handout

12/27/2011
“It all comes down to basic fundamentals. If you
lack fundamentals, you can't be successful.”
Brittany Brown
“We lost this game with no
fundamentals. If we all collectively get
the fundamentals down, we win this
game.”
Carl Everett
Prof A K Yahya
FSG, UiTM
Bahagian 1
GARISPANDUAN FRGS
Start
My Introduction
Writing Fundamental Research Objectives
Identifying Fundamental Research Problems
Problem Statement versus Objectives
Problem Statement versus Novelty
Stating Significance of your Study
Literature Review & Theoretical Framework
My FRGS Titles
My Conclusions
GARIS PANDUAN ERGS
1.2 DEFINISI SKIM GERAN
PENYELIDIKAN FUNDAMENTAL
Penyelidikan Fundamental merupakan
penyelidikan asas yang boleh
menghasilkan teori, konsep dan idea
baru demi perkembangan ilmu.
1.2 DEFINISI SKIM GERAN PENYELIDIKAN
EKSPLORATORI
Penyelidikan Eksploratori merupakan penyelidikan yang
boleh menjawab soalan/menyelesaikan masalah ”apa” dan ”di
mana”.
(Exploratory research is research that addresses the
questions of or solves the problems of ”what” and ”where”)
Apa
yang
baru?
RESEARCH CHARACTERISTICS
Bahagian 1
GARISPANDUAN FRGS
GARIS PANDUAN ERGS
1.3
TUJUAN
SKIM
GERAN
PENYELIDIKANFUNDAMENTAL
Penyelidikan ini bertujuan untuk
menggalakkan penjanaan teori, konsep
dan idea baru yang dapat menjadi
pemangkin kepada penemuan baru dan
penciptaan yang inovatif yang boleh
mengembangkan sempadan ilmu.
1.3
TUJUAN
SKIM
GERAN
PENYELIDIKANEKSPLORATORI
Penyelidikan ini bertujuan untuk
menggalakkan inquisitive minds untuk
penerokaan idea dan konsep baru yang
dapat menjadi pemangkin kepada
penemuan baru dan penciptaan yang
inovatif yang boleh mengembangkan
sempadan ilmu.
Apa
yang
baru?
Its why
and
how
Why? &
How?
FRGS
ERGS
What? &
Where?
Long-Term
LRGS
PRGS
PrototypeDevelopment
5 MARCH, 2011 SSA
RMI
6
1
12/27/2011
My Introduction
Writing Fundamental Research Objectives
Identifying Fundamental Research Problems
Problem Statement versus Objectives
Problem Statement versus Novelty
Stating Significance of your Study
Literature Review & Theoretical Framework
My FRGS Titles
My Conclusions
Objectives. What a research project is designed to
achieve; its purpose, defined in general and
specific terms.
next
To characterize the A compound
using B, C and D methods
To measure A and B processes in
C-substituted D compound
“The purpose statement should provide a
specific and accurate synopsis of the overall
purpose of the study” (Locke, Spirduso, & Silverman, 1987,
p. 5).
To investigate/evaluate/compare/explore the effect
of A substitution in B compeound on C and D
properties by measuring F and G
Cause and
effect style
It focuses on specific properties to be investigated as a result of a modification
process.
The objectives do not include any scientific idea or property to be investigated
Title: Effects of Er3+ Doping on Electrical Conduction
Mechanism, Elastic and Optical Properties of 80TeO2(20-x)Fe2O3-(x)ZnO Glass System
To investigate/determine/ascertain/evaluate the
role of A in the B mechanism
of C substituted D compound
(by measuring E and F and
Embeds
fundamental
comparing with G)
objective
To synthesize 80TeO2 – (20-x) Fe2O3– (x)ZnO (x=5-20 mol %) and
80TeO2-(20-x)Fe2O3-(x)ZnO + yEr2O3 (y = 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 mol
%)
To measure elastic properties of 80TeO2 – (20-x) Fe2O3– (x)ZnO by
measuring infrared absorption and ultrasonic velocity.
To measure electrical resistivity of 80TeO2 – (20-x) Fe2O3– (x)ZnO by
in different O2 partial pressure and with varied ZnO/Fe2O3
composition .
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12/27/2011
Title: Effects of Glass Network Modification and Er3+
Doping on Electrical Conduction Mechanism, Elastic
and Optical Properties of 80TeO2-(20-x)Fe2O3-(x)ZnO
Glass System
To synthesize 80TeO2 – (20-x) Fe2O3– (x)ZnO (x=5-20 mol %) and
80TeO2-(20-x)Fe2O3-(x)ZnO + yEr2O3 (y = 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 mol
%)
Er3+ on
To investigate the role of ZnO/Fe2O3 and
formation of glass
network and elastic properties by measuring infrared absorption and
ultrasonic velocity.
To investigate role of ZnO/ Fe2O3 on electrical conductivity
mechanism of 80TeO2 – (20-x) Fe2O3– (x)ZnO by measuring electrical
resistivity in different O2 partial pressure and with varied ZnO/Fe2O3
composition .
Title: A Comparative Study of Intrinsic and Extrinsic
Magnetoresistance in LaLa-AgAg-MnO3 Compounds by
Elemental Substitutions and Grain Boundary
Modifications
To characterize Sm3+ and Dy3+ substituted (La0.85-xMx)Ag0.15MnO3
and Cr3+/V3+ substituted (La0.85)Ag0.15Mn1-xMxO3 by measuring
resistivity under low applied magnetic field in the range of 0 to 1 T
and by measuring magnetization in a magnetic field of 1.4T.
Title: Influence of Superconducting Fluctuation
Behavior on Oxygen Ordering and Van Hove
Electron – Phonon Binding Energy in High
Temperature Superconductors
Title: A Comparative Study of Intrinsic and Extrinsic
Magnetoresistance in LaLa-Ag
Ag--MnO3 Compounds by
Elemental Substitutions and Grain Boundary
Modifications
To investigate role of Sm3+ and Dy3+ magnetic ions substitution at
La site of (La0.85-xMx)Ag0.15MnO3 and Cr3+/V3+ at Mn site of
(La0.85)Ag0.15Mn1-xMxO3 in intrinsic and estrinsic magnetoreristance
mechanism by measuring magnetic susceptibility and resistivity
under low applied magnetic field.
To investigate role of Cr3+/V3+ magnetic ions substitution at Mn
site of (La0.85)Ag0.15Mn1-xMxO3 in intrinsic and extrinsic
magnetoreristance mechanism by measuring magnetic susceptibility
and resistivity under low applied magnetic field.
My Introduction
Writing Fundamental Research Objectives
Identifying Fundamental Research Problems
Problem Statement versus Objectives
Problem Statement versus Novelty
Stating Significance of your Study
Literature Review & Theoretical Framework
My FRGS Titles
My Conclusions
To synthesize substituted TlSr1212 compounds with starting
stoichiometry of TlSr2CaCu2O7-δ with substitution of Sn4+ at Tlsite, and Zr4+/Sn4+ /Ce4+ at Sr-site by solid state synthesis method.
To investigate the effects of the substitutions on elastic properties,
oxygen ordering and electron-phonon coupling by measuring
ultrasonic velocity and attenuation.
To evaluate the effects of the substitutions on superconducting
fluctuation behavior and coherence length by measuring resistivity
and analyzing resistivity using Aslamazov-Larkin (AL) theory.
next
Any
issue?
“A problem might be defined as the issue that
exists in the literature, theory, or practice that
leads to a need for the study”
(Creswell, 1994, p. 50)
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12/27/2011
It is important in a proposal that the problem stand
out—that the reader can easily recognize it.
(Pajares, F. (2007). Elements of a proposal)
If no problem statement......work is not a scientific
research....it is only data collection
Data not
presently
available..
Make it
stand out
but why
collect
data ??
WHY?
why?
WHY??
Problem statements are not general but
funnelled literature review
to show...
eg. Incomplete/insufficient/conflicting findings
-
-
issues
Effective problem statements answer the question “Why
does this research need to be conducted.”
If a researcher is unable to answer this question clearly
then the statement of the problem will come off as
ambiguous and diffuse.
(Pajares, F. (2007). Elements of a proposal)
Title: Effect of Ge Substitution at Tl And Sr Sites on
Superconductivity and Excess Conductivity of Tl1212 Ceramics
Is the problem
statement
fundamental enough?
Study of elemental substitution, Ge ion at two different sites
which are Tl- and Sr-sites provides useful information as the
effectiveness of these sites on stabilizing the phase and
enhancing the transition temperature can be known.
By knowing the dimensionality and amplitude of conduction
fluctuation characteristic, the effectiveness of both sites (Tl and
Sr sites) can be investigated and the role of these sites will
become clearer. This study also will contribute to
understanding of the mechanism of HTSC.
but why??
..what is
the issue?
4
12/27/2011
Title: A Comparative Study of Intrinsic and Extrinsic
Magnetoresistance inLainLa-Ag
Ag--MnO3 Compounds by Elemental
Substitutions and Grain Boundary Modifications
This
study can lead to the discovery of new material with
optimum magnetoresistance effect as well as can give a new
basic in understanding the mechanism of CMR effects .
Present an optimum method to synthesis a sample since
preparation method play an important role to produce sample
with good in quality.
The understanding of MR effect on this manganites materials
may offers tremendous opportunities for the development of
new technologies such as read/write heads for high –capacity
magnetic storage and spintronics.
Nawazish et al. (2008), reported that substitution Ge4+ ion in
(Cu0.5Tl0.5)Ba2Can-1Cun-yGeyO2n+4-δ had enhanced the Tc of the
superconducting compound to above 77 K. This is suggested to be due to due
to the successful development of mixed planes of GeO2/CuO2.
The role of Ge4+ and GeO2/CuO2 mixed planes in TlSr1212 is not known.
TlSr1212 which is sensitive to changes to hole concentration is expected to
rapidly result in an under doped system.
issues
but why??
..what is
the issue?
So far, to our knowledge there is no study on the substitution of Ge4+ at Tlsite and Sr-site of TlSr1212 system.
OBJECTIVE
noveltycopper
To study and evaluate the role of Tl-site and Sr-site and average
valency in superconducting behavior of Tl1212 compound.
CONT..
Huda et al. (2008), had studied the Yb substitution on excess conductivity of
(Tl,Pb)(Sr,Yb)2CaCu2O7 that showed characteristic crossover from 2D to 3D
behavior. According to Khurram et al. (2008), the presence of this 3D behavior,
may bring the critical temperature to a higher values.
Different atomic sites in TlSr1212 plays different roles in superconductivity and
elemental substitution may have different effect on the superconducting
fluctuation behavior and the 2D to 3D transition. However not much is
understood about this.
issue
novelty
However, report on excess conductivity of higher valency of substitution
element at Tl-sites and Sr-sites is still limited. Therefore, it is interesting to study
and to compare, the effect of Ge substitution at each Tl and Sr sites individually,
on excess conductivity of TlSr1212 superconductor.
My Introduction
Writing Fundamental Research Objectives
Identifying Fundamental Research Problems
Problem Statement versus Objectives
next
Problem Statement versus Novelty
Stating Significance of your Study
Literature Review & Theoretical Framework
My FRGS Titles
My Conclusions
OBJECTIVE
Title: Studies on Glass Network Modification Effects on Elastic,
Optical and Conduction Properties of Tellurite Glass Systems.
1. ►Addition of alkali or silver in vanadotellurite glass systems showed electronic to
ionic conductivity [21-22,26-30]. The addition of Na2O in xNa2O-(1-x)V2O5-TeO2
glass system caused conductivity dropped and then the conductivity increased
when x >0.6 mol% [21].
► At electronic region (x<0.4), the addition of Na2O modified the glass network by
substituted the V2O5 and then blocking the electronic paths.
► At ionic region (x>0.6), addition of Na2O increase concentration of NBO that
causes the existence of interstitial space.
► Intermediate region, 0.4≤x≤0.6, drastic change in conductivity
linked
► However;
- The existence of NBO has not been substantiated.
- The extent of BO-NBO changes not exactly known.
- How the structural environment accommodates electronic and
ionic conductivity.
- Capability to create interstitial place of ionic path is crucial.
Objective 1. To investigate the influence of glass network modification due to
Na2O on elastic properties at electronic-to-ionic transition region in
xNa2O-(1-x)V2O5-TeO2 glass system by sound velocity and infrared
absorption measurement.
2.► The increase of x value in (100-2x)TeO2-xAg2 O-xWO3 glass system caused the
optical energy gap and Urbach energy of this glass system decreased [39].
► The decrease of the optical energy gap and Urbach energy was suggested due
to the increase of the NBO in this glass system.
► However ; - The influence of WO3 addition on glass network and hence on both optical
energy gap and Urbach energy inTeO2-Ag2O-WO3 is still unclear since both
Ag2O and WO3 were added concurrently.
- Not known whether WO3 or alkali oxide,A2O is dominant and which
component causes the changes to the optical energy gap and
Urbach energy.
- In addition, similar study on the xWO3-(40-x)Na2O-60TeO2 glass
system has also not been reported.
linked
- The results on this system can be compared to that of the
xWO3-(40-x)Ag2O-60TeO2 glass system to elucidate the role of Ag2O
and Na2O.
Objective 2. To investigate the influence of glass network modification by WO3
addition in xWO3-(40-x)A2O-60TeO2 glass system (A=Ag, Na) on
both optical band gap and Urbach energies.
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12/27/2011
My Introduction
Writing Fundamental Research Objectives
Identifying Fundamental Research Problems
Problem Statement versus Objectives
Problem Statement versus Novelty
next
Stating Significance of your Study
Literature Review & Theoretical Framework
My FRGS Titles
My Conclusions
“This research has not been done by
anyone elsewhere”
(a common novelty claim)
So
what?
“No Malaysian has married an Eskimo”
.....if no one
has done it,
why do it?
Title: Effect of Ge Substitution at Tl And Sr Sites on
Superconductivity and Excess Conductivity of Tl1212 Ceramics
Study of elemental substitution, Ge ion at two different site
which are Tl- and Sr-sites provide the useful information as the
effectiveness of these both sites on stabilizing the phase and
enhancing the transition temperature can be discuss.
By knowing the dimensionality and amplitude of conduction
fluctuation characteristic, the effectiveness of both sites (Tl and
Sr sites) can be investigate and the role of these both sites will
become clearer. This study also will contribute to
understanding of the mechanism of HTSC.
But
why?
My Introduction
Writing Fundamental Research Objectives
Identifying Fundamental Research Problems
Problem Statement versus Objectives
Problem Statement versus Novelty
next
Stating Significance of your Study
Literature Review & Theoretical Framework
My FRGS Topics
My Conclusions
Title: Effect of ZnBO and (Ba0.6Sr0.4) TiO3 Doping on Dielectric
Properties of CaCu3Ti4O12 Prepared by Mechanochemical
Synthesis.
The addition of ZnBO-CCTO and (Ba0.6Sr0.4)
TiO3-CCTO can reduce the dielectric loss of
CCTO
Besides that, with the both addition, it also can
provide some additional information and
knowledge about IBLC model and mechanism of
CCTO
by
using
a
new
technique,
mechanochemical synthesis.
6
12/27/2011
Title: Effects of Network Modifications on Elastic Properties of
Teo2-Nb2O5-ZnO and TeO2-Bi2O3-ZnO Tellurite Glass Systems
Tellurite glasses with heavy metal oxides were found to show
remarkable physical and optical properties [G. Senthil Murugan
et al. (2004)].
Ultrasonic velocity measurement can give information about the
changes in glass network and it effect on elasticity [M. A.
Sidkey et al. (1997)].
Understanding elastic behavior of glasses is critical for the
design of materials suitable for specific applications [C.
Narayana Reddy et al. (2008)].
“The review of the literature provides the
background and context for the research problem.
It should establish the need for the research and
indicate that the writer is knowledgeable about
the area” (Wiersma, 1995, p. 406).
The literature review accomplishes several important
things:
It shares with the reader the results of other studies that are closely
related to the study being reported (Fraenkel & Wallen, 1990).
It relates a study to the larger, ongoing dialogue in the literature
about a topic, filling in gaps and extending prior studies (Marshall &
Rossman, 1989).
It provides a framework for establishing the importance of the study,
as well as a benchmark for comparing the results of a study with
other findings.
Frame it!
It “frames” the problem earlier identified.
-
Convince
them that
you know
-
Thorough background survey
- and frame the....
problem
statement
My Introduction
Writing Fundamental Research Objectives
Identifying Fundamental Research Problems
Problem Statement versus Objectives
next
Problem Statement versus Novelty
Stating Significance of your Study
Literature Review & Theoretical Framework
My FRGS Titles
My Conclusions
Ultimately, findings will be discussed in terms of
how they relate to the theory/line of inquiry that
undergirds the study.
-
(Pajares, F. (2007). Elements of a proposal)
7
12/27/2011
Title: Effect of Ge Substitution at Tl And Sr Sites on
Superconductivity and Excess Conductivity of Tl1212
Ceramics
TlSr1212 Superconductor
-
-
-
TlSr2CaCu2O7 superconductor structure is analogous to YBCO.
In HTSC the charge carrier (holes) concentration in CuO2
layer plays a major role in superconductivity.
TlSr2CaCu2O7 has Tc=80 K (Martin et al.,1989) but is difficult
to synthesized due to high average Cu valence which is 2.5+
and overdoping of hole carriers [Subramanian et al. (1988);
Liu et al. (1989)].
Studies show that the optimum average Cu valence of Tl1212
is between 2.20+ to 2.30+ [Hamid et al. (2004); Shukor et al.
(2000)].
For overdoping compound, the concentration of holes carrier
should be reduced.
One method is by Substituting the higher valence element to
the chosen site example Tl- or Sr-site (Sheng et al., 1989).
Excess conductivity
- The Asmalazov Larkin equation is define as
below:
∆σ = Aε −λ
Eqn. 1
where ∆σ= 1/ρ(measured)- 1/ρ(background), σo is the
conductivity at 300 K, ε = ln(T/Tcp) = (T-Tcp)/Tcp is the
reduced temperature. A is the AL temperatureindependent constant, λ is the critical exponent.
- Critical exponent, λ is related with the conduction
dimensionality, D where
λ= 1.0
for 2D
λ = 2−
D
2
λ= 0.5
From equation 1, ln both sides….
ln(∆σ/σo)= ln A – λln ε
for 3D
Eqn. 2
Eqn. 3
:
THEORY: CONT
Double-exchange (DE) mechanism
Mobile electron
Localized electron
Mn3+
The
ion has four electrons
in its outermost 3d energy level.
Hund’s rule : the four electrons
in a manganese ions point in the
same direction to minimize the
electronic repulsions.
An additional consideration in explaining this behavior is
the localization of itinerant eg electrons by Jahn-Teller
distortions which is arising form the deformation of the
Mn3+O6 octahedral.
Electronic interactions between
four electrons and neighboring
oxygen ions cause this single spin
state to split into two energy
sublevels.
Interactions between the charge
carriers and vibrations of the
lattice ( phonons) also play an
important role in changing the
resistance as the temperature
falls towards the Curie
temperature.
Polaron
Polaron--electrons whose
interaction with the lattice creates
a deformation (energy well) that
traps the electron, as a pocket on
a pool table traps a billiard ball.
This single electron is unstable ,
the system reduce its energy by
splitting the doublet state into
another hyperfine energy levels.;
Jahn-Teller effect
THEORY OF MANGANITES
Two types CMR effect
Magnetic coupling :
The movement of the charge depends strongly
on the Mn-O-Mn bond angle and the electrons
spin.
Hunds’s rule : the spin of mobile electrons in the
highest energy band should parallel to the
atomic magnetic moments due to the localized
electrons
Charge carriers can move easily when the
magnetic moments of neighboring ions point in
the same direction. When spins are parallel –as
in the ferromagnetic state- the bandwidth is at a
maximum and the material has lower resistivity
and shows metallic behaviour
Intrinsic CMR
intragrain transport of conduction
electron
Double exchange mechanism
Can be improved a lot by tuning the
composition of the parent compounds,
e.g., doping ions into R ( La-site) or
Mn-site of R1-xAxMnO3 with different
ionic sizes and appropriate level of
dopant concentration
Extrinsic CMR
intergrain transport between ferromagnetic
particles :
Spin-polarized tunneling
can be modified by grain boundary modifications
This specific properties of grain boundary is
believed may leads to a large low-field
magnetoresistance (LFMR) effect over a wide
temperature range below the Curie temperature Tc.
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12/27/2011
TRANSPORT PROPERTY :
A) Metallic Region
B) Insulator Region
Rietveld refinement
Anharmonicity models
Mean field analysis
Electron Scattering models
Polaron hopping models
Ring compression models
Ring deformation models
A-L theory
Central force models
Statistical Models...and more
Mott Variable hoping models
Electron-electron scattering
Electron magnon scattering
Analysis
must relate
to basics and
theoretical
models
Small polaron hoping models
My Introduction
Writing Fundamental Research Objectives
Identifying Fundamental Research Problems
Problem Statement versus Objectives
Problem Statement versus Novelty
Stating Significance of your Study
Literature Review & Theoretical Framework
My FRGS Titles
next
My Conclusions
4. Zakiah Mohamad (Head), Ahmad Kamal Yahya, Azilah Ibrahim,
Influence of hole concentration and Jahn Teller mediated metal-insulator
transition in Bi substituted LaAgMnO magnetoresistance ceramics.
Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS), Ministry of Higher
Education, Malaysia, 15 August 2009 to 14 August 2011, RM 49,000.00
5. Mohd Fauzi Maulud (Head), Ahmad Kamal Yahya, Faizah Md Salleh,
Influence of different atomic sites on dimensionality of superconducting
fluctuation behavior and coherence length in Ge-substituted TlSr1212
ceramics Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS), Ministry of
Higher Education, Malaysia,15 August 2009 to 14 August 2011, RM
47,000.00
1. Rosdiyana Hasham, Ahmad Kamal Yahya, Zetty Sharizat, Influence of
superconducting fluctuation transition and oxygen ordering on electronphonon binding energy in RE123 superconductors, Fundamental
Research Grant Scheme (FRGS), Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia,
1 March 2010 to 29 Februari 2012, RM 56,000.00
2. Norazila Ibrahim, Ahmad Kamal Yahya, Zakiah Mohamed, Effect of
Multiferroic BiFeO3 Addition On Spin-Polarized Tunnelling Mechanism
of Extrinsic Magnetoresistivity in La-Ag-MnO3 Compounds,
Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS), Ministry of Higher
Education, Malaysia, 1 March 2010 to 29 Februari 2012, RM 42,400.00
3. Mohd Isa Mohd Yusoff, Ahmad Kamal Yahya, Mohd Salleh bin Mohd
Deni, Investigation into the mechanism of giant dielectric constant in
CaCu3Ti4O12 (CCTO) ceramics by Cr/Zn substitutions and Mg2TiO4
addition. Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS), Ministry of
Higher Education, Malaysia, RM 37,496.00
7. Mohd Salleh Mohd Deni, Ahmad Kamal Yahya, Mahesh Kumar
Talari, Azlan Zakaria & Abdul Baset Mohamed el Nabewi, FRGS
Grant Title: Grain boundary insulating layer mechanism in
CaCu3Ti4O12 dielectric ceramics with Borate and Silicate glasses
addition, June 2011 RM88,000.00
8. Nurul Nazuha Ariffin, Ahmad Kamal Yahya; Influence of Bi 6s2
lone pair electron on double-exchange mechanism in electrondoped La1-y-xBixCeyMnO3 manganites. January 2011, RM
60,000.00
6. Ahmad Kamal Yahya (Head) and Misbah Hassan, Effect of Rare Earth
(RE) Ionic Size on Electrics and Oxygen Sensing Properties of
REBa2Cu3O7 Ceramics, Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS),
Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia, 01 January 2007 to 31 December
2008, Grant of RM 40,000.00
9
12/27/2011
My Introduction
Writing Fundamental Research Objectives
Identifying Fundamental Research Problems
Problem Statement versus Objectives
Problem Statement versus Novelty
Stating Significance of your Study
Literature Review & Theoretical Framework
My FRGS Titles
My Conclusions
next
Critical requirements of a good research:
Clear research problem/motivation
Clear objectives
Undoubted novelty of the work
Relevant literature review
Clear Theoretical framework
...hope for good results
...use proper analysis
...plan for high technical merit
...use strong scientific discussion
...give well grounded conclusions
RUMUSAN PERMOHONAN TIDAK
MENEPATI KRITERIA
Penyelidikan yang melibatkan pemantauan atau ” tinjauan ” tidak
akan dipertimbangkan;
Permohonan di peringkat pembangunan produk ”product
development stage” dan pembelian peralatan penyelidikan yang
melibatkan kos yang tinggi juga tidak akan dipertimbangkan;
Borang permohonan yang tidak diisi dengan betul / tepat di mana
terdapat kekeliruan dari segi objektif, metodologi dan output;
Borang permohonan tidak disahkan atau tidak diperakukan oleh
IPTA atau mereka yang mempunyai kuasa untuk menyaringnya;
"I serve knowledge for the sake of knowledge and
not for money." - Abu Rayhan Al-Biruni
(when the ruler of his time sent him three camel-loads of silver
coins in appreciation of his encyclopedic work Al-Qanoon alMasoodi )
The FRGS Challenge
“A research worth doing
in a direction worth exploring
should produce a
finding worth publishing ”
Your
challenge
THE END
Everyone’s
challenge
10