Appendix F Derivation of Site Specific Particulate Emission Factors

Transcription

Appendix F
Derivation of Site Specific Particulate Emission
Factors
Attachment A - DERIVATION OF SITE-SPECIFIC PARTICULATE EMISSION
FACTORS FOR SWANN PARK, BALTIMORE, MARYLAND
Development Approach
The approach for developing the Site-specific estimates of potential dust emissions was
based on the procedures in USEPA’s Rapid Assessment of Exposure to Particulate Emissions
from Surface Contamination (Cowherd, et. al., 1985). This Site-specific evaluation involved the
following steps:
•
Collection of surface soil samples at each of the eight fields. Approximately 30 soil
samples per field were collected and blended into one unique multi-incremental sample
per field. Multi-incremental samples were analyzed to estimate the particle size
distribution in surface soils (an input to calculation of wind-blown dust emissions).
•
Visual observations of the soil surface at each sampling location – presence of vegetation
and “non-erodible” elements (pebbles, rocks, sticks). These two factors also were inputs
for calculating wind-blown dust emissions.
•
Use of particle size distribution and visual observations to estimate the parameters for
calculating Site-specific wind-blown dust emissions
•
Calculation of Site-specific wind-blown dust emission rates using an emission factor
equation presented in Cowherd et al, 1985.
•
Calculation of a Site-specific particulate emission factor (PEF) for each field using the
emission rate and an air dispersion modeling factor; this approach is based on USEPA’s
Soil Screening Guidance (USEPA, 1996).
Data Collection
Overhead photographs were made of each sampling location at each field (i.e.,
approximately 30 photographs per field since the multi-incremental sample from each field
was comprised of 30 individual locations). As described below, these overhead
photographs were compared with photographs presented in Appendix A in the Cowherd et
al., 1985 guidance document to quantify the fraction of non-erodible elements in the surface
soil. Angled photographs were also taken of the area around each sample location for
estimating the fraction of vegetative cover present.
Grain size analysis using both sieve and hydrometer testing (ASTM Method D422) was
performed on each soil sample. These grain size data were used to estimate the mode
particle size at each location sampled, as described in the Cowherd et al., 1985 guidance
document.
Calculations
A summary of the calculated PEFs is presented in Table 1, and a summary of the
parameters used to calculate the PEFs is presented in Table 2.
ATT A1.DOC
1
TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM
Parameters used to calculate Site-specific PEFs using the “unlimited reservoir” emissions
model were identified using the soil grain size data and observations from each field. A
description of the model equations and parameters is presented in Attachment A-1. The
parameters estimated using the Site data were:
Aggregate size distribution mode (ASDM) in soil. The ASDM is used to calculate the
threshold friction velocity in soil.1 This is determined by a grain size analysis. The mode of
particle sizes in soil lies between the opening size with the largest catch of particles and the
opening size of the next largest sieve. The grain size data for each soil sample are
summarized in Attachment A-2.
Silhouette of non-erodible elements in soil (Lc). This parameter is used to correct the
calculated threshold friction velocity for the presence of large particles (> 1 cm in diameter)
in soil. Lc in each surface soil sample was estimated by comparing overhead photographs
taken during the site sampling event to the standard photographs provided in Appendix A
of Cowherd et al., 1985, and assigning the corresponding Lc value to the sample. For heavily
vegetated areas, a conservative Lc value of 0.1 (the maximum value used in Cowherd et al.
Section A) was used. After evaluating all data points for the Lc, the median Lc value was
calculated for each field to correspond with the field’s ASDM value. The calculation of Lc
values for all samples using the Site photographs is shown in Attachment A-3.
Fraction of vegetation (Fv). This parameter reflects the effects of vegetation in suppressing
dust emissions. Fv was estimated from photographs of each sample location. After
evaluating all data points for the Fv, the median Fv value was calculated for each field to
correspond with the field’s ASDM and Lc value. The calculation of Fv values for each
sample from the Site photographs is shown in Attachment A-3.
Estimation of Site-Specific Particulate Emission Factors (PEFs)
The average Site-specific particulate emission factors (PEFs) for Swann Park are presented in
Table 1. These PEF values represent the potential for dust emissions from each field at the
Park. Sample calculations for a single sample location (SP-FIELD1) are shown in
Attachment A-4.
Estimation Uncertainties
Key uncertainties in the process of estimating dust emissions were: 1) dust emissions might
be overstated by conservatively assuming that very few non-erodible elements were present
in the soil, and 2) dust emissions might be understated, particularly in isolated sub-areas of
the fields that lacked complete vegetative cover.
A multi-incremental sample derived from a large collection set (30 locations per field) was
used to calculate arsenic concentrations in soil, and the particle size distribution used to
estimate the threshold friction windspeed for that field. This approach provided a
representative estimate of the average concentration in and dust emissions potential. To be
consistent with these field-wide parameters, the other parameters in the emissions factor
equation were estimated to represent field-wide conditions. These parameters are discussed
below briefly:
1 The threshold friction velocity is the wind velocity at which erosion and suspension of dust from soil begins to occur.
2
ATT A1.DOC
ATTACHMENT A - DERIVATION OF SITE-SPECIFIC PARTICULATE EMISSION FACTORS FOR SWANN PARK, BALTIMORE, MARYLAND
Fraction of non-erodible elements in soil (Lc): it was possible to observe the presence of nonerodible elements in soil only in limited areas of each field, due to the presence of vegetative
cover. The limitation in estimating this parameter in the dust emissions model was
addressed by assuming a highly conservative value (Lc = 0.1) for each of the fields. This
assumption tends to overstate dust emissions from soil.
Fraction of vegetative cover (Fv): this parameter could be observed directly at each sample
location. As described previously, it was estimated to represent field-wide conditions. The
median of Fv values at each sample location was used in the emissions factor equation. In
many cases, the median produced a value of 1(treated as “close to 1” for purposes of
emissions calculations”, which would greatly suppress dust emissions. While
representative of field-wide conditions, this assumption potentially understates emissions
from isolated portions of the fields with no vegetative cover. This assumption tends to
understate dust emissions.
Dispersion factor (Q/C): the Q/C value reflects the surface area for dust emissions, and
was estimated to be the size of each field. This included portions of each field that were
vegetated, and would have little or no emissions. As is discussed below, the possible
understatement in dust emissions in the isolated portions of the fields with no vegetative
cover was evaluated by assuming a smaller Fv value (assuming a portion of the field being
unvegetated). However, the Q/C value that represented the entire field was used in
calculating the resulting PEF. The combination of these two parameters tends to overstate
dust emissions.
Four of the evaluated fields (Fields 1 through Field 4) had median Fv values of 1.0. As
illustrated in the figures, each of the four fields has isolated sub-areas that lack vegetative
cover. In order to account for the possibility of increased dust exposures from the nonvegetated sub-areas within Fields 1 through 4, the PEF was re-evaluated using a
conservative Fv value of 0.5 to assume that non-vegetated sections accounted for 50% of the
surface area conditions. The resulting theoretical values are 1.6E+07 m3/kg (Field 1),
1.57E+07 m3/kg (Field 2), 1.53E+07 m3/kg (Field 3), and 4.24E+07 m3/kg (Field 4). Using the
estimated concentrations in soil within each field, these PEFs correspond to theoretical
arsenic concentrations in air ranging from 2.6 to 21 ng/m3. Arsenic is normally present in
urban air, at concentrations ranging from 20 to 30 ng/m3 (ATSDR, 2005). As described
previously, these theoretical arsenic concentrations are probably overstated, when assuming
half of these fields are un-vegetated. Therefore, the results of this air pathway evaluation
suggest that potential dust emissions from the fields would, under highly conservative
assumptions, produce concentrations of arsenic in air that would be indistinguishable from
background levels.
Conclusions and Recommendations
A Site-specific evaluation of the potential air exposure pathway at Swann Park indicates a
potential for suspension of wind-blown dust indistinguishable from background levels in
air, and correspondingly a negligible potential for an incremental increase in potential
exposure from chemical concentrations in surface soil.
ATT A1.DOC
3
References
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 2005. Toxicological Profile for
Arsenic. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp2.html.
Cowherd, C.C. et al. 1985. Rapid Assessment of Exposure to Particulate Emissions from Surface
Contamination. EPA/600/8-85/002. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of
Health and Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1996. Technical Background Document for Soil
Screening Guidance. Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, EPA/540-R95/128.
Washington, D.C.
4
ATT A1.DOC
Attachment A-1 – Particulate Emission Factor (PEF) Equations
Unlimited Reservoir Emission Factor Equation
The unlimited reservoir emission factor equation presented in Cowherd et al., 1985
computes the annual average emission rate of particulate matter of 10 microns in size or
smaller (PM10). Particulate emissions are related to the threshold friction velocity, or the
wind velocity at ground surface at which particles are suspended into the air. The emission
factor model for an unlimited reservoir is presented as follows:
3
U
0.036 (1 − Fv ) ⎛⎜ m ⎞⎟ F ( x )
⎝ Ut ⎠
Q=
3,600 s / hr
Q = Emission rate of PM10 (g/m2-s)
Fv = Fraction of surface area covered with vegetation (0 – bare surface; 1 – completely
vegetated)
Um = Mean annual windspeed (m/s)
Ut = Threshold friction velocity at anemometer height of 7 m (m/s). The methods used to
calculate the threshold friction velocity are described below.
F(x) = Wind speed distribution function (unitless – see below for description)
Particulate Emission Factor (PEF)
The Particulate Emission Factor (PEF) relates the concentration of a chemical constituent in
soil to the concentration in dust particles in air (USEPA, 1996). The PEF represents the
annual average dust emission rate based on wind erosion. The PEF consists of two
components, the unlimited reservoir emission factor equation (shown previously) and an air
dispersion factor. The PEF is shown below:
PEF = Q
C
×
3,600 s / hr
3
U
0.036 × (1 − Fv ) × ⎛⎜ m ⎞⎟ × F ( x)
⎝ Ut ⎠
Where,
PEF = particulate emission factor (m3/kg)
Q/C = inverse of the mean concentration in air at center of a square source – Q/C is related
to the size of the investigated area (g/m2-s per kg/m3).
ATT A1.DOC
5
Calculation of Model Parameters
Threshold Friction Velocity
The threshold friction velocity is the wind velocity at which erosion from the soil surface
begins. It is proportional to the Aggregate Size Distribution Mode (ASDM) in soil. There
are three steps in calculating the threshold friction velocity:
Calculation of threshold friction velocity from ASDM. The threshold friction velocity is
related to the Aggregate Size Distribution Mode (ASDM) of the particles on the surface. The
ASDM is determined from a particle size analysis (sieving) of the surface soil. The threshold
friction windspeed at the ground surface, u* is related to the ADSM as follows:
u * = 65.5315 ADSM 0.417673
Where:
u* = threshold friction velocity at ground level (cm/s)
ASDM = aggregate size distribution mode in soil (mm)
This relationship is calculated from the curve presented in Figure 3-4, of Cowherd et al.
(1985). The source of the calculation is presented in RAC, 2006.
Correction of threshold friction velocity for non-erodible elements in soil. If the soil
contains non-erodible elements which are too large to include in the sieving (stones larger
than 1 cm in diameter), the effect of these elements must be taken into account by correcting
the threshold friction velocity. Presented in Cowherd et al., 1985 is a graph of the corrected
to uncorrected threshold friction velocity versus Lc, where Lc is the ratio of the silhouette
area of the non-erodible elements to the total area of bare loose soil. A reproduction of that
graph is shown below in Figure A-1.
FIGURE A-1.
Threshold Friction Velocity (u*) at Ground Level as a Function of Lc
Adapted from Cowherd, et al., 1985.
6
ATT A1.DOC
During the field investigation conducted in May 2007, the sample locations were
photographed, and the non-erodible elements were compared with reference photographs
presented in Appendix A of Cowherd et al., 1985. Examples of these calculations are
presented in Attachment A-4.
Calculation of equivalent windspeed at anemometer height. The windspeed at
anemometer height equivalent to the threshold friction velocity, is calculated from the
threshold friction velocity (u*) at ground surface, assuming that wind speed increases
logarithmically with height near the surface. This calculation is:
⎛u *⎞ ⎛ z ⎞
⎟ ln ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
ut = ⎜
⎝ 0.4 ⎠ ⎝ z o ⎠
where,
ut = Windspeed at anemometer height equivalent to the threshold friction velocity (m/s)
u* = Threshold friction velocity at ground surface (m/s)
z = Anemometer height above surface, 700 (cm)
zo = Roughness height (cm)
The roughness height2 is estimated from Figure 3-6 of Cowherd et al. (1985). The roughness
height for the site is assumed to be 200 cm, which is consistent with the setting.
Fraction of Surface Area Covered with Vegetation
This parameter reflects the effects of vegetation in suppressing dust emissions. Fv was
estimated from photographs of each sample location.
Mean Annual Windspeed - Um
The mean annual wind speed is 5.4 m/s, from the Wind Energy Resource Atlas of the
United States, (http://rredc.nrel.gov/wind/pubs/atlas/appendix_C.html)
Windspeed Distribution Function – F(x)
This simulates the probability distribution of windspeeds that are higher than the threshold
friction velocity. The detailed derivation of this function is presented in Appendix B of
Cowherd et al., 1985. The value for ‘x’ is calculated as follows:
⎛u
x = 0.886 ⎜⎜ t
⎝ um
⎞
⎟⎟
⎠
The value for F(x) is derived from the curve depicted in Figure 4-3 of Cowherd et al., 1985
(reproduced below as Figure A-2). For values of x > 2, the value for F(x) is calculated as
follows:
F(x) = 0.18 (8 x3 + 12 x) exp− ( x 2 )
For values of x < 2, an analytical expression for the curve has been developed in RAC, 2006:
2 Roughness height describes the height above the ground where turbulent air movement occurs.
ATT A1.DOC
7
F ( x) = 1.91207 − 0.0278085 x + 0.48113 x 2 − 1.09871 x 3 + 0.335341 x 4
FIGURE A-2
Graph of Function F(x) Needed to Estimate Unlimited Erosion
Source: Cowherd et al., 1985, Figure 4-3.
References
Cowherd, C.C. et al. 1985. Rapid Assessment of Exposure to Particulate Emissions from Surface
Contamination. EPA/600/8-85/002. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of
Health and Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC.
Risk Assessment Corporation (RAC). 2006. Risk Assessment, Communication, Evaluation and
Reduction at Los Alamos National Laboratory: Risk Calculation Tool Methodology.
September 2006.
http://www.racteam.com/LANLRisk/Reports/Draft%20Risk%20Tool%20Methodology%2
011-08-06.pdf. Appendix E: Resuspension Model.
8
ATT A1.DOC
http://www.racteam.com/LANLRisk/Reports/Risk%20Tool%20AppE%20Resuspension%
2011-08-06.pdf.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1996. Technical Background Document for Soil
Screening Guidance. Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, EPA/540-R95/128.
Washington, D.C.
ATT A1.DOC
9
TABLE A-1
Summary Table - Site-Specific Particulate Emission Factors
Swann Park
Baltimore, Maryland
Sample ID
PEF (m3/kg)
SP-FIELD1
SP-FIELD2
SP-FIELD3
SP-FIELD4
SP-FIELD5
SP-FIELD6
SP-FIELD7
SP-FIELD8
8.02E+09
7.83E+09
7.67E+09
2.12E+10
7.92E+09
7.92E+09
8.07E+07
4.94E+08
Site Average =
7.64E+09
TABLE A-2
Site-Specific Parameters for Unlimited Reservoir Emissions Model
Swann Park
Baltimore, Maryland
Sample ID
Aggregate Size
Distribution Mode
(ASDM) (mm)
SP-FIELD1
SP-FIELD2
SP-FIELD3
SP-FIELD4
SP-FIELD5
SP-FIELD6
SP-FIELD7
SP-FIELD8
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.3
0.15
0.15
0.005
0.02
Inverse of mean
Ratio of Silhouette
Fraction of Total concentration at
Area of Noncenter of square
Soil Area
erodible Elements
source
(Q/C) (g/m2Covered with
to Total Soil
s
per
kg/m3)
Vegetation (Fv)
Surface (Lc)
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
70.13
68.48
67.07
53.55
69.27
69.27
62.82
67.41
75
4.75
37.5
3.35
2.36
19
1.18
0.6
0.3
0.15
0.075
0.064
0.05
0.02
0.005
0.002
0.001
100
100
100
100
99.9
100
97.1
92.6
78.3
59.1
46.1
42
37
23
11.5
7
5
Sieve size Percent
in mm
finer
SP-FIELD1
Page 3 of 24
SP-FIELD2
SP-FIELD3
Sieve
Sieve
Calculated
Calculated
Calculated
Percent
Percent
Percent
Fractional size in
Percent
Fractional size in
Percent
Fractional
finer
finer
mm
mm
remaining distribution
0
0
75
100
0
0
75
100
0
0
0
0
4.75
100
0
0
4.75
100
0
0
0
0
37.5
100
0
0
37.5
100
0
0
0
0
3.35
100
0
0
3.35
99.9
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
2.36
99.9
0.1
0.1
2.36
99.9
0.1
0
0
-0.1
19
100
0
-0.1
19
100
0
-0.1
2.9
2.9
1.18
97.8
2.2
2.2
1.18
97.4
2.6
2.6
7.4
4.5
0.6
93.6
6.4
4.2
0.6
90
10
7.4
21.7
14.3
0.3
77
23
16.6
0.3
71.4
28.6
18.6
40.9
19.2
0.15
56.2
43.8
20.8
0.15
49.5
50.5
21.9
53.9
13
0.075
43.8
56.2
12.4
0.075
37.2
62.8
12.3
58
4.1
0.064
41
59
2.8
0.064
34
66
3.2
63
5
0.05
37
63
4
0.05
29
71
5
77
14
0.02
22
78
15
0.02
18
82
11
88.5
11.5
0.005
11
89
11
0.005
11
89
7
93
4.5
0.002
7
93
4
0.002
6
94
5
95
2
0.001
3
97
4
0.001
5
95
1
Sieve size =
0.15
Sieve size =
0.15
Sieve size =
0.15
Soil Aggregate Particle Size Mode Evaluation
Swann Park
Baltimore, Maryland
ATTACHMENT A-2
75
4.75
37.5
3.35
2.36
19
1.18
0.6
0.3
0.15
0.075
0.064
0.05
0.02
0.005
0.002
0.001
100
99.9
100
99.9
99.7
100
98.5
90.5
73.1
57.1
48.1
42
27.5
9.5
6
2
0.5
Sieve size Percent
in mm
finer
SP-FIELD4
Page 4 of 24
SP-FIELD5
SP-FIELD6
Sieve
Sieve
Calculated
Calculated
Calculated
Percent
Percent
Percent
Fractional size in
Percent
Fractional size in
Percent
Fractional
finer
finer
mm
mm
0
0
75
100
0
0
75
100
0
0
0.1
0.1
4.75
100
0
0
4.75
99.9
0.1
0.1
0
-0.1
37.5
100
0
0
37.5
100
0
-0.1
0.1
0.1
3.35
99.9
0.1
0.1
3.35
99.9
0.1
0.1
0.3
0.2
2.36
99.7
0.3
0.2
2.36
99.7
0.3
0.2
0
-0.3
19
100
0
-0.3
19
100
0
-0.3
1.5
1.5
1.18
98.9
1.1
1.1
1.18
98
2
2
9.5
8
0.6
94.8
5.2
4.1
0.6
93.2
6.8
4.8
26.9
17.4
0.3
82.3
17.7
12.5
0.3
76
24
17.2
42.9
16
0.15
64.9
35.1
17.4
0.15
54.2
45.8
21.8
51.9
9
0.075
53.5
46.5
11.4
0.075
42.9
57.1
11.3
58
6.1
0.064
51
49
2.5
0.064
41
59
1.9
72.5
14.5
0.05
45
55
6
0.05
37.5
62.5
3.5
90.5
18
0.02
26
74
19
0.02
28
72
9.5
94
3.5
0.005
9.5
90.5
16.5
0.005
6.5
93.5
21.5
98
4
0.002
5
95
4.5
0.002
2
98
4.5
99.5
1.5
0.001
0.5
99.5
4.5
0.001
0.5
99.5
1.5
Sieve size =
0.3
Sieve size =
0.15
Sieve size =
0.15
Swann Park
Baltimore, Maryland
ATTACHMENT A-2
75
4.75
37.5
3.35
2.36
19
1.18
0.6
0.3
0.15
0.075
0.064
0.05
0.02
0.005
0.002
0.001
100
99.9
100
99.8
99.6
100
97.3
91
75.2
60.2
52.2
49
44
27
9.5
6
2.5
Sieve size Percent
in mm
finer
SP-FIELD7
Page 5 of 24
SP-FIELD8
Sieve
Calculated
Calculated
Percent
Percent
Fractional size in
Percent
Fractional
finer
mm
0
0
75
100
0
0
0.1
0.1
4.75
99.9
0.1
0.1
0
-0.1
37.5
100
0
-0.1
0.2
0.2
3.35
99.9
0.1
0.1
0.4
0.2
2.36
99.7
0.3
0.2
0
-0.4
19
100
0
-0.3
2.7
2.7
1.18
97.8
2.2
2.2
9
6.3
0.6
92.2
7.8
5.6
24.8
15.8
0.3
76.1
23.9
16.1
39.8
15
0.15
60.7
39.3
15.4
47.8
8
0.075
53
47
7.7
51
3.2
0.064
48
52
5
56
5
0.05
37
63
11
73
17
0.02
19.5
80.5
17.5
90.5
17.5
0.005
8.5
91.5
11
94
3.5
0.002
6
94
2.5
97.5
3.5
0.001
2.5
97.5
3.5
Sieve size =
0.005
Sieve size =
0.02
Swann Park
Baltimore, Maryland
ATTACHMENT A-2
ATTACHMENT A-3
Estimation of Model Parameters for Unlimited Reservoir Emissions Factor Model
Swann Park
Baltimore, Maryland
Photograph file name
Sample SP-FIELD1
SP-F1-P01.jpg
SP-F1-P02.jpg
SP-F1-P03.jpg
SP-F1-P04.jpg
SP-F1-P05.jpg
SP-F1-P06.jpg
SP-F1-P07.jpg
SP-F1-P08.jpg
SP-F1-P09.jpg
SP-F1-P10.jpg
SP-F1-P11.jpg
SP-F1-P12.jpg
SP-F1-P13.jpg
SP-F1-P14.jpg
SP-F1-P15.jpg
SP-F1-P16.jpg
SP-F1-P17.jpg
SP-F1-P18.jpg
SP-F1-P19.jpg
SP-F1-P20.jpg
SP-F1-P21.jpg
SP-F1-P22.jpg
SP-F1-P23.jpg
SP-F1-P24.jpg
SP-F1-P25.jpg
SP-F1-P26.jpg
SP-F1-P27.jpg
SP-F1-P28.jpg
SP-F1-P29.jpg
SP-F1-P30.jpg
Average Lc
Average Fv
Closest
Comparable
Figure from
EPA, 1985
Lc
Nonerodible
Fraction Value
Fv
Fraction
covered with
vegetation
A-6
A-2
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-2
A-6
A-6
A-5
A-1
A-6
A-5
A-6
A-1
A-5
A-6
A-5
A-1
A-6
A-6
A-1
A-5
A-4
A-1
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-6
0.1
0.01
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.01
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.001
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.001
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.001
0.1
0.1
0.001
0.1
0.1
0.001
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
1
0.05
1
1
1
1
1
0.05
1
1
0.4
0
1
0.75
1
0
0.8
1
0.8
0
1
1
0
0.2
0.6
0
0.9
1
1
1
0.1
1
Page 6 of 24
ATTACHMENT A-3
Swann Park
Baltimore, Maryland
Sample SP-FIELD2
SP-F2-P01.jpg
SP-F2-P02.jpg
SP-F2-P03.jpg
SP-F2-P04.jpg
SP-F2-P05.jpg
SP-F2-P06.jpg
SP-F2-P07.jpg
SP-F2-P08.jpg
SP-F2-P09.jpg
SP-F2-P10.jpg
SP-F2-P11.jpg
SP-F2-P12.jpg
SP-F2-P13.jpg
SP-F2-P14.jpg
SP-F2-P15.jpg
SP-F2-P16.jpg
SP-F2-P17.jpg
SP-F2-P18.jpg
SP-F2-P19.jpg
SP-F2-P20.jpg
SP-F2-P21.jpg
SP-F2-P22.jpg
SP-F2-P23.jpg
SP-F2-P24.jpg
SP-F2-P25.jpg
SP-F2-P26.jpg
SP-F2-P27.jpg
SP-F2-P28.jpg
SP-F2-P29.jpg
SP-F2-P30.jpg
Average Lc
Average Fv
Closest
Comparable
Figure from
EPA, 1985
Lc
Nonerodible
Fraction Value
Fv
Fraction
covered with
vegetation
A-6
A-6
A-1
A-6
A-6
A-5
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-5
A-2
A-6
A-6
A-5
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-6
0.1
0.1
0.001
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.01
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
1
1
0.05
1
1
0.7
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0.7
0.5
1
1
0.7
1
1
1
1
1
0.1
1
Page 7 of 24
ATTACHMENT A-3
Swann Park
Baltimore, Maryland
Sample SP-FIELD3
SP-F3-P01.jpg
SP-F3-P02.jpg
SP-F3-P03.jpg
SP-F3-P04.jpg
SP-F3-P05.jpg
SP-F3-P06.jpg
SP-F3-P07.jpg
SP-F3-P08.jpg
SP-F3-P09.jpg
SP-F3-P10.jpg
SP-F3-P12.jpg
SP-F3-P13.jpg
SP-F3-P14.jpg
SP-F3-P15.jpg
SP-F3-P16.jpg
SP-F3-P17.jpg
SP-F3-P18.jpg
SP-F3-P19.jpg
SP-F3-P20.jpg
SP-F3-P21.jpg
SP-F3-P22.jpg
SP-F3-P23.jpg
SP-F3-P24.jpg
SP-F3-P25.jpg
SP-F3-P26.jpg
SP-F3-P27.jpg
SP-F3-P28.jpg
SP-F3-P29.jpg
SP-F3-P30.jpg
Average Lc
Average Fv
Closest
Comparable
Figure from
EPA, 1985
Lc
Nonerodible
Fraction Value
Fv
Fraction
covered with
vegetation
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-2
A-1
A-1
A-6
A-1
A-6
A-6
A-1
A-6
A-1
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-1
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-2
A-6
A-1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.001
0.1
0.001
0.1
0.1
0.001
0.1
0.001
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.001
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.01
0.1
0.001
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0.02
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
0.02
1
0
0.1
1
Page 8 of 24
ATTACHMENT A-3
Swann Park
Baltimore, Maryland
Sample SP-FIELD4
SP-F4-P01.jpg
SP-F4-P02.jpg
SP-F4-P03.jpg
SP-F4-P04.jpg
SP-F4-P05.jpg
SP-F4-P06.jpg
SP-F4-P07.jpg
SP-F4-P08.jpg
SP-F4-P09.jpg
SP-F4-P10.jpg
SP-F4-P11.jpg
SP-F4-P12.jpg
SP-F4-P13.jpg
SP-F4-P14.jpg
SP-F4-P15.jpg
SP-F4-P16.jpg
SP-F4-P17.jpg
SP-F4-P18.jpg
SP-F4-P19.jpg
SP-F4-P20.jpg
SP-F4-P21.jpg
SP-F4-P22.jpg
SP-F4-P23.jpg
SP-F4-P24.jpg
SP-F4-P25.jpg
SP-F4-P26.jpg
SP-F4-P27.jpg
SP-F4-P28.jpg
SP-F4-P29.jpg
SP-F4-P30.jpg
Average Lc
Average Fv
Closest
Comparable
Figure from
EPA, 1985
Lc
Nonerodible
Fraction Value
Fv
Fraction
covered with
vegetation
A-6
A-6
A-1
A-6
A-1
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-5
A-1
A-5
A-6
A-5
A-6
A-1
A-6
A-6
A-1
A-1
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-2
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-6
0.1
0.1
0.001
0.1
0.001
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.001
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.001
0.1
0.1
0.001
0.001
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.01
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0.7
0.5
0.6
1
0.8
0.8
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
0.6
1
1
1
1
0.1
1
Page 9 of 24
ATTACHMENT A-3
Swann Park
Baltimore, Maryland
Sample SP-FIELD5
SP-F5-P01.jpg
SP-F5-P02.jpg
SP-F5-P03.jpg
SP-F5-P04.jpg
SP-F5-P05.jpg
SP-F5-P06.jpg
SP-F5-P07.jpg
SP-F5-P08.jpg
SP-F5-P09.jpg
SP-F5-P10.jpg
SP-F5-P11.jpg
SP-F5-P12.jpg
SP-F5-P13.jpg
SP-F5-P14.jpg
SP-F5-P15.jpg
SP-F5-P16.jpg
SP-F5-P17.jpg
SP-F5-P18.jpg
SP-F5-P19.jpg
SP-F5-P20.jpg
SP-F5-P21.jpg
SP-F5-P22.jpg
SP-F5-P23.jpg
SP-F5-P24.jpg
SP-F5-P25.jpg
SP-F5-P26.jpg
SP-F5-P27.jpg
SP-F5-P28.jpg
SP-F5-P29.jpg
SP-F5-P30.jpg
Average Lc
Average Fv
Closest
Comparable
Figure from
EPA, 1985
Lc
Nonerodible
Fraction Value
Fv
Fraction
covered with
vegetation
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-5
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-5
A-5
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-5
A-6
A-5
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-5
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-6
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
1
1
1
1
0.8
1
1
1
1
0.7
0.8
1
1
1
1
0.8
1
1
1
1
1
1
0.9
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0.1
1
Page 10 of 24
ATTACHMENT A-3
Swann Park
Baltimore, Maryland
Sample SP-FIELD6
SP-F6-P01.jpg
SP-F6-P02.jpg
SP-F6-P03.jpg
SP-F6-P04.jpg
SP-F6-P05.jpg
SP-F6-P06.jpg
SP-F6-P07.jpg
SP-F6-P08.jpg
SP-F6-P09.jpg
SP-F6-P10.jpg
SP-F6-P11.jpg
SP-F6-P12.jpg
SP-F6-P13.jpg
SP-F6-P14.jpg
SP-F6-P15.jpg
SP-F6-P16.jpg
SP-F6-P17.jpg
SP-F6-P18.jpg
SP-F6-P19.jpg
SP-F6-P20.jpg
SP-F6-P21.jpg
SP-F6-P22.jpg
SP-F6-P23.jpg
SP-F6-P24.jpg
SP-F6-P25.jpg
SP-F6-P26.jpg
SP-F6-P28.jpg
SP-F6-P29.jpg
SP-F6-P30.jpg
Average Lc
Average Fv
Closest
Comparable
Figure from
EPA, 1985
Lc
Nonerodible
Fraction Value
Fv
Fraction
covered with
vegetation
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-5
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-5
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-5
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-5
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-5
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
1
1
1
1
1
0.8
1
1
1
0.9
0.9
1
1
1
1
0.9
1
1
1
0.8
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0.8
0.1
1
Page 11 of 24
ATTACHMENT A-3
Swann Park
Baltimore, Maryland
Sample SP-FIELD7
SP-F7-P01.jpg
SP-F7-P02.jpg
SP-F7-P03.jpg
SP-F7-P04.jpg
SP-F7-P05.jpg
SP-F7-P06.jpg
SP-F7-P07.jpg
SP-F7-P08.jpg
SP-F7-P09.jpg
SP-F7-P10.jpg
SP-F7-P11.jpg
SP-F7-P12.jpg
SP-F7-P13.jpg
SP-F7-P14.jpg
SP-F7-P15.jpg
SP-F7-P16.jpg
SP-F7-P17.jpg
SP-F7-P18.jpg
SP-F7-P19.jpg
SP-F7-P20.jpg
SP-F7-P21.jpg
SP-F7-P22.jpg
SP-F7-P23.jpg
SP-F7-P24.jpg
SP-F7-P25.jpg
SP-F7-P26.jpg
SP-F7-P27.jpg
SP-F7-P28.jpg
SP-F7-P29.jpg
SP-F7-P30.jpg
Average Lc
Average Fv
Closest
Comparable
Figure from
EPA, 1985
Lc
Nonerodible
Fraction Value
Fv
Fraction
covered with
vegetation
A-5
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-5
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-1
A-6
A-5
A-6
A-5
A-5
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-5
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-5
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-6
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.001
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.8
1
1
1
0.9
1
1
1
1
0.1
1
0.9
1
0.9
0.9
1
1
1
1
0.9
1
1
1
1
0.9
1
0.9
1
1
1
0.1
1
Page 12 of 24
ATTACHMENT A-3
Swann Park
Baltimore, Maryland
Sample SP-FIELD8
SP-F8-P01.jpg
SP-F8-P02.jpg
SP-F8-P03.jpg
SP-F8-P04.jpg
SP-F8-P05.jpg
SP-F8-P06.jpg
SP-F8-P07.jpg
SP-F8-P08.jpg
SP-F8-P09.jpg
SP-F8-P10.jpg
SP-F8-P11.jpg
SP-F8-P12.jpg
SP-F8-P13.jpg
SP-F8-P14.jpg
SP-F8-P16.jpg
SP-F8-P17.jpg
SP-F8-P18.jpg
SP-F8-P19.jpg
SP-F8-P20.jpg
SP-F8-P21.jpg
SP-F8-P22.jpg
SP-F8-P23.jpg
SP-F8-P24.jpg
SP-F8-P25.jpg
SP-F8-P26.jpg
SP-F8-P27.jpg
SP-F8-P28.jpg
SP-F8-P29.jpg
SP-F8-P30.jpg
Average Lc
Average Fv
Closest
Comparable
Figure from
EPA, 1985
Lc
Nonerodible
Fraction Value
Fv
Fraction
covered with
vegetation
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-6
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0.1
1
Page 13 of 24
0.15
29.67
p
u_star
u_star_t
ratio
Ratio of corrected/uncorrected
threshold friction velocity
Threshold friction velocity
corrected for nonerodible
elements (cm/s)
Converted to m/s
L_c
Ratio of silhouette area of nonerodible elements to bare surface
(unitless)
207.724
2.077
7.001
0.10
Value
Symbol
0.417673
Correction of threshold friction velocity for non-erodible elements
Parameter
Aggregate size distribution mode
(mm)
Threshold friction velocity,
uncorrected (cm/s)
u * = 65.5315 p
Calculation of threshold friction velocity
Unlimited Reservoir Emissions Factor Model
Based on Cowherd et al., 1985
Particulate Emission Factor - SP-FIELD1
Swann Park
Baltimore, Maryland
ATTACHMENT A-4
From Lc table
Compared site observations with
the Appendix A figures, Cowherd
et al., 1985
From analytical data
Notes
F
Suburban buildings, medium
height, Cowherd et al., 1985
Notes
The empirical constant, 0.036, has units of g/m2-hr and is converted to g/m2-s using 1hr/3600s.
=
⎡
⎛u
⎢0.036 × (1 − V ) × ⎜
⎜u
⎢
⎝ t
⎣
200
6.51
Value
3
⎤
⎞
1
⎟ × F (x )⎥ ×
⎟
⎥ 3600
⎠
⎦
z_0
Surface roughness height (cm)
Unlimited reservoir dust emissions model
u_t
Equivalent threshold windspeed
at 7 m anemometer height (m/s)
⎞⎤
⎟⎟ ⎥
⎠⎦
Symbol
=
Parameter
ut
⎡ u t*
⎛ 700
ln ⎜⎜
⎢
⎝ zo
⎣ 0 .4
Calculation of the equivalent threshold value of windspeed at 7 m anemometer height
Swann Park
Baltimore, Maryland
ATTACHMENT A-4
x≥2
x<2
)
( )
x
V
Mean annual windspeed (m/s)
Windspeed distribution function F(x)
8.75E-09
F
Fraction of contaminated surface
with continuous vegetation cover
(unitless)
1.30E+00
1.530
1.53E+00
1.07
F_x
x_term
5.4
u
1.00
Value
⎞
⎟⎟
⎠
Symbol
⎛u
0 .886 ⎜⎜ t
⎝ u
Parameter
PM10 annual average emissions
flux (g/m2-s)
=
Notes
for x ≥ 2
for x < 2
Selected value
Wind Energy Resource Atlas of
the United States,
http://rredc.nrel.gov/wind/pubs/atla
s/appendix_C.html
Compared site observations with
the Appendix A figures, Cowherd
et al., 1985
Calculated
F(x) = 0.18 8 x3 + 12x exp− x2
(
F ( x ) =1.91207 − 0.0278085 x + 0.48113x 2 − 1.0987 x e + 0.335341x 4
Calculation of Windspeed Distribution Function
Swann Park
Baltimore, Maryland
ATTACHMENT A-4
=
Parameter
PM10 annual average emissions
flux (g/m2-s)
Inverse of mean concentration at
center of source (g/m2-s per
kg/m3)
Particulate Emission Factor
(m3/kg)
PEF
Convert F (g/m2-s) to PEF (m3/kg)
Value
8.75E-09
70.13
8.02E+09
F
Q/C
PEF
⎛ Q ⎞
× ⎜
⎟
⎝ C ⎠
Symbol
1
F
Swann Park
Baltimore, Maryland
ATTACHMENT A-4
Based upon area = 0.8 acres
Notes
ATTACHMENT A-4
Soil Aggregate Particle Size Mode - SP-FIELD1
Swann Park
Baltimore, Maryland
Sieve size
in mm
75
4.75
37.5
3.35
2.36
19
1.18
0.6
0.3
0.15
0.075
0.064
0.05
0.02
0.005
0.002
0.001
Percent
finer
100
100
100
100
99.9
100
97.1
92.6
78.3
59.1
46.1
42
37
23
11.5
7
5
Calculated
Fractional
Percent
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.1
0.1
0
-0.1
2.9
2.9
7.4
4.5
21.7
14.3
40.9
19.2
53.9
13
58
4.1
63
5
77
14
88.5
11.5
93
4.5
95
2
Sieve size capturing the greatest fraction of particles =
0.15
SP-F1-P01.jpg
SP-F1-P02.jpg
SP-F1-P03.jpg
SP-F1-P04.jpg
SP-F1-P05.jpg
SP-F1-P06.jpg
SP-F1-P07.jpg
SP-F1-P08.jpg
SP-F1-P09.jpg
SP-F1-P10.jpg
SP-F1-P11.jpg
SP-F1-P12.jpg
SP-F1-P13.jpg
SP-F1-P14.jpg
SP-F1-P15.jpg
SP-F1-P16.jpg
SP-F1-P17.jpg
SP-F1-P18.jpg
SP-F1-P19.jpg
SP-F1-P20.jpg
SP-F1-P21.jpg
SP-F1-P22.jpg
SP-F1-P23.jpg
SP-F1-P24.jpg
SP-F1-P25.jpg
SP-F1-P26.jpg
Sample SP-FIELD1
Closest
Lc
Comparable
Figure from EPA, Nonerodible
1985
Fraction Value
A-6
NA
A-2
0.01
A-6
NA
A-6
NA
A-6
NA
A-6
NA
A-6
NA
A-2
0.01
A-6
NA
A-6
NA
A-5
0.1
A-1
0.001
A-6
NA
A-5
0.1
A-6
0.1
A-1
0.001
A-5
0.1
A-6
NA
A-5
0.1
A-1
0.001
A-6
NA
A-6
NA
A-1
0.001
A-5
0.1
A-4
0.1
A-1
0.001
Lc and Fv Evaluation - SP-FIELD1
Swann Park
Baltimore, Maryland
ATTACHMENT A-4
Fv
Fraction
covered with
vegetation
1
0.05
1
1
1
1
1
0.05
1
1
0.4
0
1
0.75
1
0
0.8
1
0.8
0
1
1
0
0.2
0.6
0
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-6
0.055
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA = Lc factor does not apply based upon vegetative cover
Average Lc
Average Fv
SP-F1-P27.jpg
SP-F1-P28.jpg
SP-F1-P29.jpg
SP-F1-P30.jpg
1.00
0.9
1
1
1
Lc
0.00010
0.00011
0.00012
0.00013
0.00014
0.00015
0.00016
0.00018
0.00019
0.00021
0.00023
0.00025
0.00027
0.00029
0.00032
0.00035
0.00038
0.00041
0.00044
0.00048
0.00052
0.00057
0.00062
0.00067
0.00073
0.00079
Ratio of
Corrected to
Uncorrected u*
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.001
1.002
1.004
1.005
1.007
1.010
1.012
1.015
1.018
1.022
1.025
1.029
1.033
1.037
1.042
1.046
1.051
1.056
1.061
1.066
1.072
1.077
1.083
Threshold friction velocity (u*) as a function of Lc (adapted from Cowherd, et al., 1985.
Derived from Cubic Spline Fit to Data in Figure 3-5 in Cowherd et al., 1985
(Source: RAC, 2006, Appendix E).
Tabulated values of Lc and Ratio of Corrected to Uncorrected Threshold Friction Velocity
Swann Park
Baltimore, Maryland
ATTACHMENT A-4
Lc
0.00086
0.00093
0.001
0.0011
0.0012
0.0013
0.0014
0.0015
0.0017
0.0018
0.002
0.0022
0.0023
0.0026
0.0028
0.003
0.0033
0.0036
0.0039
0.0042
0.0045
0.0049
0.0053
0.0058
0.0062
0.0067
Ratio of
Corrected to
Uncorrected u*
1.089
1.095
1.101
1.107
1.114
1.120
1.127
1.134
1.142
1.150
1.158
1.166
1.175
1.185
1.195
1.205
1.217
1.229
1.241
1.255
1.269
1.285
1.302
1.320
1.339
1.360
Swann Park
Baltimore, Maryland
ATTACHMENT A-4
Lc
0.0073
0.0078
0.0084
0.0091
0.0098
0.011
0.011
0.012
0.013
0.014
0.015
0.016
0.017
0.018
0.019
0.02
0.022
0.023
0.025
0.026
0.028
0.029
0.031
0.033
0.035
0.037
Ratio of
Corrected to
Uncorrected u*
1.382
1.406
1.432
1.460
1.491
1.524
1.559
1.598
1.639
1.683
1.730
1.780
1.833
1.889
1.948
2.011
2.077
2.147
2.220
2.297
2.379
2.464
2.554
2.648
2.748
2.852
Swann Park
Baltimore, Maryland
ATTACHMENT A-4
Lc
0.039
0.041
0.043
0.046
0.048
0.051
0.053
0.056
0.059
0.062
0.064
0.067
0.071
0.074
0.077
0.08
0.083
0.087
0.09
0.093
0.097
0.1
Ratio of
Corrected to
Uncorrected u*
2.961
3.075
3.196
3.322
3.454
3.493
3.738
3.890
4.050
4.218
4.394
4.578
4.771
4.974
5.187
5.410
5.644
5.890
6.148
6.418
6.703
7.001
Swann Park
Baltimore, Maryland
ATTACHMENT A-4

Appendix F Derivation of Site Specific Particulate Emission Factors

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