/_, s]a'n -sf]–PS;]n s]a'n ;d]t_ /
sg]S6/;Fu hf]l8Psf] jf ghf]l8Psf] cGo OG;'n]6]8
sG8S6/Ù clK6sn kmfOa/ s]a'n, tf/, ljB't s08S6/
jf sg]S6/ hf]8]sf] jf ghf]8]sf] k|To]s 9flsPsf /]zfx¿
-lzb\8 kmfOa/_ af6 ag]sf] tf/ .
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216
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df]n k|ltzt
15
8544.49.00
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10
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9012.10.00
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90.10
9010.90.00
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90.26
of] efusf] cGoq pNn]v gePsf] jf ;dfj]z gePsf]
t:jL/ ;DaGwL -rnlrq ;DaGwL ;d]t_ k|of]uzfnfx¿df
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;txsf] wf/0f–Ifdtf -;k]m{]; 6]G;g_ jf o:t} gfKg] jf
k/LIf0f ug]{ cf}hf/ / oGqx¿Ù tfksf] dfqf, Wjlg jf
k|sfzsf] gfk jf k/LIf0f ug]{ cf}hf/x¿ / pks/0fx¿ PS:kf]h/ dL6/ ;d]t_Ù ;"Idst{s
dfOqmf]6f]D;_ .
cf];Lnf]:sf]k -bf]ngbzL{_, :k]S6«d -j0f{k6_ ljZn]ifs /
zLif{s ()=@* sf dfks -ld6/_ afx]ssf ljB'tsf] dfqf
gfKg] jf k/LIf0f ug{sf] nflu k|of]u x'g] cGo cf}hf/x¿
/ pks/0fx¿; cNkmf, la6f, ufdf, PS;–/], sl:ds
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kQf nufpg] cf}hf/ / pks/0fx¿ .
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ckfËx?n] k|of]u ug{ ldNg] u/L agfO{Psf :s'6/ / Aofl6«af6 rNg] 6]Dkf]sf] r]l;;df
cGtMz'Ns nfUg] 5}g .
-@_ cfly{s jif{ @)^%÷^^ ;Dd vl/b eO{ df}Hbftdf /x]sf cGtMz'Ns nfUg] ;jf/L
;fwgx¿sf] cGtMz'Ns c;'n ug]{ k|lqmof cfly{s P]g, @)^% adf]lhd g} x'g]5 .
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Coil sRrf kbfy{df pBf]u ljefusf] l;kmfl/;df cGtMz'Ns 5"6 lbOg]5 .
s'g} klg dlb/fsf] sS6]n u/]df l;=g+= !) adf]lhdsf] b/aGbL nfUg]5 .
&) o"=kL= zlQmsf] tof/L dlb/f l;=g+= !^ sf] /]lS6kmfO8 l:k|6 k|of]u u/L dfq agfpg
kfOg]5 .
dfa{nsf] :yfgLo pTkfbgdf cGtMz'Ns nfUg] 5}g .
lem6L, u'G6f ef/L cfb]zsf] ;'ljwf cGtu{t eG;f/ dx;'n 5"6df k}7f/L ul/Psf] JolQmut
k|of]hgsf j:t'x¿df cGtMz'Ns nfUg] 5}g .
df]6/ ;fOsnsf] :yfgLo pTkfbgdf krf; k|ltzt / cGo ;jf/L ;fwgsf] :yfgLo
pTkfbgdf nfUg] cGtMz'Nsdf kRrL; k|ltzt 5"6 x'g]5 .
ljB'tLo dfWodaf6 rNg] ;jf/L ;fwgx¿df cGtMz'Ns nfUg] 5}g .
cf}Bf]lus gLlt, @)^& sf] cg';"rL–( df pNn]v ePsf clt cljsl;t If]qdf :yflkt
:yfgLo kmnk"mndf cfwfl/t pBf]uaf6 pTkflbt a|f08Lsf] pTkfbgdf o; cGtMz'Ns
b/aGbL cg';f/ nfUg] cGtMz'Nsdf c;L k|ltzt 5"6 x'g]5 .
cGtMz'Ns b/aGbL k|of]hgsf] nflu lgwf{l/t cf7 c+ssf] pkzLif{snfO{ tYofÍ k|of]hgsf]
nflu dxflgb]{zsn] c+s yk ug{ ;Sg]5 .
cGtM z'Ns nfUg ;Sg] j:t'x¿sf] JofVof tyf xfdf]{gfOH8 sf]8 tf]Sg] sfd cfjZostf
cg';f/ eG;f/ ljefu;Fu k/fdz{ lnO{ ljefun] ug{ ;Sg]5 .
dlb/f, ljo/ / r'/f]6 cfoftstf{ jf ;f] sf] ljqm]tf Ohfhtkqjfnfn] ljqmL ug]{ v'b|f d"No
cfly{s jif{sf] z'?df / d"No kl/jt{g ePsf] cj:yfdf kl/jt{g x'gf;fy ;fj{hlgs
;"rgf k|sfzg u/L hfgsf/L u/fpg' kg]{5 .
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219

Excise Manual 2068

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