Crypto-Currency And E-Financials

Transcription

FACULTY OF BUSINESS STUDIES AND LAW
INTERNATIONAL
JOURNAL
OF ECONOMICS AND LAW
Vol. 4, No. 10,
April 2014.
Belgrade, Serbia
International Journal of Economics and Law, Vol. 4, No. 10 (2014)
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS AND LAW
ISSN: 2217-5504
Scientific magazine reflecting trends in law, economics and management
Published by:
Faculty for Business Studies and Law
Printed:
3 times a year
Editor-in-chief:
Života Radosavljević
Secretariat:
Vladana Lilić
Editorial board:
Branko Tešanović, Mehmed Avdagić, Maja Anđelković, Draško Bosanac, Zoran
Jerotijević, Dragana Radosavljević, Vukašin Lale, Vesna Petaković, Aleksandra Pušara,
Vojin Marić
International editing committee:
Života Radosavljević, Serbia, Vojislav Vučenović, Serbia, Ovidiu-Leonard Turcu,
Romania, Ljubomir Madžar, Serbia, John Hughson, England, Nikolaos Vaxevanidis,
Greece, Radoje Zečević, Serbia, Miodrag Starčević, Serbia, Anita Trnavčević, Slovenia,
Karl Schopf, Austria, Milan Radosavljević, Serbia, Viacheslav Soloviov, Ukraine, Stanka
Stjepanović, Serbia, Svetolik Kostadinović, Serbia, Cristian N. Madu, USA, Mirjana
Vesović, Serbia, Vidoje Vujić, Croatia, Edita Kastratović, Serbia, Yuri Doroshenko,
Russian Federation, Vladimir Parkhomenko, Ukraine, Milan Milošević, Serbia, Dragana
Đurić, Serbia, Tufanov A.O., Russian Federation, Raycho Ilariono, Bulgaria
Lector:
Marina Kostić
Technical Editor:
Miodrag Mandić
Front page design:
Ivan Avdagić
Editorial office and administration
Faculty of Business Studies and Law
Staro sajmište 29
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Printed by:
Beopress, Beograd
Tel. +381 (11) 3131-246
Fax: +381 (11) 2132-372
Copies:
200
Website: economicsandlaw.org
E-mail: [email protected]
II
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS AND LAW
ISSN: 2217-5504
Scientific magazine reflecting trends in law, economics and management
Published by:
Faculty for Business Studies and Law
Printed:
3 times a year
Editor-in-chief:
Života Radosavljević
Secretariat:
Vladana Lilić
Editorial board:
Branko Tešanović, Mehmed Avdagić, Maja Anđelković, Draško Bosanac, Zoran
Jerotijević, Dragana Radosavljević, Vukašin Lale, Vesna Petaković, Aleksandra Pušara,
Vojin Marić
International editing committee:
Života Radosavljević, Serbia, Vojislav Vučenović, Serbia, Ovidiu-Leonard Turcu,
Romania, Ljubomir Madžar, Serbia, John Hughson, England, Nikolaos Vaxevanidis,
Greece, Radoje Zečević, Serbia, Miodrag Starčević, Serbia, Anita Trnavčević, Slovenia,
Karl Schopf, Austria, Milan Radosavljević, Serbia, Viacheslav Soloviov, Ukraine, Stanka
Stjepanović, Serbia, Svetolik Kostadinović, Serbia, Cristian N. Madu, USA, Mirjana
Vesović, Serbia, Vidoje Vujić, Croatia, Edita Kastratović, Serbia, Yuri Doroshenko,
Russian Federation, Vladimir Parkhomenko, Ukraine, Milan Milošević, Serbia, Dragana
Đurić, Serbia, Tufanov A.O., Russian Federation, Raycho Ilariono, Bulgaria
Lector:
Marina Kostić
Technical Editor:
Miodrag Mandić
Front page design:
Ivan Avdagić
Printed by:
Beopress, Beograd
Copies:
200
III
FOREWORD
Dear readers,
In front of you is the fifth issue of International journal of economics and law, published
by the Faculty of Education of Executives (FORKUP), Novi Sad, and Alpha University of
Belgrade. The idea for starting “International journal of economics and law”, is an effort
of the Faculty to enable the placement of their scientific works and its critical reviews,
theoretical discussions and research to students, colleagues, teachers, other professionals
from home and abroad, as well as acquisition and expansion of knowledge in economics,
law, management, and so on.
Gratitude for publishing this scientific journal belongs to all of you who participated in
the work of our international conferences, ANTiM and LEMiMA, to all of you who have
created the basis for further expansion of our cooperation to promote these disciplines
with yours scientific contributions. The structure of the papers in this journal comprises
three dominant scientific disciplines in the social humanistic field that unify the faculty
including economics, law and management, but the sciences that have a dominant influence on the global, national, and corporate performance. Integrating these sciences in one
place and with the participation of domestic and foreign experts, conditions for exchange
of scientific information and experience are created, and thus the achievement of defined
objectives of every reasonable organizing.
We can achieve that only by common effort of all of us. That kind of note is confirming
real wealth of the states, prepositions and initiatives presented in written papers of one
hundred seventy authors, sixty of them are from abroad, from third international conference ANTIM 2012.
By starting this scientific journal, we have shown our readiness, responsibility, and resources for stimulating scientific research and publishing work, and along with other to
improve legal, economic, and management thought, i.e. theory and practice. The challenge is certainly greater bearing in mind the times we live in, and followed by a high turbulence in the natural order (earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanoes, etc.), and so in the social
order as well as internal conflicts that shook certain countries, through the technological
boom, and moral problems in different spheres of life and work.
Due to this complexity, which will in future be more complex and uncertain, it is necessary to put science in the foreground, as new production work force. Scientific journals
are one of the most efficient sources of acquiring knowledge, especially in terms of their
electronization and possibility of rapid scientific information transfer provided in their facilities. Therefore, the idea is that contents of this journal are modern and actual, but also
to be available to all who are interested in economics, law, management, entrepreneurship,
and so on. International editorial board invites esteemed scholars, admirers of science and
scientific thought, i.e. profession to enrich the quality of journal and thus contribute to
improving these disciplines, but also business i.e. legal and management practices.
Welcome to “International journal of economics and law”. Good luck!
Belgrade, 2014.
IV
Editor in chief
Prof. dr Života Radosavljević
CONTENTS
1
Arsić Miloš , Tomić Radoljub, Lojaničić Radojko, Bojanić Zoran, Arsić Siniša
THE MAXIMIZATION OF EFFECTS BY USING STRATEGY OF REVERSE
LOGISTICS AND GREEN LOGISTICS
8
Avdagić Mehmed, Radić Maja, Golić Dženan
COMPETITIVE ABILITY OF THE ASSUMPTIONS OF STABLE GROWTH
OF THE NATIONAL ECONOMY
15
Bešić Cariša, Bešić-Vukašinović Doloris, Bešić Snežana
THE АNALISYS OF ASPECTS OF COMPETETIVENESS OF DOMESTIC
ENTERPRISES
22
Denysiuk Volodymyr
INNOVATION-DRIVEN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN LUGANSK
REGION: METHODOLOGY, EVALUATION AND PROSPECTS
30
Dragić Milan, Kastratović Edita, Anđelković Aleksandar
HUMAN RESOURCES AS COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE FACTOR OF AN
ORGANIZATION
35
Gijić Nebojša, Lilić Vladana, Jović – Bogdanović Adriana
IMPLEMENTATION OF ADVANCED ANALYTICS IN CONSUMERFACING COMPANIES
43
Jerinić Srđan, Nikolić Zoran, Nikolić Milan
A SOLUTION IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE BILLING AND
INFORMATION SYSTEM
50
Kastratović Edita, Dragić Milan, Miletić Lidija
CHALLENGES OF STRATEGIC PLANNING AT THE GLOBAL LEVEL
55
Knežević Rade, Mrdak Gordana, Krgović Milorad, Knežević Željko
TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS AS A COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE
IN PAPER INDUSTRY
63
Kopilović Radmila, Ćilardžić Vesna, Grbović Marija
THE ROLE OF KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT IN MODERN BUSINESS
V
71
Lyubov Kuratova
FORMING THE COMPETITIVENESS OF POSTAL ORGANIZATIONS IN
RUSSIA
80
Matić Goran, Milošević Milan
ATTACK ON THE CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA
86
Mikić Sanja
SERVICE BUSINESS AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP
95
Radosavljević Dragana, Anđelković Aleksandar, Panagopoulos Alexios
COMPROMISE AS NECESSARY CONCEPT OF ORGANIZATION AND
MANAGEMENT
103 Radosavljević Milan, Syngaivska Iryna, Schopf Karl
CREATIVE IMITATION-RISK OR OPPORTUNITY?
109 Radosavljević Života, Anđelković Maja, Dorošenko Jurij
COMPROMISE AS THE INSTRUMENT OF INCREASED SUCCESS
116 Ratković Milijanka, Marković Jovan, Ratković Snežana
DEVELOPMENT OF SUCCESSFUL LONG-TERM RELATIONS WITH
PARTICIPANTS IN THE SUPPLY CHAIN AS THE FUNCTION OF
INCREASE IN CUSTOMER SATISFACTION
125 Rstić Milan, Rstić Jovan, Petrevska Miroslava, Petrevska Ljupka
LIABILITY INSURANCE OF LAWYERS
132 Stanković Ivica, Mihajlović Aleksandar, Mihajlović Radomir
CRYPTO-CURRENCY AND E-FINANCIALS
138 Vasić Dušan, Vasić Nina
VIOLATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND RELIGIOUS FREEDOM OF
ARCHBISHOP JOVAN OF OHRID
INSTRUCTIONS FOR AUTHORS
VI
THE MAXIMIZATION OF EFFECTS BY USING
STRATEGY OF REVERSE LOGISTICS
AND GREEN LOGISTICS
Arsić Ž. Miloš
Faculty for strategic and operational management, Belgrade, Serbia
[email protected]
Tomić P. Radoljub
Lojaničić Radojko
Bojanić Zoran
Arsić M. Siniša
Faculty of organizational sciences, Belgrade, Serbia
Resume: The condition in which companies run bussiness, impose the proactive approach and inovative
solutions, that maintain competition on the world market. Many companies, within their actions, perform
the tasks of logistics, have to concider the strategy of reverse logistics. This paper deals with comparison
between strategy of reverse and green logistics, as the example of sustainable growth implementation,
and the chance for extraprofit. The main goal of this paper means the assignment of determine in which
companies can maximize the use of reverse logistics process, as well to enable actions of green logistics to
be improved, in accordance with the business goals and principles of the company, without losing on effectivity and efficiency.
Keywords: reverse logistics, sustainable growth, „green“ logistics
1.INTRODUCTION
The reverse logistics is defined as the group of process which have the goal of receiving raw
material, semiproduct and products, in purpose to create extra values, or deposition by the
rules. The process of reverse logistic relies on the reverse flow of supply chain, so the main
chalenges are refer to facilitacion of reverse flow, parallel with the physical flow of distribution. The costs of the reverse logistics are refer to only 4 percent of the chain cost supply
(about 40 billion dollars), while the average percent of return 8% (by the subcategory of
production, percent are between 5–15%) [3].
While, other research show that 3–15% of all company costs, refers to revers logistic, but
the main benefit from the reverse logistic are:
1
Arsić M., Tomić R., Lojaničić R., Bojanić Z.,Arsić S. THE MAXIMIZATION OF EFFECTS...
• savings of 20% in the work costs,
• savings of 80% in the transport costs,
• increase of 40% in the profitability of services and
• increase of 76% satisfaction of consumers [17].
“Green“ logistics represent activities of sustainable transport, with the minimal costs and
minimal influence tothe life environment. Mutual activities, projects, and strategy of reverse and „green“ logistics are directed to decrease total carbon footprint-a [16]. The key
areas of influence are:
• safe and sustainable extraction of raw material;
• decrease of use energy, wast from the production and emission of gas;
• decrease of use of the area;
• shipment of return and waste;
• recycling of the package and
• operations of using the old products, materials and reserve parts [9].
According [3], reverse logistics is focused on those material flow, where is still possible to
restore certain value, that is inclusing material flow subject into supply chain. „Green“ logistics deals with the optimum use of energy and minimal emission of hazardous materials,
during the process of return.
2. THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN REVERSE AND „GREEN“ LOGISTICS
The most significant difference is that the reverse logistics is concentrated on the save of
money and increasing of values by using of material to regain lost profit and for the operative costs. In the green logistics it is about using “friendly” material for the transport and
saving the money, but with the accent on the image of a company. [5].
“Green” logistics is concentrated on the questions of transport, recycling and repeted use.
In [2] is discussed about that the “green” logistics is focussed on the beginning of process,
on the other way on the reverse logistics it is observed like sustainable development of the
supply chain. “The main ecological questions in “green” logistics is the consumption of expendable natural resources and, so dangerous, and dangerless waste” [2]. For “green” logistics is often used and the term “ecological” logistics and is defined like “total understanding
and minimization of influence logistics to the ecology [8].
These activities are based to measure influence on the life environment, by the decreasing
of saving energy and material during the transport.
Recycling, repeted production and recycle packaging is the area where the reverse logistic
and green logistic are intersected [7]. While the reverse logistics presents the examination
of the waste deposition with the saving of space and the costs of rent (buying) deposition
sight. Driver of decrease waste in reverse logistics, are linked with the increased costs of
land, complicated regulative, and the economic benefits from the use of raw material in
production [8]. Picture 1. is clear ilustration of functions and how they treat strategy of
reverse and green logistics.
2
Picture 1: The comparison of reverse logistics and “green“ logistics [8]
The company Aberdeen Group conducted the research (2010) which proves that the focus
of reverse logistics on the improvement of the last phase of production. This study displayed how is possible to short the deadlines of the operations of recovery and returns, with
average seventeen days to the only 4 days. The effects of shorting the operations deadlines
would be reflected in the decrease of the costs of repare for the 10%, so in the increasing of
pleasure of buyers from the 81% to 93% [3].
Mutual characteristics of companies, which have revealed the most significant improvements, displayed through developed process of recovery and standardized waste material.
Recycling and repeated use are the most significant area where the green and reverse logistic are agreed, and one of the most challenging for the many companies. Some companies
choose to keep the old product lines in hope that the consumer will show in the chase for
the old parts and products, while some else have politics to product which don’t sell in the
frame of time deadline – to send on the market of secondary material or mark for postponment [9]. Developed countries by recycling the traffic of 160 million dollars and they hire
1,5 million people throughout the world [1].
Case study “Estee Lauder” reveals balanced approach to green and reverse logistics by implementing and mixing the strategy in both way, reverse and direct products. Companies
had problems with the products which are excess. The company wanted to decrease waste,
also they wanted to decrease costs linked with the space which that wast occupies. The
company invested 1.3 million dollars into systems for inventory management which gather
and group information. The company succeed to save 500.000 dollars tied for the labour
cost which are based on the product strategy designed to limit surplus in product and also
to keep open communication channels with the consumers for getting significant backup
information. Information are used to establish possibility to develop new product line from
the returned cosmetic product, worth about 250 million dollars [6].
For the company which desires to be successful in „the green initiative” would be desirable to leave the trace in the preserve environmental preservation and also to decrease the
expenses.
Phillips produces wide assortment electronics for the massive use. Many of their product
lines, such as electrical tooth brush, rasers, and bottles for babies must deposit according
to strict ecological guidelines which are established for the returned goods. Phillips concluded partnership with Ryder hat, that helped them to attain 80% reuse of materials. In
3
the Ryder’s estimated why the product is returned for reason is the product to put on sale
or it is decided to prepare it or deposit. If the product can’t be sold again, it is deployed, and
the other rest useful pieces are sorted and recycled according the ecological procedures.
Ryder’s assignment is to improve the largest possible price of returned products, but keeping the green logistic initiative. Some of variables are used to balance strategy reverse and
„green“ logistics based on decision making process on the value of the product. The product which is sold for the less 100 dollars in retail, isn’t worth fixing”. Partnership with the
Ryder’s, is qualified one object for the management of all returned product lines eliminating the multiple deliveries. Package from all product lines are produced from the recycled
paper and card.
3. BALANCE BETWEEN REVERSE AND GREEN LOGISTICS
With the increasing of consciousness of consumers about the effects of green house which
contributes climate changes, consumers on the global level demand social responsible and
sustainable models of business which can slow down the climate changes. Consumers also
want excellent service and the support after purchase. These two areas are often in conflict
because demand can influence on the other demand. Nylund’s research (2012) compares
equipments for the sea – Wartsila’s, and producer of furniture – IKEA-u, through their
green and reverse logistic initiative. The most significant factor for the company Wartsila is
time. The company gives to buyer the posibility of delivery, based on the deadlines which
arrange the process of distribution in company. If there is adequate disposal time company
will consolidated the shipments and choose “green” transport when it is necessary.
If the consumers need reserve parts in curtly time, messenger are accustomed to deliver
commodities from the central location, in the shortliest possible deadline. In Wartsila’s
make an effort to use „green“ initiative, important component in the decision making process is tied with the deadline of the product delivery, as much fast and cheap possible. IKEA
is managing with the luxury of time, so, the company is dedicated to „green“ transport,
which often delays shipments and stops the full capacity of transporter. In the IKEA-i are
inventive to design the new pallettes, so as the new containers, which will increase the efficiency of delivery [5].
From Wartsila’s reported in their research for the parts for the 30 years for the costs of the
warehouse. In reverse logistic there is no process that would be return the value. If the
buyer announces that the wrong part is sent, product returns on the shelves, without the
evaluation of the product. In Wartsil’s are recognized their fight with the reverse logistic
management [5].
IKEA has the program for the management of the returned commodity that evaluates the
damage and decides i to give back the product on sale, to put in the part for the commodity
with the reducted price, or to send on the waste. The IKEA-s model is designed to move
products very quickly and to send them from warehouse within six weeks [5].
Wartsila and IKEA both are dedicated to the improvement of their green logistics, but the
both have different limitation, organizational goals and expectations of the buyers which
are managed by the green strategy launching. In Wartsila’s didn’t have the formal program
of the reverse logistics, but they pointed out to fix this area of business. IKEA has the formal
program of the reverse logistics that examines the organizational and ecological influence
choosing optimal and feasable to focus the green initiative [5].
4
The organization must have the real understanding of their product line, from one part to
another, during the direct and reverse cycle of product. The understanding of the difference between management of the reverse logistic and the management of the green logistic,
will help the organization to visualise how did the decision will impact on the whole organization, also on the consumers. The organizations that develop the sustainable models
of profit making can develop score chart variables that affect on the life environment and
cost efficiency. The influence on the business must examine from all aspects to avoid bad
financial decisions. The transformation from „green“ into „gold“ will only happen in the
organizations which have the sophisticated management and experience to develop the
new vision, which can find the way to collect the facts and the details which are necessary
to start the efficient initiative [9].
4. THE EXEMPLES OF THE SYMBIOSIS OF THE REVERSE AND
„GREEN“ LOGISTICS IN THE COMPANIES
In the company „McDonald’s” activities of covection deposit waste – empty package and
bottle – called „garbage control”. Every employee from this company each day collects
empty and used packages, which are thrown or dropped in the area of a restaurant. The
staff of the company’s restaurant organizes competitions „Litter patrols”. In those actions
participate young people that live nearby to protect the environment. This company This
company outlines the organization of a competition at shool’s in collecting of thrown bottles under the name „With respect to the environment”. The millions of people took part in
this actions. The newest shares of the british franchise “Mcdonalds” company, in this area
of waste treatment, signifies the following:
• Designing smarter – The size has been reduced on the plates for the 10 centimetres,
that gave the results of by saving of the 84 tons of paper;
• The system of delivery Soca-Sole” in the polietilen ambalage – „Bag in Box” system,
and delivery of ketchup in the plastic bottles of 5 litres, that reduces waste for the 25
percent;
• The use of straw for the soda, that contains 20percent less plastic mass, that enables
their faster demolishing and easier recycling;
• Department for the our fleet of vehicles – Biodizel is made with the help of used
cooking oil, serves as fuel tour fleet of trucks. The savings in the emission of CO2 will be equal to the removal of the 2424 automobils from roads and
• Creating the energy from waste. „McDonald’s“ restaurants in Sheffield moves their
waste to the facility for the waste treatment, rather then landfield sight. The energy
that is produced in the landfield, warms the local buildings, including the building
of the commune Šefild [10].
These are not the unique examples in the large world company’s. Moreover, the good examples of the treatment waste can find in the:
• Burger King – In the U Burger King restaurants, acquires over 32.000 tons of the
recycled paper annually. The all napkins are used in these restaurants, across the
whole USA, made from 100 percent recycled material. [11];
• PepsiCo- During the last five years, they reduced packages of their products for
over 158.900 tons, on that way they overcome preliminary goals for the 20 percent.
5
Reducing the weight of the package, which is accomplished in PepsiCo company,
is equal to the removing over the 95 tons of material for packages every day, during
the period of the five years [12] and
• Wallmart – company Walmart reduced the waste in the USA, for over than 80 percent, causing the return over 231 million dollars last year. This reduction enclose
Walmart to a goal „zero waste“ –, which has the potential to force 11.8 million
metric tones of CO2 emission per year [13].
5.CONCLUSION
Consideration of activities reverse and „green“ logistic, on the strategic level, remarks the
longterm effects of the business decisions on the right way. In [8] are identified the main
ways of using the strategy of reverse and „green“ logistics, over the:
• Decrease of the influence of competition;
• Effective channels of distribution;
• Solving the problem of waste deposition and
• New added value.
In this work is presented a few exemples of the successful maximization of using the strategy of reverse logistic and „green“ logistics. As the key characteristic of these strategies
is the proactivity in approach, but the identification of new chances for development in
the area of reverse and „green“ logistic povratne i „zelene“ logistike se,as the products of
the zero value, is removing slowly from use, because companies perceive large reserves in
waste that they dispose everyday. This also the main goal of this work, to find out ways for
the exploiting of these reserves. „Green“ logistics promotes the insurance of safe future of
the company and life environment, with aspiration for the elimination of the waste, as with
full lean management concept [14].
REFERENCES
[1] Arsić, M., Arsić, V.: Uloga povratne logistike u zaštiti životne sredine, Naučnostručni skup Politehnika, Beograd, 2013.
[2] Bloomberg, D.J., Lemay, S., Hanna, J.B.: Logistika, Pearson Education, 2006. ISBN
953-246-013-0
[3] DeBrito, M. P.: Introduction. In Managing reverse logistics or reversing logistics
management. Rotterdam: Erasmus University., 2003., ISBN 90-5892-058-6
[4] Dutton, G.: Reverse Logistics: Money Tree or Money Pit?. Reverse Logistics
Magazine. approached the day17.5.2013, on the website: http://www.
worldtradewt100.com/articles/reverse-logistics-money-tree-or-money-pit. ISSN
1934-3698
[5] Nylund, S. : Reverse logistics and green logistics. Master thesis. approached on
16.5.2013.
[6] O’Connell, A. : Improve your return on returns. Harvard Business Review, 30–34.,
2007. ISSN 0017-8012
[7] Peterson, A. J. : An examination of reverse logistics factors impacting the 463-L
pallet program. 2005. Manuscript submitted for publication, Air Force Institute of
6
Technology, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base. Reverse Logistics Magazine, website:
http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA437509, approached on 7.2.2014.
ISSN 1934-3698
[8] Rogers, D. S., Tibben-Lembke, R. S. (1998).: Going backwards: Reverse logistics
trends and practices. Reno, NV: Reverse Logistics Magazine. ISSN 1934-3698
[9] Steele, K., Rodriguez, E. (2008).: Reverse Logistics – Turning Green to Gold. Reverse
Logistics Magazine., Vebsajt: http://www.rlmagazine.com/edition12p28.php,
approached on 25.1. 2014. ISSN 1934-3698
[10] website: http://www.mcdonalds.co.uk/ukhome/Ourworld/Environment/Litter.html,
approached on 28.2.2014
[11] website:http://www.bk.com/en/us/company-info/corporate-responsibility/
environment.html, approached the day 28.2.2014
[12] website:http://www.pepsico.com/Purpose/Environmental-Sustainability/Packagingand-Waste, approached on 28.2.2014
[13] website:http://corporate.walmart.com/global-responsibility/environmentsustainability/waste, approached on 28.2.2014
[14] website: http://www.lean.org/whatslean/principles.cfm, approached on 27.2.2014
[15] website: http://www.ups.com/media/en/Reverse_Logistics_wp.pdf, approached on
1.3.2014
[16] website: http://www.nature.org/greenliving/carboncalculator/, approached on
1.3.2014
[17] Wipro Ltd, (2009). “Reverse logistics management- An effective strategy for revenue
maximization in CPG Industry”,Vebsajt:http://www.wipro.com/documents/
insights/whitepaper, approached the day 1.3.2014
7
Avdagić M., Avdagić Dž., Radić M., Golić Dž.
COMPETITIVE ABILITY OF THE...
COMPETITIVE ABILITY OF THE ASSUMPTIONS OF
STABLE GROWTH OF THE NATIONAL ECONOMY
Avdagić Mehmed
Faculty of Business Studies and Law, Belgrade, Serbia,
[email protected]
Avdagić Dževada
Health Center Sarajevo Canton, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Hercegovina
Radić Maja
Faculty of Business Studies and Law, Belgrade
Golić Dženan
Independent Union PPDIVUT BiH, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Hercegovina
Abstract: Competitive ability is a basic need of every economic activity and increasingly dominates
the comparative advantages. It is, in fact, the ability to profitably export, and survive on the domestic
market. The essence of the competitive ability is the quality and attractiveness of the products or services, their innovation, but also in new and smarter ways of doing business and management, with the
goal of „smart development”. The role of the state regarding improving and stimulating competitiveness
consists in the process of synergy effects equilibrium state measures and market laws, which stimulates
everything creative and innovative that can contribute to the competitiveness and stable growth of the
national economy.
Keywords: competitive ability, competitive advantages, market and market principles, creativity, innovation, the role of the state, synergy effects, the national economy
1. DOMINATION OF COMPETITIVENESS
Competitiveness category of the national economy suppressed an existing theory and
practice of comparative advantages. The values of natural resources, natural beauty, locations of their potential significance, are entirely replaced by the abilities of companies and
the overall economy to produce something, or to offer a service, whose benefit is based on
efficiency greater than competition, favorable price and appropriate quality of the product, or service. In the production of furniture, the most important thing is where high
quality wood grows, then where is the most attractive design and distribution logistics,
for example.
Thus, the ability to profitably export, and also survive in the domestic market, while
strengthening the economies of scale, shows the state of things, and who in the space of
competitiveness succeeding and who is not.
8
The question of how to achieve the competitiveness of the national economy that will
ensure the survival of the national and adequate presence on the surrounding, and then
the distant markets, it is the assumption of achieving vital development goals of society,
such as a higher level of employment of the working age population, social involvement
of all sections of the population investment in physical and overall infrastructure, and
steady and stable growth of living standards. At the same time, to stop the present trend
of outflows of the population in Western Europe and overseas in search of employment
that lasts for decades. The basic parameters of the success of economy are measured by
GDP growth, the increase in employment rate and suitable infrastructure according to the
requirements of business and life, and permanently sustainable growth of living standard.
New investments and, consequently, the necessary capital investments, and market share
increase in some economic segments of finding their own niche are the only permanent
sustainable solution, therefore, raising the level of competitiveness in order to strengthen
the export performance.
2. THE COMPETITIVENESS OF THE NATIONAL ECONOMY
Known turbulent events in our region from the late 80s after the fall of the Berlin Wall,
marked by the war conflicts, radical changes and transformations, were the main concern
of all social factors and the total population.
In the same period, the enormous developmental conceptual shift from comparative advantage to competitive advantage of the nation and each individual company has been
realized worldwide. More natural resources and locations were not so important, but how
to achieve the level of creating more sophisticated goods and services more successful
than competition. This new understanding of the contents of competitiveness implies the
following:
„The competitiveness is the country’s ability to achieve success on the world market, which
allows a better standard of living for all. It is the result of numerous factors, especially at
the level of competitiveness and favorable business climate that encourages the introduction of new products, processes, and investments. All these factors lead to increased productivity, increased income, and sustainable development.”1
Thus, the objectives are to achieve stable economic growth, to raise the level of employment and quality of life, which is imperative for any government, i.e. the protagonists of
economic policy.
But, how to do that? The answer lies in the need to raise the threshold of national competitiveness.
Raising the level of competitive ability of the national economy is the basic premise of
stable growth, i.e. achieving of two important goals – to increase employment and quality
of life. The total score of the current situation is contained in the conclusions of the high
costs, especially labor costs. Then, weak demand for local products, i.e. limited market opportunities are a reflection of weak internal and foreign trade competitiveness of domestic
producers.
Competitive power can be expressed by three basic characteristics – macroeconomic stability, the average growth within the region and the level of employment. A direct and
Godišnje izvješće o konkurentnosti Hrvatske, Nacionalno vijeće za konkurentnost, Zagreb,
svibanj 2005., Svezak 2, str. 8
1
9
broader business environment (growth), the dominant mode of restructuring and increasing productivity (employment), as well as the need to maintain macroeconomic stability has its impact.
Our situation is the fact that the bulk of the privatization process took place within the
buying of the existing companies, so-called brown field investments, while the level of investment in innovation and new economic entities is unsatisfactory, lagging behind other
leading transition countries.
3. INNOVATIONS – THE BASIS OF COMPETITIVENESS AND
PRIORITY OF THE EUROPEAN POLICY
Innovations are not just new technologies, or new products, but these are new and smarter
ways to perform tasks, new management methods, new business systems, or new services.
Innovations do not only bring greater development, more jobs and money, innovations
lead to the creation of „smart” development.
Smart development could include eco-innovations that improve the environment, or social innovations that provide similar opportunities to all. Innovations are not based only
on higher production, or increasing sales, but bring a real improvement in our lives. Innovations that bring smart growth ultimately require social interaction, and social and
cultural environment are the key to the innovation process.
Creativity and innovation are the top priority of European policy. Europe’s response to
the challenges of globalization is the adoption of the Lisbon Agenda, which established
an ambitious set of goals based on the idea that Europe needs to strengthen research and
innovation in order to remain competitive. Focusing on innovation has led to the „birth”
of a new generation of transnational cooperation programs with emphasis on funding innovations as a priority.
Knowledge and ideas are not by sufficient themselves, because it is important to translate
them into action. What is important for the transfer of knowledge into new products and
services? Investing in knowledge is not enough if that knowledge does not return the
invested funds. Losing a job is not the problem – the problem is there are no new jobs
creating. Innovations require competitiveness. In the transfer of knowledge and ideas into
products and services, it is important to emphasize the need for better coordination of all
levels and better cooperation between all stakeholders, i.e. between so-called “triangle of
knowledge” – public policy, education and research community, on the one hand, and the
business community on the other.2
A well-functioning research centers, innovative and well-equipped industrial parks, are
critical to the achievement of results in research and development. In addition, cooperation among regions and countries is specifically emphasized. A common challenge lies in
the integration of shared resources, finding a balance between cooperation and competi Dr Mehmed Avdagić, „Strateški menadžment“, Sarajevo 2009, p.45, The need for business
strategy and development of the company comes from the mission and the needs of enterprises
to survive, progress and gain profit on the market. On the other hand, the need for a strategy
imposes the environment, whose essential feature is the competition, the variability of the
structure and characteristics of the market and a host of influential factors from international
relations, international and national regulations, and the development of technology, customer
requirements, and practices.”
2
10
tion, in order to enhance competitiveness. Shared resources include transport infrastructure, energy and telecommunications, universities, scientific and technological centers
and tourism.
Innovation and innovation processes belong to the basic factors of development and competitiveness of enterprises, whose importance is increased especially today, in a time of
so-called knowledge based economy.
The OECD defines a knowledge based economy as directly „dependent on the production,
distribution and use of knowledge and information.” This approach has evolved from the
60s to the late 20th century, when the influence of knowledge manifests itself as a central
element of the new economy, with the domination of information and communication
technologies, as key strategic dimensions of competitive advantages through new forms of
communication and business – such as e-commerce and Internet use.
The concept of innovation is largely evolved in the last decade, together with the extraordinary development of innovation management. The European Commission, according
to the standard document known as the Green Paper on Innovation from the 1995, defines innovation as „improving and enhancing the scope of products, services and related
markets, establishment of new methods of production, supply and distribution; introduction of changes in management, organization and working conditions for employees.”3
The development of the theory of innovation is associated with the analysis of J. Schumpeter in ‘30s of the last century, which marked the innovation as a basic factor of technological progress and economic development, in terms of replacing old technology with
new, called a creative destruction. He was one of the first scientists who recognized the
importance of developing a new product – product innovation for economic development, considering that the competition, achieved by introducing a new product far more
significant than the one based on marginal changes in the price of existing products. The
approach by which the phase of establishment of each industry sector there is a radical
product innovation developed much later, followed by a radical innovation of the corresponding production process, followed by diffusion of incremental innovations.
One of the simplest and most popular definitions of innovation is the process of turning
ideas into practical application – realization. In other words, the process of innovation
– innovation process (project), and output – innovation process output, which can be
represented as a relation: Innovation = theoretical concept + technical inventions + the
commercial exploitation.4
In its definition of innovation and innovation processes, Porter, who has formulated a
model known as five forces of competition, as one of the key elements citing the ability of
enterprises to gain competitive – competitive advantage based on innovation, i.e. ability
of the company to realize a successful innovational projects.
Generally, these elements of innovation processes are implemented in the organization
through three key functions: research and development, production and marketing. Successful management of innovation is based on the concept of managing the knowledge
flow within and between these (and other) functions in the company, which should support the communication with the environment in order to increase competitiveness and
profitability, and achieving the overall business success.
www.symorg2008.fon.bg.ac.yu
Piter Draker, „Inovacije i preduzetništvo“, Privredne teme, Beograd 1991
3
4
11
The most important criteria for the classification of innovations, on which depends one
of the distinctive attributes of each innovation – the degree of innovation, is nature of innovation and the type of paper. According to the criteria of the nature of innovation, there
are two broad classes of innovations:
- Radical (essential) innovations;
- Incremental (evolutionary) innovations
Incremental innovations are small improvements, which can be described as „solving
problem where the aim is clear and well known, but the solution is to find it.” In contrast, the result of radical innovations is new products/services/processes, and they can
be presented as a process in which a research direction is known, but the ultimate goal
is unknown. Incremental innovations are the most common form of innovation in many
enterprises and in average, about 80 % of all investments belongs to them. Within the different classifications, there is a group of so–called semi-radical innovations (between two
general, final shapes). When it comes to the criterion of the type of innovation, the latest
edition of a basic document known as the Oslo Manual (2005) – Guidelines for Collecting
and Interpreting Innovation Data, for the first time explicitly states the following classes
of innovations5:
– Product/service innovation;
– Process innovation;
– Organization innovation;
– Marketing innovation
Bearing in mind that the innovation is one of the key factors of competitiveness, one of
the elements essential to the success of the new task is the appropriation of innovation
benefits. Appropriability represents an extremely important component that innovation
and technological breakthrough transforms into the economic effect. The high degree of
appropriability enables the company that is the leader in innovations to achieve the position of market leader, or to realize the benefit based on innovations. The capacity of the
company for the appropriation of the benefits of innovation generally depends on:
– The ability of the company to transform its innovation advantage into commercially
important products/services and processes (product/service innovation and process);
– The ability of the company to defend itself against imitators6.
4. THE ROLE OF THE STATE
When we look at every aspect of the subject that affects the competitiveness, we ask the
question, where are the main causes of the unsatisfactory situation in this respect in our
country. Are they predominantly a consequence of some of our properties (war, political
problems), or the result of some sort of transition disorientation. That is the way to recognize how institutions are important.
www.symorg2008.fon.bg.ac.yu
Kyprijanov S., Shevtsova S., Regional innovative system as the main part of the national innovative
system, „LAW, ECONOMY AND MANAGEMENT IN MODERN AMBIENCE“ LEMIMA 2011,
12.-15-APRIL 2011. Belgrade, Serbia
5
6
12
Today it is a challenge to find the right balance between state and market, between collective action at local, national, and global level, and between government and non-governmental actions. As the economic circumstances change, so that balance must be redefined.
The government must undertake new activities and abandon the old ones.7
It is of crucial development importance to recognize and to appropriately define the role
of the state in the intelligent development of each country, especially those where the
process is just at the beginning. The role and responsibility of the state is to structure economic and political environment by encouraging investments, which inevitably must be
preceded by raising the level of export performance. That means ensuring political stability, arranged legal framework and efficient public administration, create a real economic
policy, be internationally active and open, and be more successful and plausible on its
way to join the EU. In the field of industrial environment, it is necessary to accelerate the
improvement of infrastructure and to encourage the cluster development.
In the field of human resources, it is necessary to raise the level of education quality, and
encourage the processes of ongoing professional development. In addition, it is necessary
to create the legal requirements for flexibility on the labor market, which does not mean
an increase in unemployment or uncontrolled deterioration of the conditions of existing
employees. Conversely, it must to be aimed at stimulating capital and entrepreneurs to
help decide on new investments and new jobs.
In the context of raising the level of concern for human resources, it is very important to
find ways of encouraging the return of high-quality professionals who spent part of their
working life abroad, in the countries of exceptional competitive potential. Therefore, it
is necessary to find ways to attract them to be employed in their country, which brings a
number of benefits starting from lower infrastructure costs (existing apartment, houses),
especially knowledge of social values and social system, faster socialization, and, consequently, more efficient professional performance.
Problems of export competitiveness must be solved with the full coordination of the government and the authorities of the republic, who must provide the clarity of the development goals, selection of appropriate instruments of economic policy and coherence
in achieving development programs, common criteria of success with practicing actual
specifics of each country and how to adapt the process of building competitiveness and
finding the balance between state and market.
5. RESUME
Raising the level of competitive ability of the national economy is the basic premise of
stable growth that is best recognized in increasing employment and quality of life.
Weak competitiveness is taking advantages of high costs, especially high labor costs. Certain structural features of the economy contribute to that, which it is necessary to affect on
thru the larger share of manufacturing and high-accumulative production of such products (and services) that will find its way to customers due to its quality and performance,
both on the local and the wider international social and market environment. All this
can be achieved by an appropriate activity and synchronization of all economic entities
through the process of restructuring activities and checking the intentions regarding the
export orientation and their affirmation.
J. Stiglitz: The Roaring Nineties, Alen Lane – Pengium Group, London 2003., str. XII
7
13
Innovative products and services are the driving force of competitiveness. Innovative
products are generators of demand, profits and customer loyalty. Good innovations give
the company a positive image; such products eventually become synonymous with quality and often are the decisive factor when deciding which product to choose. However,
we should be careful, because each innovation, which carries a greater chance of success,
entails a greater risk.
Creating innovative products primarily requires knowledge of the consumer target market, knowledge of their own capabilities, as well as the competitive environment. Innovative products enable companies to become market leaders, but involve great risk, that will
be reduced or eliminated if development process is properly managed.
The state must be able to provide the balance of state measures and market laws in order to contribute to synergy effects of that balance, which actually means that achieved
balance needs to release all that is creative and innovative, which can contribute to the
competitiveness and exports, but also to prevent effect of negative factors that can hamper
competitiveness.
REFERENCES
[1] Avdagić Mehmed, „Strateški menadžment“, Sarajevo 2009. godine,
[2] Piter Draker, „Inovacije i preduzetništvo“, Privredne teme, Beograd 1991. godine
[3] Nacionalno vijeće za konkurentnost: Godišnje izvješće o konkurentnosti Hrvatske
2004., Zagreb, svibanj 2005.
[4] Galinec, A., Jurlin, K., Lenardić, M.: Konkurentnost hrvatskog izvoza u EU; IMO –
J.E. Austin Associates, Inc, Zagreb, 2002.
[5] Radošević, D.: «Izazovi razvoja», Politička kultura, Zagreb, 2005.
[6] Kyprijanov S., Shevtsova S., Regional innovative system as the main part of the
national innovative system, „LAW, ECONOMY AND MANAGEMENT IN
MODERN AMBIENCE“ LEMIMA 2011, 12.-15-APRIL 2011. Belgrade, Serbia
[7] Stiglitz, J.: «The Roaring Nineties, Sides of Destruction», Alen Lane and Penguin
Group, London, 2003.
[8]www.symorg2008.fon.bg.ac.yu
14
THE АNALISYS OF ASPECTS OF COMPETETIVENESS
OF DOMESTIC ENTERPRISES
Bešić Cariša
University in Kragujevac, Faculty of Technical sciences, Cacak, Serbia
[email protected]
Đorđević Dejan
University in Novi Sad, Technical Faculty “Mihajlo Pupin”, Zrenjanin, Serbia
Bešić-Vukašinović Doloris
Faculty of Business Studies and Law, Belgrade, Serbia
Bešić Snežana
Railways Serbian, Belgrade, Serbia
Summary: New competitive conditions require new approaches in the field of organizational management and development of competitiveness. Standards and the best practices are the way to excellence,
but in the long term. Achieving competitive capabilities in a shorter period of time implies innovation
and the improvement of productivity and knowledge. Domestic companies have had a problem with the
competitive ability in international level for many years. Insufficient investment in quality has resulted
in extremely poor competitive position of the domestic economy. To make local companies become competitive at the international level, it is necessary to alter the ways of thinking and adopt modern world
achievements in the field of organizational management.
Keywords: competitiveness, management, innovation, quality, knowledge.
1.INTRODUCTION
Global competitiveness is becoming increasingly intensive, noticeable and offensive. The
current moment of global economy can be marked by slow but sure rise of enterprises
from newly industrialized countries, such as China, India, Brazil, South Africa, Turkey,
etc. Enterprises from these countries are becoming global competitors. Their competitive ability is based on lower business costs, first of all because of lower labour costs, but
also for their readiness to accept foreign investments and the most modern methods and
management techniques. The main stimulus for these economies is increased domestic
consumption as well as a numerous young population. The latter represents an advantage
not only concerning education but everything else as well – as the income rises, people
become more educated and they change their preferences.
The world economic crisis and its long lasting effects emphasize the need for permanent
improvement of knowledge – in recent years only the best, no matter where they come
from, can win. The winners are usually the companies which have performed optimiza15
Bešić C., Đorđević D., Bešić-Vukašinović D., Bešić S.
THE АNALISYS OF ASPECTS...
tion between the price and the quality on the grounds of reducing costs and permanent
productivity increase by applying standardized QM concept and intensive innovativeness.
Chinese and Indian companies are such examples.
This implies the necessity for developing new business models aimed at establishing competitiveness on the global market. Rapid changes, short-lived advantage, disruptive technologies, revolution-bringing competitors, disturbed markets, omnipotent clients, rebellious shareholders – are all the 21st century challenges, putting the worldwide projected
organisational constraints on test and bringing the management model flaws, unable to
keep the pace with time, into spotlight, [1].
When it comes to the competitiveness of domestic enterprises we have to say that it is at
a very low level. Insufficient applications of knowledge, low technological level of enterprises, unproductivity and inefficiency are just part of the problem that domestic companies face.
2. COMPETITIVENESS IN GLOBAL TERMS
The competitive ability of a company in the modern business conditions is hard to achieve
and easy to lose. The reason for this attitude is the fact that the rapid technological advances enabled the technology to become available to everyone in the world under reasonable
terms. In addition, the global economic crisis has highlighted the fact that it is necessary
to create new business models.
The challenges which follow establishing, keeping and developing competitive abilities
on the global market are much greater today than 20 years ago. The following reasons are
considered to be crucial:
• New companies are mostly based on services,
• New companies are mostly from the field of knowledge economy,
• The change of techno-economic paradigm causes considerable changes,
• The number of allowed mistakes is far smaller than before,
• The new paradigm is, in great extent, in the phase of pre-standardization, which
makes choosing the winners impossible, [2].
In modern business conditions the following business functions with the strategic role are
particularly emphasized in organizational management because of their market orientation: marketing, quality, research and development. The company’s growth, development
and success are determined by tight interdependence of these three functions and their
synergistic effect. Marketing, as a business function, should create marketing program
according to defined needs and customers’ requests with the aim to fulfil customers’ requirements, to make profit and satisfy all other interest groups within a society. Marketing management becomes knowledge management – it makes possibilities for increasing
knowledge productivity of other busines functions. Marketing represents the key instrument which makes knowledge more productive. The result of research-developing function is development of new technical-technological solutions. Each successful innovation
must coordinate technological as well as the whole marketing function. Marketing is essential for total process of technological innovation.
Quality, alongside with product diversity and marketing communications, represents
the key element for creating a successful brand with a stable market position. Quality
16
is becoming a primary developing aim expressed in the form of business excellence and
achieving world class product and services.Business excellence implies that businesses
constantly work on the implementation of quality of business organizations based on the
increase in productivity and skills of each employee. Business excellence is the development of market economy, with the user in focus of the organization, permanent improvement operations based on knowledge and productivity of labor and business in line with
the requirements of the various interest groups in the region.
Countries thatarecompetitiveare also thecountrieswhere the awareness of the need for
continuous quality improvement of business has been developed for manyyears. Industrializedcountries of the worldsuch as China, India and Brazilare puttinggreat effortsinspreadingtheconcept ofsacrificingbusiness practicesin order to createconditionsfor improving thecompetitivenessof its economy.
Table 1: Ranking of the top 10 countries in the world
according to the competitiveness from 2013. [3]
Country
Rank in 2013–2014
Rank in 2012–2013
Switzerland
1
1
Singapore
2
2
Finland
3
3
Germany
4
6
USA
5
7
Sweden
6
4
Hong Kong
7
9
Netherlands
8
5
Japan
9
10
Great Britain
10
8
3. THE ANALISYS OF THE BASIC ASPECTS OF COMPETITIVENESS
OF DOMESTIC ENTERPRISES
Since the early 1980s domestic economy has had problems with improving quality and
productivity. The productivity problem did not appear in domestic economy only in the
time of transition but it was present before, as well. These problems were the result of
inappropriate business performance which was not based on market principles. Certain
products had unjustifiably high prices which were not competitive on the world market.
Therefore, Serbian companies reduced export prices in order to gain competitiveness on
the world market, while domestic customers had to pay this cost of unproductiveness
through high prices. Old technology, poor quality, unattractive packaging and high prices
are thus the main reasons for uncompetitive appearance of Serbian products on international market.
Technological equipment also represents a significant element of productivity rising. The
average machine age in Serbia is about 30 years. Compared to the situation in the region,
this represents the approximate 12-year obscolescence. Serbian economy is, technologi17
cally, 29.5 years behind European Union, which was confirmed on the representative sample of 154 small, medium and big companies within six economical branches with similar
production programs. The comparison was carried out in textile, food-processing, pharmaceutical, machinery, chemical and building material industries. Austria was taken as a
criterion because of its similar natural, social and demografical characteristics in relation
to Serbia [4]. The greatest obscolescence was noticed in textile companies (35 years), then
in machine industry (34.5 years). Pharmaceutical companies were best ranked with 21
years’ delay. Considering the regions, the equipment, tools and other production means
are most obsolete in south Serbia (41 years) and the least in Backa (18.5 years’ delay). In
Belgrade the delay is 20.5 years.The most productive companies are those with the equipment and machines of the highest quality. These are pharmaceutical companies, some
companies from the field of food processing and companies with foreign capital, which
is totally 8.5 to 9% of the whole Serbian industry. Metal industry is in the worst situation,
with 35 year- old- machines in average, and reject of 36%, which is more than double
compared to the average in EU countries.
According to the list of the World Economic Forum for 2013, Serbia ranked 101st place out
of 148 countries that were analyzed. Serbia was on the 95th place on the list in 2011 and
in 2012 which means that there is movement in competitiveness, but in a negative sense.
An interesting fact is that this year, Serbia found itself in the company of Algeria (100th
place) and Guyana (102nd place). Our last year „neighbors”, also significantly modified
their status – Argentina is „down” to 10 seats (now at 104), whereas Greece moved up five
places (now 91st). Table 4 provides a ranking of the countries of the Western Balkans in
2009–2013. Only Serbia and Slovenia were down on the list.
Table 2: Ranking of the country of the Western Balkans
towards competitiveness in 2008–2011.
Country
Rank in
2009.
Rank in
2010.
Rank in
2011.
Rank in
2012.
Rank in
2013.
Slovenia
37
45
57
56
62
Montenegro
62
48
60
72
67
Croatia
72
77
76
81
75
Macedonia
84
79
79
80
74
Serbia
93
96
95
95
101
BiH
109
102
100
88
87
Source:based on The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014, The Global
Competitiveness Report 2012–2013, The Global Competitiveness Report 2011–2012,
The Global Competitiveness Report 2010–2011, The Global Competitiveness Report
2009–2010, World Economic Forum, 2013.
Among the countries in the close environment, Hungary is on the 63rd place, Bulgaria is
located on 57th place, Romania is located on the 76th place, Greece, as already mentioned,
is located on the 91st place and Albania is on the 95th place. As can be seen from Table 4,
Serbia has had a problem with global competitiveness in the last five years, and it was
18
particularly present in 2013 – Serbia has the worse position in relation to all countries,
not only in the Western Balkans, but also in closer environment of southeastern Europe.
Table 3 provides a ranking of the countries of the Western Balkans towards competitiveness indicators. The basic requirements of competitiveness of the country consists of the
following indicators – institutions, infrastructure, macroeconomic environment, health
and primary education, higher education and training, goods market efficiency, labor
market efficiency, the efficiency of capital markets, technological capacity and market size.
As can be seen, Serbia is slightly better when it comes to business efficiency, than when it
comes to innovation, [3].
Table 3: Ranking of the Western Balkan countries
to indicators of competitiveness in 2013.[3]
Country
Rank in 2013.
In sum
Rank to
primary
requirements
Ranking by
business
efficiency
Ranking by
innovation
Slovenia
62
37
62
49
Montenegro
67
68
72
70
Croatia
75
61
68
80
Macedonia
74
70
76
94
Serbia
101
106
92
125
BiH
87
87
89
89
According to the World Economic Forum, all countries in the world are divided into five
groups. The first group consists of countries with its economy based on resources and
it consists of 38 countries. The third group comprises countries whose economies are
based on the development of business efficiency (this group consists of 31 countries) and
the fifth group consists of countries whose economies are based on the application and
development of innovative activities (this group consists of 37 countries). Second group
consists of countries in transition from the first to the third group (this group has 20 countries) and the fourth group consists of countries in transition countries from the third to
the fifth group of countries (in this group consists of 22 countries). Serbia is located in
the third group of countries (the economy keeping efficiency), together with Montenegro,
Romania, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Bosnia, Albania, Indonesia, Chile, and so on. Croatia is in
the fourth group (transition from efficiency to innovation), while Slovenia is located beside the fifth group countries that stem (economy driving innovation and sophistication).
The fifth group consists of mainly the most developed countries of the world.
The World Economic Forum provides an analysis in the field of sustainable development,
from the aspect of social sustainability and viability of protection of environment (Table
4 for the Western Balkan countries). The main pillars of the social indices of sustainable
development are: income, youth unemployment, access to sanitation, access to potable
water, approach to health services, social welfare, participation of underground economy
in the economy, social mobility, the overall unemployment rate. The main pillars of the
index in Accounting for just protecting the environment includes: the power of legislation,
the protection of land, the number of ratified international protocols and agreements, the
19
availability of water for agriculture, emission exposure to carbon dioxide ratio for fishing,
the concentration of particles in the air quality of the environment.
Table 4: Ranking the Western Balkan countries by factor
analysis of sustainable development in 2013. [3]
Country
Ranking by social
sustainability
Ranking by
sustainability in
the field of
environment
Change in relation
to previous period
Slovenia
4,68
4,60
Slight increase
Montenegro
4,13
4,13
Stagnation
Croatia
4,09
4,13
Stagnation
Macedonia
3,99
3,83
Stagnation
Serbia
3,58
3,74
Stagnation
BiH
3,66
3,44
Slight decrese
When it comes to number of certified organizations in the domestic market in the field
of quality management, Serbia is the leading country of the region of Western Balkans.
The number of certified organizations in Serbia certainly has contributed to a better position of our economy in the case of improving business efficiency as a parameter of global
competitiveness – the level of business efficiency of Serbia is the 92nd position, the level of
innovative spirit of the 125th position on the global scale. On the other hand, the number
of certified organizations in Serbia is not nearly satisfactory compared to other SEE countries, such as Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria and Greece.
Table 5: Number of certificates of ISO 9001 and ISO 14001 in the Western Balkans. [5]
Country
BiH
Montenegro
Croatia
Macedonia
ISO 9001s
ISO 14001
1.027
145
96
15
2.048
575
302
103
Slovenia
1.363
313
Serbia
2.831
575
4.CONCLUSION
Competitive advantage cannot be achieved as it could have been before the crisis in 2008.
The world economic crisis has changed business conditions, which is particularly related
to resource management and market competitiveness. A lot of factors contribute to forming the strategically insertion, but the three represent a particularly interesting threat to a
well-timed renewal. The first one is the leading teams’ tendency to disclaim or ignore the
urge to restart the strategy. The second one is the lack of convincing alternatives to the un-
20
changed state. The third one is the allocation rigidity, which complicates talent placement
and regrouping behind the new initiatives.
Innovations, flexibility and productivity are guidelines for the future development in the
field of competitiveness and organizational management. The very essence of the struggle for competitiveness lies in accepting changes. Knowledge is the main driving force
of permanent productivity growth in the companies from these countries. Companies
from transitional countries are faced with numerous problems – among them the most
important are those related to improving knowledge and organization. Economic progress
and development of Republic of Serbia require creation and development of competitive
economy based on knowledge, new technologies and innovations, as well as on overall
implementation of integrated management systems.
To achieve commercial success of the company it needs to have a competitive advantage
in the form of lower costs and / or product differentiation, with a long-term strategy of
providing products and services of high quality and continuous innovation. The main
problem is the lack of competitiveness of domestic enterprises, which occurs as a result of
poor productivity performance and the lack of implementation of new technologies and
knowledge and inadequate application of the concept of quality management. Every business organization must become aware of the fact that the only way to establish and develop
competitive capabilities constantly improving sacrificing performance and achievement
of the objectives of operational excellence. Among domestic enterprises there has not yet
been developed the awareness of the importance of applying business excellence model
for their business. The first step in this process is the implementation of a quality management system by ISO 9001 standard requirements and Development integrated management systems.
REFERENCES
[1] Hamel, G.: The Future of Management (in Serbian). Novi Sad: ASEE, ISBN 978-867668-089-04.
[2] Reinert, E.: Spontaneous Chaos. Economics During a Time of Wolves (in Serbian).
Beograd: Čigojaštampa, 2010. ISBN 978-86-7558-763-7.
[3] The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014, (2013,).World Economic Forum,
2013.
http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GlobalCompetitivenessReport_2013-14.pdf
[4] Serbia lags technologically behind the EU for three decades (in Serbian). Blic. SRB:
Ringier. Beograd, 16/07/2009.
[5] ISO Survey of certification 2012 – Industrial sector. ISO, 2013. www.iso.org.
21
Denysiuk V.
INNOVATION-DRIVEN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT...
INNOVATION-DRIVEN ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT IN LUGANSK REGION:
METHODOLOGY, EVALUATION AND PROSPECTS
Denysiuk Volodymyr,
G. M. Dobrov Center for Science & Technology Potential and Science History Studies,
the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
[email protected]
Abstract: A method to derive index of the innovation-driven economic development in a region through
estimating innovativity indexes for selected indicators of the innovation process, including indicators
of exports of products classified in 4th and 5th technological tenor. The method is applied to evaluate the
innovation-driven development in Lugansk region in 2006–2011; it enables to identify advantages and
weaknesses in the economic development of this region compared with other Ukrainian regions.
Keywords: innovation-driven economic development, economic innovativity, innovative products, current prices, constant prices, products classified in 4th and 5th technological tenor.
1. INTRODUCTION
At the end of 20th century and beginning of 21st century, the capability of a country to generate and disseminate knowledge evolved into a core determinant of economic growth.
With the innovation cycle growing shorter, development and dissemination of innovations has boosted the global competition. Technologically advanced and transitional
economies have elaborated medium-term and long-term strategies on intensification of
the innovation-driven economic development, its central resource being innovation as
knowledge embodied in the commodity form. This strategy can be implemented through
constructing relevant tools enabling for sound evaluation of economic development and
the effectiveness of system for management and control of mechanisms and stimuli specific to innovation processes.
Review of publications. Issues of theory and practice of the innovation-driven development at country and regional level were elaborated in works of many national researchers
in economics, such as A. Alimov, N. Amoshi, Yu. Bazhal, P. Bubenko, M. Butko, V. Geyets,
V. Golovatyuk, Ya. Zhalilo, L. Ligonenko, Yu. Makogonov, B. Malitsky, V. Soloviyov, L.
Fedulova, Yu Kharazishvili, I. Shovkun and others [1–3]. However, quite many theoretical
and practical problems related with evaluation of the economic-driven development in a
region are yet to be solved.
The objective of the article is to elaborate methodology for estimating index of the innovation-driven economic development in a region by calculating innovativity indexes for
22
selected indicators of the innovation process, to evaluate the innovation-driven economic
development in Lugansk region, a large Ukrainian region, in 2006–2011 by accounting
for exports of products classified in 4th and 5th technological tenors (TT), and to outline
key dimensions for intensification of the innovation-driven economic development in Lugansk region.
Results. The method consists of the phases: selection of components and indicators of the
innovation process; analysis of change in the indicators; measurement of indicators of the
innovation process normalized as employment number and population number; calculation of innovativity indexes for each indicator, with the subsequent estimation of index of
the innovation-driven development in a region.
The method includes four components of the innovation-driven development in a region.
The first component characterizes financing of R&D and innovation in a region, measured
by two indicators: (1) financing of R&D, per 10,000 employees, thou. UAH; and (2) total
spending on innovation, per 10,000 employees, thou. UAH. The second component characterizes innovation activity at industrial enterprises, and consists of five indicators (3) share of
innovating industrial enterprises; (4) number of introduced new technological process; (5)
number of manufactured innovative products; (6) number of developed high technologies;
(7) number of exploited high technologies, with introduction period from 1 to 5 years. The
third component (three indicators) is supposed to supply performance-specific information
about industrial enterprises and other economic entities in a region, by measuring their
sales and exports: (8) sales of innovative products; (9) exports of innovative products; (10)
exports of products classified in 4th and 5th TT (high and medium-high technologies). The
fourth component (one indicator) characterizes economic performance in a region: (11)
labor productivity (gross regional product (GRP) per employee), UAH.
The methodology has the following peculiarities:
1. Measurement of the innovation process indicators normalized as employment
number and population number in a region allows for comparing the efficiency of
the innovation-driven economic development in regions with varying numbers of
population.
2. Innovativity indexes for each innovation process indicator are calculated as a share
in the average value of each indicator in Ukraine, taken as 1.
3. Use of indicators of exports of products classified in 4th and 5th TT to evaluate the
innovation-driven economic development in a region enables for performance
evaluation at enterprise (organization) level, and at advanced high efficiency enterprises manufacturing high tech products.
A follows from the methodology, higher than average innovativity indexes derived for
selected indicators are an indication of advantages in the innovation process in a region in
relation to other regions, whereas lower than average innovativity indexes are an indication of weaknesses and difficulties in the innovation process in a region.
The elaborated methodology is used by the author to evaluate the innovation-driven economic development in Lugansk region, which stand out of the other Ukrainian regions
by noticeable industrial capabilities covering a range of industrial sectors dominated by
heavy industries, with fuel and energy complex, with the central role of mining, taking
the lead. Other industries found in the region include mechanical engineering, chemical
products, oil refinery, food and beverages, wood and products made thereof, textile. The
23
Denysiuk V.
region has a noticeable number of R&D organizations and HEEs. The regional population
as of 01.01.2013 was 2,256,500 people. The largest cities in the region are Lugansk, Krasny Luch, Severodonetsk, Lisichansk, Alchevsk, Stakhanov. The investment attractiveness
in the region is rather high when compared with other Ukrainian regions. Thus, direct
foreign investment in the Lugansk economy as of 31.12.2012 amounted to 838.5 million
USD, with 12th position in the country [4], and 155 million USD in the earlier half of 2013,
being 10% higher than in the analogous period of 2012.
Measures of Gross Regional Product (GRP), R&D financing, overall spending on innovation and sales of industrial innovative products for Lugansk region in 2006–2011 are
shown in Table 1.
GRP in Lugansk region in 2011 amounted to 57202 million UAH (in current prices) and
exceeded GRP in 2006 by 2.37, or 24159 million UAH. In 2008–2006, GRP grew by 1.78.
In 2009, in the conditions of financial and economic crisis, it amounted to 38451 million
UAH, which was 10.5 percent lower than in the previous year. In 2009–2011, GRP grew
by 1.49. Regional employment in 2011 was 1002.2 thousand, which is 5.16 percent lower
than in 2006. A key indicator of the innovation-driven economic development is scopes
and tendencies of R&D and its utilization for economic purposes. In 2011, overall R&D
financing in Lugansk region amounted to 161790.7 thousand UAH, or 1.69% of the total
R&D financing in Ukraine (9591349.5 thousand UAH). The main sources of R&D financing in Lugansk region were central budget (14.52% of the total financing), internal funds
(21.44%), funds of domestic customers (24.22%), funds from abroad (38.19%), funds of
local budgets and special purpose funds (0.95%). Basically, change in R&D financing in
2006–2011 in the region corresponds with the dynamics of change in GRP (with the positive coefficient of correlation between the two variables being 0.98).
In 2011, the total financing of innovation in Lugansk region was 167.05 million UAH, or
1.68% of the total financing of innovation in Ukraine (14333.89 million UAH). Its sources
were as follows: internal funds – 66.95%; central budget, local budgets and off-budget
funds – 1.33%; funds of domestic investors – 9.78%; funds of foreign investors – 0%; loans
– 21.94%; other sources – 0%. This distribution is noticeably different from the distribution of innovation financing in 2011 in Ukraine, with the share of financing from internal
funds amounting to 59.2%, and the share of loans – 38.3%.
In 2006, the total financing of innovation in Lugansk region was 96.92 million UAH, or
1.57% of the total financing of innovation in Ukraine (6159.95 million UAH, a major
share of financing being internal funds (52.54%, against 84.6% in Ukraine), foreign investors (30.48%, against 2.86% in Ukraine), loans (15.82%).
Comprehensive information about tendencies in R&D financing and innovation spending can be derived from comparisons made in current and constant prices (with use of
GDP deflator) [5], to eliminate inflation effects for change in prices on commodities and
services in the analyzed period (see Table 1).
As follows from the estimates in Table 1, while R&D financing in Lugansk region in 2012,
measured in current prices, grew by 2.23 against 2006, the growth measured in constant
prices of 2005 was only 1.13. When innovation spending is compared in comparable prices, the picture is even more negative. The year of 2011, compared with 2006, marked the
decline in innovation spending by 1.37, first and foremost due to rapid decline in spending in 2011, amounting to only 61.3 million UAH in constant prices of 2005. Evaluation
of R&D and innovation spending as well as decision-making regarding innovation in a
24
region should rest upon a central thesis from Oslo Manual, that the smaller amount of resources is allocated in innovation in macro system, the deeper is the decline in innovation
capacities at enterprises within this system [6].
If measured by innovation activity, the industry of Lugansk region lagged behind other
Ukrainian regions in 2006–2011. The share of innovating enterprises in the region was
13.5% (of 505 surveyed enterprises) in 2011, 11.2% (of 529 surveyed enterprises) in 2010,
and 7.4% (of 609 surveyed enterprises) in 2006, against the respective shares for the
Ukrainian industry being 16.2%, 13.8%, and 7.9% (see Table 1).
Although analysis of time series on innovation performance at industrial enterprises, measured by number of introduced new technological processes and number of manufactured
innovative products, shows a minor increase in these categories of innovations in 2011 compared with 2006, the figures failed to reach the ones in the pre-crisis year of 2008 (see Table 1).
Table 1: Selected indicators of the innovation-driven development in Lugansk region
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
R&D financing, million UAH
69.7
84.7
118.0
98.1
121.1
161.8
(current prices)
R&D financing, million UAH
60.5
59.7
64.6
53.7
58.5
68.7
(constant prices of 2005)
Total spending on innovation,
96.9
1343.4 2178.9 111.1
243.1
167.1
million UAH (current prices)
Total spending on innovation,
million UAH (constant prices
84.1
947.4 1192.6
53.6
103.2
61.3
of 2005)
Share of innovating industrial
7.4
11.3
10.2
9.9
11.2
13.5
enterprises, %
Number of introduced new
19.0
52.5
42.1
13.6
28.6
42.9
technological processes
Number of manufactured
31.3
31.9
47.7
30.2
38.4
34.9
innovative products
Number of developed high
30.5
1.0
technologies
Number of exploited high
technologies with the period of
255.1
334.3
introduction from 1 to 5 years
Sales of innovative products,
3848.9 7720.3 12393.3 6158.0 6749.8 2508.9
million UAH
Exports of innovative products, 2257.3 3512.9 9102.7 2930.1 2393.6 911.9
million UAH
Employment, thousand persons 1054.6 1066.7 1068.8 1026.2 1015.4 1002.2
Labor productivity (GRP per
22908 30262 40218 37469 44850 57076
employee), UAH
GRP, million UAH
24159 32280 42985 38451 45541 57202
Source: data from the State Statistics Service of Ukraine [7].
Also, statistical data on high technologies (advanced production technologies) and their exploitation in the region are used to evaluate the innovation-driven economic development.
25
Denysiuk V.
Statistics of high technologies allows for conclusion about the contribution of the regional
R&D capacities in the economic development, utilization of R&D results in new technological processes etc. Nearly thrice fold decline in the number of high technologies
developed in Lugansk region in 2011 compared with 2010 is an evidence of the decreasing
performance of R&D capacities, which may be caused by the reduced financing of innovation in 2011. Still, the increased number of high technologies exploited in the region in
2011 compared with the previous year is a very positive sign.
According to official statistical reports, the analyzed period features noticeable change in
the shipment of innovative products by the regional industry. In 2011, sales of innovative
produces amounted to 2508.9 million UAH, or 5.92% of the Ukrainian total, and only
2.7 % in the total sales of industrial products in Lugansk region, which is lower than the
analogous figure for Ukraine (3.8%). The author believes that the industrial performance
in the region, measured by exports of products classified in 4th and 5th TT and their shares
in the total regional exports, has to be central to evaluation of the innovation-driven
economic development in a region. Indicators measured by the author with reference to
recommendations [8] on harmonization of technologies’ classification by methodology
adopted in the OECD for manufacturing industries, and use of data from the State Statistics Committee of Ukraine in TT context, are shown in Table 2.
Table 2: Indicators of exports of products classified
in 4th and 5th TT from Lugansk region
4th TT
4th and 5th
taken together
5th TT
Year
Amount,
million
USD
Share in
regional
exports, %
Amount,
million
USD
Share in
regional
exports, %
Amount,
million
USD
Share in
regional
exports, %
2006
585.67
19.5
31.4
1
617.07
20.5
2007
922.07
23.3
37.21
0.9
959.28
24.2
2008
1315.6
20.7
36.38
0.6
1351.98
21.3
2009
450.74
23.9
22.57
1.2
473.32
25.1
2010
978.81
29.4
27.49
0.8
1006.3
30.3
2011
1442.22
22.2
4.,43
0.7
1484.65
22.8
Source: derived by the author on the basis of data from
the State Statistics Service of Ukraine
As can be seen from the figures in Table 2, due to the financial and economic crisis of 2009
exports of products in 4th TT amounted to 450.74 million USD, falling down by 2.92 compared with 2008. Still, the share of products in 4th TT grew up to 23.9% in the total exports
in 2009. The period of 2010–2011 marked the increasing exports of products in 4th TT, but
their share in the total regional exports fell to 22.2% in 2011, due to a slight growth in the
exports of low and medium-low technologies.
Analysis of the time series on regional exports of products in 5th TT shows that in spite of
their slightly increased exports up to 42.43 million USD in 2011, their share in the total
regional exports fell to 0.7. Also, normalization of the selected indicators as employment
26
number or population number was made in accordance with the method, with calculating
index of the innovation-driven economic development in the region as arithmetic average
for the group of innovativity indexes, for each year. The results are given in Table 3.
As can be seen from Table 3, Lugansk region leads Ukraine by the selected innovativity indexes that are higher than the innovativity average for Ukraine. Yet, the region lags behind
Ukraine by innovativity indexes 1 to 7 and 11.
Estimations of integral index of the innovation-driven economic development in Lugansk
region show its slight increase in 2010 compared with 2009; economic aggravation in the
region, which followed in 2011, led to a its noticeable decline (by 1.69) compared with
2010.
Table 3: Innovativity indexes for the economy of Lugansk region, 2006–2011
Indicator
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
1. R&D financing, per 10,000 employees 0.265
0.27
0.289 0.247 0.269 0.342
2. Total spending on innovation, per
10,000 employees
0.309 2.433 3.565 0.275 0.603 0.236
3. Number of introduced new
technological processes, per 1,000,000
employees
0.344 0.773 0.536 0.145 0.284 0.347
4. Number of manufactured innovative
products, per 1,000,000 employees
0.269 0.264 0.409 0.227 0.323 0.219
5. Number of developed high
technologies, per 1,000,000 employees
1.64
0.5
6. Number of exploited high
technologies with introduction period
from 1 to 5 years, per 1,000,000
employees
0.828
0.9
7. Share of innovating industrial
enterprises
0.661 0.796 0.785 0.773 0.812 0.833
8. Sales of innovative products, per
10,000 persons
2.433 3.772 5.338 3.886 3.992 1.186
9. Exports of innovative products, per
10,000 persons
3.445 4.703 7.603 4.403 3.479 1.446
10. Exports of products classified in 4th
and 5th TT, per 10,000 persons
1.484 1.607 1.827 1.087 1.734 1.875
11. Labor productivity (GRP per
employee)
0.873 0.878
12. Index of the innovation-driven
economic development (without
indicators 6 and 7)
1.120 1.722 2.360 1.319 1.371 0.819
0.89
0.828
13. Index of the innovation-driven
economic development (with indicators
6 and 7)
0.84
0.891
1.346 0.798
Source: derived by the author on the basis of data from
the State Statistics Service of Ukraine
27
Denysiuk V.
This tendency can be explained by noticeably declined innovativity indexes in Lugansk
region in 2011 for several indicators: total spending on innovation, per 10,000 employees;
sales of innovative products, per 10,000 persons and exports of innovative products, per
10,000 persons. The highest index of the innovation-driven economic development in
Lugansk region was derived for 2007 and 2008, due to high innovativity indexes for 8th
and 9th indicators on innovation, which is caused by the established conjuncture, local
(regional) and global demand for locally manufactured products, and by the increasing
spending on innovation per 10,000 employees.
Considering the results from the study, primary dimensions for intensification of the
innovation-driven economic development in Lugansk region, should be: revision of the
regional innovation policy through prioritizing the sustained growth in the output in 5th
and 6th TT, as a core factor behind significant restructuring of the regional economy and
enhancing the competitiveness at both regional and country level; building up innovation infrastructure as a mix of cross-linked and interacting organizations, associations and
other entities contributing to the innovation efficiency; development of tools to stimulate
innovation processes in low-tech industries and other economic sectors, and to enhance
the innovative focus in research institutions and HEEs; fostering of favorable innovation
climate, to promote innovation projects and programs in the region, and secure their support from central and local authorities and the public.
2. CONCLUSIONS
1. The elaborated method and its application for the study of the innovation-driven economic development in Lugansk region in 2006–2011 show that the method allows for
detailed by year analysis of the dynamics of index of innovation-driven economic development, with identifying advantages and weaknesses in the economic development of the
region.
2. The primary dimensions in intensification of the innovation-driven economic development in Lugansk region are formulated.
REFERENCES
[1.] Bubenko, P.G. (2002) Rehionalni aspekty innovatsiinoho rozvytku [Regional Aspects
of the Innovation-Driven Development]. Kharkiv: National Technical University
“KPI” [in Ukrainian].
[2.] Lazareva, Ye. (2009) Doslidzennia zakonomirnostey innovatsiinykh peretvoren u
rehionalnii ekonomitsi [Study of Tendencies of Innovation-Driven Transformations
in Regional Economy]. Ekonomist [Economist], 9, 35–37 [in Ukrainian].
[3.] Denisyuk, V. (2006) Metodolohiia otsinky ta analizu dynamiky innovatsiinoi
aktyvnosti promuslovosti rehionu [Methoodology for Evaluation and Analysis of
the Dynamics of Innovation Activity in a Region]. Ekonomist [Economist], 3, 40–43
[in Ukrainian].
[4.] Investytsiiny atlas Ukrainy 2013. Derzhavne ahentstvo z investytsii ta upravlinnia
natsionalnymy proektamy Ukrainy [Investment Map of Ukraine. Ukrainian State
Agency on Investment and Management of National Projects]. Retrieved from:
http:/www.pwc.com/ua [in Ukrainian].
28
[5.] Bulkin, I. A., Denisyuk, V. A. (2013) Finansirovaniye innovatsyonnoi deyatelnosti
v promyshlennosti Ukrainy [Financing of Innovation in the Ukrainian Industry].
Nauka i innovatsii [Science and Innovation], 9 (127), 33–37 [in Russian].
[6.] Oslo Manual. Proposed Guidelines for Collecting and Interpreting Technological
Innovation Data (2009) OECD and Eurostat, 2009. Kyiv: Ukrainian Institute for
Science & Technology and Economic Information, 162 [Ukrainian edition].
[7.] Naukova ta innovatsiina diyalnist v Ukraini. Statystychny zbirnyk [Research and
Innovation Activities in Ukraine. Statistical Book] (2012). State Statistics Service of
Ukraine. Kyiv, 248–278 [in Ukrainian].
[8.] Bazhal, Yu. M. (2011) Stratehichny analiz mozhlyvostei formuvannia v Ukraini
ekonomiky novogo sotsialno-tekhnolohichnoho ukladu [Strategic Analysis of
Feasibilities for Building up the Economy in Ukraine, Based on New SocioEconomic Tenor]. L. I. Fedulova (Ed.) Technolohichny imperatyv stratehii sotsialnoekonomichnoho rozvytku Ukrainy [Technological Imperative for the Socio-Economic
Development Strategy in Ukraine]. Kyiv: National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine,
Institute for Economics and Forecasting, 203–244 [in Ukrainian].
29
Dragić M., Kastratović E., Anđelković A.
HUMAN RESOURCES AS COMPETITIVE...
HUMAN RESOURCES AS COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE
FACTOR OF AN ORGANIZATION
Dragić Milan
Faculty of Business Economy and Entrepreneurship, Belgrade, Serbia
[email protected]
Kastratović Edita
Anđelković Aleksandar
Abstract: Human resources, in addition to raw materials and instruments of labor, are an essential
element of the work. The success of the organization is caused by the recruitment of talented people
who will directed their skills, knowledge, and energy towards innovation and competitiveness of the
organization. The expertise of the individual or group within the company is a specific competitive
ability, whose importance is increasingly coming to the fore in a modern society and a market economy.
Keywords: human resources, strategy, organization, competition
1. INTRODUCTION
Human resources, in addition to raw materials and instruments of labor, are an essential
element of the work. Technological advances have contributed to the growth of the modern machines and robots in the production process but human creativity is the main asset
and the most important factor in the growth and development of a company. Instead of
technical and conceptual factor, increasing importance pays to the behaviorist approach to
management. Human resources have become the most important factor in business while
personnel management is considered the most important for the success of a company.
HARD SOFT – transition from hard to soft dimension of a company
The success of the organization is caused by the recruitment of talented people who will
direct their skills, knowledge and energy towards innovation and competitiveness of the
organization.
While 20th century was characterized by material values and resources such as money,
land, equipment, and intangible value (brand image, customer loyalty), the basic resource
of the 21st century is knowledge. In developed economies, 50% of GDP is based on knowledge i.e. intellectual property and expertise of people.1
Dess et al. Strategijski menadžment, (Beograd: Data status, 2007), 124
1
30
2. STRATEGY AND COMPETITIVENESS
Strategy is the science and art to set out the main point of attack to any kind of action, in
order to achieve goal and success. Strategic management is a series of managerial decisions and actions that determine the long-term business performance.2 Strategic planning
is the process for implementing and updating the strategy when the need arises.3 Organizations in terms of changing circumstances on the modern markets need to recognize the
importance of equal access to the organizational strategy and human resources strategy.
Several models define the relationship between organizational strategy and human resources strategy:
• Separation model – there is no correlation between organizational strategy and human resources
• Fit model – highlights the growing understanding on the importance of the people
themselves in achieving organizational strategy
• Dialogue model – recognize the need for mutual communication and some kind of
a debate
• Holistic model – the people in the organization are viewed as a key competitive
advantage and not as a „tool” for the implementation of organizational strategy
• Human resources based model – human resource strategy is seen as a default one
Competitive advantage is what sets an organization apart. The organization has a competitive advantage if it is doing something that other organizations are unable to do so, or does
so better than others do.4
A strong lobby advocates a position on which the competitive advantage in the job is
rather the human potential than the availability of capital or the use of technology.
The importance of human resources as a factor of competitiveness can be seen in the relationship between market and book values of modern organizations. In companies where
the knowledge and knowledge management are important participants in the development of products and services and physical resources less important, the market/book
value ratio tends to be much higher.5
The intellectual capital = Market value of a company – book value of a company
Experienced and capable workers, talented staff in key areas, superior knowledge and intellectual capital, collective knowledge, managerial knows-how, are potential power that
each organization strives to achieve.6
The expertise of an individual or a group within the company is a specific competitive
ability whose importance is increasingly coming to the fore in a modern society and a
market economy.
There are many forms of expertise:
• Competence – an accumulation of learning and skills development in performing
internal activities
Robbins Stephen. and Coulter Mary, Menadžment, (Beograd: Data status, 2005), 180
Kastratović Edita, Uvod u menadžment, (Beograd: Fakultet za menadžment u sportu Univerziteta
„Braća Karić”, 2008)
4
Coulter Mary, Strategijski menadžment, (Beograd: Data status, 2010), 201
5
Dess et al. Strategijski menadžment, 126
6
Thompson. A. Arthur et al. Strateški menadžment, (Zagreb: Mate, 2008), 90
2
3
31
• Core competence – a successfully performed internal activity that is at the heart of
strategy and competitiveness of a company. A valuable force of expertise because
it has a central role in the strategy of a company and contributes to the success of
the market.
• The distinctive competence – competitive valuable activity that a company performs
better than its competitors. It is competitively superior resource strength.7
The highest priority of building organizations in the implementation process is the need
for building and strengthening the competitiveness of valuable fundamental skills and
organizational skills.
There are three stages in the process of developing and strengthening the skills and abilities:
Phase 1 – The organization must develop the ability regardless of any initial imperfection
or inefficiency.
Phase 2 – Experience grows, the company’s staff learns how to run activities consistently
successful at an acceptable cost. The ability develops into the expertise.
Phase 3 – If the organization continues to refining its know -how with the increased performance, while becoming better than competitors, then the fundamental skills rise to the
level of recognized competence.8
The importance of human resources as a factor of competitive advantage reflects in the
fact that the company’s reputation, the trust of employees, teamwork and organizational
culture can hardly be imitated and substituted. This fact leads to the conclusion about the
importance of human resources and their role in the phenomena listed above. Organizations need resources that are difficult to imitate or substitute.9
Successful organizations must systematically approach to quality human resources as the
most important resource. One can achieve this only if complying with the complex approach that involves three vital processes:
• Attracting human capital
• Development of human capital
• Preservation of human capital10
Organizations need to pay equal attention to each of these processes in order to build a
solid foundation as a guarantee of competitiveness in the brutal market game.
Thompson et al. Strateški menadžment, 90-91.
Thompson et al. Strateški menadžment, 325.
9
Coulter, Strategijski menadžment, 46.
10
Dess et al. Strategijski menadžment, 128.
7
8
32
Figure 1: HRM processes in terms of human capital
The importance of attracting and developing high-quality human resource is reflected in
the fact that quality personnel have the ability to recognize the importance of continuous learning and rapid adjustment to changing market conditions. Attracting high quality
staff, the organization becomes flexible and the staff identifies with new ideas and mutually sharing visions accepting new changes.11
The attitude of the organization on ethical issues can often be criticized in terms of the
ethical basis. The inevitability of rapid changes in the global marketplace affect managers
regarding the made decisions, which may result in a reduction of interest of one part of
employers in terms of business ethics.12
Taking into account theoretical and practical scope of human resources, there is a diversification in terms of approach in this regard. Managers have different views regarding the
importance of having human factors in relation to the business (organizational) strategy.
There are three theoretical approaches to the strategic human resource management:
• Universal access – assume that the high level achievement model is in correlation
with a high level of an organizational activity in all contexts, regardless of the competitive strategy of the organization.
• Access based on integration or opportunities – based on two basic forms of integration: external (strategic HRM integrates into the requirements of the business strategy) and internal integration (all policies and activities of the HRM integrate mutually making a coherent entirety, mutually supportive and consistently applied).
Kopilović Radmila, „The learning organization”, International journal of economics and law, Vol 1,
No 2, (2011):75
12
Marković, A., Marković, Lj., „New trends in human resources management”, International
journal of economics and law, Vol 1, No 1, (2011):75
11
33
• The approach based on resources – refers to the formation of connections between
internal resources, strategy and performance. This approach emphasizes the importance of human capital as a competitive advantage.13
3. RESUME
The market economy of modern society does not forgive. The most successful organizations survive those organizations that have clearly observed a strategic approach, identified their strengths and weaknesses on one side, and their chances and threats from the
other side.
The importance of human resources can be viewed from two angles. High quality personnel are capable of defining and implementing an adequate strategy in the situation in
which the organization is. They are able to give their best to the organization in order to
be competitive in all dimensions. High quality staff contributes to the competitiveness of
the organization in terms of creative ideas and solutions that are directly implemented
in the production process or the provision of services (depending on the activities of the
organization).
High quality human staff is of crucial importance for the success of an organization, so
the human resources management is the process with the most important task – to attract,
develop, and maintain (retain) high quality human staff.
REFERENCES
[1] Coulter M. Strategijski menadžment, Beograd: Data status, 2010.
[2] Dess et al. Strategijski menadžment, Beograd: Data status, 2007.
[3] Kastratović, E. Uvod u menadžment, Beograd: Fakultet za menadžment u sportu
Univerziteta „Braća Karić”, 2008.
[4] Kopilović Radmila, „The learning organization”, International journal of economics
and law, Vol 1, No 2, (2011):75
[5] Marković, A., Marković, Lj., „New trends in human resources management”,
International journal of economics and law, Vol 1, No 1, (2011):75
[6] Robins, S. i Coulter, M., Menadžment, Beograd: Data status, 2005.
[7] Thompson. A. A. et al. Strateški menadžment, Zagreb: Mate, 2008.
[8] Torrington D. et al. Menadžment ljudskih resursa, Beograd: Data status, 2004.
Torrington Derek et al. Menadžment ljudskih resursa, (Beograd: Data status, 2004), 34-43
13
34
IMPLEMENTATION OF ADVANCED ANALYTICS IN
CONSUMER-FACING COMPANIES
Gijić Nebojša
[email protected]
Lilić Vladana
Jović-Bogdanović Adriana
Abstract: Companies that are actually run by the market recognize the need to constantly be informed
about what is happening in the market. Customer needs are ever-changing, often in ways not easily
comprehended. The goal of advanced analytics is to benefit the companies and their customers. The
company acquires knowledge about the needs and behavior of customers in order to better meet their
needs. In this way, companies can build a profile of the needs of the customer. Companies that are related to consumers are required to collect and manage data, to apply analytics that brings both insight
and translation of those insights into effective combat operations.
Keywords: management, marketing, companies, analytics, consumers.
1. INTRODUCTION
Market conditions for companies with trade as main activity are daily becoming more
complex. Since there are numerous changes in the market, from day to day, it is necessary
to find such a business approach that will adequately respond to new changes.
The increased complexity of operations occurs as a result of globalization, increased competition, rapid technological development, the constant market changes, geographic and
demographic change, rapid product development, reduced product life cycle, increasing
the amount of information, a higher level of quality products and services, more stringent
environmental conditions, daily variation impact on sales, etc. There is no general and
ready-made solution, and finding the right solution to changing conditions is a major
challenge and a unique way for management of companies to show their creativity and
the correct orientation when collecting real data and finding appropriate models for best
possible way of implementation.
One of the main features brought by new technological opportunities is the growing presence of ‘on-line’ purchase.
In a time where the job we do, whether we are top managers in some companies, workers
who perform physical work or simply administrative workers engaged in the practices or
35
Gijić N., Lilić V., Jović-Bogdanović A. IMPLEMENTATION OF ADVANCED ANALYTICS...
paperwork, takes much too much time and energy, we are on the other hand being offered
many opportunities for ‘purchase from chair’ that relieve us of many grueling rounds of
retail chains and where we get to your home what you choose; many people do choose
‘on line’ purchase, or even sightseeing and selection via the web site trading companies.
Visiting certain websites, leaving comments and criticism, sharing experiences with other
consumers, and generally all the activities that consumers make during the visit of a certain web pages constitute endless source of data, which can, with innovative approaches
and finding adequate processing model, lead to invaluable information about where and
how to invest in order for sellers to improve their sales.
Consumer-oriented companies must be able to capture and manage specific data, apply
analysis that generate insights into the matter and translate the same analysis in an effective action plan. Retailers and companies that sell products in bulk (CPG), at relatively
low cost, have long had access to large amounts of transaction data of your target market.
Every day, companies collect pieces of information about each product which has been
marketed, sold or withdrawn from sale at any reseller site, as part of the reseller network
of related companies. Further, companies are using sophisticated techniques of market
research in order to respond to a series of questions such as: Which products should be
developed? Which products should have their prices reduced, and when? Which marketing channels will allow easier access to consumers?
In addition to highly valuable information about consumer society and the results of the
market analysis, consumer-oriented companies now have access to the information from
social networks and other large amounts of data known as ‘macro information.’ This article discusses the potential of macro information and advanced analysis of the retail and
consumer-oriented companies, and examines the conditions that must be achieved for
potential of macro information to be converted into actual market value.
2. POSSIBILITIES FOR ADVANCED ANALYTICS
Retailers need to respond quickly to market changes, to have the capacity for efficient production, to use supply chain that is ready for a quick response to the latest fashion items
could supply the mass market. Stores like H & M, Zara, Mango and Benetton show a remarkable ability to respond to market needs in relation to fashion. These retailers are able
to, within short few weeks, offer fashion designs for which there is great demand, which is
a step forward compared to the previous practice where the fashion industry used to wait
from six months to one year to mass produce these items.1
The company operates in conditions where they have to monitor and respond to competitive promotions, price changes and still be able to launch innovative products and expand
product lines. Due to the simultaneous production and consumption of services personnel has a major impact on customer perception of service quality.2 In order for employees
to be able to assess the needs of customers, it is necessary to establish standards that will
improve the quality of services. Managers hold an important role in standard making. The
winner is the manager who achieves the highest number of services and the highest profit.
Jobber D., Fahy J., 2006., Osnovi marketinga, Beograd, Data status, 332.
Rafiq M., Ahmed P., 1992., The Marketing Mix Reconsidered, Salforg, Proceeding of the Annual
Conference of the Marketing Eduction Group, 51.
1
2
36
The real challenge comes when investing and making business network in order to ‘kill’
competition.3
The combination of macro information and advanced analysis makes a number of significant opportunities for consumer-oriented companies throughout the consumer chain.
Taking, for example, the process of developing a new product, companies can now get a
detailed analysis of user needs and can easily identify different consumer segments. Return on this investment can be easily measured in a variety of marketing campaigns, from
the traditional to the newer ones (social media). This approach makes it easier to transfer
investment funds from less successful into highly effective marketing channels. Through
detailed analysis on an hourly and daily basis, retail trade can very effectively increase
sales, provide better experience during your purchase to your customers and bring in
more revenue, both for themselves and their wholesale partners.
Macro information and advanced analysis enable companies to make faster and better
decisions in their daily operations. European wholesale companies had revolutionized
their retail offer and plans through the implementation of advanced analysis on the basis
of the information about the target market and the average consumer. This approach had
provided the sales growth of 10% in categories of small growth. The potential is not exclusively in sales growth. A recently conducted study by McKinsey and the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology shows that companies that use macro information and analysis as
part of the operation, surpass their competition by 5% in productivity and 6% in profitability.4
3. HOW TO REACH THE GOAL: THREE STEPS
Fully usable information and analysis must fulfill three conditions.5 First, companies need
to choose the right information and be able to manage information from various sources.
Second, companies must be able to build complex models that will transform the data into
models. The third and most important step is: management must undertake transformational change program that will result in a translation model of feasible actions.
1. As they prepare to take part in the collection and analysis of data, companies need to answer one question: which decisions should be improved, upgraded and strengthened. To
begin with, retailers should implement better decisions in the sphere of promotion spending. Range of decisions that need to be perfected can be very broad: do we want to refine
the design (number of pages, number of products on one page) leaflets and brochures? Do
we want to perfect distribution of promotional material – what printing press to use, to
which address should they be provided, etc.? Maybe we should do a new list of products to
be found in the brochures? Each decision in connection with some of the questions above
requires a separate set of information and analysis of the same.
Radosavljević Ž., Tomić R. 2007., Menadžment u modernom biznisu, Privredna Akademija, Novi
Sad, 268.
4
Brynjolfsson Eric, McAfee Andrew 2012., Big data: The management revolution, Boston,
Harvard Bussines Review, October 2012., Vol. 90, no.10, 61-67.
5
Breuer Peter, Moulton Jessica, and Turtle Robert 2013., Applying advanced analytics in consumer
companies, McKinsey Quarterly, May 2013., http://www.mckinsey.com/insights/consumer_and_
retail/applying_advanced_analytics_in_consumer_companies.
3
37
When decisions that need to be improved had been reached, companies must collect and
process the information needed in order to conduct a detailed and comprehensive analysis. Experience teaches us that such a process entails three complex actions: integrate information sources, define data management and establishment of IT infrastructure.
Aggregation of information sources. We often encounter cases where a company has all
the information needed for further progress and development of the business, but different important blocks of information are in the possession of different operating centers,
i.e. departments within the company. These organizational tanks ‘hide’ information from
analysts who want to use them. Take for example a specialist who is trying to do a redesign
of promotional email that is sent to a list of 5 million members who took part in a loyaltycard program. While the program itself is extremely successful, revenue and profit are
absent. The expert recognized that combining data of different functional groups we can
obtain smaller, more targeted segments of members, and understand what types of direct
mails result in the highest profit.
Once you understand what data are needed, it is necessary to develop a process for extracting and filtering data, and then re-assemble those for the purpose of exploitation,
now fully adapted to the situation.
Defining data management. Given the huge amount of data that companies collect and
dispose of, the accuracy and reliability of information is a constant challenge. Product
information – such as packet size or even a description of the category of the product – are
not always accurate and fully actualized within the company database. In case of imprecise
obsolete data analysis result will always be unsatisfying and unusable. Instead of collecting
readily available information and storing them in the condition in which they had been
collected, it is necessary to establish rigorous standards of data management that dictate
continuous collection of data to be stored in the ready stage to perform the analysis.
Establishing IT infrastructure. Company needs IT infrastructure in order to store, access,
combine and analyze large amounts of information. Establishment of IT infrastructure requires close cooperation between managers, analysts and IT staff in order for data storage
to meet the needs of all three of the aforementioned departments.
2. Companies must be prepared for a huge influx of data in a short period of time – a task
that often requires sophisticated and sometimes very complex analytical models. First,
the employees must be actively involved in the development of a model; they must understand analytics and ensure that the model does show the desired results. Second, model
approach should be directed at the simplest model that will give the desired results The
power of the approach by two mentioned steps can easily be seen in the wholesale companies that seek to increase their return on investment in marketing.
A recent case speaks of a certain associate to the company who had independently built
a model based on paid advertising, or purchase online traffic, with the aim of increasing
the return on investment in the field of online marketing. The employees in the company
were surprised by the extremely high results, although they were not familiar with the
model. Later on, the company developed its own simplified model. The results were clearly
weaker: the new model had shown 15 times smaller return on investment than the model
used by the external expert. Further analysis shows that one of the analysts employed in
the company mistakenly grouped data, while the complexity of the model used initially
hampered the analysis of the problem and timely identification of errors.
38
3. Collecting data and developing models alone will not bring results, unless the company
translates transparent models into feasible actions in the market. Companies must define
a whole set of new processes that are easy to understand, both for workers on the market
and management.6
When implementing a new system of supplying goods in a certain famous wholesale center, there appeared lack of confidence in management system that has been developed with
the aim of predicting moments bargains. The system kept regularly sending retail centers
stock of goods to avoid stagnation of traffic due to the discharge of stocks in warehouses.
Since they did not know the way the system worked, it had been months until the company’s management began to trust the system to predict demand. Until this moment, the
management had been manually performing the same action as the system, reducing the
productivity of the company by 100% in a given sector.
4. THE NEW WAY OF UNDERSTANDING THE ONLINE CUSTOMER
Companies that are in constant and direct contact with the final consumers need to understand the operation of the website and how well their web sites linked to the web entities affects the (non)-purchase of their products. In this case interesting web entities are
the blogs and websites that are based on positive or negative criticisms of users. These sites
are also known as review sites.
In recent years behavior of some 11,000 online users had been followed in the territory
of the United States.7 All sites visited by the users had been recorded during the period of
6 months, i.e. for the duration of the study. When a number of users click on any of the
two sites within the specified period, it is considered that the pairs are connected. All such
pairs had been collected for the by companies, information centers and other stakeholders
in a given industry.
The links in the network map had been presented, which allow us to distinguish between
different network segments at a granular level. The number of nodes and the length of the
lines reflect the power of the network. Short lines indicate strong relationships while long
lines are weak. The strong connectivity means significant overlap in visitors of these sites,
which means that the site that influenced the user was operated on real user traffic site that
is part of the same network, but users do not go there directly from the site which influences the user. Therefore, it is enough to be part of the network.
Example: Seller A has two strong links with sites that influence users (blog, website reviews), while his competitors, vendors B and C, have far more connections. The number
of nodes and the length of the lines reflect the power of the network. Short lines indicate
strong relationships while long lines are weak. There is a map of the network that contains
5 online retailers of commercial electronics. Visitors of these sites are likely to visit the
sites for reviews of specific parts of the technology, media sites, news from the world of
technology, etc. Vendor A has two strong ties, while his competitors for B and C have a
Gijić Nebojša, Lilić Vladana, Đuretić Gordana 2013, „The importance of small wins“,
International Journal of Economics and Law, Vol. 3, No. 7 (2013), Beograd, FPSP, 40.
7
Kroell Frank, Schaff Rachel, and Zimmermann Stephan 2013., Unraveling the Web: A new way
to understand the online customer, McKinsey Quarterly, May 2013., http://www.mckinsey.com/
insights/consumer_and_retail/applying_advanced_analytics_in_consumer_companies.
6
39
much larger number of them. It is clear that A can strengthen his ties, increase traffic and
therefore sales, by investing in creative partnerships, social media and online advertising.
Standards for data management require that clean, consistent data be collected and stored
ready for analysis. Access can be very similar to the way a seller manages and maintains
his store, they have a procedure and on the spot checks to ensure that the property is properly cleaned, well-designed and periodically renovated to maintain its useful existence. In
the same way, the standards of data management should define what data should be collected, the process of checking and maintaining data, and whose responsibility it is within
the company for each data packet.
Companies need IT infrastructure in order to store, easily approach, combine and analyze
vast datasets. Establishment of IT infrastructure requires close collaboration among business managers, analysts, IT staff to ensure data storage is designed in a way that meets
business needs and technical requirements of IT.8
Companies must, within their next step, feel the flow of data – this is a task that requires
sophisticated and sometimes very complex methods of analysis. Two principles of management can be helpful. First, business users should be involved in the process of building
the model; they must understand the analysis and ensure that the model gives concrete
results. Second, model approach should aim to reach the least complex model that provides the necessary insights.
Collecting the right data and the development of transparent model will make an impact
if the company’s insights, created using data from, become effective, first-line activities.
Companies must define new processes in a way that managers and workers in the front
line understand and adopt.9
Lazarević Petrović S., Lazarević M., Simić Antonijević D., 2013., „Innovations in application
of information Systems in business“, International Journal of Economics and Law, Vol. 3, No. 7
(2013), Beograd, FPSP, 102.
9
Radosavljević Života, Soloviov P. Viacheslav, Panagopolus Alexios 2012., „Modern technology
application in economics and management“, International journal of economics and law, Vol. 2,
No. 4 (2012), Beograd, FPSP, 109.
8
40
5. CONCLUSION
Nowadays organizations have huge amounts of data that is constantly increasing. To
obtain meaningful, relevant information we must effectively and efficiently manage the
data. For this purpose appropriate knowledge is necessary. Proper and timely information
gained is the main weapon in monitoring and predicting the situation on the market, and
the understanding and analysis of business trends. The quality of the decision depends
on the quality of available information and its timely submission upon manager’s request.
The emphasis here is on the best strategic decision-making, based on a full understanding of the data. The process of making strategic and other business plans do not end with
creating a plan. Today, plans should be adaptable and flexible for they have to deal with
changing dynamics of the business environment, changing market trends and constantly
changing competitive environment.
In the process of creating interactive communication the leading role belongs to market
research that makes it possible to observe the requirements of the market in order to
improve competitiveness, boost performance, and maximize the profit of the company.
On-line technology enables a totally new approach to market research, together with the
possibility of conducting research via the Internet. Through continuous development of
on-line technology a positive impact on market research is achieved, in view of the fact
that the marketers (researchers) are able to very quickly and with relatively low cost reach
your target population.
The use of advanced analytics in consumer companies to a large extent presents the basis
for participation in the market, both in terms of defining and undertaking certain marketing activities, as well as in other segments. The basis for facing the needs and desires of
consumers is certainly adequate data collection, and their subsequent processing. There
are countless opportunities placed before marketers and consumers, so that everyone can,
according to their needs, enhance their activities.
The rapid development of the Internet provides easy access to information not only to end
users, but also businesses, both large and small. By analyzing traffic of both your website
and competitors websites, companies can easily reach a large number of data crucial for a
launch of successful, targeted and profitable marketing campaigns. Because the data generated through the Internet already sorted out and prepared for analysis, primarily due to
the Google algorithm that is completely adapted to the development of targeted marketing
campaigns, this significantly shortens and simplifies the process of collecting and processing data. Complex data processing operations in order to upgrade to the same analytical
usable condition is significantly reduced if the company is oriented toward Internet advertising. For this reason, Internet advertising should be the backbone of all major marketing
companies depending on the level of exploitation of online market presence and online
clientele.
REFERENCES
[1] Breuer Peter, Moulton Jessica, and Turtle Robert 2013., Applying advanced analytics
in consumer companies, McKinsey Quarterly, May 2013., http://www.mckinsey.
com/insights/consumer_and_retail/applying_advanced_analytics_in_consumer_
companies.
41
[2] Brynjolfsson Eric, McAfee Andrew 2012., Big data: The management revolution,
Boston, Harvard Bussines Review, October 2012., Vol. 90, no.10.
[3] Gijić Nebojša, Lilić Vladana, Đuretić Gordana 2013, „The importance of small
wins“, International Journal of Economics and Law, Vol. 3, No. 7 (2013), Beograd,
FPSP.
[4] Jobber D., Fahy J., 2006., Osnovi marketinga, Beograd, Data status.
[5] Kroell Frank, Schaff Rachel, and Zimmermann Stephan 2013., Unraveling the Web:
A new way to understand the online customer, McKinsey Quarterly, May 2013.,
http://www.mckinsey.com/insights/consumer_and_retail/applying_advanced_
analytics_in_consumer_companies.
[6] Lazarević Petrović S., Lazarević M., Simić Antonijević D., 2013., „Innovations in
application of information Systems in business“, International Journal of Economics
and Law, Vol. 3, No. 7 (2013), Beograd, FPSP.
[7] Radosavljević Života, Soloviov P. Viacheslav, Panagopolus Alexios 2012., „Modern
technology application in economics and management“, International journal of
economics and law, Vol. 2, No. 4 (2012), Beograd, FPSP.
[8] Radosavljević Ž., Tomić R. 2007., Menadžment u modernom biznisu, Privredna
Akademija, Novi Sad.
[9] Rafiq M., Ahmed P., 1992., The Marketing Mix Reconsidered, Salforg, Proceeding of
the Annual Conference of the Marketing Eduction Group.
42
A SOLUTION IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF
THE BILLING AND INFORMATION SYSTEM
Jerinić Srđan
Technical – Economic School, Vitina – Vrbovac, Serbia
[email protected]
Nikolić Zoran
Nikolić Milan
University of Niš, Faculty of Economics, Niš, Serbia
Abstract: The analysis of the complexity of the operation of labor organizations general services
and continued expansion of the application of modern information technologies in all spheres of life
and work showed there is a need for designing of software solutions that would significantly improve
the performance of these services. Software processing of the billing process as an integral part of
economic services brings time and increases the efficiency of the service in terms of speeding up the
process of managing documents and reducing the volume of paper documentation. Functional and
information modeling of billing system was done using IDEF methods, as the application model in
MS Access.
Keywords: decomposition diagram, actions scheme, activities, entities, and databases
1. INTRODUCTION
Billing and information system (BIS), as part of the economic service of an organization, increases the efficiency of the service in terms of speeding up the process of managing documents and reducing the volume of paper documentation. Billing software
is a part of an integrated information system of business organization that in addition to billing includes process development, process preparation, procurement, manufacturing, sales, accounting and payroll calculation. As separate units of information,
published procurement processes [1] are processed and the wage calculation [2], while
publishing of the commercial software version is in progress. The authors of this paper
are working on realization of other units and other integrated information business
system of an organization, so publication of a series of papers from this project can be
expected in the future.
Modern methods of modeling eliminate the details and graphic displays enabling users
to think about the process of modeling as a picturesque presentation [3], [4]. In other
words, the modeling is a simplified representation of the real system through a set of
objects (entities), the relationship between objects and object attributes. A set of inte43
Jerinić S., Nikolić Z., Nikolić M.
A SOLUTION IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF...
grated IDEF (Integration DEFinition) modeling technique is the basic tools of modern
technology and strategies for improving business processes. Confirmation of the high
quality of these techniques is their implementation, for example, for the U.S. government, the Pentagon or NATO. Given modeling concept involves the use of this methodology for defining of each document. In this paper, we elaborate the functional modeling
Billing and Information system (BIS) using IDEF0 method, i.e. CASE (Computer Aided
Software Engineering) BPwin tool (Business Process for Windows). Applying Structural
System Analysis (SSA) implemented using BPwin tool, the process of invoicing is displayed by the codebook activities, creating invoices and billing analysis. These activities
are further broken down to the level of primitive actions for archiving documents, recorded in SSA, in an appropriate data storing capacity. In the implementation of billing
process, in the part of the data organization, IDEF1X information modeling method is
used realized through ERwin CASE tool (Entity Relationships for Windows) [3] – [6].
In other words, based on our functional analysis of the billing process, projection of the
object-link model started, realized thru ERwin tool. The information model was used to
create a database in MS Access and development of application model. Using final part
of the design, management options of developed information system in real conditions
were tested.
The aim of this paper is to apply the modern IDEF methodology in the development of
the information system on the selected billing process and put it into service as such.
To achieve the desired goal, functional process model is created, information data model,
application model and the implementation of the IS was carried out, which aims to facilitate business tasks for people working in this field [6], [7].
The significance of this paper is in comprehensive approach to the problem of the database organization that can serve as the basis for widening requirements for upgrading
of such database and access to the Billing and System (BIS) on the www.webng.com/
invoicing site.
2. FUNCTIONAL MODEL OF THE INVOICE PROCESS
After a detailed functional analysis of all the activities that make up the invoice process,
designing of the information billing system followed. The analysis was performed using SSA method, which is a relatively complex process of invoicing presented with a set
of simple activities and sub-activities. This explains the functioning of the system and
enables its implementation.
Functional modeling of BIS includes processing context diagram (Figure 1), tree activity
(Figure 2), and the decomposition of process diagram (Figure 3–5).
The context diagram defines the sets of inputs, controls and mechanisms that produce a
set of outputs. At this level, the issue of generalization is observed with a smaller number
of details. General overview of diagram context of the invoicing associated with the billing elements of inputs, outputs, controls and mechanisms in accordance with the IDEF0
standard is shown in Figure 1.
44
Figure 1: Diagram of the context of the activities A0 – INVOICING
Activity scheme represents a hierarchy of defined activities and provides a functional decomposition and insight into the depth of performing the connection between the activities (Figure 2). Activity scheme can be defined as a method by which a complex activity
is broken down into several subordinated activities among which vertical (hierarchical)
relationship were established. The hierarchy of activities decomposed billing process is
shown in Figure 2.
Decomposition diagrams. Defining of the decomposition activity diagram according to
IDEF0 method, a horizontal linkages between activities at the same level were created,
which allows connecting relevant information defined in the activity scheme [1] – [6].
Billing process is decomposed to the activities of codebook, Invoice making and Billing
analysis (Figure 3). These activities are further decomposed into sub-activities that can be
seen on the activity scheme (Figure 2) and in Figures 4 and 5 which show decomposition
diagrams of the codebook activity logs and Invoice creating.
Figure 2: The activity scheme A0 – INVOICING
One of the features of IDEF0 method is a combination of graphics and text providing efficient work, and helps users to understand and master the operation of the system. Visual
observation of the functioning of processes, activities, and sub- activities, as well as the
45
flow of data streams imposes a need for explaining them in detail. Therefore, further in
text (Figure 3) Evidence of the codebook and Invoice creating are shown only with its
decomposition diagrams with related sub-activities and elements of the inputs, controls,
outputs and mechanisms (Figures 4 and 5).
Figure 3: Decomposition diagram A0 – INVOICING
Figure 4: Decomposition diagram A1 – CODEBOOK LOGS
Figure 5: Decomposition diagram A2 – INVOICE MAKING
46
3. INFORMATION MODELING OF BIS DATA
After making decomposition diagrams, definition of the logical data model started. Usage
of the Information modeling (IDEF1X method) a billing process is represented by a set of
objects in a simplified way (entities), relation between objects and object attributes [1] –
[6]. Figure 6 shows the logical data model of the BIS, which is the basis for the definition
of the physical database model.
Generating of a physical model from ERwin into MS Access database model, automatically establishes relationships between fields in the selected tables according to indexes defined on those tables. Relations between table fields are determined according to similarity
(equality) of the name, type and size of fields [1], [2].
Figure 6: Logical data model of the IS INVOICING activity
4. REALIZATION OF THE APPLICATION MODEL
The application is carried out based on the database schema and the specific requirements of the user. This activity was carried out with all the specifics of DBMS systems
– MS Access. Menus and attractive shaped forms are defined. Defining of the menus and
navigating through the application reflects the logical mode of application users. The main
form of database that enables efficient database management is on the front page of www.
webng.com/invoicing (Figure 7). Access to the database is enabled for ASP (Active Server
Pages) cells taken from the records of the application of codebook, invoice making, billing
analysis [7] – [12]. Other forms, queries and reports that fully describe the operation of
the system will be presented in one of the papers that are in preparation. It should be mentioned that existing software tools and methods for all phases of the development cycle
and IS invoicing were experimentally verified.
47
5. RESUME
Given the complexity of the problem of business processes in terms of activities, various input and output data, influential and control factors and limitations of monitoring
information flows, it is necessary to use modern computational methods for modeling
processes.
IDEF is a set of standard methods and graphical languages used for the functional and information modeling in the field of software engineering and improving business processes. The goal of these contemporary IDEF techniques is to allow the experts to understand
the problem from different aspects and levels of generalization. In this sense, integrated
IDEF methods are some of the basic tools of modern strategies and methodologies for
redesigning and improving business processes.
Figure 7: The main BIS form
These techniques are implemented in the design and implementation of the BIS. The paper presents the method of functional and information modeling of the system. This system is the original work of the author and emerged as a need for more efficient operation
of the billing process. Further development of this application requires a certain amount
of time for testing and verification of selected concepts. The project will be fully expressed
within stakeholders and verification in practice.
48
REFERENCES
[1] Trajković, D., Nikolić, Z., Jerinić, S.: (2010), Funkcionalno i informaciono
modeliranje informacionog sistema obračuna zarada korišćenjem IDEF
metodologije, „IMK – 14, Istraživanje i razvoj“, UDK 621, ISSN 0354–6829, Godina
XVI, Broj 37 4/2010, Str. 97–104, Kruševac, (in Serbia).
[2] Nikolić, Z., Nikolić, M., Jerinić, S., Stanojević, D.: (2013), An Approach to
the Development of Informational System of the Procurement Department
in Production Organization, 3rd International Conference “Economics and
Management – Based on New Technologies”, EMoNT 2013, Proceedings, Plenary
and Invitation Paper, Serial number of paper P-6, pp. 45–52, Vrnjačka Banja, Serbia.
[3] Ang, C. L., Luo, M., Gay, R. K. L.: (1994), Automatic generation of IDEF model,
Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 79–92.
[4] Šerifi, V., Dašić, P., Ječmenica, R., Labović D.: (2009), Functional and Information
Modeling of Production Using IDEF Methods, Strojniški vestnik, Journal of
Mechanical Engineering, UDC 658.511 Special issue: 8th International Conference
RaDMI 2008, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 131–140.
[5] Standards: IDEF0 and IDFE1X, ISO 9000:2000, (www.idef.com).
[6] Nikolić, Z., Jerinić, S.: (2009), Functional and Information Modelling of Students’
Service Centre Information System Using IDEF Mmethods, 1st International
Scientific Conference “Law, Economy and Management in Modern Ambience” –
LEMiMA 2009, Proceedings, Volume 1, Plenary and Invitation Paper, pp. 96–109,
Sokobanja, Serbia.
[7] Matthew, D.: (2008), Access 2007, Mikro knjiga, Beograd (in Serbia).
[8] Williams, H.E., Lane, D.: (2004), Web Database Applications with PHP & MySQL,
ISBN: 0596005431.
[9] Andrew, G., D.: (2002), Microsoft ASP.NET step by step, CET, Beograd.
[10] Buser, D.: (2001), Active Server Pages, Computer Equipment and Trade, Čačak.
[11] Microsoft Corporation: (2004), Programming with Microsoft ADO.NET, Microsoft.
[12] Microsoft Corporation: (2004), Developing Microsoft ASP.NET Web Applications
Using Visual Studio .NET, Microsoft.
49
Kastratović E., Dragić M., Miletić L.
CHALLENGES OF STRATEGIC PLANNING...
CHALLENGES OF STRATEGIC PLANNING
AT THE GLOBAL LEVEL
Kastratović Edita
[email protected]
Dragić Milan
Miletić Lidija
College of Entrepreneurship, Belgrade, Serbia
Abstract: The concept of strategic planning has changed significantly from the time when organizations
have realized the importance of expanding its market share in other countries. The process of the global
performance involves various benefits, certain obstacles and risks that organizations may encounter.
Modern management is based on active adaptation in terms of strategy. Managers of the organizations
that seriously count on success in the demanding conditions of modern international markets must
be globally focused. The paper presents the challenges faced by managers in strategic planning and
strategic decision-making. The benefits and risks of the global performance of the organization are emphasized. This paper emphasizes the importance of the development of strategic managers but the education of management students in the direction of global perception of the problem and circumstances.
Keywords: strategy, strategic management, globalization, market, planning
1. INTRODUCTION
The concept of strategic planning has changed significantly from the time when organizations have realized the importance of expanding its market share in other countries. In
addition to the usual procedures and requirements provided by strategic planning, there
is the concept of competitiveness and the flexibility as essential elements of planning. The
inevitability of change stems from the fact that many organizations have not taken seriously the need to adapt and therefore brought their survival into question. The process of
the global performance involves various benefits, certain obstacles and risks that organizations may encounter. Aspect of the global economy must be viewed through the prism of
several factors that determine the specificity of individual countries, i.e. markets. Strategic
managers must ensure that their planning activities pass through the context of the political, cultural, economic, and social characteristics of particular countries as potential
markets. Modern management is based on active adaptation in strategic terms. Managers of the organizations that seriously count on success in the demanding conditions of
modern international markets must be globally focused. The success of the organization is
50
conditioned by the inevitability of global perception of the market dimensions with clearly
formed belief that success is the result of a globally integrated strategy, not the strategy
specific to a particular country.
2. THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Globalization
There are many reasons why organizations choose to focus on the global market. The motives are different, with the most obvious motive refers to the fact that the global orientation increases the size of the potential market for its products and services. Many multinational organizations are trying all means to reach markets in China and India because
the purchasing power of their citizens, the middle class, has improved significantly. The
global spread allows organizations to significantly increase the volume of business and
thus increase total revenue. Benefits of global business relate to the possibility of a market
offensive in areas that are not saturated, as is often the case with the domestic market by
offering products or services offered by the organization. Increasing the volume of production affects the fixed costs, such as research and development, compared to a larger
production capacity.
The importance of including the global aspect of strategic planning is becoming increasingly important in the harsh conditions of competitiveness at the global level. Overlooked
or poor evaluations by manager at the level of strategic planning can leave a huge impact
on the organization. C.K. Prahald, professor in the University of Michigan points to a narrow view on global strategic circumstances. He points out error that large international
organizations make neglecting of „the bottom of the pyramid”, which refers to the five
billion poor people in developing countries. They have a purchasing power of $14 billion in the segment of their needs related to the improvement of living conditions. Prahald pointed out to example of several companies that as the part of the overall strategic
analysis included this potentially valuable market segment. Unilever organization offered
poor people in India disposable sachets of shampoo at affordable prices for them (one
penny). With this strategic move within the untapped market segment, Unilever was able
to achieve 60% of the total value of sold shampoo in India.1
Outsourcing – transfer of the activities to other businesses. The decision to transfer activities to other companies is made when a company decides to hire other companies
to perform activities that create value, which previously took place within the company.
Transfer of the activity can be carried out at the company within the same country, as well
as companies from other countries (global context). The essence of outsourcing in a global
sense comes down to a cost reduction with implementation of the same activities in qualitative and quantitative terms. An example of the challenges in terms of outsourcing refers
to the company Misiu Systems based in Bothell (Washington). Todd Hodgen, director of
Misiu Systems, which manufactures alarm systems, found that he could save 65 % of the
cost of their own design, if the design process is transferred to a Taiwanese company. In
addition to the perceived benefits in terms of reduced costs of the design process, Todd
Hodgen recognized the potential benefits in terms of saving time in the process of product
Dess Gregory et al., Strategijski menadžment, (Beograd: Data status, 2007), str. 241
1
51
development, because the Taiwanese engineers could work in a period when American
engineers rest (different time zones).2
Offshoring – the relocation of a business process from one country to another. If the
managers of the company estimate that transfer of the activities to other countries will
significantly reduce costs and contribute to higher profits of the company, then the offshoring can be seen as a logical move. If the car can be produced cheaper in Mexico, then
it would be logical to produce it there, if the code can be cheaper to write in China, then
this activity should be carried out exactly in China. In the strategic decisions of managers
there is nothing political or philosophical in terms of offshoring, the essence is simply the
fact that the company would thus reduce costs and save money.3
Global business risks
The challenge faced by managers of small and medium-sized organizations in the global
marketplace presents both a challenge and an enormous burden. Creativity and the ability
to acquire, process and use information are important impulse for survival of organizations that are not among the biggest. The biggest losses have small and medium-sized
national companies located in the same market segment as well as large foreign transnational companies. They find it difficult to survive the competition with international
giants, who due to the crisis in underdeveloped countries maximally use the internal resources of these countries, tax benefits, charges for the use of local infrastructure and
other benefits. This significantly affects the inferior position of small and medium-sized
national companies.4
Many realize the globalization only from a positive point of view without a detailed analysis of the potential dangers it brings. While the globalization should allow freedom of
trade and bring down all geographical barriers representing a line of differences between
countries, commitment of the organizations to global trade implies equal openness for
both good and bad things it brings.5 Managers of trans-national companies must take
into account the risks posed by global business. They need to include these risks in the assessment process so defined strategies could be relatively protected from possible market
surprises.
The challenges of strategic management are not only based on openness, as one of the
basic features of global business. In addition to these problems, organizations encounter
with much more serious problems arising from the essential and fundamental cultural differences between countries. These differences are related to the tradition, history, religious
beliefs, and value judgments of certain nations. The pursuit of profit-seeking, efficiency
and development, as emphasized by notions of capitalist society, as much it is accepted
in the United States, Australia, Hong Kong, it is so unpopular in other countries such as
France, the Middle East and Scandinavia.6
Dess Gregory et al., Strategijski menadžment, 241
Coulter Mary, Strategijski menadžment na delu, (Beograd, Data Status, 2010), str. 54
4
Zečević Miodrag i Nikolić Neda, Globalizacija i konkurentnost, 2012, str. 164.
5
Coulter Mary, Strategijski menadžment na delu, str.20
6Coulter Mary, Strategijski menadžment na delu, str.21
2
3
52
Global competitiveness
Competitiveness is imperative to success at all levels of the survival on the market, especially at the global level, in which all authorized and „unauthorized” means in order to realize the benefits are used. The condition of the globally competitiveness of organizations,
reflects in the ability of managers to properly assess market conditions, advantages and
disadvantages. Factors that define competitiveness can be classified into two categories:
• Non-price factors (innovation, creativity, branding, and customer service). One of
the social field in which the importance of the brand is emphasized is sport. For
sport, it is specific that all strategic decisions must be based on strong marketing assessment so the brand can be presented in the best possible way at the global level.
An example of this is the success of Nike in terms of global placement of the „Air
Jordan” basketball shoes where the organization made a profit of over $ 100 million
per year.7
• Price factors (expressed in the fact that products of international companies may
need to go to the global market with prices that are lower than the prices of other
international companies).8
Global positioning strategy
Organizations can use many potential strategies in order to global positioning. What
strategy managers of the organization will choose depends on their assessment of current
capabilities, as well as estimates of maximizing profit in real terms.
Organizations that are looking to expand globally can be oriented towards some of the
potential strategies:
• Export strategy – the use of local plants as a production base for exporting goods to
the markets of other countries
• Licensing strategy – making profit by approving the usage of the license, the use of
technology or knowledge (know -how) to organizations from other countries
• The strategy of using the franchise – the global expansion of the service and retail
sector with setting standards
• Multi-state strategy – changing the strategic approach of a company from country
to country according to local conditions and differences in the customer’s tastes and
preferences
• A global strategy – the use of equal competitive strategic approach to all national
markets in which the company operates
• Strategic alliances and ventures – alliances with companies in other countries, in
order to maintain and to strengthen the competitiveness9.
Globalization is the current necessity. It cannot and must not be avoided. As the process
of change, globalization depends on the growth rate of business transformation and the
Kastratović Edita i Denysiuk Volodymyr, „Marketing principlesand their application in sport
management”, International journal of economics and law, Vol. 1, No. 2 (2011): 52
8
Zečević Miodrag i Nikolić Neda, Globalizacija i konkurentnost, 2012, str.207
9
Thomson Arthur et al., Strateški menadžment, (Zagreb: Mate, 2008)str. 180
7
53
amount of technological changes10. Organizations must be prepared to adjust their positioning strategies according to the changes imposed by the global vortex.
3. RESUME
Globalization is inevitable thing and it imposes certain requirements for all market participants. In addition to managers who are constantly faced with changing circumstances,
which the organization must adapt, all employees in the organization must accept the
need for adjustment and therefore training. Globalization imposes the need for intensification of certain activities that were not so important in the previous period. Strategic
managers are faced with increased demands in terms of market research of the competitor countries and countries that are potential future markets. In addition to the research
process, strategic managers have intensified the need for a comprehensive analysis, which
must include consideration of the risks that are possible in a global business. The term
globalization must be seen as a process that evolves and transforms, and the importance
of the adaptability must be emphasize both for strategic managers who make decisions on
concrete actions of the organization, as well as in the process of educating young managers
(ones that will be responsible for the future planning activities at the global level).
REFERENCES
Brnjas Zvonko, Strategijski menadžment, Beograd: „Grmeč”, 2000.
Coulter Mary, Strategijski menadžment na delu, Beograd: Data Status, 2010.
Draker P. F. Upravljanje u novom društvu, Novi Sad: Adižes, 2005.
Jovanović Petar, Strategijski menadžment, Beograd: Visoka škola za projektni
menadžment, 2007
[5] Kastratović Edita, Menadžment u savremenom sportu, Beograd: Fakultet za
menadžment u sportu, 2008.
[6] Kastratović Edita i Denysiuk Volodymyr, „Marketing principlesand their
application in sport management”, International journal of economics and law, Vol 1,
No.2 / avg.2011, page 52
[7] Maksvel K. Džon, Kako da postanete istinski vođa, Beograd: Algoritam, 2005.
[8] Manas Džon, Napoleon o projektnom menadžmentu, Beograd: Leo Commerce, 2007
[9] Martinović, M., „Globalization and environment impact on business enterprises”,
International journal of economics and law, Vol. 1, No. 3 (2011): 79
[10] Robbins P. Stephen, Coulter Mary, Menadžment, Beograd: Data status, 2005.
[11] Stoner, Dž. A. F. i sar., Menadžment, Beograd: Želnid, 2000.
[12] Thompson A. Arthur. Jr., Strickland A. J., Gamble E. John, Strateški menadžment,
Zagreb: Mate, 2008.
[13] Whren, D. i Voich, D., Menadžment: Proces, struktura i ponašanje, Beograd: GrmečPrivredni pregled, 2001.
[14] Zečević, M. i Nikolić N., Globalizacija i konkurentnost, Čačak: Tehnički fakultet u
Čačku, 2012.
[15] Kaplan, S. R. and Norton, P. D., Premija za uspeh, Beograd: FEFA, 2010.
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
Martinović, M., „Globalization and environment impact on business enterprises”, International
journal of economics and law, Vol. 1, No. 3 (2011): 79
10
54
TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS AS A COMPETITIVE
ADVANTAGE IN PAPER INDUSTRY
Knežević S. Rade
Faculty of Strategic and Operational Management, Belgrade, Serbia
[email protected]
Mrdak Gordana
Higher Professional School of Applied Studies, Vranje, Serbia
Krgović Milorad
Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Serbia
Knežević Željko
Novi Sad, Serbia
Abstract: In the business development special place belongs to the technology, because it shows the
influence of different factors that significantly impact the creation of competitive advantage of countries
and companies within the world and the global economy. One of the main generators of competition are
technological development and technological achievements. In the first part of the paper technical and
technological development of the technology of paper to this day are represented chronologicaly,showing
how certain ideas in a certain period can be revolutionary and useful for the development of technology.
Through a practical example, with desire to improve the technological process, improve the quality of
the final product, reduce production costs, achieve financial savings, achieve competitive advantage, et
al., the actual impact of work on improving the technological process of the paper is given in this paper.
Key words: paper, technology, innovation, constant part.
1.INTRODUCTION
Modern business conditions impose the constancy of change and the adoption of the innovation spirit as a business orientation of all market participants. Consequently, it leads
to improvement of many business philosophies and creation of completely new ones,
which are trying to respond to the challenges and obstacles of the turbulent environment.
A special role in the new business environment belongs to the technology. It shows the influence of different factors that significantly impact the creation of competitive advantage
of countries and companies within the world and the global economy. One of the main
generators of competition are technological development and technological achievements.
The real state of modern business is constant and rapid scientific and technical progress
accompanied by dynamic changes. The dynamics and technology changes occurre at accelerated rate [9] and its influence on all spheres of life, work and business has made the
resolution of questions of management technology particularly topical. Very fast dynamic
changes, as well as intensifying scope of new technologies, lead to the rapid apperance of
55
Knežević R., Mrdak G., Krgović M., Knežević Ž.
TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS AS...
new generations of technologies, which particularly affects intensive changes in technology products, services and processes, together with the creation and development of new
technological areas. Innovation, creativity and inventiveness are in the forefront of the
development of human civilization and the development of technical culture from prehistoric times to the present day. In most cases, it begins with individuals, talented people
in some area, with the desire to create something new, hitherto unknown, which brings
technical and cultural development. In the history of mankind, creative individuals have
created miracles, which even today are not fully understood. If we start from 260 giant
sculptures on Easter Island (some reaching heights of up to 12m), the largest astronomical
atlas of the world made by the Incas, and the embalming process in ancient Egypt, so far
none of these has been explained. 15th century was a period when some scientific areas
began to develop, when the first printed book appeared, the famous „Bible of 42 lines,”
which pages had two columns of 42 lines, Figure 1 [8]. Printing in Europe begins with
the discovery of mobile lead characters. The first trial of casting letters and printing was
done by Gutenberg in 1445, and this year is considered to be the year of the invention of
printing, when around 200 copies of the Bible in two volumes were printed, of which to
this day 49 copies are preserved and which are considered one of the most valuable works
of typography.
Figure 1: Gutemberg’s Bible [8].
The technological development of the global industry over the past 200 years occurred in
cycles in different areas of the industry, as seen in Figure 2 [11].
56
Figure 2:Technology development in the world from
the year 1800 to the year 2000 and onwards [11].
In the period from 1800. to 1850. the development of steam engines and textile industries
is noticeable, from 1850. to 1900. the development of the industry for the production of
steel and railroads was dominant, from 1900. to 1950. development of the electrical and
chemical industries, from 1950. to 1990. development of the petrochemical and automotive industries, from 1990. to date electronic – information systems. In Figure 2 are also
shown the sinuous conjuncture and depression of these industries. Further development
of innovative activities was concentrated in countries with major economic power, which
used it in order to expand their influence in the world.
2. INNOVATIVE STEPS IN THE PRODUCTION OF FIBERS AND PAPER
The innovative activity, from the idea to its realization, has its flow, as shown in Figure 3 [1].
Figure 3: Innovation system [1].
57
By using this scheme in a favorable environment, in practice, great successes in the implementation of innovations are achieved. This means that with the right idea, knowledge and creation, and implementation of that idea in practice, significant financial results
can be achieved, among other things. However, it is not uncommon that many inventors,
whose inventions changed the world, earn nothing or almost nothing from their inventions. That was the case with Douglas Engelbart, the inventor of the computer mouse, who
has recently died. Although this is one of the best selling inventions, the inventor has not
earned a dime.
This prompted the BBC to make a list of inventors who lived modestly, some even poor,
but the whole world has benefits from their inventions. Not to mention all of them, we
will mention only their inventions, without which this world would not be the same: the
study of bacteria, the world’s global network, aircraft, LEDs, light bulbs, paper, the wheel,
antibiotics, Morse code, a transistor, a compass, a Kalashnikov. As you can see, paper is in
this list, which is an invention which has been given special attention in the next section of
the article. The paper „borrowed” its name from the papyrus plant, marsh plant that grows
on the banks of the rivers of Central Asia and Egypt. Babylonians, Egyptians and Romans
made from this plant paper like material by pressing the interlacement parts of stems and
leaves. Real paper, obtained by filtering of fiber from the water, was found in China at the
beginning of a new era, Figure 4[8].
Figure 4: The road of paper [8]
Ts’ai Lun, born in 105 AD, made the first paper of textile waste and bark of mulberry
tree. Before that, the material made of bamboo, animal skin and silk fibers, on which one
could write, was used. Manual production of paper in Japan started in V century. Chinese
stationers soon found the type of paper that was resistant to insects, which was a big ad58
vantage compared to existing materials for writing. The continuous increase in the need
for paper led to the fact that the Chinese got fibers for making paper from plant materials,
eg. bamboo. But, old textiles remained the main raw material for making writing paper
until the 19th century. The Arabs took over the technique of making paper around 700 AD.
Through Spain and Italy, this technique arrived in Germany, France and the Netherlands.
First German paper mill was designed in Nürburgring in 1390. by Ulman Stromer, after
which followed Ravensburg in 1392. and Chemnitz in 1398. and the first paper mill in
Switzerland appeared in Basel in 1410. Next important technological step was made by
stationers from Zaan in 1672. who constructed new grinding machine Holender (“Holländer”). Holender enabled accurate milling with the possibility of reproduction of the
same degree of milling, which improved the quality of the paper. Complicated crusher
was replaced by this, and „soaking container” was also thrown out of use. Grinding in
Holender made possible to process a sufficient amount of paper pulp of balanced quality. Its principle of milling was used for a long time, until the the 80 ‚s of the last century.
When the Frenchman Robert in 1798. found, and on 18th January 1799. patented a paper
machine, it made a breakthrough in the pursuit of further mechanization of papermaking.
At that time the paper machine was still put into work manually, Figure 5 [8].
Figure 5: The first manual paper machine [8]
The geniality of the new idea was in the conversion of a discontinuous process, which was
carried out in steps, in a continuous process. The first production line was discovered and
after 12 years of work Luis Robert defined the production of paper, which still is the base
of the paper production, Figure 6 [8]. In the turmoil of revolutionary wars, this patent
ended up in England, where it was further developed. The first paper machine was put
into operation at the facility for the production of paper of the merchant Fourdrinier, in
Fragmor. The supplier of this and other paper machines was machine factory of Brano
Donkin. Donkin built 250 paper machine till his death.
59
Figure 6: The first mechanical machine Louis Robert [8]
The first production of mechanical wood pulp was developed by Keller, chemical pulp by
Mitscherlich and Dal, and Escher Vis and JM Voith developed preparation of pulp and
paper machine. The first paper machine was designed by Donkin in 1820. Keller (1816–
1895) patented a device for grinding wood pulp in 1845, and his idea was transformed
into commercial machine by JM Foyt (1803–1874.) in 1847 in Heidenmheim. At first the
fibers of hemp and wool were used, and later wood. American Benjamin Tilghman patented cellulose production by the sulfite process in 1867.
Swede Carl Daniel Ekman patented procedure for the production of cellulose by magnesium – bisulfate process in 1874. and the same year he organized a production of 100 tons
per month.Meller began research of production of kraft pulp in 1854. and Dahl patented
this process as sulphate or soda process in 1884.The patent for alkaline decomposition
of wood in paper mass, with NaOH, was assigned in 1858. to Fa. Watt und Burgess. In
1876. The production of cellulose by chemical decomposition of wood was discovered by
the Mitscherlich – process, with Ca – bisulfite, and almost at the same time in 1878. by
Ritter – Kellner process. Then followed the sulphate method, defined by Dresel and Dahl
in 1879. which entered into production in 1885. In this way the lignin could be removed
by boiling by chemicals.. A wide range of raw materials caused a stormy development of
the paper industry. At the same time the need for the paper for books and newspapers appeared, which was increased by the discovery of the telegraph, and the need for packaging
of many new products.The sudden development of paper industry starts from 1950. When
it was produced app. 30 millions of tons, and for example, approximately 409 millions of
tons were produced in 2011. [6]. All of the above, starting from the first paper to introduction of the latest technology in the production of paper and paperboard, is the result of
innovative work, the desire to discover something new, better, more modern, with gaining
a competitive advantage in market as the primary goal.
3. PRACTICAL EXAMPLES OF THE APPLICATION OF
TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS
Pulp paper industry is technically and technologically complex industry, where nearly all
of the technologies from various scientific fields are present. Newly built pulp and paper
factories must be reconstructed every 5 to 7 years in order to reduce costs of production
60
and implementation of new technologies. The desire to improve some process, to improve
the quality of the final product, reduce production costs, achieve financial savings, achieve
competitive advantage, etc. are driving forces for innovators around the world, and the
practical use of these solutions represents closing the circle between science and the environment, from concept to implementation. The example of the improvement of technological process in paper production is done in Lepenka Novi Knezevac, where some ideas
were implemented. Also, in this paper the following idea will be briefly presented : reconstruction of the continuous part of the paper machine.This technological complex in the
paper production is a very important part of the machine and technological process, for
these reasons requires very meticulous and efficient planning, with the adequate choice
of optimal equipment, techniques, calculations of all parameters and precise execution
of the system. Any failure in planning or performance negatively influences on the stable
operation of the system, since all parameters must be constant during the production. By
reconstruction of the constant part the following has been accomplished:
1.visual appearance of the paper is much better and meets the requirements of the
market, which was the goal of the reconstruction,
2.solid particles are removed from the paper,
3.fresh water consumption is reduced and exploatation of raw materials is increased,
4.the mechanical properties of paper and capacities of paper machine are increased,
5.reconstruction was performed with domestic equipment completely,
6.investment costs are approx. 8 to 10 times lower as compared to the new equipment,
7.investment returned in 3 months.
By this effects, the factory achieved desired goals and a certain advantage in global market,
where the competition is large and unfair.
4.CONCLUSION
Very fast dynamic changes, as well as intensifying scope of new technologies, lead to the
rapid apperance of new generations of technologies, which particularly affects intensive
changes in technology products, services and processes, together with the creation and
development of new technological areas. As well as in every field, technology global trends
and developments must be followed and applied in our production processes.
The technological development of the global industry over the past 200 years occurred in
cycles in various fields of industry. Further development of innovative activities is now
concentrated in the countries with major economic power, which they use in order to
expand their influence in the world. However, the „small ones” must fight with their inventiveness in order to survive in all business conditions.
The desire to improve the technological process, to improve the quality of the final product, reduce production costs, achieve financial savings, achieve competitive advantage,
etc, was the driving force in this practical example as well.
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Tehnološko-metalurški fakultet, 2010.
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[6] Krgović, M.: Nove metode za efikasnije sušenje papira u cilju štednje energije.
Doctoral dissertation. Tehnološki fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, 1983.
[7] Krgović, M.: Štednja toplinske energije pri proizvodnji papira. Master thesis.
Tehnološki fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, 1977.
[8] Krgović, M.: Grafički materijali. Beograd: TMF, 2005.
[9]. Levi Jakšić, M.: Menadžment tehnologije i razvoja. Beograd: Čigoja štampa, 2006.
[10] Maier, J.: Optimierung von Qualitat und Wirtschaftlichkeit durch innovative
Konstanttteile. Wochenblatt fur Papierfabrikation, (2011), No. 2.
[11] Putz, H-J.: Altbapier-Recycling-Stiefkind der Bioökonomie?. Wochenblatt fur
Papierfabrikation, (2013), No. 12., pp.881–886.
[12] Turunen, T., Heinonen,L. & Banecki, R.: 17 Thesen zur Steigerung der
Energieeffizienz. Wochenblatt fur Papierfabrikation, (2011), No. 3.
62
THE ROLE OF KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT
IN MODERN BUSINESS
Kopilović Radmila
Faculty of Economy, Finance and Administration, University Union, Belgrade, Serbia
[email protected]
Ćilardžić Vesna
Grbović Marija
Abstract: This paper examines the role of knowledge management in modern business. Last decades
indicate this is the time of great and rapid changes demand of organizations to adapt them if they wish
to remain or become competitive. The concept of knowledge management sets the requirement for the
creation and exchange of knowledge within the organization, and holders of knowledge are employed.
Knowledge management is the effective management of information within the organization, but also
effective potential management and skills of employees. Knowledge is the most important capital of an
organization.
For successful business organization, it is necessary to identify knowledge, develop and put into operation of the organization’s objectives. Knowledge management in the organization is realized with the
use of processes and procedures for the human resources management.
The aim of this paper is to show that knowledge into practice business organization is treated as a resource that is essential and that has to be improving in the function of creating new values. The effect
of human resource management in the application of knowledge management program includes the
possibility of sharing knowledge, training, and the ability to evaluate and reward employees. The main
factor in today’s economy are people, i.e. human resources, their knowledge, application, development,
opportunities, job satisfaction.
Keywords: knowledge, knowledge management, human resource management
1. INTRODUCTION
Knowledge is the most important development resource management in the XXI century,
which causes the most dynamic and most profound changes in organizations. In the rapidly changing and unpredictable environment in which organizations seek to create and
survive on a competitive advantage, knowledge becomes the decisive factor in the battle
for market supremacy, and in creating and maintaining an organization’s competitive advantages.
The modern era is referred to as a knowledge economy; it is characterized by the creation
of additional value efficiently utilizing the knowledge of employees, and less financial as63
Kopilović R., Ćilardžić V., Grbović M,
THE ROLE OF KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT...
sets of the organization. The combination of knowledge and information opportunities
for timely action creates. Knowledge together with the information and experience of
employees converts into value on the market that organizations use for successful business. Knowledge economy is characteristic of the economy of the XXI century in which
knowledge has become the main source and driver of economic development.
Any company that possesses the knowledge wants to preserve it and continue improving.
To achieve this, efficient structures must exist in the organization that promote teamwork
and information sharing, a strong leadership that encourages innovations and a culture
that demands exceptionalism and ethical behavior.1
2. KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY
Knowledge economy means changing the value systems, change of management mode,
changing the organizational structure and culture of the organization. Knowledge is a
complex resource, and the fact that from individual should develop into ownership of the
organization makes it special.
Knowledge management, including its improvement becomes the biggest challenge of
today’s economy. Connecting employees who possess specific skills and knowledge becomes imperative for managers in an effort to secure a sustainable competitive advantage.
New type of business relationship requires the development of skills that emphasize independence, communication skills and ability to build and maintain strong relationships
between employees. The time for decision-making is becoming shorter. The reaction rate
of a company to the turbulence of the environment and its changes is a key factor in its
competitiveness, survival and development.
Information and communication technology is embedded in interpersonal interactions
and business transactions.
Knowledge has become not only a symbol of all of man’s achievement, but every day gets
new dimensions and meanings, so Peter Drucker marked modern society as a „knowledge
society”. Drucker has pointed out in his research that modern organizations operate in a
knowledge society. In such conditions, the basic economic resource is no longer capital or
natural environment, but knowledge. Drucker believes that knowledge is the only significant source of organization, a means to achieve social and economic goals.
Knowledge is a collection of facts, information, and skills acquired thru education or experience, with the aim of theoretical or practical understanding and solving problems.2
Drucker states, „in the knowledge society the right investments are not those invested in
machinery and equipment but in knowledge of skilful workers.3 Knowledge has become
essential in all areas of decision-making. It contributes to the development of individuals,
companies and organizations. Basic characteristic of knowledge is dynamicity because it
appears due to mutual interactions between individuals and organizations. Knowledge
flow within organizations creates new value achieving competitive advantage, and therefore knowledge is the intellectual capital of the organization. Knowledge of an organization determines its economic strength and ability to develop other resources and increase
M. Albijanić, Intelektualni capital (Beograd: Službeni glasnik, 2011), 99
Petkovic, M. Organizacija, (Beograd: Centar za izdavačku delatnost Ekonomskog fakulteta u
Beogradu, 2010), 34
3
Yi-Chun Huang, Yen-Chun Jim Wu, Intellectual Capital and Knowledge Productivity, 2010 str.4
1
2
64
the efficiency of their need.4 During the last decades of the twentieth century an increase
interest in knowledge as the only form that can guarantee winning the competitive advantage of the organization was recorded. Knowledge management is a new business model
that manages all aspects of knowledge within the organization, including the creation,
codification and sharing of knowledge and the impact of these activities on the promotion
of learning and innovation. Knowledge management in practice refers to a set of business
processes developed in association with the aim of creating, storing, transferring and applying knowledge. Knowledge management is a structural element of the organization,
thereby increasing its ability to learn from its environment and to build knowledge into
its business processes.
Under the knowledge management, we mean the conversion of individual knowledge of
employees in the organization of the collective, organizational knowledge, which would
be available, at the right time and in the right way, to all members of the organization at all
its levels.5 Practices that have contributed mostly to knowledge management are information management, quality management and human capital and resource management.6
In the organizational context, knowledge includes routines, processes, practices and norms
of behavior, shaped by a system of values, experiences, information, knowledge and skills
with which the conditions for the application of new experiences and information create.
3. KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT
“Knowledge management is based on the idea that the most valuable resource of the organization lies in the knowledge of its employees.”7
Knowledge management is a set of professional skills, rules and experiences that enhance
the ability of the organizations and encourage them to interact, exchange information and
experience. The knowledge management process has a number of related and integrated
parts that make up its life cycle: creation of knowledge, the conquest of knowledge, storing
knowledge, knowledge sharing with others, and use of knowledge.8
The goal of knowledge management is that this cycle is effective and efficient. Organizational knowledge must be in forms that are easily accessible to employees. These are
the documents, processes and policies incorporated into human resources, information
technology and manufacturing process.
„Knowledge management involves the recruitment and use of resources in order to create such an environment that will enable the availability of information to individuals
where individuals will be able to acquire, share and use such information to develop their
knowledge and where they will be encouraged to apply this knowledge to the benefit of
organization as a whole.” For the organization to undergo successful implementation of
knowledge management and its activities, access to the establishment of knowledge man Krstic i Vukadinovic, “Upravljanje znanjem kao izvor održive konkurentske prednosti”,
Ekonomske teme br.3, (2008): 56
5
Ðordevic-Boljanovic, Menadžment znanja, (Beograd: Data status, 2009), 20
6
Ðordevic-Boljanovic, Ključni faktori uticaja na efektivnost programa menadžmenta znanja,
(Beograd: Univerzitet Singidunum, 2008), 46
7
Ðordevic-Boljanovic, Menadžment znanja, (Beograd: Data status, 2009), 17
8
Masic, B. Djordjević-Boljanović J. Knowledge management, (Beograd, 2006), 36
4
65
agement must be of strategic character. Knowledge management is the process through
which organizations generate value of their intellectual assets based on knowledge.
Brileid and Herman defined knowledge management as „the adoption and use of resources in order to create an environment in which the information is available to individuals
who acquire, share and use it in order to develop their own knowledge. In such an environment, individuals are encouraged to implement their knowledge for the benefit of the
organization in which they work. „
Actuality of the knowledge management concept is significant if one takes into account
that for the last two decades the original concept of management knowledge and its practical application experienced progress. A pervasive digitization, particularly through the
influence of social networks is changing the traditional form of knowledge management.
Employees within their organizations are willing to access data and knowledge with the
same ease as they do outside of work. Knowledge management can make use of „smart”
devices that are constantly available to employees and thus brought the knowledge the
employee needs to transfer within the required time. The concept gets the topicality and
importance of taking into account the fact that planet „is getting old” and that a large
number of people leave the work taking with them knowledge which needs to be transferred to younger generations. Knowledge management is focused on intellectual capital
management strategy, the development of knowledge, skills and competencies of people
through education, training and employment and to gain employment and professional
experience. Knowledge management is the process of using available knowledge in the
production or provision of services, the integration of knowledge in documents and databases storing knowledge, the motivation for the creation of new knowledge, transfer
and use of knowledge at all levels of the organization, as well as the creation of new values of the organization.9 Knowledge management is a set of professional skills, rules and
experiences that enhance the ability of the organization and encourage them to interact,
exchange information and experience.
The goal of knowledge management is to make the cycle more efficient and effective. Organizational knowledge must be in forms that are easily accessible to employees. These
are documents, processes and policies that are incorporated into human resources, information technology and manufacturing process. Knowledge management is increasingly
gaining in importance, due to the fact that organizations can be competitive only if they
have innovative ideas and strategies. For the realization of these strategies are essential
to high-quality resources in the form of strategic managers. Modern organizations need
resources that are valuable, rare and irreplaceable, and that cannot be perfectly copied, so
the organization could be competitive on a global level.10
The end of the last century and the beginning of this century characterized a shift in the
planning and the scope of strategic management. Top management of the organization
is first faced with intensifying dynamic environment and a greater amount of knowledge
that is needed and available, both in the organization and in its competitors. In these circumstances, it is necessary to include the practical management of organizational knowledge in the process of making strategic decisions. Bearing in mind the fact that knowledge
management requires people to be bearers of the concept, while the managers will be
Albijanić,M., Strategijski menadžment, (Beograd: Univerzitet Singidunum, 2013), 194
Kastratović Edita, Dragić Milan, Ahmić Damir, Mrkić Tanja, „Strategijsko planiranje i strategijski
menadžment“, International journal of economics and law, Vol. 3, No. 8 (2013):
9
10
66
faced with new demands. They are reflected in the increase of individual competence that
each manager has, and overall managerial competence of an organization in a way that
allows the successful management of different types of knowledge. The process of knowledge management in the organization and the process of developing managerial competencies are complementary and taking place simultaneously. The strategy of knowledge
management means designed knowledge management in order to achieve competitive
advantage associated with supported business strategy.
Knowledge management is to ensure that employees have the knowledge they need, where
they need and when they need to, i.e. the right knowledge at the right place and at the right
time. Knowledge management comprises three inseparable entities – people, technology
and processes. This relationship is best explained by the fact that the main goal of knowledge management is to identify valuable and useful knowledge of individuals and that
detailed procedures and processes extend through the entire organization. Knowledge
management needs to improve the effectiveness of organizations by increasing intellectual
specialization and ability to work the right things, to increase efficiency, reduce rework,
improve a focus and eliminate work that can be automated.
„Applying the knowledge management concept in practice, organizations, generally
speaking, strive to achieve two goals:
–The creation of new knowledge in order to accelerate innovation and obtain competitive advantages on the market;
– Sharing the existing knowledge in the organization to increase its efficiency11.
Each organization has a specific structure, objectives, modes of functioning, resources and
processes. The implementation of projects, plans or knowledge, create a business solution
to meet the needs of the organization. Applications of knowledge management are related
to the objectives of the organization, and their purpose is to achieve specific results.
Effective knowledge management can be organized to provide greater productivity and
efficiency and is an imperative for successful business. On the road to a knowledge society
that modern civilization aspires to, the education system represents one of the main levers
of development. Education should create the conditions so the society is innovation oriented, to constantly learn and be trained for entrepreneurial integration into cooperative
structure of the modern world. Innovative organization, as part of the economic system
in the era of scientific and technological revolution, has become a basic prerequisite of
development and competitiveness.
In the changed method of managing an organization where the market accountability
strengthens, in order to achieve market advantages, intangible „invisible” resource of the
organization becomes the most important. Employees need to develop awareness of the
value of knowledge and to constantly improve. Practical knowledge has particular importance. Only applied knowledge has value and ability to create value.
In the development and application of knowledge management, the manager’s role is crucial. Managers must to encourage employees to mutually share knowledge and experience,
thereby achieving communication that is more effective and trust as the basis of cooperation. Through organizational learning, managers tend to heighten the desire and ability
of the organization to understand the organization and its environment and the with the
Ðordević-Boljanović, Ključni faktori uticaja na efektivnost programa menadžmenta znanja
(Beograd: Univerzitet Singidunum, 2008), 32
11
67
adoption of appropriate decisions contribute to the continual improvement of competitive
position, to encourage training, education, and training employees, develop new methods,
competencies, processes and products that are knowledge based. Knowledge management
enhances human potential and allows employees to be more effective, they bring benefits
to the individual level, but the effect is achieved at the level of the organization. Knowledge management includes the process of generating and disseminating knowledge which
begins collecting data stored and processed in order to create information, which produce
knowledge that are the basis for effective action. The advantage of applying the knowledge
economy is the fact that knowledge, unlike physical goods, is an element whose value does
not decrease with the time.12
In the battle to win a competitive advantage, organizations are turning to intensive knowledge they have. The need for continuous learning is indisputable because the changes are
such that the knowledge gained yesterday, has less value tomorrow.
For the successful development of the concept of knowledge management and the overall
organizational ambience, value system and the way we solve problems are essential. Applying the concept of knowledge management requires an appropriate organizational culture, with a system of values, beliefs, patterns of behavior that employees gain by working
together. For the successful implementation of knowledge management, it is necessary to
create organizational culture that will recognize, nurture and reward teamwork, trust and
sharing knowledge among employees.
Knowledge management requires such a process of change in the cultural environment
in which the organization will represent knowledge and the appropriate value will be the
main criterion in all processes of management behavior and development of employees.
The development of knowledge within the organization and effective knowledge management requires a combination of all the elements of knowledge management: people,
technology and processes. None of these factors should not be neglected. However, often
in practice the importance of people, processes and their initiatives are neglected.
Knowledge management involves a series of processes by which it creates, expands and
strengthens the knowledge whose efficient management achieves organizational goals.
For knowledge as the most important capital of the organization, it is necessary to develop
an efficient management system that will lead to significant cost savings, increased productivity and achieving competitive advantage.
Establishing an effective knowledge management program involves the implementation
of appropriate knowledge. At the direction to which knowledge management concept is
moving to, the greatest impact undoubtedly, have the modern technologies where the essential role belongs to the social networks. They are based on the external environment,
which in terms of knowledge management has its advantages, but disadvantages also. The
exchange of knowledge and creation of new ideas through effective and efficient approach,
on the one hand, and the need for continuous monitoring, on the other hand, represents
a challenge for the management of organizations that promote the use of social networks
in order to improve knowledge management.
Krmpot Vera, „New Economy – knowledge economy“, International journal of economics and
law, Vol. 2, No. 4 (2012): 62
12
68
4. RESUME
The importance of applying knowledge management is not only reflected in the increase
of efficiency by dividing the existing knowledge, but in the successful creation of new
knowledge. Thanks to expertise (know-how) many organizations are maximizing their
market value in relation to the book value (e.g. Google, Yahoo, eBay etc.).
Knowledge has becoming the key factor for the creation of competitive advantage of an
organization, because it allows the creation of added value for the organization. Due to
the rapid changes that affect each organization, organizational learning has become a vital
organizational process. Knowledge is a strategic resource that is not consumed during usage, but gains in value. Thanks to its knowledge, the organization is in a position to create
an opportunity for improvement and to adequately respond to all business challenges.
The growth of the market value of the entire concept of its existence based on knowledge
justifies the importance given to knowledge in recent years.
Key potential in modern conditions become people with their knowledge and skills, while
capital, labor and natural resources go into the background. Knowledge has become the
key factor that gives the value to products and services, thereby creating additional value
for the organization.
REFERENCES
[1] Akhter, H.S. „Strategic Planning, Hyppercompetition and Knowledge
Management”. Business Horizons, 2003
[2] Albijanic, M. Intelektualni kapital, Beograd: Službeni glasnik,2011
[3]Albijanić,M. Strategijski menadžment, Beograd: Univerzitet Singidunum, 2013
[4] Award, E.M., Ghaziri, H.M. Knowlewdge Management, Person. Prentice Hall, 2004
[5] Bacera-Fernandez I., Gonzales A. Knowledge Management – Challenges, Solutions,
and Technologies. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2004
[6] Brooking, A. Corporate Memory: Strategies for knowledge management. London:
Thomson Business press, 1999
[7] Dalkir K., Knowledge management in Theory and Practice. Elsevir ButterworthHeinemann publications, 2005
[8] Davenport, T. H., Prusak L. Working Knowledge: How Organizations Manage, 1998
[9] Dalkir K., Knowledge management in Theory and Practice, Elsevir ButterworthHeinemann publications, 2005
[10] Drucker P. Upravljanje u novom društvu. Novi Sad: Adižes, 2005
[11] Drucker, P. Managing in a Time of Great Change. New York: Truman Talley Books/
Dutton, 1995
[12] Ðorđevic-Boljanovic, J. Menadžment znanja. Beograd: Data status, 2009
[13] Ðordevic-Boljanovic, J. „Kljucni faktori uticaja na efektivnost programa
menadžmenta znanja”, PhD diss., Univerzitet Singidunum, 2008
[14] Frappaolo C. Knowledge Management, Capstone Publishing Ltd. What They Know,
Harvard Business Shool Press, 2006
[15] Harman C., Brelade S. Knowledge Management and the Role of HR. New York:
Prentice Hall, 2000
69
[16] Janicijevic N. Organizaciona kultura; kolektivni um preduzeca. Novi Sad: Ulixes,
1997
[17] Kastratović Edita, Dragić Milan, Ahmić Damir, Mrkić Tanja, „Strategijsko
planiranje i strategijski menadžment“, International journal of economics and law,
Vol. 3, No. 8 (2013):
[18] Kolaric, B., Odnos organizacione kulture i menadžmenta znanja, Sremski Karlovci,
Visoka škola strukovnih studija za menadžment i poslovne komunikacije
[19] Krmpot Vera, „New Economy – knowledge economy“. International journal of
economics and law, Vol. 2, No. 4 (2012): 60–65
[20] Krstic, B., Vukadinovic, D. „Upravljanje znanjem kao izvor održive konkurentske
prednosti”, Ekonomske teme br. 3, (2008), str. 85–98
[21] Matison, R. Veb Warehousing and Knowledge Management. McGraw-Hill, 1999
[22] Masic, B. Djordjević-Boljanović J. Knowledge management, Beograd,2006
[23] Nonaka, I. A Dinamic Theory of Organizational Knowledge Creation, Organization
Science, 1994
[24] Petkovic, M. Organizacija. Beograd: Centar za izdavačku delatnost Ekonomskog
fakulteta u Beogradu, 2010
[25] Pržulj Ž. Uloga menadžmenta ljudskih resursa u ekonomiji znanja. Beograd: Fakultet
za bankarstvo, osiguranje i finansije, 2009
[26] Wiig, K. (1993), Knowledge Management Foundation, Schema Press
www.newedgeinknowledge.com Zack, A.M. „Developing A Knowledge Strategy”,
California Management Review, 1999
[27] Yi-Chun Huang, Yen-Chun Jim Wu „Intellectual Capital and Knowledge
Productivity: The Taiwan Biotech Industry, Management Decision”, Emerald
Group Publishing Limited, 2010, Tekst dostupan na: http://www.druckersociety.
at/repository/191109/Arthur_Krupp_Saal/14001530/Huang_knowledge_producti
vity.pdf [03. oktobar 2012. godine].
70
FORMING THE COMPETITIVENESS OF
POSTAL ORGANIZATIONS IN RUSSIA
Kuratova A. Lyubov
Federal state budgetary establishment of science
Institute of socio-economic and energy problems of the North,
Komi Science Centre Ural Branchof the Russian academy of sciences, Moscow
[email protected]
Abstract: The achievement of competitiveness is the most important strategic task of any organization.
Nowadays the level of competition grows in all markets of postal services in Russia, including such
traditional post services, as subscription and delivery of letters and parcels. The state postal operator
is the only organization, capable to provide postal services in all the territory of Russia. Russian Post
needs the actual model of the financial and economic management. The purpose of this study was to
develop a methodology of forming the competitiveness of postal organizations. To achieve the objective
of the study it was necessary to solve the following problems:to define features of the market of postal
services in Russia, to develop a methodology of forming the competitiveness of postal organizations,
to define a real and predicted consumer demand for services of Russian Post and to compare expected
volumes of Russian Post’s services on dynamic ranks of data and ranks of data on regions. The analysis
by the proposed methodology helped to predict the volume of postal servicesfor 2013–2014 years and
to prove the directions of the postal organizations’ development. This methodology can be used not only
by postal organizations, but also by the organizations of any sphere of the economy, by lectures while
preparing training courses.
Keywords: postal organizations, factor analysis, cluster analysis, forecasting
1. INTRODUCTION
The achievement of competitiveness is the most important strategic task of any organization. Nowadaysthe level of competition grows in all markets of postal servicesin Russia,
including such traditional post services, as subscription and delivery of letters and parcels.
But at any size of demand, the postal organizations are obliged to provide it.However
alternative postal operators don’t develop theirbranch in rural areas. Therefore the state
postal operator is the only organization, capable to provide postal services in all the territory of the country. Russian Post needs the actual model of the financial and economic
management if it wants to increase the competitiveness. In scientific literature the theory
and methodology of formation of competitiveness, its tools, strategy of increasing the
competitiveness of services are widely studied. But there are no theoretical and methodological bases of formation of postal organizations’ competitiveness. This research was con-
71
Kuratova A. Lyubov
FORMING THE COMPETITIVENESS OF ...
ducted on the example of state postal operator – Federal State Unitary Enterprise «Russian
Post» (Russian Post).
2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
To create competitiveness, Russian Post needs the objective methodology. In this regard,
the author has developed the methodology (Figure 1).
Figure1: Stages of the methodology of forming
the competitiveness of postal organizations
The methodology allows solving some tasks:
– to identify the internal and external factors affecting the intensity of the demand for
postal organizations;
– to restructure branches of postal organizations;
– to define a real and predicted consumer demand for services of Russian Post;
–to compare expected volumes of Russian Post’s services on dynamic ranks of data
and ranks of data on regions
3. FEATURES OF THE MARKET OF POSTAL SERVICES IN RUSSIA
In Russia, the activities of postal services include reception, processing, transport and
delivery of postal items (domestic and international written correspondence and parcel),
postal money transfers (remittances, pensions and benefits). These services are provided
by postal operators under the licenses. Unlicensed services are express delivery, subscription to printing editions, the sale of postage stamps, postcards and envelopes. These services are provided on a contractual basis.
72
Now in Russia the post market is liberalized. In 2007 the number of licensees was 121,
in 2010 – 272. In 2013 the number of the organizations which have obtained the license,
made already 377, including Russian Post. And experts consider that approximately the
same number of the organizations renders postal services in Russia without obtaining the
license, especially in the market of express delivery.
Alternative (non-state) postal operators can render services in all territory of the Russian
Federation or only in some regions of the Russian Federation, for example, «GarantPost»,
«DHL International», «SPSR-Express», «Freyt Link», etc. Also they can render services
only in one or two nearby regions of the Russian Federation, for exampleJSC «Urban
courier service», JSC «National post service», JSC «Federal post service». Activity of the
private postal organizations relating to the last listed category is most often limited to
rendering services in the profitable markets in large settlements (the capitals, other large
cities of the region), but in rural areas isn’t presented. Also it depends on the temporary
period. In the period of economic stability such postal organizations start rendering post
services (for example, delivery of written correspondence) and stop their activity during
the crisis in the economy. This is particularly evident in the regions remote from the center.The private postal organizations cannot have at all the representation in the region, but
open it at the competition announcement on sending mailings by request of government
institutions.It occurs because the cities are more attractive market segment. There are the
majority of organizations, which are the important users of postal services. Rural areas are
characterized by low population density, poor highways development, and underdeveloped market infrastructure. This leads the increase in cost of postal services in rural areas.
The state postaloperator Russian Post was created in 2002 and nowadays it is the largest
postal organization having at the order for about 41,9 thousand stationary post offices
(from them 30 thousand are located in rural areas and 4 thousand – in remote areas),
and also about 1,5 thousand mobile post offices, points and booths. Russian Post employs
about 360 thousand employees, 32% of them are postmen, 21% – operators.
Russian Post is a monopoly on public postal services. The resolution of the government
of Russia approved the list of services of public postal services, which included only one
service – transfer of internal written correspondence (postcards, letters, and parcels).This
serviceis very necessary because it has social significance and should be requiredfor allusers due to the different levels of solvency and within the territory. For this service cannot
be a full competition and free pricing.It is the global standard and the inclusion of written
correspondence to universal services recommended by Universal Postal Union.
According to «Boston Consulting Group» (BCG) Russian Post is the largest player in the
market of delivering the written correspondence with a 75% market share. However, in
many segments the competition already exists and continues to develop. In B2B sector the
share of Russian Post makes no more than 40%, in B2C – 70%, and in the most attractive
B2C segments the share of Russian Post doesn’t exceed 30–40%. The main competitors
ofRussian Post in this market are the local private postal organizations and organizations
which are engaged in express delivery.1
The services «Delivery of parcels» and «Express delivery» often unite in one market, socalled CEP (courier, express and parcels). According to BCG the cumulative share of Rus «Strategy of development of Federal State Unitary Enterprise Russian Post in 2012-2016»,
Federal State Unitary Enterprise «Russian Post», accessedJan 17, 2013, http://fc.russianpost.ru/
Download/Ab...016.pdf#page21
1
73
Kuratova A. Lyubov
sian Post’s services such as«Delivery of parcels» and «Express delivery» makes 26,9% and
6,6% respectively. Most widely Russian Post is presented in the rural areas, i.e. in the least
attractive segments. In the most attractive segment in urban areas Russian Post occupies
less than 10% of a share of the market.Express delivery is carried out by a separate structural division of Russian Post – «EMS Russian Post». The market of express delivery service is the most attractive and competitive market which is characterized by high quality
of provided services, free pricing, high level of the competition between the organizations
acting in this market. In all regions of the Russian Federation this market is in a condition
of the competition. In the large and economically developed regions the share of alternative operators makes 70–90%.The market of parcels removed from the state tariff regulation since 2003. Since 2004 non-state operators began to work at this market.
Russian Post occupies a share about 50% in the market of pensions and social
payments’delivery.2 In Russia the pensioner can receive pension in organization cash
desk, at home or by transfer of the pension sum into the account in the credit organization. Thus, bank organizations are the main competitors of Russian Post in this market.
It should be noted that Russian Post ranked higher market share in segment of pension’s
deliveryhome than in the market of pension payment in cash. Delivery of pensions is
necessary for those pensioners who have no opportunity to leave the house, for example,
seriously ill pensioners and disabled people. The alternative organizations aren’t interested
in delivering pensions to rural and remote unprofitable areas. Newly retiring pensioners
prefer to receive pensions in banks, due to the fact that they have an opportunity to get a
bank card.
Russian Post occupies 15% in a market of remittances according to BCG. In the 1990s
when networks of remittances were insufficiently developed, the main part of consumers preferred postal remittances. But in 2000 the volume of remittances through Russian
Post was reduced three times in comparison with volumes of the transfers of the Soviet
period. Now remittance scan be sent not only at Russian Post, but also by means of various
systems of remittances (Western Union, Anelik, Migom, etc.) in banks or other organizations. Russian Post occupies the following shares in different sectors of the remittances
market: – from an individual to an individual ~ 11%; – from individuals to business (distance selling) ~ 29%; – from individuals for business services, including loans ~ 13%;
– international transfers of Commonwealth of Independent States ~ 3%; – payments of
businesses to individuals – the share is insignificant.3
The share of Russian Postin the market of publications delivery (both subscription and
retail) is 69%. Reception of a subscription is carried out by Russian Post, subscription
agencies, publishing houses. And retail of printing editions occurs in distribution networks, supermarkets, etc.The alternative organizations provide subscription services in
the large cities of the region, try to sign contracts with the large enterprises and aren’t
engaged granting a subscription in rural settlements or the small cities. At the expense of
what their income can be high. But quantity of addresses for delivery is small that gives
«Strategy of development of Federal State Unitary Enterprise Russian Post in 2012-2016»,
Federal State Unitary Enterprise «Russian Post», accessedJan 17, 2013, http://fc.russianpost.ru/
Download/Ab...016.pdf#page21
3«Public report. 2011», The Federal Service for Supervision of Communications, Information
Technology, and Mass Media, accessed March 13, 2013, http://xn--80aijjkgebfljd.xn--p1ai/docs/
docP_817.pdf
2
74
them advantage in the speed of delivery of printing editions. Also it should be noted that
fact that Russian Post has no right to reduce the subscription cost (the subscription price
didn’t grow since 2009), and the alternative companies can provide discounts for volume.
Only Russian Post is engaged in delivery of subscription printing editions to individuals.
The share of Russian Post in different services markets ranges from 6,6% to 75% (Figure
2).
Figure 2: The share of Russian Post in different services markets in 2013
Low level of competitiveness of Russian Post dependents on such negative influences as:
–Degenerateinfrastructure. For a long time Russian Post didn’t invest any funds for
its development. Wear of fixed assets makes more than 60%. Their updating demands capital expenditure of 5 billion rubles a year. 60% of motor transport and
70% of mail vans developed the resource and demand replacement. 50% of postal
offices need under repair, about 10% from them is close to the emergency. Automation level is very low: the share of manual skills exceeds 80%.4 The weight of the
written correspondence sent to established control terms decreased in the last three
years. In 2011 only 20,84% of written correspondence were sent to established periods.5 The share of the express departures sent by Russian Post according to control
terms of sending is only 81,77%. It is the smallest result among all postal operators.
At the main competitors this indicator is on the average equal 96%. One of the main
reasons of delays is uncoupling of the postal wagons from fast trains. 3,5 thousand
cases of uncoupling the postal wagons were recorded in 2012.
–Low motivation of postal workers. Growth rates of an average salary on the enterprise lag behind growth rates in Russia. In 1998 the average salary in the post sphere
made 80%. Now this indicator makes no more than 60%. The low wage creates a
situation of continuous workers outflow. And that in turn influences a quality of
provided services;
–Regional features. Many regions of Russia are characterized by low regional budgets, the population income, and a small number of the large enterprises. There is
«The plan of modernization of infrastructure of a federal postal service of the Russian Federation
till 2012», Ministry of Communications and Mass Communications of the Russian Federation,
Jan 13, 2012, http://old.minsvyaz.ru/ministry/documents/1117/8591.shtml; Stenyaev, «The law
future», 25.
5
«Strategy of development of Federal State Unitary Enterprise «Russian Post», accessedJan 17,
2013, http://fc.russianpost.ru/Download/Ab...016.pdf#page21
4
75
Kuratova A. Lyubov
a disproportion of the market levels of postal servicesfrom the geographical point
of view. To deliver mailings to some rural and remote settlements, the enterprise
should use alternative means of transport, such as snowmobiles, boats and helicopters.
4. FORECASTING
In this article we’ll consider only results of a penultimate stage of the methodology – forecasting of demand of Russian Post’s services. According to the analysis the volume of demand of written Correspondence delivered by Russian Post will fall in 2013–2014 both on
model of dynamic ranks of data, and on model of ranks of data on regions (Figure 3). In
Russia in a year only 11 letters per capita are necessary. It is 36 times less than the volume
of letters in developed countries.
Figure 3: Comparison of the calculated values of regression in 2012 and
forecast values 2013–2014 of demand on model of dynamic ranks of data,
and on model of ranks of data on regions
The main competitive advantage of Russian Post for this service is a wide network of
branches, both in urban and in rural areas. But the low level of automation and mechanization prolongs the passage of written correspondence to the recipient, which affects the
mismatch target dates of passage. One third of the respondents are dissatisfied with the
current speed of mail delivery.We can assume that in the future the delivery of written correspondence from an individual to an individual will be replaced by electronic channels.
Demand for sending written correspondence from the individual to different organizations (public, private) will also depend on the development of electronic sending of information (for example, e-government).The volume of demand of written correspondence
76
from the individual to organizations was reducing since 2009. This can be explained by
the liberalization of the requirements of the legislation sent to. For example, there was a
reduction in the need of sending notices to judicial and tax government organizations.
In particular, now these organizations send not the registered letters but non-registered
letters. The number of letters remains the same, but the cost is reduced. Also the number
of letters reduced because of combining various notices about taxes in one notice. And of
course there is a transition to send messages by mobile phone, SMS, Internet.The volume
of demand of written correspondence from the organization to the organizationremains
at the same level or will slightly decrease in connection with transition to communication
by means of the Internet or a choice of alternative postal operators who can provide faster
delivery. Decrease in demand in this segment will depend also on the electronic exchange
between the organizations (for example, sending the tax declaration from the organization
to tax service).
The volume of demand of the service «Delivery of parcels» in model of dynamic ranks of
data shows a tendency to growth. At the same time the model for ranks of data on regions
shows lack of changes (Figure 3). The volume of demand of the services «Delivery of
parcels» and «Express delivery» is increasing around the world, including Russia, because
of development of private Internet auctions, remote trade, virtual payment cards, i.e. in a
segment of sending parcels from the private organizations to the individual. The volume
of parcels in the world grows by 20% each year. Order parcels more typical for urban areas,
where the majority of organizations and population often enjoy online shopping. But in
the large cities the majority of Russian Post’s competitors are concentrated.The volumes of
parcels from an individual to an individual, most likely, remain at the level of 2012.
More than a third of the general demand of Russian Post’s services is made by financial and
economic services. Growth of volumes of pensions till 2010 was connected with growth of
number of pensioners and due to liquidation of the alternative organizations which were
delivering pensions at home. According to the analysesin 2013–2014, the demand ofthe
service «Payment of pensions» in model of dynamic ranks of data will decrease. However
on models of ranks of data on regionschanges in demand volume practically aren’t present. So rates of decrease won’t be high (Figure 3). Decrease in a consumer demand will
happen at the expense of the population receiving pensions in post office. By results of
questioning, city pensioners prefer banks in which there is a possibility of transfer of pension on the cash card or opening the pension deposits. The main volumes of this service
are in a segment of delivering pensions at homefor pensioners, who cannot walk independently and physically disabled people, both in urban and in rural areas. Many pensioners
prefer to receive pension at home also because of possibility of communication with the
postmen.
The volume of demand of the service «Remittances» in model of dynamic ranks of data
falls. And on model of ranks of data on regions shows an insignificant tendency to growth.
Therefore slowdown in decline of remittances is possible (Figure 3). Falling of volumes of
Russian Post’s remittances is caused by a set of the reasons, for example:- negative influence of world financial and economic crisis in 2008–2010, first of all due to decrease in
number of payments on the credits in banks from the population;- high competition in
this market;- replacement of remittances with other ways of sending money without commission payment. For example, knowing number of the card and a PIN code, it is possible
to put on the card money via the ATM.Further falling of volumes of Russian Post’s remit77
Kuratova A. Lyubov
tances will happen in all segments. More in a segment of sending remittances from the
individual to the organizations (payment of the bank credits, payment of goods in online
stores).
The decline in volumes of printing editions (both subscription and retail) due to several reasons:- general falling of interest to print media in connection with Internet
development;-changing of habits of media consumption of youth;- high cost of a subscription (the subscription price includes edition delivery, and cost in retail networks can
be lower);- distribution of free editions;- possibility of a subscription to the electronic
version of the edition on a publishing house site.But it doesn’t belong to highly specialized
newspapers and magazines which extend only on a subscription.Russian Post’s advantages
in providing the service «Delivery of publications» is a complete lack of alternative organizations delivering printing editions to the mailbox (in urban and rural areas). But in the
market of a subscription on printing editions for the organizations Russian Post’s share is
much smaller (about 60%) due to a variety of alternative organizations.In rural areas the
post office is the only source for the acquisition of mass media at retail.
5. CONCLUSION
Thus, now when forming competitiveness of Russian Post it is necessary to pay special attention to the urban areas in the central regions of Russia. If Russian Post wants to reach
leading position in the markets of post services, it must increase quality of rendering services, optimize a network, improve basic qualities of services. The most perspective is the
segmentof delivering parcels and written correspondencefrom the state organizations to
the individuals, express delivery. For the development of these services it is necessary to
improve basic qualities of services, to improve a grocery portfolio, to increase quality of
service, to expand the list of additional services, to develop post front offices. Obtaining
the limited bank license, optimization of a client zone in offices, introduction the electronic circulation of documents andimproving IT ensuring service will promote the development of the financial servicesof Russian Post.
Using the author’s methodologyallows defining demand for post services more precisely,
taking into account influence of the various factors. The methodology can be used not
only by postal organizations, but also by the organizations of any sphere of the economy,
by lectures while preparing training courses.
REFERENCES
[1] «The register of subjects of natural monopolies in the field of communication
concerning which state regulation and control is carried out», Federal
Antimonopoly Service of the Russian Federation, accessed May 17, 2013, http://
www.fas.gov.ru
[2] «The plan of modernization of infrastructure of a federal postal service of
the Russian Federation till 2012», Ministry of Communications and Mass
Communications of the Russian Federation, accessed Jan 13, 2012, http://old.
minsvyaz.ru/ministry/documents/1117/8591.shtml
[3] Stenyaev S., «The law future prepares for us», Russian Post, No. 1 (2013): 80.
78
[4] «Public report. 2011», The Federal Service for Supervision of Communications,
Information Technology, and Mass Media, accessedMarch 13, 2013, http://xn-80aijjkgebfljd.xn--p1ai/docs/docP_817.pdf
[5] «Strategy of development of Federal State Unitary Enterprise Russian Post in 2012–
2016», Federal State Unitary Enterprise «Russian Post»,accessedJan 17, 2013,http://
fc.russianpost.ru/Download/Ab...016.pdf#page21
79
Matić G., Milošević M.
ATTACK ON THE CONSTITUTION ...
ATTACK ON THE CONSTITUTION
OF THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA
Matić D. Goran
The Office of the National Security Council and the Protection of
Classified Information of the Republic of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
[email protected]
Milošević Milan
Abstract: This paper describes the crime of attack on the constitutional order as a form of legal protection of the constitutional order and security, and the existence of the state itself; this issue was equally
critical in the 20th century as it is today, in the 21st century. Let us mention that this issue has been
ignored, both in theory and in practice.
Keywords: criminal law, constitutional order, national security, treason,
1.INTRODUCTION
Politically motivated crime is a project that is most often motivated ethnically, religiously
or ideologically and it always connects a number of people from related social structures,
organized on a hierarchical basis with a view to illegal and legal activities achieve certain
political power and influence, and to change the social system as a whole in accordance
with their political agendas.
The offense of assault on constitutional arrangements in the theory of criminal law is
commonly referred to as high treason, which is, unlike treason, directed at the threat to
the internal security of the country. Consequently, the criminalization of attacks on the
constitutional order is one of the main forms of criminal protection of the constitutional
order and security of the state in any legal system.
High treason in a general way includes all other crimes against the constitutional order
and security, as part of this special mean only a concrete action and protective structures
of both general criminal offense of treason. Accordingly, if in a case there are elements of
more criminal acts against the constitutional order and security (calling for violent change
of the constitutional order, etc.), they will be focused on the apparent ideal concurrence,
i.e. there will be only the second offense.
80
2. INCRIMINATION OF THE ATTACKS ON THE CONSTITUTION
The offense of the attack on the constitutional order, or treason, is in the Serbian criminal
law in the past almost 100 years; so far according to the concept of state ideologically it
had been repeatedly revised. It was drastically changed only in 1990; prior to that, besides
the fact that it was formulated in broad and vague manner, it contained ideological terms
related to the previous political system. In 1990 it was definitely abandoned, both criminal-political and legal dogma, including very controversial and broad wording (‘Whoever
commits the offense directed at ...’) which contained the description of the crime until
1990, according to which any action could constitute an act of perpetration of the crime if
it is attributed to the subjective orientation of the threat to one of the objects of protection
listed in the description of the crime. [1]
In the current criminal legislation of the Republic of Serbia, this offence consists in an
attempt to force or threat of force to change the constitution established landscaping in
Serbia, or to overthrow its highest state authorities. Therefore, this offence has a common
criminal object of legal protection, and it refers to the constitutionally established landscape in Serbia, and in the framework of this work incrimination has two more specific
object of protection and at the same time two types of enforcement actions, including: 1)
attempt to change the constitutional order, and 2) attempt to overthrow the highest state
authority. Therefore, the crime of attack on the constitutional order under Article 308
Criminal Code, by its nature and its name, is a tort of harassment, which means that the
completed criminal offense enough causing the abstract threat of criminal protection of
listed buildings. In addition, the conclusion is that we should act and conduct of such objective and subjective meaning and purpose, on what is meant in this case, but to prevent
their preparatory phase, but only when such acts are objectified and when by itself imply
a certain threat to society although it is still abstract (absent), but realistically possible.
Similar criminality and treason we encounter in comparative law. Thus, the Criminal
Code of the Russian Federation of the crime of forcible seizure of power or forcible retention of power (in Article 278) includes actions aimed at a violent seizure of power or forcible retention of power in violation of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, as well as
actions aimed at violent change of the constitutional order of the Russian Federation. This
crime is punishable by imprisonment of twelve to twenty years in prison.
On the other hand, the French Penal Code criminalizes the first two subsections of crimes
against state security (articles 75–80), crimes of treason and espionage and crimes against
National Defense. In the third subsection, which includes crimes against state authorities
and territorial inviolability (Articles 86–92) used the word ‘attack’ aims to: 1) break or
change the social system, 2) incite the population to arm itself against the state government; 3) to arm themselves against each other, and 4) to undermine the integrity of the
national territory. Preparations for these offenses are criminalized in a very concrete form,
as a conspiracy. [2]
3. OBJECTS AND CONSEQUENCES OF THE ATTACK ON
CONSTITUTION
According to the legal description, this crime consists of an attempt to force or threaten
use of force change the constitutional order of Serbia or to oust the highest authorities of
81
the state. From this we can see, first of all, that this done when there is nothing but intent.
It is also evident that the consequences of this crime is not the change of constitutional order or the overthrow of the highest state authorities, but only threat to these social values,
which means that every attempt is a threat to the protected object to which the attempt is
directed.
This is generally determined and consequences of all forms of work, and they are reflected
in the threats to the constitutional order of the Republic of Serbia. The implications of
this work are not specifically mentioned in the law, but derive from compromising the
protective facility. As in other such cases, the consequence is there if there is a so-called
abstract causing danger for protecting objects. In a sense any opposition authorities who
exercise power means endangering the government, but every opposition is not directed
at restricting or overthrow the government. In this sense, understand and endangering
the constitutional order of the Republic of Serbia as common consequences of all forms
of crime.
All mentioned protection objects are part of a general protective building – the constitutional order of the Republic of Serbia, and its socio -economic development and sociopolitical system. From this it would at first glance followed that was enough, as the protective structures of the crime indicate only the constitutional order of the Republic of Serbia,
as everyone else in the law, these facilities included in this. This, however, would not be
justified for two reasons. First, the attacks on the constitutional arrangements in practice
occur just by objects that are provided by law. Second, although this is a crime that is essentially directed at the threat to the constitutional order, the shapes of the threats are not
the same for all security objects that the law states. It is rightly perceived that separation,
or closer specification of certain protective structures, this offence becomes more specific
and tightly linked to the principle of ‘nullum crimen sine lege.’ [3]
Legal protection, regarding political crimes in general, does not usually include direct
and what we might call the ideological dimension of the political and constitutional system. Certain ideology, a certain party or partisanship program criminal protection of the
criminal legislation in this area, it is important to emphasize that the general object why
certain constitutional arrangements, and his defense of violence or other unconstitutional
changes his ways, destruction and overthrow. In the past, the criminal protection was extended to the ideological foundations of the social and state order (for example power of
the working class and socialist self-management), which represented a particular danger
of possible state repression against ideological opponents through the use of verbal political offense.
4. ATTEMPTS TO CHANGE THE CONSTITUTION
In the first manifestations of the offense attacks the constitutional arrangements – an attempt to change the constitutional order, the object of criminal protection is the constitutional order of Serbia. By this we mean a system of organizing the country’s authorities
(legislative, executive and judicial), their organization, competence, functioning, constitutionally guaranteed human rights, etc.). Institutional forms of constitutional order are:
policy of the country, the parliamentary system of government, the judiciary, the defense
and the like. According to Article 1 of 2006 Constitution, the Republic of Serbia is a state
of the Serbian people and all citizens who live in it, based on the rule of law and social
82
justice, the principles of civil democracy, human and minority rights and freedom, and
commitment to European principles and values.
The story of the manifestations of the offense is defined as an attempt to violent change of
the constitutional order of Serbia. To determine the acts of execution used a legal term, so
we cannot speak about its precise prescription, because I attempt in criminal law defines
as starting acts of commission or its complete absence of the consequences. Therefore, the
concept of operations in this section should be interpreted in the context of other features
of the offence, especially the protective nature of the object and intent of the perpetrator. This means that you should be taking some activities that go beyond the preparatory
work in terms of content and objective means endangering the constitutional order. This
must be assessed in each individual case, but it is certain that this is the hallmark of the
Criminal Code of imprecise and that may create difficulties in its practical application. [4]
This relative generality in determining enforcement actions alleviated by prescribing that
the existence of this part needs to be an attack on the Constitution established landscaping
done by force (absolute or compulsive) or threat of force. Criminalized is only violence
to state regulation. For the existence of this type of crime, is not a necessary attempt to
change the constitutional order as a whole, but not enough to do so in relation to some
of the less important elements of the constitutional order. Force and threats can arise in
this case as a way of performing some other activity, but should be taken that only the use
of force and threats can represent the action execution. The concept of force and threats
should be taken in its general sense. Force may be absolute or compulsion, or consist in
the use of mechanical, physical, or other power, hypnosis or intoxicants. The very threat of
force itself must be serious and feasible.
The offence must be directed at the violent change of the constitutional order. This is
the main objective of the offender. The change means replacing the current system of
government other, which would not be based on the current constitutional provisions
(such as changing a monarchy into a republic). At the same time, it is not important what
the solution wants to impose. Also, it is not necessary that the offender activity directed
at changing the constitutional order as a whole, it is enough to endanger and any of its
components (for example, the parliamentary system, the system of separation of powers,
human rights, etc.).
Consequences of the act are abstract threats to the constitutional order, so that the work is
finished the very acts of perpetration, or attempted his violent change. This result does not
have to be determined; it is assumed and is contained in the act of execution risk. Attempt
of this offence is simply not possible because it is the very act of committing, i.e. it is equal
to the execution as such.
Offender can be anyone. The very nature of the offence, however, suggests that its execution means more an organized activity of a number of persons, i.e. it has elements of organized crime in the social order and security of the country. For guilt it is necessary that
the offender is aware that he engages in activities aimed at endangering the constitutional
order.
5. ATTEMPTS TO OVERTHROW THE HIGHEST STATE BODIES
For another form of crime it is characteristic that it represents an attempt to overthrow the
highest state authority. The specificity of this form of the offense is reflected in the criminal
83
protection of the facility, and that the highest authorities of the Republic of Serbia, noting
that the Constitution provides for separation of powers between the legislative, executive
and judicial forms of authority.
The very concept of the circle of the highest state authority is determined by the Constitution of the Republic of Serbia in 2006, i.e. branches of government, namely: 1) The
National Assembly 2) President 3) the Government 4) the Constitutional Court, and 5)
The Supreme Court of Cassation. The proof that these are the very highest state authorities
may be inferred from the provisions of Article 310 of The Criminal Code which explicitly
states authorities identified as the highest state authority. These are the activities that are
immediately directed at the overthrowing the government. As the ways of committing
these offenses the following was envisionaged: the use of force or the threat of use of force
(an attempt to overthrow otherwise does not constitute this crime, but may be any other
criminal offense). [5]
Overthrow also exists when the State agency or a member is forced to resign. The term
‘resign’ implies that by the overthrow the government body is permanently disabled to
perform its duty (usually accompanied by lack of recognition) and replace it with an illegal authority, which does not necessarily have to be an unconstitutional category, and this
organ can be specified in the Constitution. Overthrow is any unconstitutional deprivation
of the functions of a public body or its representatives, i.e. in its very concept there is already included unconstitutionality, but the law further emphasizes this element in order
to more strongly emphasize the difference compared to lawful dismissal of the representatives of the state authorities. Therefore, temporary disablement of state authority in the
exercise of its functions (e.g. prevention of a session of the National Assembly), without
negating its legality shall not represent criminal offense.
Consequence of the act is an abstract threat to most organs of state power, so that the
work is finished by the very acts of perpetration, i.e. through the attempt to overthrow the
highest state authority. This consequence does not need to be determined; it is assumed
and is contained in the act of execution risk. The attempt of this act is simply not possible,
because by the very nature of things the attempt is equal with the completed action of
execution.
The perpetrator of the attempt to overthrow the highest state authorities may also be any
person. The very nature of the offense – conspiracy – without any doubt indicates that
its execution has elements of organized crime within the social order and security of the
country. To be proclaimed guilty the perpetrator must be aware that he undertakes an
activity that is directed to attempt the overthrow the highest state authority.
6. CONCLUSION
The offense of assault on the constitutional organization has been present in the Serbian
criminal law for almost 100 years and so far according to the concept of state ideologically
revised several times, but has always been a general criminal offense against the internal
security of the country, that is treason.
The legal nature of the crime stems both from its protective structure that appears as a
general protective object of the group of offenses, and the acts of commission, which includes the activities that the attack on the Constitution established landscaping Serbia,
84
and not the Criminal Code defines as independent offenses. This is determined by the
relationship of this work to other offenses in this group.
Therefore, all other crimes against the internal security of the Republic of Serbia are but
special forms of this offense. This means that the attack on the constitutional order is liable
only if its performance has not achieved another criminal offense in this group. Otherwise, in principle, this crime may be in the ideal and real concurrence with other offenses
(minor and serious bodily injury, murder, illegal detention, kidnapping, violation of state,
official and military secrets, etc.) set forth in other chapters of the Criminal Code.
Finally, the question of its importance in the 21st century is opened, i.e. its existence in
actual legal system of the Republic of Serbia, bearing in mind that it is a political offense
and the number of persons convicted for this crime in the total number of prisoners represented by 0.0 to 0.1 %, according to available statistics.
REFERENCES
[1] Stojanović, Z.: Komentar Krivičnog zakonika, Službeni glasnik, Beograd, 2007.
[2] Bavcon, LJ. i dr.: Kaznenopravna zaštita države i njenog društvenog uređenja –
politički delikti, Globus, Zagreb, 1988
[3] Bačić, F. i dr.: Komentar Krivičnog zakona SFRJ, Savremena administracija, Beograd,
1978.
[4] Lazarević, LJ.: Komentar Krivičnog zakonika, Pravni fakultet Univerziteta Union u
Beogradu, Beograd, 2011.
[5] Đorđević, Đ.: Krivično pravo – posebni deo, Kriminalističko policijska akademija,
Beograd, 2011.
85
Mikić D. Sanja
Mikić D. Sanja
[email protected]
Abstract: Creative transformation is necessary in order to resolve the current crisis in the world. We
need synergistic effects of market structure and economic integration especially in the area of small and
medium enterprises in relation to services. In the era of the modern industrial world, service business
in the form of modern entrepreneurship is coming to the fore. The result of the accumulated deformations of the last century and the immediate preceding period, i.e. the first decade of the new century,
manifested as a general crisis of international economic relations between the so-called debt crisis,
environmental crisis, population explosion, scarcity of food, raw materials, energy and the crisis of
morality and human values. The main cause is laziness and lack of discipline at the individual and
the general level of society and ignorance. The process of strengthening the company through the data
exploitation and information to be systematized in a particular scientific discipline largely leads to
prosperity. Globalization, as a process under the influence of technology is changing the world and
the very minds of the people on the stage of the world economy regarding the life and work. SMEs are
becoming the economic power base and the concrete expression of micro-economic effects at the global
level and strengthening their competitiveness has become one of the leading goals of economic structures around the world.
Keywords: integration, entrepreneurship, technology, ethics, competition, culture
1. INTRODUCTION
„... It is finished with a programmable, cold and practical man of the West, a new person is
here...”1 New man with an open mind and heart with a steel will to change the world and
ourselves making us more creative and fruitful, for ours and general welfare. Structural
changes due to the repercussions that global crisis has had on the economic, political,
social and cultural development of all countries around the world, according to its abilities was accompanied by a radical change in the life and work of the contemporary man.
Computer revolution, economic globalization and regionalization become leitmotiv of
every debate about today’s development in all spheres, ranging from the political, legal
and economic to cultural and military.
Economic and industrial policies are directed in accordance with the millennium development goals that have been reached at the UN summit to the overall economic revitalization and strengthening of development and human resources. The birth of a new
Milan, D., Janković, Sveti nikolaj Velimirović, od rođenja do kanonizacije, Valjevo print, Valjevo,
2004. str. 12
1
86
economic model marks the birth of a new economic era while entrepreneurship occupies
a central place.
Deductive reasoning method is gaining in importance particularly if one bears in mind
lag in which Serbia has been for a long time, depending on which development field we
are talking about.
It would be necessary to channel more resources into new technologies and service industry. The future lies in innovative and science based industries.
Shifts in the global economy dictate the introduction of environmentally friendly technologies for production of energy (biomass, wind and solar energy). The priority of each
country is economic growth and employment, but in accordance with the Kyoto Protocol.
2. SERVICE ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Contemporary economic trends impose some new concepts such as service entrepreneurship. Service entrepreneurship as a cultural and economic phenomenon is characterized
by a focus on profit in relation to economic processes, risk management, innovation and
resourcefulness. The main attribute of the service of entrepreneurship is innovation. The
scientific response to the economic transformation of reality, i.e. in practice, affects development of creative, innovative and constructive entrepreneurship today. The new system
of labor appears so traditional methods of work are kept only as examples of the former
economic theory and practice.
Power and knowledge are money and creativity linked with appropriate market structures. Otherwise, there is a very fertile ground for the implementation of innovative ideas
into the economy, where the entrepreneur becomes the main driver of the development
momentum. Further improvement and development of the business concept, it employs
new people, thus expanding the range of activities, which continue to influence all other
streams. Freedom of thought and creation provide an opportunity for self- affirmation,
but also open up vast limits of growth and development in all fields. In addition, freedom
of thought enables us to bring modern decisions in conjunction with the global trends
but also in collaboration with colleagues from the given field which information technology allows us. Therefore, creative entrepreneurship is proactively, which boost market
impact as greater freedom in the design of business conditions, establishing connections
and choice of occupation. In addition, the market is becoming more flexible to changes,
innovations, outsourcing, etc.
Service based business involves the creation of customer needs through marketing channels and direct contact. Successful business provides a good profit representing a future
investment. Social networks, on the other hand provide a new way, a new, virtual environment that accelerates the process of making a profit as well as the very quality and quantity
of profits.
Innovation is a special tool for entrepreneurship and thus affects the formation of creative
entrepreneurship:2
1.Generating innovative ideas
2.The selection of the most promising ideas
3.Detailed elaboration of expert evaluation
Chesnokov, V., Creative enterpreneurship: Nature and subject matter, International journal of
economics and law, Vol. 1, No. 3, 2011, str. 6–12
2
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Mikić D. Sanja
4.Elaboration of a business plan in relation to the selected ideas
5.Expert evaluation of the business plan
6.Pilot products and services and testing the market conditions
7.Harmonization of product design and market promotion
8.Initiation of mass-production and its promotion in accordance with the aligned
design on the market
There is a social entrepreneurship, political entrepreneurship, and scientific entrepreneurship.
Social entrepreneurship is the process of monitoring innovative solutions to solve social
problems. Specifically, social entrepreneurship accepts the mission to create and maintain
social values. The entrepreneur accepts the mission of rational usage of resources in order
to achieve the above-mentioned objective. Of course, the organization is a framework for
achieving specific results in accordance with the possibilities. Business entrepreneurship
is reflected through the prism of profitability and return on inputs through crystallization
of the results. Social entrepreneurship takes into account the positive repercussions for
society as a type of ecological, cultural and social feedback, as well as non-profit reasons.
Profit may be a good reason for some companies and enterprises. The world is talking
about corporate social entrepreneurship. Notable names of social entrepreneurship are
William „Bill” Drayton, Michael Young, Daniel Bell,... Bill Drayton founded Ashoka: Social Innovators, a non-profit organization supporting social entrepreneurship in 1981. The
organization operates in 70 countries and brings together over 2,000 of social entrepreneurs. British sociologist Michael Young (August 9, 1915- January 14, 2002) was the chief
promoter of entrepreneurship in the last century until the nineties. He introduces the
concept of the so-called meritocracy (political philosophy according to which individual
rights must be deserved). It also consider protagonist of social reform and as founder of
a number of important and socially beneficial organizations (consumer associations, the
National Consumer Council, the Open University and National College and a business
based on telephonic interpretation. Daniel Bell is the founder of a large number of organizations including The School for Social Entrepreneurs.
Political entrepreneurship is reflected in the functioning of political parties, i.e. the realization of benefits, subsidies and other benefits through the party by the businesspersons,
its members.
Scientific entrepreneurship describes the ability to identify or create opportunities and
taking action aimed at the realization of innovative knowledge and services. The goal of
the scientific enterprise is not to make profit but to achieve more efficient and fruitful
business. Professors, researchers and non-profit educational institutions find their refuge
in scientific entrepreneurship.
3. MAN AND SCIENCE
Today’s man is different from that at the beginning of the last century by the fact it is using
more information technologies and lives quickly, trying to catch up with the upcoming
trends while preserving the foundation upon which the rest of humanity is based on. „In
a democratic society such it is today, there are a number of limitations. Ignoring these
88
limitations regarding the science includes giving wrong recommendations and completely
authentic violation of the profession”.3
The main resource for the development of the economy is the man who will carry out
fundamental changes at the beginning of the 21st century in the fields of science, education and technology. In order to survive, the company must take into account the energy,
namely, the survival of modern society depends on reliable energy supply, industrial production, transportation of people, goods and services and transfer of information and
communication. The question is – how to direct knowledge and intellectual resources
to provide technology solutions that will enable us to achieve the desired growth and
competitiveness. It is necessary to invest as much as possible in research, innovation, and
creative activities that will stimulate the creation.
To study the use of modern technologies in order to thoroughly approach to this „problem”, it is recommendable to create a special institute. The main activity of the institute
would be to create professional reports in certain technology areas in the context of
encouraging entrepreneurship and science. „It could be said that the history of science
consists in refuting insights that were previously regarded as inviolable...”4 To engage a
number of elite technological experts in areas including IKT and thereby strengthen their
potential as a whole. Strengthening of competitiveness provides the following benefits:
• Strategic geographical position,
• Favorable investment climate and business
• Supportive fiscal and financial system,
• Highly-skilled workforce,
• Modern legal framework,
• Infrastructure,
• Regional accessibility
• Telecommunication systems and numerous cultural, entertainment, sporting and
recreational facilities
According to the words of professor Madzar5, we can conclude that, „Technological progress is the process of spreading sets and changing their composition, at the principled
level at which there are defined and productive meetings and abstract technology as a way
of articulating their properties, the introduction of technical progresses doesn’t change the
analytical based on which the technology is modeled. There are other ways of geometric
displaying of alternative technologies. They are mostly confined to formalized presentation of alternatives through the isoquant. When it comes to technical progress, the most
common is moving isoquant toward the origin. This means that generally no need to
articulate in detail all sub-variants, the same volume of production is encourages with the
involvement or spending of all or smaller amount of resources.”
LJ. Madžar, Iskušenja ekonomske politike u Srbiji, Sl. Glasnik, Beograd, 2011., str. 215.
LJ. Madžar, Iskušenja ekonomske politike u Srbiji, Sl. Glasnik, Beograd, 2011., str. 222.
5
Lj., Madžar, Planerska hrestomatija, Teorija proizvodnje i privrednog rasta, I tom, Savezni
sekretarijat za razvoj nauke, Beograd, 2002. Str. 340–343.
3
4
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4. IMPLEMENTATION OF INNOVATIONS IN SERVICE
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Technological changes are directly correlated with the technological cycle that represents
a cycle that begins with the advent of new technology and ends when that technology
reaches its ultimate limits and is replaced with a new one. Almost all of the technological
inventions follow a typical pattern of innovation of the „S” letter. It is well known that
organizations cannot afford to provide a competitive advantage if they have a distinctive
competence that allows them to make, do or perform something better than their competitors perform. Competitive advantage becomes sustainable if other companies of given
distinctive competence cannot repeat the same. Technological competition can provide
the same benefits as those of distinctive competence. In order to survive, the company
needs to follow the course of their own innovative ideas and products, so-called innovative flow.
Innovative flow is defined as patterns of innovation that eventually turns and that can
create a sustainable competitive advantage. Innovative flow begins with technological discontinuity, when a scientific discovery or a unique combination of existing technologies
provide a major breakthrough in performance or functionality followed by revolutionary
changes characterized by replacement of technology and competition in design. Competing in the design is in fact competition between old and new technologies in the establishment of new standards or dominant designs. The dominant design is a new technological process that becomes accepted standard on the market. In that way, incremental i.e.
gradual changes alternate with revolutionary changes. Incremental change is the stage of
technological cycle in which companies innovate by reducing costs and improving the
functionality and performance of the dominant technological design.
One of the implications of technological innovation cycles and trends is a multi – canal era
in banking where banks are trying to create valuable relationships with clients knowing
equally good how to manage innovation in two very different situations – in the process
of revolutionary changes as well as in the phase of incremental changes. Overall banking
experience involves the processing of large data to identify customer needs in order to
create a strategy for identifying them. There are four pillars of modern banking: the next
generation branches, mobile banking, social networks and video (CISCO).
Innovation comes from great ideas so it is important to manage the sources of innovation.
The sources of innovation are people, means managing people and everything that is connected to the people, i.e., working environment, so flow of ideas is becoming crucial. Creative working environment requires support (Adobe, the company that produces software
for business and publishing, every three months organize the presentation of ideas, where
presenters get ten minutes to present one of their ideas for the production, packaging,
technology, etc.).
In addition to support, the freedom of thought and decision-making that is formed under
the influence of responsibility is also important, freedom means having autonomy in daily
work and a sense of personal responsibility and control over its own work and ideas. Freedom is a prerequisite for successful defining of the ideas.
When it comes to managing innovation, it is necessary to mention the experiential approach to managing innovation in the process of revolutionary changes and access to
summarizing. Companies that implement an experiential approach to innovation in the
90
case of revolutionary changes show excellent results. Experiential approach to innovation
is an approach based on the assumption that the environment is very uncertain and we
should use intuition, flexible options and direct experience to reduce uncertainty and accelerate learning and understanding.
If wants to improve the design, company is working on the prototype of the service or
product, then the model is tested to verify the design, functionality and reliability i.e.
quality. Testing is a systematic comparison of different options for the design. So-called
multi-functional teams are still of crucial importance. Multifunctional teams are working
teams composed of people from different areas. These teams allow faster learning and
understanding of phenomena on the market as well as mastering techniques to win the
market. The most important thing is the fact that multifunctional teams accelerate the
process of innovation.
The approach based on summarization assumes that innovation is a predictable process,
that incremental innovation can be planned using a series of steps while the summarization of these steps can speed up innovation. Planning incremental innovation is most
often based on the idea of generational change. Generational change is change based on
incremental improvements of dominant technological designs that have been designed to
allow improved technology to be fully compatible with older technology. Implementation
of innovation should serve as a good example of achieving competitiveness.
Innovations are the intangible capital for the growth and development of a service enterprise with the positive trend of research and development projects.6 Joseph Stiglitz,
American Nobel laureate in economics and professor of macroeconomics at Columbia
University, believes that we need new ideas for a new world. The European Commission
has published a White Paper citing that the role of market forces will encourage operators
to reduce their costs, improve service quality and increase innovation.7 William Baumol
in his book „The Free-Market Innovation Machine,” pointed out that there are reasons for
optimism for the future and it is because innovation creates a new one and thus created an
innovative flywheel. For example, computer has created the need for a mouse, a dirigible
created the need for a parachute, etc. a competition stimulates innovation while innovation stimulates competition.8
5. ENVIRONMENT AND CULTURE OF SERVICE ENTREPRENEURSHIP
An important business factor is the general environment, both internally and externally.
External (factors and events occur outside the company who can act or affect on it), an environment that is used as an independent variable can be universal, variable and specific.
General environment is characterized by social and historical components, technological
components and business performance. Specific environments are customers, competitors, suppliers, regulations, and lobby. What is important to note is the more favorable climate for the realization of the loan. Better information on the individual and cluster level.
New Building Blocks for Jobs and Economic Growth: Intangible Assets as Sources of Increased
Productivity and Enterprise Value, Report of a Conference by Athena Alliance, 2011.
7
Theo Hitris, Ekonomika EU, Institut z aekonomiku i finansije, Beograd, 2003, str. 263.
8
Vilijam Baumol, Inovativna mašinerija slobodnog tržišta, analiza čudesnog rasta u kapitalizmu,
Fondacija postdiplomskih studija, Preduzetnička ekonomija, Podgorica,2006, str. 78
6
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Mikić D. Sanja
The internal environment refers to the events and trends that affect the organization of
the management, employees and the organizational culture. Organizational culture encompasses values, beliefs, attitudes that are common to all members of an organization.
Favorable environment also influences the creativity and innovation of employees.
On the other hand, the business culture has high impact. Key aspects of successful organizational culture are adaptability, employee participation, vision, strong individual cultures.
Adaptability is the ability to notice changes in the environment of the organization and
to timely react. Employee participation is high in successful corporations, for example,
Genenkor companies allowed their employees to influence even the architectural design.
The most important values of culture in the service business are success and respect. It is
necessary that the organization operate as a living organism, because in that way, all errors
will be reduced to a minimum. Consistent organizational culture means that the company
actively defines and conveys organizational values, beliefs and attitudes.
Basic levels of organizational culture are apparent (symbolic characteristics, the dress
code, the behavior of workers and managers), what you hear (what people say, how decisions are made and explained) what is believed (widely accepted beliefs hidden deep
below the surface, rarely discussed). Introducing the new behavior is the process during
which the managers and employees seek to adopt new behaviors that constitute the basis
and symbol of a new organizational culture that the company wants to create. One of the
main ways of changing the organizational culture is through observable characteristics
(design, office design, and the dress code of the company, benefits and special offers that
the company provides to employees).
In order for companies to be successful, it is necessary to incorporate change management
in their working code and the ability to create and capture new technology and work processes. Needed transformation involves the following steps: re-engineering, restructuring,
quality programming, changing the culture and way of life but also mergers of companies
(e.g. Nokia and Siemens). Reengineering has become a panacea that in times of crisis was
attributed to companies in order to survive. Today, all areas are closely related. Strong
institutions in the globalization process are the basis of prosperity and economic development in the world and a successful engineering. Authors who are skeptical regarding the
economic globalization argue that the process should be viewed through the categories of
trans-national corporations based in the U.S., Japan and Europe.
The crisis is an inevitable phase of the business cycle in which its overcoming is conditional on greater responsibility and freedom of decision and action under the influence of
technological progress and purposeful economic policy. New knowledge and new competitive capabilities are necessary to handle obstacles to integration and prosperity. It is
necessary to eliminate errors in the theoretical models, keeping in mind that economic
issues are now completely open. Linking capacity home should provide a stronger and
more stable foundation for economic recovery through engineering and re-engineering
of the economy.
The social responsibility is an obligation of the company to pursue policies, make decisions and take actions that benefit society. Social responsibility can be economic, legal,
ethical and discretionary. Economic responsibility is an expectation that the company will
make a profit by producing valuable products or services in a sustainable way. Legal liability is the social responsibility of the company to comply with state laws and regulations. At the end, the ethical responsibility is the social responsibility of companies that
92
its business activities do not violate accepted principles defining what is right and what
is wrong. Discretionary responsibility is an expectation that the company will voluntarily
perform a social role that goes beyond its economic, legal and ethical responsibilities. At
the beginning of the third millennium, ethics has profiled in a scientific discipline in all
areas including the economy.
6. RESUME
The first thing to do is to set smart goals – these are the specific, measurable, achievable
and also realistic and well-timed goals. Creating of a commitment to a goal represent the
determination to achieve a certain goal as a matter of good will and character of managers
and employees. The action plan is in fact a concrete action, people and resources necessary
to achieving a certain goal. Monitoring progress in achieving the goals requires defining
close short-term and long-term goals that are primary. Another way to monitor progress
is to collect and provide feedback on performance. Maintaining flexibility means planning
the multiple options that mean the willingness to invest in many alternative plans, as opposed to traditional planning. In times of interdisciplinarity in all areas, the engineering
as well as a comprehensive science that encompasses all others received great importance.
It is the same with economic engineering, which in terms of the applied cutting-edge
technologies in the implementation of strategic operational functions finds its use in the
service entrepreneurship.
REFERENCES
[1] Burda, Majkl, Čarls,Viploš, Makroekonomija, Evropski udžbenik, Ekonomski
fakultet, Beograd, 2012.
[2] George, Soros, The new paradigm for finnacial markets, the credit crisis 2008 and
what it means, Perseus books group, Amerika, Fladelfija, 2008.
[3] Kotler, Philip, John A. Casolione, Chaotics, the business of managing and
marketing in the age of turbulence, AMACOM, New York, 2009.
[4] Doroshenko, Yuri, Somina, Irina, Radosavljević, Života, National innovation
system: the fundamentalapproaches to definition and evaluation, vol.2,
International journal of economics and law, 2011.
[5] Đukić, P., Pavlovski, M., Ekology and society, Ekocentar, Beograd, 1999.
[6] Ebner, A., Shumpeter and the Schmoller, programm: Integrating Theory and
History in the Analysis of Economic Development, Journal of Evolutionary
Economics, 2000.
[7] Iljin, Put duhovne obnove, Logos, Biblioteka ruski Bogotražitelji, Beograd, 1998.
[8] Jansson, Jan, Owen, Economics of the services, Edward Elgar, USA, 2007.
[9] Kirzner, I., Entrepreneural Discovery and the Competitive Market Process: An
Austrian Approach, Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. 35, March, 1997.
[10] Madžar, LJ., Ekonomski potencijali otvorenog društva, Ekonomski anali, No.149–
150, 2001.
[11] McMillan, J., Woodruff, C., The Central Role of Entrepreneurs in Transition
Economies, Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 16, No. 3, 2002
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[12] Madžar, Ljubomir, Planerska hrestomatija, Teorija proizvodnje i privrednog rasta, I
tom, Savezni sekretarijat za razvoj nauke, Beograd, 2002. Str. 340–343.
[13] Madžar, LJ., Iskušenja ekonomske politike u Srbiji, Sl. Glasnik, Beograd, 2011., str.
222.
[14] Marković, Aca, Holistički pristup upravljanju, EPS, Beograd, 2010.
[15] Mikić,D., Sanja, Ekonomski aspekti ekoloških projekata, Ekonomski pogledi, vol. 2,
Ekonomski fakultet, Priština, 2010.
[16] R. Constanza, The science and management of sustainability, Ecological economics,
Columbia university, NY, 2009.
[17] Radosavljević, M., Radosavljević, D., Somina, I., Inovation and motivation as key
success factors, International journal of economics and law, Vol. 1, No.3, Novi Sad,
2011.
[18] Stiglitz, Joseph, Ekonomija javnog sektora, Ekonomski fakultet, Beograd, 2007.
[19] Samardžić, Slobodan, Gavrilović – Gagović, Slavica,“Tendencije uslužnog sektora
privrede srbije“, Tržište-Novac-Kapital br. 2, april – jun, 2011.
[20] Chesnokov, V., Creative enterpreneurship: Nature and subject matter, International
jjournal of economics and law, Vol. 1, No. 3, 2011.
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COMPROMISE AS NECESSARY CONCEPT OF
ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT
Radosavljević Dragana
[email protected]
Anđelković Aleksandar
Panagopoulos Alexios
National College, Patris, Greece
Abstract: Even in ancient times, people used to compete, or even fight with each other in order to create
prestige on numerous issues. The reasons for the conflict were diverse: mastery over a particular territory, expression of machismo in order to win the gentler sex, or providing large quantities of food, better
cuts of meat, concerning other tribes, etc. In industrial organizations, the interests are more or less the
basis of every conflict, and extreme antagonism could even lead to strikes, work stoppages, and even war.
In modern conditions interests for the most part become the main reasons for the conflict. Evolutionary
psychology theorists point out that the man still retains the mentality of hunting and gathering fruit
from the Stone Age, as well as the needs, impulses and inclinations. People today still look for traits
that facilitated survival in the past, such as the instinct to fight for survival when they are in danger, to
acquire new knowledge and skills in order to master other men, etc. In such circumstances, winners and
losers, and conflicts are being created. The entire business infrastructure today is designed upon interest
postulates, in which there are winners and losers, superiors and subordinates, favored and neglected.
This paper aims to point out compromise as a concept in modern conditions that can be used to build
new relationships and values, and that would eliminate or marginalize the rivalry, competition, and
conflict, conditions where all the elements of natural order would win, i.e. would minimize their losses.
Keywords: Compromise, phases of compromise, inclination for compromise.
INTRODUCTION
The fact is that we live in a world where people’s needs constantly increase, and at the
same time the natural resources with which to meet these needs are becoming smaller
and smaller. Darwin in his theory of natural selection stated that stronger swallow the
inferior, and that human beings share a common heritage with all other species in the
natural order. We should add one more alpha plus, and that is that every single person and
organization are based on interests, and that there is no organization in the wider context
that is without interests or economic dimension as final in every society.
This statement alone indicates and proves that life is based on the strugglein which only
the strongest survive, and only the fastest in modern business. This is true for humans and
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Radosavljević D., Anđelković A., Panagopoulos A.
COMPROMISE AS NECESSARY...
for animals and plants. Each of these elements of the natural order individually as well
as collectively stands in natural and social inter dependence and the causal connections
and relationships.Thus, the natural and social orders are subject to permanent threats and
conflicts of which they are often not aware.
In these circumstances and conditions, it is necessary to find the tools and concepts that
will reduce the”friction” between the various elements of the natural and social order. The
concept of natural selection which had been transferred to the sphere of business and
where might makes right, should be replaced with a new system of values in which the loss
of an organization is not a condition for the survival and progress of other organizations
or individuals.One way of eliminating conflicts, or its marginalization in the natural order, are genetic mutations that produce avariation, such as hearing improving, or sharper
teeth, or smaller horns. This way the characteristics of the types that need to survive and
develop under the laws of natural selection are upgraded. Thus, genetic mutations area
sort of compromise in the natural order, which by analogy can be applied to organizational systems.[1]
A similar situation exists in organizational systems. Namely, for social or organizational
systems it is necessary to introduce compromise or concessions as the primary principle
of organization and management. Having said that,it should be noted that compromise is
not a goal, but it is a quality instrument for achieving the defined objectives. A key issue in
this concept is how to introduce the technology to establish a compromise and preferences
of individuals and groups to compromise.
1. HOW TO REACH COMPROMISE?
Compromise tries to balance relationships and interests between people. The starting
point is that no individual or part of the organization can maximize their interests, because it conflicts with other individuals, or parts of the organization.This raises the question of why people behave in a way that does not bring any good, but brings damage for
all. Evolutionary psychology as science tries to answer this question. Each one of them is
trying to accomplish as much interest as he can, or to get as much as possible from the
common ‘pie.’ When these differences in interests become so large, the ‘losers’try to gain a
more favorable position, thus causing conflicts, including war conflicts which cause a lot
of damage, i.e. problems, which can still be felt in the long run.
Conflicts of interest of individuals, organizations and social organizations most successfully can be reconciled if each participant in the conflict gives up something in order to
reach equality, and to avoid situations in which there are winners and losers. This method
of alignment of interest is called compromise. In contemporary management it represents
a primary principle in which none of the participants feels defeated,but we all feel like
winners.
The opposite of compromise is malevolent and exclusivity, i.e. inability to accept concessions. [2] These two phenomena are especially harmful for manager is and leaders. Strategic managers’ in ability to compromise typically leads to autocratic management style,
with a tendency for autocracy to turn into a dictatorship. Exclusivity leads to disintegration in which individuals move away from each other and try to act autonomously. It turns
out that the in ability to compromise may not always be seen as a bad thing.The only thing
worse are managers for whom compromise is always acceptable.
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Reaching compromise is becoming one of the most complexissues in managing organizational systems. It will in the future gain in importance, because there will be a growing
inter dependence between players in business and in other activities, which will inevitably
lead to conflicts of interest.In these circumstances, when all the people, organizations and
countries are put in a situation where their interests are harmonized through the free will,
the conditions for homogenization and harmonization in achieving business goals are
being created.[3]
Management or team leader who leads negotiations must evaluate the possibility of establishing a compromise to avoid was tingun necessary energy.Compromise as a way of
resolving or preventing conflictis not suitable in following cases:
• When there is nomotivation to resolve problem or conflict
• When one of the parties does not keep agreements,
• When there is a threat, or fear to reach an agreement
• When there is a large asymmetry of power between the parties,
• If there are elements of abuse,
• If unauthorized person participate in compromise
When it is determined that there is possibility of compromise, the problem is how to reach
it. This is the most difficult question because every situation is unique, and each team also
has its specifics that must be taken into account.In the natural order, or in the animal world,
we have the rule of the stronger and natural selection. Symbols of strength for animal species are: speed, massiveness, height, jaws, claws, etc.People tend to imitate behavior of animals. Modalities of compromise and the way their establishment may be different. What
is certain is that there is no universal concept for the establishment of compromise.People
live below their natural features and resources, including the exclusion and inability to use
compromise as a way of resolving conflict. According to estimates, should organizational
behavior change and should people start to use compromise more, personal and business
success would be greater, and people and organizations would be happier, courts would be
less burdened, business success would increase. However, it is shown that the exclusivity is
largely present in organizational systems today. This forms the conditions for the creation
of various modalities of autocratic style and dictatorship. [3]
The biggest problem of compromise is not the relationship between two or more people,
but the man himself, i.e. whether and to what extent each individual is will not compromise, both within himself and towards himself. And, naturally, this also depends on the
situation in which we search for compromise. The least chance for compromise is when
survival of the people is threatened, which corresponds to the old wisdom: ‘he who is
drowning will accept anything and everything.’
Compromise never occurs by itself. It must be managed just like other phenomena. The
most important thing is to determine the causes of conflict, and in accordance with the
specified design,build a system that will eliminate or marginalize the source of the conflict.Given that the interest is the major cause of conflict, it is in the sphere of interest we
should usually seek the reason for the application of compromise.The most important part
is to manage our own emotions. No matter that the classical management requires the
elimination of emotions, the fact is that they can never be suppressed completely. Even if
this was possible, it would be harmful. Emotional psychology further warns us of this, emphasizing that emotions can never become pletely suppressed and that they have primacy
over the intellect, or the mind. [1]
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Practice shows that compromise is reached when the conflict is evident and when it had
escalated. Skilled managers are trying to compromise by eliminating the consequences,
rather than to eliminate the causes that led to the conflict. There fore, in future, those who
prevent the occurrence of the problem, not those who can successfully solve problems
shall be successful.
The best way to establish compromise is to take the role of the party that refuses to compromise and search for reasons why there is no willingness to try to solve problems. On
the other hand, the old wisdom says: „Treat others the way you would like them to treat
you.” This is the best recommendation for the elimination of reasons for the emergence of
conflict, or establishing compromise.
Compromise is closely related to communication. If there is no communication, it is impossible to reach compromise. Hence the need to always keep a minimum of communication, even with the conflicting parties, so that in certain situations we might try for conflict
resolution.In a dynamic communication, people get to know each other better, and then
better understand each other, and this leads to behavior change or correction of certain
attitudes. Analyses show that the lack of communication between spouses is one of the
most important factors in divorce. The partners comprehend problems in different ways.
In these circumstances,the partners with draw into their own quarters, cease communication, burrow into their own”bunker” and defend their positions, and in the case of each
remaining in their positions, divorce is inevitable. Therefore, in the process of divorce the
first step is to try and find compromise.
2. PHASES IN REACHING COMPROMISE
Man in everyday life and work makes concessions; often he is not ever aware of that. Executives in over 40% of cases do not compromise, and those who do usually do not know
the techniques and phases of compromise. A large number of managers is not willing to
compromise and often respond that they rarely or never make compromises. It turns out
that executives are largely uncompromising in the initial phase of conflict, and in time
they ‘soften up’ and show willingness to communicate and make concessions.
Practice has shown that compromise is accomplished through the three steps as follows:
• Giving Initiative
• Reaching a compromise
• Implementation of a compromise.
While any other approach is certainly possible, it seems that this approach is the most appropriate and at the same time the simplest. Each phase is important and each stands in
causal connections and relationships.
Giving initiative.This is the first step in which one of the participants in the conflicts how a
willingness to find a common solution. Practice shows that many managers through their
envoys make it clear to the partners their willingness to compromise. It is possible that,
be forgiving the initiative, we seek to establish communication, which is a cure for many
diseases and vanity. The party that offers compromise should not explicitly indicate the
model of compromise, and economics sacrifices that they are ready to bear. At this stage
we should perceive the readiness of the other side to accept our offered hand. Of course,
this is the most complex phase, because a large number of individuals and organizations
are not willing to offer the first solution,given that such a procedure is often assessed as a
98
weakness. From the initial initiative we might see willingness, i.e. honest intent to reach
compromise.
Compromise. The aim of the previous activity was to come to a compromise. This is at the
same time and most complex phase, as more concrete issues, harmonize and formalize agreements. The greatest effect is achieved if the compromise is done”step by step” and if the team
involves people who were prone to compromise and have the patience to work on it. Practice
shows that authorized people should participate in compromise. The biggest mistake is when
you get into teams people who lack the power to negotiate and reach compromise. In this
phase it is useful to include the persons who will be involved in the implementation.
In this context, a compromise maybe difficult, or obtained with huge efforts. Practice
shows that the best way to reach compromise is through consensus, i.e. partners should
reach solution through their own free will. If a compromise is reached by voting, it is likely
that the problem will arise in the implementation phase. Hence the need for compromise
to be clear and formalized in writing.
Implementation of compromise.Compromise should be implemented, which is the hardest part of the job. At this stage, sides should be further willing to compromise, because
often in the process of reaching a compromise not all the details are defined, and some
can be interpreted differently. In the realization of compromise specialists who have the
deployment skills should participate,or those with practical experience. It is useful for
executives to be involved in reaching a compromise, in order to know the spirit and ideas
which largely facilitate its implementation.
The length of said phases may be different, depending on a number of factors. In any case,
the one who takes the initiative should endeavour to reach compromise as soon as possible, while the one who has been offered a compromise should stole. Yet, this principe
should be taken with a grain of salt, because if it is evident that lack of compromise can
lead to major damage to the interests of both sides, a compromise should be achieved as
soon as possible.
3. WILLINGNESS TO COMPROMISE
Willingness to make concessions and compromise in conflict resolution and in life in
general in the work of organizations and countries will increasingly gain importance. This
is natural, because in the past, people and organizations were significantly more independent and were not in such interdependence, as it is today and will be in the future.
Urbanization and concentration of population in large centers contributed to this, where
people are doomed to make concessions to each other due to ever smaller space and with
the increasing urban over crowding. If exclusivity, especially malignant exclusivity,gains in
intensity, civilization will be in big trouble.
Willingness to compromise is conditioned on a variety of situations, factors and personality traits of the individuals involved in the conflict or compromise. It is not only a cultural
and sociological phenomenon, but also economic, educational, gender, professional and
other factors and forces. It is shown that adaptive societies have a greater inclination towards a compromise, which leads to the so-called adaptive strategy in which compromise
is embedded as a way of functioning organizational system. Diversity in organizations for
a number of grounds is a great wealth but at the same time a source of exclusion arising
from prejudice.Different organizations require balancing, which reduces comfort. In these
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circumstances, „managers must know when to get their way, and when they can allow
discussion in order to come to a compromise”. [4]
Willingness to compromise is more expressed by people who have a more developed right
brain. This is the side that has ability of creativity, intuition, improvisation and instant solutions to problems. Right side of the brain is based on the whole, i.e. it is able to shape the
big picture first, which then it breaks down to parts; through the analysis of the whole it
reaches qualitative conclusions for making business management decisions. This is especially true for leaders, whose decisions and actions must be based on intuition, or leaders
with a more developed right brain; the faster they sense a problem, the more able they are
to offer better answers and solutions.
On the other hand, the left side of the brain is capable of setting logical problems and
reasoning, analytical, progress and compliance processes and procedures. It processes the
information in a linear manner, that is, from the parts to the whole. In other words, the
left hemisphere functions starting from the parts, then assembles them in a logical order,
and based on this draws the final conclusions. Individuals who have a more developed
left brain perform tasks according to predefined plans and priorities, and once they are
finished they round out the process and prepare for new challenges.
Determining the level of development of the left or right side of the brain is essential
because this diagnosis makes it possible to focus on the side that is isless developed but
significantly influences compromise. However, research shows that it is best when strategic managers have a balanced development of the left and right hemispheres of the brain.
Thisis logical, as executive directors are found in a variety of situations to which they must
respond. In other words, when necessary they have to think logically and methodologically, but at the same time they must be creative and unencumbered by rules and procedures.
This statement also applies to compromise, which means that compromise will not always
be applied, regardless of the extent to which this phenomenon is preferred by leaders.
Science has found that nature is governed by simple rules, but the experiments did not
confirm this view. This was also known to the ancient philosophers. Specifically, they felt
that the great truths are simple and right in front of our eyes. Is it possible at the same time
both to develop and maintain natural order? Is it possible to be rich and at the same time
modest? Finally, is it possible to implement compromise and be successful, i.e. whether
exclusivity itself brings business success or is it actually harmful.
It turns out that there is no serious scientific claim to what extent compromise contributes to the business performance, i.e. that exclusion is the cause of failure. Moreover, the
practice shows that the exclusive leaders can be successful, especially in the short run. In
this context, H. Ford was exclusive in relation to buyers of its cars. This can be inferred
from his statement: ‘You can choose whatever color you want, provided that it is black.’
Naturally, this exclusion was possible only because during the reign of Ford it was not a
problem to sell the car, as there was small and generally poor offer. Today Ford could not
implement this strategy. Instead, Ford shall survive only if he seeks a compromise solution, i.e. he must satisfy customers but also ensure his own survival. Due to the above,
Ford factory outlived his owners, i.e. his founders. He shall continue to live provided that
he respects the needs of customers, not if he continues to be same old Ford. [5]
Steve Jobs , one of the most successful people in the last two decades for whom the first
place was generally reserved in all the world’s list of the most successful businessmen in
the world, did not accept compromise , but insisted on the phrase: ‘No compromise.’
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Strong personalities and people who have ideas and believe in their ideas and vision often
can afford uncompromising behavior. This had both helped and undermined his work,
and led him into trouble both with his superiors and with subordinates. Lack of compromise was the novelty of his company, because most technology, i.e. innovative teams
used to make only cosmetic enhancements to the product. He often pointed out: ‘I know
I might be a little difficult for cooperation, but when you hold the product that I imagine
in your hands, you are going to laugh about this ‘a little inconvenient for cooperation.’
Steve was exclusive when it comes to customers. He pointed out that customers do not
know what they need and he’s the one who needs to show them what is most beneficial for
them, which was largely undermined the classic marketing concept as a basis for making
management decisions . [6]
The situation is similar with other players from the world of social, business and cultural
scene. Charismatic figures such as Alexander the Great, Napoleon, Živojin Misic and others were not inclined to compromise. For example, Napoleon used to say to his associates:
‘He who wants to be my equal will be shorter by the head.’ He often ignored the suggestions of his associates, which is the phenomenon of exclusion as the major problem in
the management of complex systems. Napoleon and other military leaders had dazzling
victories even against superior opponents. What is ignored is that the victories were accompanied by massive human casualties and material losses. It must be borne in mind
that any goal can be achieved, but the point is the fact that each goal be achieved with as
little human and economic casualties. Surely, charisma, or the exclusivity of the above are
not solutions; compromise indeed is the solution. Consequently, compromise is a necessity, but it is also both cost effective and a much better solution than exclusion.
It should be noted that the improvement of tendency to compromise is neither fast nor
easy to achieve. Evolutionary psychologists point out that significant change in human
inclinations within the population through genetic modification would take tens of thousands of years. Hence their claim that the world will continue to change, but human beings
will not, at least not the basic features that had existed even in human clans. [1]
4.CONCLUSION
The article identifies the need to establish compromise in modern conditions of life and
work. It is shown that the increasing interdependence that objectively exists between all
elements of the natural and social order, the uncertainty that exists in social organizations
and business in general impose the need for the concept of compromise to be more entertained and thus to complete the relative gap that exists in science of management. Denial
of compromise and application of exclusion in solving social and business problems will
be less and less possible because the problems will be more and more complex, and competition bigger and bigger. In such cumstances, it is essential that managers of all types
and levels learn techniques at all stages and problems in reaching a compromise.
Naturally, management must show willingness to compromise because it is the basis of
compromise not exclusion that natural order operates on. It is shown that in the world
of great turbulence and ever more scarce natural resources on the one hand,and growing
desire and needs of people on the other hand, there is still a place for everyone, provided
that he is willing to make concessions. It turns out that the exclusion today is unacceptable
and that in the future it will be incre a singly marginalized, which is only logical, because
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it creates conflict and it creates those defeated and wounded, and this group is more or less
never reconciled to the situation, which leads to permanent conflict. In the end, it is useful
to recall the saying of Lois Brandeis from 1856: ‘The old interpretation of good business
meant a transaction in which one party received more than the other. A new sense of good
business means a transaction in which both parties benefit.’
REFERENCES
[1] Nicholson, N.: How Hardwired is human behavior. HBR, juli-avgust 1998. pp. 136147.
[2] Radosavljević, Ž. &i drugi: Samo-Organizacija. Novi Sad: FORKUP, 2011.
[3] Vučenović, V.: Holistička teorija organizacije. Novi Sad: FORKUP, 2011.
[4] Goffee, R. & Jones, G.: Creating the Best Workplace on Earth. HBR, maj 2013. P.9.
[5] Radosavljević, Ž.: Tajne uspeha velikih imena svetskog biznisa. Beograd: DP
Pronalazaštvo, 2001.
[6] Isaacson, W.: Steve Jobs. Forest Stewardship Council, 2011.
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Radosavljević Milan
Faculty for Strategic and Operational Management, Belgrade, Serbia
[email protected]
Syngaivska Iryna
University of Economics and Law «KROK» University, Kyiv, Ukraine
Schopf Karl
Akademie fur wissenschaftliche forchung und studium, Wien, Austria
Abstract: It is known that one starting from the first day to the present day succeeded in his work,
thanks to continuous innovation and introduction of new technologies, organizational solutions and
new approaches in general and philosophy. This is one of the most influential forces that have had a major impact on the overall social development and progress. Had man not innovated, he would remain
at the level of the animals up to the present day.
While innovation and new inventions rise to the level of the determining factors of success, yet imitation, as a creative process is neglected or underestimated, and in some cases considered to be immoral,
illegal and harmful phenomenon. Copycats are often considered plagiarists who live at the expense of
innovators, which resulted in the introduction of a number of protections, even at the global level.
A deeper analysis show and prove that creative imitation is by its importance, if not more important,
then certainly at the level of innovation. Given that there are centuries of misunderstandings and controversies regarding these issues, this article aims to shed light on the broader context of this issue and
point out that creative imitation is not meaningless copying and plagiarism, or the repetition of something bigger there, but it is a smart quest for improved functional and other characteristics of products
or services, as the final results of any organization.
The aim of the paper is not to provide definite answers to this problem, since there are no final answers,
nor there can be, but to encourage a different way of thinking.
Keywords: creative imitation copycats.
1.INTRODUCTION
The modern world works on classical grounds, often on fallacies that last for decades,
and some for several centuries. The numerous solutions are the result of a certain way
of thinking, namely certain ideas and answered to a particular social moment, or technical, organizational and other characteristics. These solutions have made an important
contribution to human civilization in the past. However, it is shown that contemporary
problems cannot be solved by obsolete and outdated concepts since problems often arise
because they had not applied the concepts and approaches that suit the business environment in general both in closer and wider environment. It turns out that the innovations
in the industrial world are treated as the most important factor that has the greatest im103
Radosavljević M., Syngaivska I., Schopf K.
pact on business performance up to this day, whole innovators in the developed countries
enjoy a special status, but also they provided benefit through legislation in the long run.
Along with the above process and the tendency an imitation or creative imitation is produced, which is illogical as a term, because if something is creative it cannot be an imitation while if it is an imitation it has nothing to do with creativity. Practice shows that
imitation, creative imitation in particular, can be more important than innovation, which
is a new approach in innovation management. This approach breaks down the century
old stereotypes and misconceptions that exist in the legal, ethical, technical and economic
fields, at the macro, mezo and micro levels. It turns out that imitation or creative imitation is not pointless duplication or repetition of something that already exists, but the
intelligent pursuit of a better, more perfect, than the existing one. Any suggestion that
commitment for making creative imitation an important role in the business sphere does
not mean advocating „intellectual theft” because it is legally sanctioned and morally condemned. The opening of the question is quality by itself, because all the scientific researches show that many misconceptions have persisted for a long time, but they eventually had
to be broken, and their places were occupied by new ways of thinking, often being the
exact opposite of the first ones.
2. CREATIVE IMITATION AS THE MOST COMPLEX TYPE OF
INNOVATION
Imitation or creative imitation occurred almost with the creation of innovation, or the
moment when a man tried to set resources for work and improve the tools and weapons
and make them more functional than the existing ones. The creative imitation by its complexity is placed into the sixth group of innovation. This ranking is in the top of complexity, because the highest level of complexity of innovation is considered to be the one where
innovations bring revolutionary changes, such as the discovery of internal combustion
engine, or the invention of electricity, and so on. Under the creative imitation are understood the scientific researches that build on already applied theories and innovation with
which they create or enhance new products or services.1 Therefore creative imitation is a
complex innovation, which is different from Schumpeter who in his famous works „The
Theory of Economic Development”, observed the innovation as a force, namely the force
that is capable to transform the economy and society from a state of simple circular motion into the developmental trends and trends through new combinations of business factors. In this view, only the first application of a new idea is considered an innovation, and
every other application has not got the character of innovation nor of entrepreneurship.
Of course, this understanding of economic theory, especially in the contemporary conditions has become unsustainable.2 It turns out that it is largely influenced the built of a classic infrastructure, even at the global level, in order to protect innovation and reportedly
rewarded the author or inventor. Thus, a law on the protection of copyrights was created,
as well as a code of ethics which condemned the so called intellectual theft and imitators
are prosecuted or placed on the pillory.
Z. Radosavljevic, The creative imitation, manuscript, 2013
2These tasks can be seen in more detail: V. Vucenovic, Champion Management, NIP Educational
informatory, Belgrade, 2004, pg. 93.
1
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3. CREATIVE IMITATION BEING MORE IMPORTANT THAN
INNOVATION
Research and analysis of contemporary business show that creativity is a key factor for
the survival and success of individuals or organizations. This is confirmed by research
conducted by IBM in the middle of the last decade which gathered over 1500 CEOs from
60 countries around the globe. The results of this study clearly indicate that CEOs believe
that the success of the company for the time we live in is more than responsibility, discipline and integrity of individuals, and even more important than the vision and necessary
creativity.3
Recent research, especially studies carried out by Oded Shenkar showed that imitation is,
if not more important, then surely of the same importance for business and personal success, as well as innovation. Naturally, this finding is analogous to the statement where said
that performing exercises on complex high education institutions of lectures and exercises
that are more complex than teaching, and that they should be modeled by professors, not
teaching assistants, as it is done today. This is natural, since the one who is performing
the practical part of lectures has to know the theoretical and practical aspects of the issue, or issues, whereas in lectures theory is mainly being used in teaching. Oded Shenkar
investigated the place and role of innovation in eight scientific and academic disciplines
from history to medical science. In all cases, he came to the conclusion that imitation is
the primary source of achieving business and personal success and progress.4 Professor
Shenkar points out that of the 48 innovations he had investigated, 75% were plagiarized,
as well as that percentage is growing, copying a growing trend. Examples in the automotive, textile, leather, fashion and cosmetics industry, construction machinery, as well as in
the service industry such as banking systems, tourist destinations, shops (hypermarkets,
supermarkets, electronic stores) and so on, confirm this. Usually some time passed before
other manufacturers, or service providers copied the practice of those who first applied
innovation. According to the data, GM introduced a new model army Spark, and only a
year since the launch it was followed by a Chinese imitation QQ, which has exceeded six
times the original sale. So, in this case 98% of the profits of the new phone went copycat,
not an innovator. In other words, the innovator is awarded for the originality of their ideas
and the efforts or costs which he did, and the main benefit is of the one who had waited
and followed.
A more detailed analysis shows that imitation is the search for new ideas and a permanent
copy that enriches innovation and makes it acceptable, as in the wider context allows expansion or its diffusion. It turns out that imitators work is based on the market reaction to
the initial innovation and that the process of copying is often accompanied by functional
improvement of original ideas. For example, Visa, MasterCard and American Express are
the idea of plastic credit cards taken of the Diners Club, which invested heavily in a study
of this technology. The situation is similar to the system of department stores which first
emerged in Paris, and their model of organizational structure was adopted around the
globe; electronic commerce and a host of other managerial, organizational, and techno The research was conducted by an experienced consulting firm from IBM department of Global
Business Services, through interviews conducted face-to-face. In detail, the „Manager of the
dolphin”, Belgrade, no. 191st November 2011, pg. 1
4
Oded Shenker, Interviewed at Harvard Business review, 2010, April, pg. 14-17
3
105
logical innovation. Wal-Mart has admitted taking over from his predecessor. The secret is
in taking original ideas or innovations from its predecessors, but also any changes in order
to get a winning combination. It turns out that many of today’s giants from various industries emerged on the basis of imitation and adaptation. Accordingly, the management science developed a special technique called benchmarking, developing concepts to explore
best practices in a particular field and attempt to apply the same corporate systems.5
4. THE NECESSITY OF DIFFERNET THOUGHTS ON IMITATION
It has already been stated that creative imitation or emulation is one of the most complex
types of innovation. Thus, imitation is the life law of nature. This characteristic is inherited
from animals by humans and it is being carried for lifetime. Thanks to creative imitation,
a man has survived, since he mimicked or imitated animals through education, improved
living and working. It is sufficient to note that the man mimicked leaders in the pack of
animals and sought to establish leadership, both leadership in life and work. Even today,
after the experiments and observations of animals and people in a variety of conditions,
scientists regard imitation as a complex and demanding process that requires high intelligence and cognitive ability. According to researchers who have been working with animals, great apes have the ability to mimic what it takes to survive in a hostile environment
despite physical disabilities. The same goes for the jungle that objectively exists today in
the business world and beyond.”6
If in living and working, the same rule is applied- that we should take into consideration
the reality, then there is a need to review the relationship of imitation and its treatment in
the economic and social life. This is because it is now considered that imitation is unacceptable, that it being used only by incompetent followers and unethical people and organizations. Accordingly, a set of regulations and standards stipulate prohibitions or sanctions for imitators and imitators. Even companies that accept imitation as a way of doing
business, avoid operations that declare themselves as such, because of the characteristics
and perceptions that imitators wear, but also because of numerous laws concerning the
protection of intellectual property. It is argued that people learn from their earliest youth
that copying other people’s ideas and modes of behavior is unworthy and inappropriate
and that they must move towards originality as a way of life and work, even though no
one knows what originality is and to what extent an individual can be the creator of the
original and comprehensive ideas. In other words, in the modern hardly anyone can have
exclusivity on an innovation, i.e. that it was his invention. It turns out that many, who have
explored and have failed, are also responsible for an innovation or innovator, because they
suggest that researchers and followers need to go in a different direction. If this were not
the case, many would always begin from the start and would not achieve certain innovations.
It is shown that imitators improve or adapt an innovation functionally to specific needs.
To increase the chances for the implementation and promotion of innovation, it is necessary to step back from original ideas and original products, to develop options that enable
Радосавлевич М., Анджелкович М., Радосавлевич Ж., Необходимость измениния
отношений к имитации, Международная научно-практическая конференция
„Стратегические императиви совместного менеджмента“
6
Oded Shenker, Interviewed at Harvard Business review, 2010, April, pg. 14-17
5
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them to be more effectively used, which places an emphasis on creating a strategy imitation.
The necessity of changing attitude towards imitation, especially the „creative imitation”
or emulating is a radical and fundamental change, such as US-based production concept
was changed by the middle of the last century or transformed into the marketing concept.
It must be borne in mind that innovation and imitation have a common thread, and that
they are the result of a thought process that is taking place at the same scenario. In other
words, both of them are the result of conscious thinking and conscious activities of business men and are an intellectual activity. Many believe imitation is more complex, as the
practice shows that many innovations follow the beaten track and go by familiar scientific
paths, while imitation goes out of the box. It also appears that many innovations were created randomly, which is shown by an example of chewing gum, the one’s desire to have a
bath created Buoyancy. Fleming, after long study of bacteria, left the dirty dishes from the
experiment and went on vacation. Upon returning the bacteria multiplied, which resulted
in the discovery of the origin of bacteria, and thus the discovery of penicillin,7 which is
considered to be the strategic innovation in this period.
The coincidence with creative imitation is disabled. Innovation and imitation are going
through the same phases: the preparation phase, the phase of incubation, illumination
and verification. The only difference can be seen in the preparation stage, as „Innovation
comes from creative chaos, a creative imitation from the imperfection.” The phases of incubation and illumination are unconscious and automatic processes in both.
Each innovation and imitation has three dimensions, namely: technical, economic and
legal. Recently, the highlight is on the ethical dimension. By not underestimating others,
the primary dimension is economic one, because every innovation or imitation that does
not increase the economic impact of its author, or client who comes may not be accepted
and doomed to failure. In the practice of innovation, dominated the legal dimension, and
with it the number of disputes in which authorships were being proved or disputed, or
setting a time period in which an innovation cannot be used, and so on. In contemporary
practice, it is necessary to put emphasis on the economic dimension of innovation, since
it ultimately determines the other two dimensions. Having this in mind in relation to the
abandonment of classical imitation and innovation is necessary to change the consciousness of people, and then legislation that slows the diffusion of innovation. Accordingly
legislative, even at the global level is not aimed at increasing commercial success, but quite
the contrary it slows the progress of mankind. This is a logical observation, if we imagine
where mankind would be, if the whole of human knowledge was made available to all,
without the protection and preservation of the known and unknown quarters. Out of this,
benefit the individuals, so-called innovators, but the question is how and how much of a
modern economy one can have on the authorship of an idea or innovation. It comes more
to plagiarism or imitation of an idea which is not transparent enough, so we can ask the
question of moral when individuals or teams claim the results of many, often unknown to
researchers.
http://metro-portal.hr/random-discoveries-that-have-changed-the world/37790
7
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5.SUMMARY
Practice shows that imitation in modern conditions has become a respectable factor of
economic development, and relationship i.e. attitude towards this phenomenon has to be
changed. One must keep in mind that imitation, imitation or copying is a natural phenomenon and that it is difficult to eliminate it, and was it possible and it would seem to
be counterproductive. It turns out that a man copies the behavior of the animals, that
children imitate their parents, workers their leaders, or their national leaders. Imitation is
present in the sphere of business, as the companies look up at each other and copy their
behavior and way of doing business. In other words, the world works on the basis of imitation, and we cannot deny it and oppose the at the same time legal standards which are
backed by the most penalties, but we can take care of, or use it to improve personal and
business success.
Of course, everyday experience shows that some global companies see the plagiarism with
approval, and often also support by the phrase „good players copy, the best steal.” The
practice shows that the greatest effort and financial risk is owned by the innovator, and
the greatest benefit by plagiarism, or imitators. Accordingly, it is shown that it is far better
to be a plagiarist, instead an honest innovator. However, the above reason does not justify
treating imitations in comparison to the old way, because it is a reality, and it is a necessity
to manage the imitations.
In other words, the problem of imitation and imitating certainly cannot solve only by
the legislation and moral convictions. The solution is not to protect intellectual property
rights through legislation and insisting on standards that have existed in the past (e.g. the
product is different from the patented by 30%in order not to be plagiarism) are absurd.
It turns out that innovators should be rewarded in a completely different way than it is
done today, or through special innovation funds that would „fill” the effects of which were
made imitators. In this context it is necessary to find the specific mechanisms, in order to
abandon the existing stereotypes and accept new concepts and approaches to the spread
of primarily creative imitation „, as the newspapers in the business world. Therefore, it can
reasonably be concluded that the creative imitation is not a threat but an opportunity, both
for individuals and business organizations, states and the world in general. In this context
it is useful to recall the statement of Michael Eisner: There is not an idea that cannot be
improved.”
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
„Manager of the dolphin”, Belgrade, no. 191st November 2011
Oded Shenker, Interviewed at Harvard Business review, 2010, April
Radosavljevic, Z., The creative imitation, manuscript, 2013
Radosavljevic, Z., et al., Self-organization, FORKUP, Novi Sad, 2011
Радосавлевич М., Анджелкович М., Радосавлевич Ж., Необходимость
измениния отношений к имитации, Международная научно-практическая
конференция „Стратегические императиви совместного менеджмента“
[6] Vucenovic, V., Champion Management, NIP Educational informatory, Belgrade, 2004
http://metro-portal.hr/random-discoveries-that-have-changed-the world/37790
108
COMPROMISE AS THE INSTRUMENT
OF INCREASED SUCCESS
Radosavljević Života
[email protected]
Anđelković Maja
Faculty for Business Studies and Law, Belgrade, Serbia
Doroshenko Yuri
Dean, Belgorod State Techinological University,named after V.G. Shukov,
Belgorod, Russian Federation
Abstract. The fact is that we live in a world of great turbulence, interdependence and complexity. Any
individual or parts stand in iterative relations with other parts of the organization, or the environment. It turns out that no one is self-sufficient, but that everything is in constant and rapid motion, i.e.
in relationship of dependency and causal relationships. In these new circumstances, it is necessary to
introduce new concepts and approaches to the organization of joint life and work. It is shown that compromise is one of the best instruments to achieve the above goals, but also to increase business success.
In traditional organizations and management compromise was not considered and did not receive
proper attention. Exclusivity used to be the dominant style in the design of individual modes of organization, which is natural, because classical organizations were based on antagonism between owners
and workers, states and organizations, etc. In these circumstances, any insistence on compromise was
considered harmful and a sign of weakness, rather than concept that should increase effectiveness.
This paper aims to highlight compromise as a new quality in strategic management of the systems and
the necessity of its application in modern conditions, as well as the attitude of the governing elite in
Serbia towards compromise.
Keywords: compromise, exclusivity, malignant exclusivity, compromise in Serbia.
1. NECESSITY OF COMPROMISE
However, it can be concluded that exclusivity, i.e. unwillingness to make concessions very
dangerous for individuals and organizations. Everyday practice shows that ‘too large antlers are a group of properties that can be called smart for one, dumb for the other.’ [1]
Accordingly, compromise and the ability to go toward solving the problem, or the elimination of the causes that can cause problems is more acceptable. In other words, compromise
should be pursued, but whether it will be reached depends on a number of facts and situations.
109
Radosavljević Ž., Anđelković M., Doroshenko Y. COMPROMISE AS THE INSTRUMENT OF...
Compromise is in the subconscious of every man. If someone is treated right, he feels the
need to reciprocate in the same way. Compromise has a special place in business, or in the
negotiations with people with whom we intend to do business in the long run.
Compromise is one of the most powerful weapons in the business world. The law developed specific techniques for resolving disputes, such as conciliation, mediation, mediation teams to coordinate, etc. General’s efforts tend to point out to interested parties the
necessity of giving up their maximalist demands, in order to come up with a solution
where each partner or party is a winner, if there is an agreement. Another way to achieve
compromise is when the parties have defined the arbitral authority to rule, providing that
partners agree in advance that they will respect his decision. Any dispute can be resolved
through legal means, i.e. through laws, but this is the worst solution because it is the result
of authority being imposed by the state or other institutions. The question is whether here
we can speak of compromise in the first place?
Compromise is mostly applied in negotiations, but it is also applied in everyday life. Wherever he appeares, compromise means to give away something in order for both sides to be
satisfied and reap benefit. Love is impossible without compromise, and it actually means
to give up some of our demands in order to gain the trust of another person. Courtship is
already the beginning of the process that leads to compromise.
Willingness to compromise is shown by the person who first proposes concessions. In
negotiations, this willingness should not be too evident. If a man is willing to offer concessions, he gives the first initiative and should be ready to do more, without reply from the
other side. Most retailers know this and try to use compromise as a necessary solution,
when it is estimated that its achievement is less harmful than not to reach agreement at
all. Premature attempts to reach compromise are the first symptom which shows signs of
manipulation, because, as Howard Hughes says: ‘Once you make a concession, there is no
way you can go back to the beginning.”
Compromise is impossible without mutual concessions of partners. „Every concession
you make in negotiations should correspond to equal or greater concessions from the
other party.” If the other party is asking for concession, we can give it, but it should never
be fail to ask for something else in return. If you are not asking for reciprocal concessions,
it shall be deemed that your concession has no value and will not be used in the course of
negotiations.’ [2] It is shown that the most important journey is the journy where partners
can meet each other halfway.
Both sides should feel that they are winning. In other words, compromise is a skill of
dividing a cake in such a way that everybody believes that they got the biggest piece. If
this is not achieved, i.e. if the partners in business are not satisfied, there is no deal, and
we should not enter this deal for it cannot last. This unfortunately is not the practice in a
large number of negotiation in business, but people continue to try for compromise that
had failed at an early stage.
2. COMPROMISE BETWEEN ORGANIZATION AND
PERSONAL INTEREST
Quite a lot has been said about the relationship between organizational and personal goals
and interests. A. Smith, Charles Darwin and T. Malthus used to emphasize the profound
conflict between individual and group goals and interests. Darwin’s basic claim is that
110
natural selection increases the individual reproductive success, but there are no claims
to what extent they are also positive for all species. Other features help individual reproductive success, but also serve the interests of the whole group. For example, intelligence
increases the reproductive success of individuals, but at the same time serves the broader
interests of species or groups. Properties of the third type enhance individual interests
but harm the larger group. Let us mention the huge antlers of male deer that serve as the
function of its dominance in the herd to which it belongs, but at the same time increase
the risk for the whole group when he finds himself in the jungle, to become the prey of
other animals. Perhaps a male with large antlers would give up these benefits in order to
reduce the risk in the forest from other animals, but it is simply impossible. Smaller or
larger representation of the above characteristics conditions smaller or greater ability to
compromise. Broader view of this issue was given by Adam Smith, when he emphasized
the consequences opportunistic behavior of individuals, which can be applied analogously
in explaining compromise. [3]
Regardless of the variety, the views on the issue of individual and general, or organizational interests and goals go into two directions. The first one is represented by the classical organization and it says that organizational goals and interests are a priority and for
them personal interests and goals should be sacrificed. This view is held by the owners or
management as capital principals, and it is explained by the fact that people are organized
primarily to achieve common organizational goals. If this does not happen, the organization can not survive, and these organizations are doomed to failure.
On the other hand, the primacy of personal goals and interests arises from the nature of
man as being of interest, as he is ready to make sacrifices to achieve personal goals and
interests, or the interests of his offspring. This is explained by the fact that a man is willing to sacrifice himself for the organizational goals only if through this he can realize his
interests. This is supported by statements by A. Smith, who notes that there is no greater
happiness but personal happiness and that if a society consists of happy and satisfied individuals, then it will be happy as a whole and beyond. Therefore, by achieving personal
goals and interests of the organization, it is possible to achieve also organizational goals.
The fact is that both extremes are not acceptable, indicating that the alignment of interests between individuals or individuals and organizations, and between organizations and
society, is one of the most complex issues in modern management and organization. This
problem is manifested in the family, as the fundamental cell of every society. Based on the
experience of life, people have come up with rational knowledge that conflicts of interest
of both individuals and communities can be best solved if everyone gives up some of his
interests in order to achieve certain equality. In this case there are no winners and losers,
but each partner feels the winner, because he had achieved a particular interest. [4]
Therefore, it is necessary to make compromise where personal interests have priority, but
they need to be achieved through the organizational goals and success. Thus, if an individual achieves higher performance, he will receive more revenue thus providing better
standard of living for himself and his family. Higher performance, i.e. productivity will be
of benefit to the organization. Hence only satisfied employees can be productive and loyal
to the organization. In just this kind of situation, the organization has the complete man,
who is willing to increase efforts.
The previous example clearly explains the necessity of compromise. The introduction of
compromise prevents conflict, which typically leads to reduction in personal and busi111
ness success. Organizations that start with balancing personal and organizational goals
achieve better business results. Let us keep in mind that sacrifice of personal interests and
goals in order to achieve organizational goals is possible only in the short run, but it is an
exclusive case and as such is unacceptable. The same applies when it comes to personal
interests. In this context, workers are organized by trade unions which can be organized
to put pressure on the owners for the aforementioned extremes to be brough closer and
to reach compromise.
To illustrate the application of compromise we can use the examples in families, or households where we find the greatest tolerance. Specifically, each member of the family should
give up part of his liberty or of his interest, in order to achieve harmony in the family or
household. A similar situation exists in the prevention of armed conflict between states,
where each state has to give up some of its demands, in order to reach the solution, not to
enlarge the problem. In other words, compromise is necessary wherever there are people
with their attitudes, preferences and interests that are particular only to man as a reasonable living being. This means that other living beings do no t have the ability to establish
compromise, although their genetic code indicates compromise in the animal world.
3. ORGANIZATIONS WHERE IT IS DIFFICULT TO
REACH COMPROMISE
Implementation of compromise in organizational systems, channel marketing, or supply
chain is determined by numerous, crucial factors. It is shown that in some societies, organizations and other organized structures it is possible to compromise, it is possible for
management and employees to try and solve the problem through compromise, while in
others it is difficult or even impossible. It seems that the socio-cultural factors here have
the greatest impact, which is natural, because compromise is primarily a matter of culture, organizational behavior, but it primarily has the interest or the economic dimension.
Bearing in mind that we here elaborate compromise on the level of organizational systems,
research shows that compromise is difficult to accomplish in the following organizations:
• organizations in which there is extensive presence of labor, i.e. people,
• organizations in which there are diametrically opposed interests between individuals and parts
• organizations where the organizational behavior is based on exclusion,
• organization of bureaucratic and politicking type
• teams and groups where professional decisions are made.
Organizations that have a greater presence of labor, as a rule, have more „friction” between
individuals, which inevitably leads to conflict. A typical example is the service sector where
many operations can not be mechanized. Even if it were possible, it would often be ineffective, because the service is best carried out by ‘two legs and two arms.’ [5] Accordingly,
in these organizations there is less chance of compromise, due to different people, their
interests, views and issues. In other words, highly automated business systems exclude
people largely from individual business process, because the role of man in these systems
is assumed by mechanisms and machines which operate in the way they had been constructed by man. Information technology brought decentralization, deconcentration of labor, which means that jobs and tasks today can be performed at home creating less chance
112
of antagonism between individuals. Therefore, management of these and similar systems
is easier, because machines do not have their own views and interests, have nosense of the
soul, it cannot be hurt or offended by anyone, so there is no need to compromise.
The chances of a compromise are significantly lower in organizations where there is a big
difference in status and interests between the various entities of the organization. Certainly in slavery there could be no compromise between slave owners and slaves, because
these two classes differ in status so compromise is very difficult to reach. Any insistence on
this leads the subordinate class, i.e. individuals into a dangerous situation. Further, differences in interests, for example between owners and workers, are often large and opposed,
so compromise is often realized after the devastating strikes, work stoppages, and even
conflict between owners and workers. The greater the difference in interests, they are less
likely to compromise, and vice versa. [6]
Research and everyday practice shows and proves that compromise is an effective cure
for many diseases, i.e. for conflict resolution. To reach the above it is necessary to develop
special culture and behavior, because compromise as well as tolerance can be learned. It
is not something that is acquired by birth, but something that is acquired through life,
through working together, learning together and working with people. It is shown that
larger number of children in the family creates a positive atmosphere for the development
of compromise. Further, children who used to go to kindergarten at an early age have a
greater sense of community and they are usually more prone to compromise than children
who lived alone and often did not have the need for tolerance and concessions. The same
applies to business organizations. Craft worker who was working alone, was not inclined
to compromise, but when the technical division of labor occurred a larger number of
specialists became engaged, it was necessary to make permanent compromise. Therefore,
each organization has to create such organizational behavior in which there will be a certain tolerance that develops the tendency of individuals to compromise.
Compromise as a phenomenon is problematic and difficult to achieve in societies and
organizations that are based on exclusivity. These are primarily called apathetic organization, such as: religious, political organizations, military, police, prisons, etc. They all have
some common, but also a number of special features. Exclusivity here is often considered
a condition of their survival. However, with the emergence of democratic organizations
and the development of democracy these organizations too have changed their traditional
attitude toward this issue, and in many cases they must adopt tolerance and compromise.
It is easier to reach compromise in organizations and groups where there is mutual communication and equal status of people. Therefore, compromise is not suitable for bureaucratic and political organizations, especially when it comes to countries in transition.
There is a high level of exclusivity and subordination, because orders flow from the top to
the bottom, and from the bottom to the top of the hierarchical pyramid flow reports on
completed orders. The starting point of any bureaucratic organization is that lower levels
unconditionally execute orders from higher levels of hierarchical piradmide. The ‘deeper’
the organization, it is accompanied by a larger number of hierarchical levels, which makes
it difficult to compromise. It is shown that political organizations of the transition countries exhibit the highest level of exclusivity, as leaders in these structures are inviolable,
even when they are wrong. Accordingly, these structures are dominated by exclusivity
both by competitors as well when it comes to the relationship of leaders to other individuals and groups in a political organization. The battle for domination and mastery is often
113
transformed into malignant exclusivity, which multiplies the problems and conflicts at the
level of the whole society. [7]
Studies show and prove that the only area in which compromise cannot be present is the
area of professional and high-risk decisions and their implementation. Therefore, there
must be no compromise in professional work, and in making and implementing the decisions that are based on scientific grounds and where we must insist on the adopted and
experimentally validated procedures and standards. For example, when ORL doctor operates on tonsils, he can not go for compromise, and remove one tonsil and leave the other
one in order to achieve balance. If that were to happen, the remaining tonsil would be a
source of future problems and infections. Of course, an expert works within the rules of
the profession, and every deviation leads to a decrease in performance, and often can lead
a professional into a difficult situation, and even to legal disputes. Therefore, the physician
must apply proven and validated scientific methods, and in the event that he fails to do
so he runs the risk of large and numerous problems. He even must not compromise with
the patient on this issue, because it is assumed that those are highly professional decisions
in which every compromise would be dangerous and as such is unacceptable, which is
logical because there can be no compromise between knowledge and ignorance. It turns
out that the biggest obstacle to compromise is plain ignorance. If we want to increase the
chances of compromise, people must be educated and adopt this way of behavior in all the
turbulent conditions of life and work.
But in modern medicine too there has been change in this regard. When it comes to slight
infection, doctor may recommend antibiotics, but most doctors today do not reach for
antibiotics because of their frequent and excessive use creating bacterial resistance. If doctors are exclusive not to prescribe antibiotics in treatment of ear infection or respiratory
organs, the patient will go to a doctor who relatively easily prescribes antibiotics. Hence
here too there must be compromise and patient’s attitude must be recognized.
4.CONCLUSION
The paper points out the problem of compromise as a tool and concept of management
decision-making and generallly life and work, both of individuals and organizational
systems. Although there is no significant scientific research to what extent compromise
affects personal and business performance, it is widely accepted, and the only logical conclusion is that it is more acceptable than exclusivity and uncompromising behavior and
actions. This because exclusivity often leads to conflict; malignant exclusivity leads to devastating conflicts where both the players and the social and business scenes are devastated.
Therefore, all things lead to conclusion that compromise is man’s the best friend; we must
never forget that both in life and in business one does not get what he deserves but for he
negotiates and achieves through compromise.
In the future, the need for compromise will increase and exclusion will decrease. This conclusion is logical, because interdependence between the different actors in the social and
business scene shall continue to grow. No one will be self-sufficient, nor can he survive as
an individual, but needs to be linked with other subjects with a high level of tolerance and
compromise. Hence the need to focus more attention on compromise; it is both philosophy and business concept. Education in this matter must be mission of priority in societies
in the future. It will undoubtedly become a significant factor in achieving social and busi114
ness success. Regarding above, we should considere a quote from Lowell: ‘Compromise is
a good umbrella, but quite often a bad roof.’
REFERENCES
[1] Frank, R.: The Economic Naturalist. Beograd: Laguna, 2007.
[2] Tracy, B.: The 100 absolutely unbreakable laws of business success. San Francisko: BK,
2000.
[3] Smit, A.: Istaživanje prirode i uzroka bogatstva naroda. Beograd: Kultura, 1970.
[4] Vučenović, V.: Holistička teorija organizacije. Novi Sad: FORKUP, 2011.
[5] Radosavljević, Ž.: Ekonomika trgovine. Beograd: CERK, 2006.
[6] Radosavljević, M.: Holistička tehnologija uspešnosti. Novi Sad: FORKUP, 2011.
[7] Radosavljević, Ž.: Kraj klasične države i nužnost nastanka ekonomske države. MK
ANTIM, Beograd, (april 2012).
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Ratković M., Marković J., Ratković S. DEVELOPMENT OF SUCCESSFUL LONG-TERM...
DEVELOPMENT OF SUCCESSFUL LONG-TERM
RELATIONS WITH PARTICIPANTS IN THE SUPPLY
CHAIN AS THE FUNCTION OF INCREASE IN
CUSTOMER SATISFACTION
Ratković C. Milijanka
[email protected],
Marković Đ. Jovan
Faculty of Sport, University Union-Nikola Tesla, Belgrade, Serbia
Ratković C. Snežana
Abstract: Consumer behavior in today’s environment is subject to more frequent changes in the expression of sympathy for the products and services they consume. Because of these changes, participants in
the value supply chain are forced to rethink their strategies and usually focus more efforts on creating
quality long-term relationships with customers, but also with those who find themselves on this path
of value delivery. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the importance of creating good long-term
relationships with customers, and with other participants in the supply chain value to the end user. The
aim of this paper is to highlight these relations as potential means of improving the overall operations of
the participants in today’s market. At the same time, it is assumed that precisely this ability is a necessity
for those who want to expand their business, but also to maintain a successful position in the global environment. In addition to customer relationships, this paper will discuss the relations with partners and
the public, with a special focus on the importance of relationships with employees. The above concerns
will be placed in the context of relationship marketing and the importance of customer satisfaction will
be discussed in more detail in terms of internal marketing.
Keywords: consumers, marketing relations, CRM, satisfaction, internal marketing
1.INTRODUCTION
Some of the main characteristics of today’s global marketplace are the presence of numerous competitors, the impact of information and communication technologies and the
increasing expectations of consumers. Competition at the global level may pose a threat to
some participants, but for some may be the possibility of establishing a mutually beneficial
partnership. It seems that this type of claim is too general, but its logic is the fact that current information and communication technologies allow for the impact of competition
in the global environment, either as a threat or potential cooperation. The development
of information technology has changed familiar patterns of business behavior.[1] At the
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same time, the expectations of consumers globally are becoming greater as the selection
of available products and services is now expanding, thus creating their satisfaction and
loyalty becomes the primary focus of the participants in today’s business market.
In the current environment of information and communication technologies and the impact of competition on a global level, it is increasingly difficult to create loyal customers.
At the same time, policy makers, scholars and practitioners agree that e-business is an
essential ingredient of socioeconomic advance of developing countries. [2] On the other
hand, there are fewer opportunities to create differential advantages over competing products and services, which implies that today’s marketers need to use the effects of establishing good relations with those who are in the supply chain value to the end user. Recent
practice shows that marketing is not enought to meet expectations of the Bayers but also
to offer additional value, which is a direct result of increased competition. [3] In this context, in addition to establishing a good long-term customer relationships, special attention
should be directed toward building and maintaining good relationships with partners,
then with the employees and with the public.
The subject of this paper refers to the participants in the supply chain value to the end user.
Thus, in the content that follows we shall discuss the importance of building good relationships with all participants in the supply chain value. In the same way, the goal of this
paper is to present these relations in the light of the possibilities of improving the overall
business, and their construction as inevitable as a consequence of the lack of opportunities
to achieve competitive advantages in other aspects of business operations in today’s environment. The starting point of this analysis is the assumption that the establishment of
good relations with the participants in the supply chain value affects the satisfaction of the
consumer. Accordingly, the basic premise of the paper is that employee satisfaction affects
customer satisfaction. The reason for separating these hypotheses as essential is the fact
that the analysis of all the above relationships in the supply chain values and their influence on consumer satisfaction, was too broad for a paper of this kind. Many authors, including Velari Zeithaml and Mary Jo Bitner claim that there is clear evidence that satisfied
employees make consumers satisfied, and vice versa, the satisfied customer can strengthen
the feeling of satisfaction of employees related to their work.[4] Therefore, there is special
emphasis in this paper on the analysis of the impact of employee satisfaction on customer
satisfaction, but also with emphasis on the importance of establishing good relations with
the other participants.
2. MANAGING RELATIONSHIPS WITH CONSUMERS
IN ORDER TO INCREASE THEIR SATISFACTION
To understand customer satisfaction, it is necessary to know how to form their expectations. Consumers will be highly satisfied if their expectations are exceeded, and disappointed in the opposite situation. Expectations depend on the performance of the product / service, then from past experience, but also from the influence of people from the
region who have already ‘tried’ the product. Also, expectations depend on both explicit
and implicit promises of marketers through the mass media, but also in direct contact
with customers in the shop in which they are exposed to a variety of stimulating effect. In
addition to these impacts / factors in the formation of expectations, and thus satisfaction,
117
the relationship that is established by the seller to the consumer in the performance of the
purchase process is also important.
The objective of the analysis of the factors of satisfaction is to create loyal customers. From
satisfied and highly satisfied customers the company may have, in addition to the basic
benefit related to their repurchase, also benefits from the affirmative presentation of the
products they buy, as from the seller / manufacturer as such. As the influence of the environment stands out as one of the most important factors in shaping consumer behavior,
so do loyal consumers become more and more important for the company. In order for
the customer to gain confidence in the company, there must be a high degree of credibility, reliability, intimacy and low self-determination, as shown through the so-called trust
model formula, as follows: [5]
Trust = ( C + R + I ) / S gde je:
C = credibility,
R = reliability,
I = intimacy,
S = self-orientation.
It can be said that the company’s profit depends on loyalty, while the precondition that
increase their satisfaction on the basis of creating interactive and mutually beneficial relationship. In order to achieve long-term good relations between consumers and sellers
it is necessary to create strategic loyalty programs that are based on market analysis and
segmentation according to the characteristics of the consumer and their requirements.
Such programs must include the following: [6]
• The process of focusing on permanent customers;
• Interfunctional involvement of management / employees;
• Continuous recruitment and training of managers / employees
• The process of comparing, measuring and control;
• Continuous improvement of products / services, etc.
In this way it is possible to establish a continuous process of improving the business,
which is based on knowledge of the wants and desires of consumers. At the same time,
the entire process of managing relationships with customers should be created according
to the observed factors of consumer behavior, both potential and fixed ones.. The goal of
this process is to establish excellent long-term relationships with existing customers and
attract new ones, but also to expand the number and values of those loyal to us. Previous
literature in this field highlights the three phases of consumer relationship management:
[7] 1) winning, 2) retention, and 3) expansion of cooperation. At the same time, forms
of behavior during the life cycle, i.e. consumer reactions can be shown through the following stages: [8] awareness, testing, expansion, compliance, withdrawal. Proces CRM
podrazumeva pronalaženje odgovarajućeg odnosa između ulaganja napora u povećanje
satisfakcije potrošača sa jedne strane i ostvarenje profita sa druge. Dakle, kompanije se u
kreiranju i isporuci veće vrednosti i satisfakcije kupcima moraju ponašati profitabilno.[9]
It is undeniable that this is a very complex task, especially when you take into account the
changing environment, global features of today’s market, increased competition and the
118
impact of information and communication technologies, which are changing consumer
demands and their expectations higher.
CRM process that incorporates elements of current technology can be presented in a way
that is shown in Figure 1. [10] This figure shows the interactive nature of the process of
managing relationships with customers, which must be based on the company’s business
strategy. This process includes the consideration of value received by the consumer, then
the possibility of contact with him in physical and virtual environments, as well as the assessment of performance of the process. Figure 1 shows the relevant process flows, but for
the purposes of the topics explored in this paper its main analysis is sufficient.
Figure 1: The interactive nature of the process of
customer relationship management [10]
the process is the key strategic resource for companies in today’s environment. [11] This
process integrates current information and communication solutions and technologies,
but also independently used and well-known marketing tools and techniques that have
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long been a way of approaching customers and creating good relationships. Nevertheless,
in the context of current ICT solutions, well-known tools bring some new positive effects
of the CRM process. That is why we can say that CRM has become a potentially important
means of improving the business just when the ICT began its progressive growth and implementation of business activities. The main advantage of using the ICT is in the opportunities for interactivity with a larger number of consumers than has ever been possible
before. Thus, approaches such as one-to-one marketing gaining in breadth, and segmentation of consumers according to various criteria becomes simpler than in the past. CRM
based on current information and communication solution involves the use of various
technologies, information resources, people, processes, and all this with the intention to
improve the service that is directly related to the end user. [12] Therefore, the main purpose of the application of new ways of attracting customers and maintaining relationships
with them is to improve services and thus increasing their satisfaction through the realization of interactive connections and relationships that involve the exchange of information
and continuous communication. Some of the methods are shown in Figure 1, such as
e-commerce, direct marketing, the use of mobile phones, but also the classic sales force
and others. Tools and techniques that are within the above-mentioned ways of managing
relationships with customers must be coordinated in a way that consumers perceive the
offer as added value and thus better than competitive.
3. RELATIONSHIP MARKETING
Not uncommon for authors of articles in the field of relationship marketing to identify this
concept with CRM. The reason for this lies in the fact that relations with the customers
are main topic being discussed in the framework of relationship marketing. However, for
a more detailed consideration of the possible positive outcomes of the implementation of
relationship marketing, it is necessary to analyze this concept and relationships between
employees, then the relationship with partners, and public relations. Latter are the subject
of frequent analysis of the literature of marketing character, but in the context of the implementation of current ICT these relations can be improved Public relations as an important aspect of marketing occupy an increasingly important role in the overall strategy in
today’s business environment. [13] Thus, public relations can be said to represent a wellknown marketing tool that is now upgraded by current ICT, gaining, therefore, increasing
importance. As such, public relations, can be viewed in the context of relationship marketing as a tool that has its direct positive benefits, but that also can be used to attract new
customers and maintain good long-term relationships with existing ones.
Developing and maintaining relationships with partners in the chaneel of value delivery
to the end operator-oriented in terms of potential competitive advantages of the current
practice had already been earmarked as an important way to improve the process of CRM.
Further, the establishment of partnership has direct positive economic outcomes for the
overall operation of all those who are in the relationship, such as, for example, economies
of scale and the like. Thus, the positive outcomes of these relationships are known, and
as such can be considered within the potential possibilities of the concept of relationship
marketing. What is new for the development of partnerships, as well as others that are
discussed in the framework of relationship marketing, is the application of tools and resources in the field of ICT.
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Finally, relationships with employees, which should be the core topic of human resource
management become a priority area of interest marketing professionals. Human resource
management in the direction of training and motivating employees to more effectively
meet the wants and needs of customers is one of the basic requirements for survival in
today’s market. [14] It is exactly the underused capacities of long-term good relationships
with employees that can become a major driving force and motivator for consumers, especially when there is direct contact between the two sides. The logic of this thinking is that
the very act of purchasing should not be seen as the final result and success, but as a place
and time that should be used to extend the value of customers, whether in the context of
the purchase of higher value, or impact on his return, which increases the his loyalty.
These four groups of relations can be viewed separately, but one should not ignore their
synergistic effect. Therefore, the analysis of the above relationship can be explained by the
model 4O, which aims to highlight their importance in the context of potential opportunities in today’s competitive business environment. [15] This model includes the aforementioned types of relationships between all participants in the channel of value delivery
to the end user, through pointing out the importance of their construction continuously,
both individually and jointly, precisely in order to create a synergy effect, upon which we
actually build and the potential competitive advantage.
4. INTERNAL MARKETING
Internal marketing involves investing continuous efforts to increase the satisfaction of
employees in order to increase the positive effects of their work in the company. This
definition is broad and vague as such, but the activities that fall within this area can be categorized as those related to attracting staff and activities used in the maintenance of good
long-term relationships with them. Basically, attracting staff involves creating an attractive working environment and working conditions, while maintaining a relationship with
them, in addition to the above, includes programs of continuous training of employees,
proper motivation, care management for employees and others. According to Frank Bradley, if employees believe in what the organization does and means, they are motivated to
work harder and their loyalty to the organization is more pronounced. [16] More than 20
years ago, Leonard Berry first coined the term internal marketing, defining it as ’means of
bringing closer the theory and practice of marketing to people who serve external customers so that (1) the best possible people can be recruited and retained, and (2) employees
will do their best in doing their jobs.’ [17] According to Frank Bradley, internal marketing is very closely related to human resources management and the way the organization
develops its distinctive culture. [16] In addition to these, many other authors define internal marketing in their own ways, but the essence of this concept remains a concern for
employees in order to increase their satisfaction and thus impact on increasing customer
satisfaction. Employees must be motivated to work on implementing customer satisfaction programs. [18] This is particularly important when it comes to services, but also in
direct contact with the seller of the actual product with the consumer. Naturally, this does
not diminish the impact of the employees upon the so-called back office, because they are
potential consumers of the product with which they work, and certainly the promoters in
their environment, which directly affect the company’s image.
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Edward Little and Ebi Marandi argue that employee satisfaction affects customer satisfaction, as illustrated in Figure 2. [17]
Satisfakcija
zaposlenih
Pažnja
zaposlenih
Kvalitet internih
usluga
Produktivnost
i rast
Produktivnost
zaposlenih
Kvalitet eksternih
usluga
Lojalnost
potrošaća
Satisfakcija
potrošača
Figure 2: Positive feedback [17]
In order to increase the satisfaction of employees and the quality of internal services,
Doyle (Doyle) proposes to develop internal strategies, which include the three stages approach: [19]
• The organization needs to demonstrate commitment towards creation of security
and development of its employees in the same way as it does with its stakeholders.
• The organization should create a structure in which the functional barriers are deleted. This will primarily empower the employees on the front line, those who are in
direct contact with customers.
• Top management must provide leadership to strengthen the basis of these values
and offer a vision of what the organization will become.
5.CONCLUSION
The process of managing relationships with customers integrates various tools and techniques from the milieu of current information and communication technologies. However, most often it is not enough simply to integrate them in order for the effect of the process based on it to be proven positive. The CRM must include changing the organizational
structure and culture, as well as to integrate all previous knowledge about the history of
relationships with existing and potential customers. The mere use of ICT is not enough if
the organization and its people continue to work the same way.
Changes in relationships with customers in establishing a good relationship at any place
and time where possible, should become an imperative for all participants in today market. This fact stems from the current state of the global environment where there are fewer
opportunities for achieving differential advantage and CRM process thus becomes even
more important.
CRM processes alone can not give effects as when it is a part of an overall strategy of establishing adequate relations with all parties in the supply chain value to the end user. Within
the concept of relationship marketing, 4O model has been defined that integrates relationships with customers, partners, the public and employees. The latter were the focus of this
122
paper, because their impact on consumer satisfaction is both direct and undeniable, as is
their significance. Internal relations can be viewed within the concept of internal marketing which involves the application of the basic postulates of human resources, as well as
within the well-known marketing principles of building relationships with consumers on
relationships with employees. Both the complexity of these activities and their overlap are
obvious; this is not the case just with the last two mentioned areas, but also with relations
with partners and the public who were not subject to special consideration in this study
because of their scope. However, the benefits of all the above types of relationships, and
their respective mutual alignment are important means of creating a differential advantage in today’s business environment. Achieving synergy through the establishment of
good relations with all parties in the supply chain value to the end user should be the main
focus of those who want to maintain a successful position in the global market.
REFERENCES
[1] Grubić, G. & Ratković, M.: The analysis of avaliable ERP solutions and trends in
industry of management information systems. Practical management, journal of
management in theory and practice, Vol. III (2012), No. 4, pp. 86–93. ISSN 18478107.
[2] Grubić, G., Ratković, M. &Paunović, L.: Vertical portal e-business model (applied
for construction industry in south-east europe). Actual Problems of Economics, No.
5 (143) (2013), pp. 224–236. ISSN 1993-6788.
[3] Ratković, M., Krasulja, N. &Garača, N.: Customer relationship management
strategy as an opportunity for improving the modern marketing concept. Kultura,
časopis za teoriju i sociologiju kulture i kulturnu politiku, (2013), No. 139, pp.
362–381.ISSN 0023-5164.
[4] Wilson, A., Zeinthaml, V.A.&Bitner, M.J.: Services Marketing: Intergrating Customer
Focus Across the Firm. Second European edition. New York: McGraw – Hill, 2012.
ISBN 13978-0-07-7131715.
[5] Peppers, D. & Rogers, M.: Managign Customer Relatioship. Second edition. New
Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, 2011. ISBN 978-0-470-42347-9.
[6] Wright, R.: Business – to – Business Marketing, a Step by Step Guide. Prentice Hall,
2004.ISBN 0-273 64647-8.
[7] Milenović, B. &Ratković, M.: Strategije marketinga, kako ući na tržište i uspešno
opstati na njemu. Beograd: UniverzitetBK, Fakultetzatrgovinuibankarstvo, 2009.
ISBN 978-86-7746-174-6.
[8] Dwyer, F.R., Shurr, P.H. & Oh, S.: Developing Buyer-Seller relationship. Journal of
Marketing, No. 51, (1987), pp. 1-27.ISSN 0022-2429.
[9] KotlerPh, Armstrong G, Saunders J. &Wong V, Principles of Marketing. Fourth
European Edition.Harlow: Prentice Hall, 2005. ISBN – 13: 978-0-273-68456-5.
[10] Payne, A. &Frow, P.: A Strategic Framework for Customer Relationship
Management. Journal of Marketing, Vol. 69. (2005), Issue 4, pp. 167-176.ISSN 00222429.
[11] Milenović, B. & Ratković, M.: Marketing. Sremski Karlovci: Cekom books, 2012.
ISBN 978-86-6185-020-2.
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[12] Vasiljević, M., Perić, N. &Botorić, V.: Odnosi s kupcima kao vid eksternih odnosa
s javnošću. In: Zbornik radova međunarodne naučne konferencije EUROBRAND3,
TQM centar, 2011., pp. 116–122. ISBN 978-86-88065-15-3.
[13] Grubić, G., Ratković, M. & Dulović, Đ.: Strategija odnosa sa javnošću i krizne
komunikacije, Socioeconomica, Vol. 1. (2012), No. 2, pp. 313–326. eISSN 2217-7558.
[14] Ratković, M.: Interni marketing u funkciji povećanja zadovoljstva kupaca.
Marketing, Vol.40.(2009), No.4. pp. 269–275. ISSN 0354-3471
[15] Ratković, M., Grubić, G. &Tasić, S.: Evolution of marketing: from product up to
employment. International journal of Economics & Low, Vol. 2. (2012), No. 5, pp.
72–79. ISSN 2217-5504.
[16] Bradley, F.: Strategic Marketing in the Customer driven organization. Chichester:
John Wiley & Sons Inc.,2005. ISBN 0-470-84985-1.
[17] Little, E. & Marandi, E.: Relationship Marketing Management, London: Thompson
Learning, 2003. ISBN 978-1861529312.
[18] Milisavljević, M.: Marketing napočetku XXI veka. In: Razvoj marketinga – nove
tendencije, Niš, Serbia,, November 2001. Edited by Ljiljana Stanković. Niš:
Ekonomski fakultet, 2001, pp. 3–13. ISBN 86-80121-61-4.
[19] Egan, J.: Relationship Marketing: exploring relational strategies in marketing. Harlow:
Prentice Hall, 2004. ISBN 0-273-68623-2.
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Rstić J. Milan
Faculty of Management and Economics, Kragujevac, Serbia
Rstić M. Jovan
Jugoimport, Belgrade, Serbia
Petrevska B. Miroslava
Higher Technological School of Business Studies, Šabac, Serbia
Petrevska B. Ljupka
College of Professional Studies of Traffic Management, Niš, Sebia
Abstract: Lawyers professional liability coverage provides attorneys with liability coverage for financial
loss suffered by third parties arising from acts, errors, and omissions in providing professional legal
services. In Serbia, as well as in many other countries, a lawyer is obliged to conclude the contract of
obligatory liability insurance with a registered organisation that deals with such type of insurance. Also,
the lawyer can do this through the Bar deal with an insurance company in a form of a collective obligatory liability insurance for all the attorneys enlisted in its directory. Without it, a lawyer cannot perform
his duties and continue with his professional career. For the lawyers, these questions are of crucial and
existential significance, and for the judges they are landmarks for solving specific cases, and for the
insurance companies they are landmarks to form a new product of insurance in our country. This paper
investigates the liability insurance in the world, compares it with Serbia and it follows the introduction
of new law regulating this area.
Keywords: lawyers, insurance, professional liability, law, legal practice
1.INTRODUCTION
The tradition of lawyers’ profession1 in Serbia is rather long, having in mind that the
northernmost part of Serbia, today’s Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, belonged to
the well organised Austrian Empire, which had a strong Western tradition of civil society
and civilisation norms that coincided with it. The civilisation norms mentioned included
strong judicial system, the developed network of courts and the extensive network of lawyers’ offices. The tradition of lawyers’ practice in Vojvodina dates back to the middle of
the 17th century, while the first lawyer’s chamber appeared on the 1st of January 1875. In
Central Serbia, in the region that was previously known as The Principality of Serbia (later
Kingdom of Serbia), the lawyer’s practice appeared in the first part of the 19th century, with
the Principality’s liberation from the Ottoman Empire and consequently with the process
We will continue with the use of the word “lawyer”, in accord with the definition “a person
learned in the law; as an attorney, counsel or solicitor; a person who is practicing law” (Henry
Campbell Black, Black’s Law Dictionary, 5th ed. (St. Paul: West Publishing Co., 1979), 799.)
1
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Rstić M., Rstić J., Petrevska M., Petrevska Lj.
distancing from the Ottoman courts and the kadi2 system. The first law on legal representation was passed on 28th of February 1862, and the first society of legal representatives
was formed in August of 1886.
Therefore a strong tradition of legal representation in Serbia causes a need to regulate
the sensitive field of responsibility of lawyers to their clients and the insurance against
the malpractice and the consequences of such malpractice. It is covered by professional
liability insurance. Professional liability insurance is required by law in some areas for
certain kinds of professional practice (especially medical and legal), and is also sometimes
required under contract by other businesses that are the beneficiaries of the advice or service.3 For example, in reference to medical professions it is called malpractice insurance,
while errors and omissions4 (E&O) insurance is used by insurance agents, consultants,
brokers and lawyers.5
Lawyers’ professional liability coverage provides attorneys with liability coverage for financial loss suffered by third parties arising from acts, errors, and omissions in providing
professional legal services. Fraud, intentional and criminal acts, bodily injury (BI), and
property damage (PD) are excluded from coverage.
However, most of the policies provide coverage for personal injury (PI) perils (i.e., defamation, invasion of privacy) since allegations of such acts occur frequently in the legal
arena. As is the case with most professional liability forms, lawyer’s professional liability
policies are written with a claims-made coverage trigger. Lawyers’ professional liability
coverage is also available in many states in the world through bar-sponsored captive insurers in addition to commercial insurers.6
2. LIABILITY INSURANCE OF LAWYERS AS A NECESSARY MEANS
OF PROTECTION
Generally, each lawyer gives the utmost efforts in their legal practice, invests a lot of energy, expertise, knowledge and work in their clients and the job that has to be done. A
client’s satisfaction is of supreme importance, but lawyers are human beings and, despite
being professionals, they can make mistakes. The oversights and miscalculations, undesired errors and wrong decisions in the process tend to appear due to the plied up obligations, fast pace of work or due to some other factors (lack of concentration, personal
or psychological issues, illness, exhaustion etc). Therefore the legal representatives must
insure themselves against the liabilities.
Such insurance provides coverage against the indemnity claims of clients (persons who
ordered the legal representation services), that appeared due to the errors or malpractice
during the legal practice.
Or sometimes spelled qadi. A kadı was an official in the Ottoman empire. Based on the Islamic
concept of a judge (Arabic: ‫يضاق‬‎ qāḍī), the Ottoman official also had extra duties; they
performed local administrative tasks, and they were involved in taxation and conscription.
Kadi was a judge appointed by the Sultan, ruling in accordance with the Islamic law, Shariah
(definition from www.wikipedia.org)
3
www.wikipedia.org
4
Common designation in the United States of America
5
„Negotiating Your Law Firm’s Malpractice Insurance: How to Avoid Purchasing the ‘Never Pay
Policy’”. The National Law Review. Arnall Golden Gregory LLP. 2012-01-21.
6
www.irmi.com/online/insurance-glossary/terms/l/lawyers-professional-liability-coverage.aspx
2
126
These types of insurance, called the insurance from civil responsibility or civil liability insurance, appeared relatively recently. The first policies appeared towards the end of the 19th
century, but the development was rapid and already in the beginning of the 20th century
civil liability insurance became one of the leading branches of insurance.
Civil liability refers to the responsibility an individual or entity has to another individual
or entity. There are many relationships where civil liability is apparent: employer to employee, professional to client, even homeowner to guest.7 A person likely has a legal responsibility to someone in their life, just as someone else has a legal responsibility to this
person. Insurance helps to cover monetary responsibilities that arise from these relationships in the event that a liability issue ever comes up.
Insurance that protects professionals such as accountants, lawyers and physicians against
negligence and other claims initiated by their clients. It is required by professionals who
have expertise in a specific area because general liability insurance policies do not offer
protection against claims arising out of business or professional practices such as negligence, malpractice or misrepresentation.
Depending on the profession, professional liability insurance may have different names,
such as medical malpractice insurance for the medical profession, and errors & omissions
insurance for real estate agents. Professional liability insurance is a specialty coverage that
is not provided under homeowners’ endorsements, in-home business policies or businessowners’ policies. It only covers claims made during the policy period.8 In addition, professional liability policies contain what are known as „shrinking limits,” meaning that unlike
CGL policies (commercial general liability, where defense costs are paid in addition to
policy limits); the insurer’s payment of defense costs reduces available policy limits.9
Civil liability insurance covers all the sources of endangerment that threat the persons that
perform certain public professions:
• Persons who perform services in crafts
• Private persons
• Persons who perform professions such as doctors, lawyers, revisers, auditors, controllers, inspectors, brokers, actuaries, architects etc.
Among them, lawyers might be vulnerable to indemnity claims if the client lost the legal
battle or feels dissatisfied with the effort that lawyer gave during a legal process. In theory,
without a legal framework, a client that lost the legal battle might always sue a lawyer for
malpractice, since they can claim that “a lawyer did not do his/her best during the process”
or that “a lawyer committed certain errors”. That would lead to endless legal battles and it
would multiply the number of cases, which is highly undesirable.
Different legal systems have different types of this type of insurance. For instance, in British Columbia, a Canadian westernmost province (Canada has a British legal system), the
provincial government created The Lawyers Insurance Fund. The Lawyers Insurance Fund
is the programme established by the Law Society to provide insurance for British Columbia lawyers and protects the profession and the public from the risks associated with the
practice of law by providing high quality professional liability and defalcation insurance.
http://www.ehow.com/about_6550443_definition-civil-liability-insurance.html
www.investopedia.com
9
www.irmi.com/online/insurance-glossary/terms/p/professional-liability.aspx
7
8
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Professional liability insurance protects lawyers who are liable for negligence and ensures
that clients receive compensation to which they are entitled. Lawyers are also protected
if they fall victim to the „bad cheque” scam, helping ensure that clients do not suffer a
financial loss.10
Other countries and provinces around the world have similar laws or similar funds, organisations or trusts.
3. MORAL AND LEGAL BASIS OF LIABILITY INSURANCE
OF LAWYERS
Liability insurance of lawyers has deep roots in tradition of fair business practice and it has
certain moral and legal grounds.
One of the bases is the idea that the principles of United Nations Chart should be embedded in laws that regulate the legal practice and legal representation. Also, the idea is to
embed the ideas of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Pact of
Civil and Political Freedoms, the European Convention of Protection of Human Rights
and Basic Freedoms, as well as the ideas from other international acts. These include principles of development, promoting and encouraging of human rights and basic freedoms,
the equality before law, the presumption of innocence, the right of legal help and advice of
a lawyer, the guarantees of defence, the fair and impartial legal process and trial without
unnecessary delays, protractions or stall.
Also, one of the basic ideas is that advocacy and the practice of law represents one of the
free professions in the framework of public order and society, and that lawyer is a special
factor in the judicial system, and therefore a lawyer becomes a qualified representative and
adviser in all legal matters. Lawyer is therefore obliged to protect the interests of clients,
and to do everything in his power to realise the interests of his client, but is also obliged to
act in such a manner that the law and legal order keeps preserved, and the justice is done.
A special moral responsibility of lawyers comes from the fact that lawyer acts in the domain in which the client does not know rules, regulations, practice and the system of
institutions. In this light, lawyer has to act in such a manner to enable independent, expert, diligent and responsible enforcement of law and justice through performance of the
profession. It is one of the main guarantees of the enforcement of law and justice and the
realisation and respect of human rights and freedoms.
One of the important consequences of lawyer’s behaviour is that the importance and respect of legal practice and legal representation is highly dependent upon the behaviour
and mode of work of every individual lawyer. The Lawyers Bars and Chambers thus have
responsibility to establish and maintain standards of professional conduct and deontological ethics of lawyers.
The Basic Principles of the Role of a Lawyer were adopted at the Eighth United Nations
Congress on Prevention of Crime and Treatment of Offenders in Havana, Cuba, in the
period 27th of August – 7th of September 1990. Also, The Code of Professional Ethics of
Lawyers of the European Union was adopted on the plenary session of The Council of
Lawyers’ Bars of the European Union (CCBE) on the 28th of October 1988, and it was
renewed and new paragraphs were added in consecutive plenary sessions held on the 28th
of November 1998, 6th of December 2002 and 19th of May 2006.
www.lawsociety.bc.ca
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128
The Suggestion 21 of the Council of Ministers of the European Union from 25th of October
2000, named “The freedom of legal practice (advocacy)” was one of the biggest influences
in recent days for Yugoslav lawmakers. Also, one of the most important legally binding
decisions was the International Convention of the Protection of the Right of Defence,
which was adopted and stored in the Lawyers’ Bar of Paris on the 26th of June 1987. The
Association of Republic and Provincial Lawyers’ Bars of Yugoslavia, as a legal predecessor
of Lawyers’ Bar of Serbia, signed the Convention in Novi Sad, on the 25th of March 1995.
There is another document, which is named The Principles of Conduct in Legal Practice,
adopted on 28th of May 2011 by the International Bar of Advocates (IBA). All these documents and conventions were a legal basis for the laws in Serbia today.
There are some more legal documents that gave the incentive for the passing of law that
cover liability insurance of lawyers. These are international legal standards of similar professions, such as, inter allia, Basic Standards of the Independence of Judicial System, which
was adopted on the United Nations Congress on Prevention of Crime and Treatment of
Offenders held in Milan in the period from the 26th of August to the 6th of September 1985,
the Code of Minimal Standards of Judicial Independence, adopted by the International
Union of Lawyers in New Delhi in 1982, the Universal Declaration of Judicial Independence, adopted in Montreal in 1983, the Bangalore principles of Judicial Independence supported by the General Assembly of the United Nations in 2003 and the Instructions for
the Role of Attorneys, adopted at the Eighth United Nations Congress on Prevention of
Crime and Treatment of Offenders in Havana, Cuba, in the period 27th of August – 7th of
September 1990.
4. NEW LAWS ON LEGAL PRACTICE AND THE ROLE OF LIABILITY
INSURANCE OF LAWYERS IN IT
The suggestions of new Law on Legal Practice emphasises the responsibility of lawyers to
their clients and specifies legal obligation of a lawyer to his or her client to insure himself
or herself from the damage caused to the client.
It is also important that there is an option to diminish the responsibility by a contract
made with the client. For instance, in California, Rule 3-400 (Limiting Liability to Client)
defines such cases the following way:
“A member shall not:
(A) Contract with a client prospectively limiting the member’s liability to the client for the
member’s professional malpractice; or
(B) Settle a claim or potential claim for the member’s liability to the client for the member’s professional malpractice, unless the client is informed in writing that the client may
seek the advice of an independent lawyer of the client’s choice regarding the settlement
and is given a reasonable opportunity to seek that advice.”11
Similar legal solutions are prescribed in the new Law on Legal Practice (Advocacy) in
Serbia, from 201112 and 2012.13 Article 37 in this law specifies:
• “An attorney is obliged to conclude the contract of obligatory liability insurance
with a registered organisation that deals with such type of insurance.
http://rules.calbar.ca.gov/Rules/RulesofProfessionalConduct/CurrentRules/Rule3400.aspx
„Sl. glasnik RS”, br. 31/2011
13
The ruling of the Constitutional Court of Serbia from 2012.
11
12
129
• The Lawyers Bar can conclude a contract of collective obligatory liability insurance
for all the attorneys enlisted in its directory.
• The Lawyers Bar of Serbia will establish the minimum amount of professional liability insurance for the potential damages.
• The Lawyers Bar of Serbia will deny the issue or renewal of attorney’s licence to
an attorney who has not concluded contract of obligatory liability insurance with
a registered organisation, except if such a contact was already concluded in a way
specified in Paragraph 2 of this Article.”14
We therefore conclude that professional liability insurance is an obligatory condition for
performing legal practice, retain the lawyer’s licence, and continue with work in the area
of legal practice.
5.CONCLUSION
As said previously, lawyers professional liability coverage, commonly known in the United
States of America as Errors and omissions (E&O) insurance, is a type of insurance that
provides lawyers with liability coverage for financial loss suffered by third parties arising
from acts, errors, and omissions in providing professional legal services.
Lawyers professional liability coverage, which may exclude negligent acts other than errors
and omissions („mistakes”), is most often used by consultants and brokers and agents of
various sorts, including notaries public, real estate brokers, insurance agents themselves,
appraisers, management consultants and information technology service providers (there
are specific E&O policies for software developers, website developers, etc.), architects,
landscape architects, engineers, attorneys, third-party business administrators, quality
control specialists, nondestructive testing analysts, and many others. A mistake which
causes financial harm to another can occur in almost any transaction in many professions.
In Serbia, as well as in many other countries, a lawyer is obliged to conclude the contract
of obligatory liability insurance with a registered organisation that deals with such type of
insurance. Also, the lawyer can do this through the Bar deal with an insurance company
in a form of a collective obligatory liability insurance for all the attorneys enlisted in its
directory. Without it, a lawyer cannot perform his duties and continue with his professional career.
For the lawyers, these questions are of crucial and existential significance, and for the
judges they are landmarks for solving specific cases, and for the insurance companies they
are landmarks to form a new product of insurance in our country.
REFERENCES
[1] Arnall Golden Gregory, „Negotiating Your Law Firm’s Malpractice Insurance: How
to Avoid Purchasing the “Never Pay Policy””. The National Law Review. 2012-01-21.
[2] Campbell Black, Henry, Black’s Law Dictionary, 5th ed. (St. Paul: West Publishing
Co., 1979), 799.
[3] Фёдоровa, Т. А. Страхование (Москва: Магистр, 2009.) 735–739.
www.paragraf.rs/propisi/zakon_o_advokaturi.html
14
130
[4] Тулинов, В.В. Горин В.С. Страхование и управление риском:
Терминологический словарь (Москва: Наука, 2000.) 194–265.
[5] „Sl. glasnik RS”, br. 31/2011
[6]http://rules.calbar.ca.gov/Rules/RulesofProfessionalConduct/CurrentRules/
Rule3400.aspx, Accessed March 1, 2014
[7]www.irmi.com/online/insurance-glossary/terms/p/professional-liability.aspx,
Accessed March 1, 2014
[8]http://www.ehow.com/about_6550443_definition-civil-liability-insurance.html,
Accessed February 27, 2014
[9] www.investopedia.com, Accessed February 28, 2014
[10] www.wikipedia.org, Accessed March 1, 2014
[11] www.lawsociety.bc.ca, Accessed March 1, 2014
[12] www.paragraf.rs/propisi/zakon_o_advokaturi.html, Accessed March 1, 2014
131
Stanković I., Mihajlović A., Mihajlović R.
Stanković B. Ivica
[email protected]
Mihajlović R. Aleksandar
MI-SANU, Belgrade, Serbia
Mihajlović A. Radomir
NYIT, New York, USA
Abstract: In this paper we present a formal view of the general session, transaction, value, market and
currency. Based on the presented view we examine validity of the digital crypto currency while focusing on the particular example of Bitcoin. As the most important problem associated with any currency
based transaction, we discuss main security issues, indicating the US government as the major potential source of a threat to any crypto currency system.
Keywords: Protocol, session, transaction, crypto currency, digital currency, ecommerce, e-financials.
1. FUNDAMENTAL REMARKS
We define a general session as a joint activity of two or more active entities having one common goal, purpose or application. A minimal session that requires only two cooperating
or communicating active entities has a cardinality of two and may be considered a binary
session. We shall restrict our discussions to binary data or message exchange sessions that
some may call information sessions. In such sessions, each message m has certain semantic
content meaningful to both entities involved and defined (statically specified) by what is
known as a protocol. According to our definition, a protocol represents a session’s static
activity scripts, message format or syntax with actionable message meaning or semantics.
Figure 1: Secure binary session elements.
132
We distinguish the terms session and transaction. Each transaction is a session while the
opposite does not always hold. For example every business transaction requires a session
between business partners. A transaction is assumed to be one completed, i.e., closed,
session with all protocol activities performed as specified by the defining script. Figure 1
illustrates a simple one way information session with two parties A and B, where A sends
message m to B. All elements of this session maybe exposed to an attack by some intruding third party H (a hacker). A secure session is possible if all entities involved, (A, B and
m) are protected.
In the case of Web 2.0, common protection against these attacks is based on a set of cryptographic protocols involving the third trusted party S, (See Figure 1). The implicit or
explicit existence of the authoritative security or supervisory party S is found in most
e-commerce system designs. The authoritative party S connects A and B via parallel security side (out of band) session. Such a security session is an overhead to each application
session that is unavoidable whenever application session execution involves public communications infrastructure such as Internet. Mandatory involvement of the third security
party imposes certain static and dynamic restrictions on the principle application session
parties A and B. Statically, both A and B are required to preregister or be pre-configured
with S. Dynamically, during the session, both A and B may be required to communicate
with S, engage in the security meta-session, waste time and slow down the main application session. The static limitations are limiting the freedom of both parties A and B. Party
A cannot initiate arbitrary secure or trusted peer-to-peer session with any party B unless both are previously identified and pre-configured to use S security services. A simple
passing of the message m relevant to the application protocol is not enough. It seems to
us that this fundamental problem of the lack of freedom to initiate unsupervised peer-topeer session will be solved with the next-step Web, i.e., the true Web 3.0[1]. The session
freedom that Web 3.0 promises translates into a freedom with almost endless possibilities
of yet to be designed and implemented Web application protocols.
2. COMMERCE AND MARKETS
By some ad hoc definition, the term business defines all individual or collective activities relevant to acquisition or production of goods, as well as the trade of goods and/or
services. The terms of acquisition and trade implicitly assume existence of trading parties,
traded entities, trading transaction, and trading session.
The most elementary trading session would be a two-way (bilateral) and binary in nature
involving two parties exchanging traded entities. For example, let us consider a session
where party A is offering entity x and party B in return is offering entity y. Upon the
evaluation and value matching of the traded entities x and y, party A delivers x of certain
value v to the party B and party B responds by delivering to A element y of the same or
approximate value v.
A domain of physical or logical space offering certain trade related convenience or service,
a domain where trading parties may engage in trade can be considered as a market. Acting
as a trade transaction context, probably the best trading services that market can offer are:
• Easy and fair value v measurement or pricing of the traded entities x and y [2],
• Trade agreement or contract enforcement upon A and B, and
• Trade secure transaction protection from the intrusion by H.
133
Trading on a larger market scale is commonly accepted as commerce, and trading electronically, e.g., via Internet as e-commerce. In addition, any market where logical fungible
value equivalents are traded may be considered as a financial market.
Apparently, besides being physical in nature, markets also can be logical. Financial markets are sort of logical markets. Some may observe that the e-commerce market digitally
implemented on the Internet dedicated, for instance, to the trade of digital or information
goods is an example of the logical market too. In addition, Web based auction sites appear
as markets too. In such markets trade transactions can take place entirely online and two
trading parties A and B do not have to physically meet.
In modern economic theory, all goods can be:
• Tangible aka physical, and
• Intangible aka logical.
For example, an automobile is a tangible object, while downloaded video clip belongs to
an intangible class of logical or digital goods that can be consumed by means of an electronic device such as computer or television set.
3. TRADING AND VALUE
To facilitate fair trading of mismatched entities, e.g., commodities, x and y, a fungible substitute value representative entity z must be introduced. For z to act as an interface entity,
the minimal unit of z must be set with such a fine grain that certain number of such units,
a price, can be equated to the value of z or of y. It appears that all entities z of such properties represent trade interface entities or value measures.
One legacy representative fungible entity used through the ages is gold. By definition, fungibility, is the property of a good whose individual units have an equivalence property, i.e.,
are capable of mutual substitution. For instance, since a given gram of gold is equivalent
to any other gram of gold, gold is fungible, and as such may be used as trade element. Examples of other fungible entities are crude oil, silver, copper, soy beans, or papers of value
such as shares of stocks, bonds or currency notes known as money. Apparently, fungible
entities may be physical or logical. The convenience of using logical fungibles is their
convenient physical handling properties, i.e., ease of storage and transportation. The most
widely used logical fungible value measure is known as currency or money. As a value
representative currency was traditionally and conveniently used in commerce.
4.CURRENCY
As a medium between the provider A and consumer B of some goods or services, currency enables optimal value matching. Due to the logical, understanding based value of
currency, the enforcement of the value understanding must be executed by some third
authoritative party. The virtual nature of currency implies that the lack of the physical
currency value, (e.g., paper currency), is transparent and that currency is accepted by the
trading parties as having agreed upon value. Commonly found third party in charge of
the currency recognition and virtual value enforcement are governments of countries or
unions such as European Union with its own currency.
134
Besides being a medium used to connect mismatched parties that are trading goods and
services, currency may be treated itself as a form of logical good. Namely if the consumer
intends to consume certain currency the producer may be compensated in another type
of currency. Such a transaction is commonly known as currency exchange transaction. To
most people, the term “currency” is self-explanatory. Currency or money is a generally
accepted form of virtual value, or value representative that includes coins and paper notes,
which are issued by a government to be used within an economy in trade sessions.
5. DIGITAL CURRENCY
The ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle (384 BC – 322 BC) analyzed and formulated the
question of measuring and matching value also known as the problem of commensurability [3]. He wondered how a fair equating and exchange of mismatching and non-comparable goods could be set. Aristotle said that objects of money and currency can be used as a
common value measure of all tradable goods and services, making them commensurable,
i.e., capable of being matched and equated. Aristotle stated that money or currency is a
substance that has a telos, a purpose or application, which is “value measurement”. In addition, Aristotle specified the following four basic characteristics of money:
1.Durable, i.e., it must stand the test of aging and hostile environment, (It must not
fade, corrode, or change through time),
2.Portable, i.e., it must small in size and light,
3.Divisible by a common unit without remainder, i.e., it should be easy to combine
the same as well as smaller and larger units. This feature is an extension of the fungibility principle, (A good or service is fungible if the same unit objects cannot be
distinguished one from another).
4.Intrinsically valuable, i.e., the money or currency value just by itself should be apparent to users (people) independent of any other tradable good or service.
Modern definitions of money [4] ignore the fourth Aristotelian characteristic and list
three additional characteristics:
5.uniformacy,
6.limited supply, and
7.acceptability.
In response to diminishing sixth property of modern world currencies, an anonymous
mathematician Nakamoto Satoshi [5] has proposed special digital crypto-currency named
Bitcoins. One of the inventors of the Web, Ted Nelson [6], declares in his video presentation that behind the name Nakamoto Satoshi stands brilliant Japanese mathematician
Mochizuki Shinichi, [7].
Regardless of the identity of Nakamoto Satoshi, the Bitcoin protocol has started in 2009 a
real digital financial revolution, i.e., e-financials has been born.
135
Figure 2: Floating dollar value of the total Bitcoin volume available.
The bitcoin protocol limits the total number of all possible Bitcoins. Initially every block
of transactions introduced b=50 new coins in the system. With every additional 210,000
blocks the number of introduced coins would be halved, so that the total maximal value
would be:
As Figure 2 indicates, by 2013, half of the maximal value was released, and all coins will
be released, i.e., mined by 2033 [8]. Although, it looks as Bitcoin is deflationary crypto
currency, the floating price (See Figure 2), of individual coins and the fine grain unit of 1
Satoshi = 1/100,000,000 Bitcoin, makes the maximal potential dollar value of all Bitcoins
more than large enough to cover entire global trade. Inflationary nature of the fiat paper
currency such as dollar has been complemented by the deflationary counter currency.
Bitcoin has over 100 rival currencies that are accepted by much smaller number of people,
In March of 2014 there were 12,540,000 Bitcoins released with about $600.00 per coin
price, representing 7.5 billion dollars in ecommerce power [9].
6. DIGITAL CURRENCY SECURITY
Security problems are important whenever any value is traded over the public infrastructure such as Internet. Our analysis indicates that periodic collapse of crypto currency
exchanges such was Mt Goxex change bankruptcy are not due to any defects in the crypto
currency protocol but due to the plane critical password theft and other standard systems
security defects.
136
The problem of multiple spending of the same crypto coin was elegantly solved by the
proof-of-work algorithm and the support of the massive coin mining global computer
network. The coin mining network helps approve each coin based transaction and in the
process release new coins into the system. The main vulnerability of the Bitcoin system is
in the fact that a supercomputer of the power comparable to the coin mining network can
devastate the coin system. By shutting parts of the network and by activating supercomputer system, governments such as US government can crush any crypto currency system
even as large as Bitcoin. Larger crypto currency systems are harder to crush, which means
that almost 10 billion dollar Bitcoin system is much stronger than any of the smaller competitor systems.
7.CONCLUSION
It seems that the unstoppable trend of wide acceptance of crypto currencies is in its full
swing. After credit card revolution, and after having trading parties identified by their
mobile phone number, use their SMS messages as a form of electronic digital currency, the
problem of stronger anonymity in trade transactions, greater convenience and lower cost
of payment processing was solved by the digital crypto currency systems.
Fiat currency regulatory bodies and the banking system are still necessary to measure the
value of the digital currency, but vice versa boomerang effect is possible too.
REFERENCES
[1] Mihajlovic, R.A., Mihajlovic, A.R.: Web 3.0, Ecommerce 2.0 and Internet Neutrality.
4th Intl. Conf. LEMIMA 2014.
[2] Mihajlovic, R.A., Gregorek, M.J., Jafari, A., Mihajlovic, D.V.: E-Commerce Contract
Modeling and the Contract Law, DCCA 2007, The 1st Intern. Conf. on Digital
Communications and Computer Applications, 621–629.
[3] Shiner, R.A.: Aristotle’s Theory of Equity, 27 Loy. L.A. L. Rev. 1245 (1994)
[4] Natelson, R.G.: Paper Money APER Money and the Original Understanding of the
Coinage Clause, Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy, Vol. 31, No.3, 1017-1081,
2008
[5] Nakamoto, S.: Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System, 2009., Available at:
https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf
[6] Nelson, T.: I Think I Know Who Satoshi Is, Available at:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=emDJTGTrEm0
[7] Mochizuki, S.: CV Available at: http://www.kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp/~motizuki/
Curriculum%20Vitae.pdf
[8] Driscoll, S.: How Bitcoin Works Under the Hood, Imponderable Things, July 14,
2013, Available at: http://www.imponderablethings.com/2013/07/how-bitcoinworks-under-hood.html
[9]Website: Bitcoin Watch, Available at: http://bitcoinwatch.com/
137
Vasić D., Vasić N.
VIOLATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS...
VIOLATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND RELIGIOUS
FREEDOM OF ARCHBISHOP JOVAN OF OHRID
Vasić N. Dušan
Faculty of Business Studies and Law, Belgrade, Srebia
dusan.vasic @ fpsp.edu.rs
Vasić D. Nina
The University of Michigen Law Shool, USA
Abstract: Despite the respect and protection of human rights and freedoms in the XXI century have
become universal values and obligations of conduct for states wishing to be called democratic, there are
still drastic cases of violations of these rights and freedoms, particularly in Europe. The case of Archbishop Jovan, head of the Orthodox Ohrid Archbishopric in FYROM, who for ten years is persecuted by
the authorities in Skopje, because of their religious beliefs, is an example of compromising basic human
rights outlined in the lofty charters, conventions, declarations and protocols adopted by the United Nations, the Council of Europe and the European Union, as well as a number of regional organizations
and specialized institutions throughout the world. In this paper, we point out the provisions of international humanitarian law, which are violated by the political persecution of Archbishop Jovan. It also
brings into question the character of the system that has remained resistant to all previous appeals and
protests of various international organizations, the Conference of European Churches, the World Alliance of Churches, individual embassies and government. We point out that the criticism of OSCE was
not sustained that the previously imposed sentences were excessive and unjust, that the assessment of
the United States at the OSCE was ignored that detention and trial were disproportionate to the alleged
guilt and that threaten the religious liberty of the bishop, as the conclusion of two specialized organizations Amnesty International and Freedom House that Archbishop Jovan is prisoner of conscience.
Keywords: Archbishop Jovan, religious freedom, human rights
1. INTRODUCTION
Troubles of Archbishop Jovan are the consequence of long-standing schism in the Orthodox Church, because concurrently with the formation of the Macedonian nation, in Tito’s
Yugoslavia, the process of local independence of the Macedonian church from the Serbian Orthodox Church was going on. After secessionist breaking up of Yugoslavia, local
government in Skopje tried to strengthen its national identity as FYR Macedonia, but the
uniqueness of the Macedonian nation by establishing a special, the Macedonian Orthodox
Church. That was not accepted in European and international ecclesiastical circles. However, the pursuit of separating Macedonian Orthodox Church from Serbian Orthodox
Church was stronger, and those who have different religious beliefs in relation to local au-
138
thorities have fallen into an awkward situation. One of them was Archbishop Jovan, serving in Ohrid, who is a Macedonian citizen and whose citizen name is Jovan Vraniskovski.
2. SEVEN SENTENCES IN TEN YEARS
In previous decade, the judicial authorities in FYROM are against this head of the Orthodox Ohrid Archbishopric pronounce seven verdicts, of which two were definitively
rejected in subsequent appeals. Each of the judgments had other excuse or referred to the
various regulations, as well as the different articles of the same law, accusing Archbishop
Jovan to violate them. The first time Jovan, the Bishop at the time, was convicted in 2003
for „disturbing the peace and resisting police officer.” He was sentence in 2004, because
he „slandered the Macedonian Orthodox Church”, and spent in prison 220 days. He was
sentenced to two years in 2006, for alleged „fraud of 57,000 Euros, then the indictment
was overturned and the court acquitted him, however, finally he spent 256 days in prison.
Penultimate sentence was to two years in prison for „tax evasion”, announced in absentia,
in 2010.
He was at that time located in Greece on doctoral studies. FYR Macedonia is then issued
an Interpol notice, but when entering Bulgaria where he was going to use the library in
Sofia, Bulgarian Court of Appeals rejected a request for extradition from Skopje because it
found that Archbishop Jovan is politically persecuted. Ljupce Georgievski, former Prime
Minister of FYROM, has repeatedly stated that the Archbishop (at that time only bishop)
Jovan is political prisoner. December 12, 2011 he returned to Macedonia, after he defended doctoral thesis in the field of religious doctrine, Archbishop Jovan was immediately arrested and has since been in prison for a total of 579 days, until the July 2 of 2013
when he received a new judgment on three years’ imprisonment, for alleged „fraud in the
amount of 250,000 Euros.”
Together with Archbishop Jovan 18 others priests and believers was sentenced in the area
of the Ohrid Archbishopric, to two years, a suspended sentence to five years. Among them
were mother and sister of Archbishop Jovan. At the same time, all church property of
Ohrid Archbishopric of SPC was confiscated. If one takes into account that not one person
in the history of the Macedonian judiciary was so many times convicted in ten years, there
is an obvious intent that such a punishment is the intention of government is to scare all
those who do not support the schismatic MOC. The latest verdict is the culmination of
persistence and consistency fo the Skopje regime to crush religious freedom and the persecution of the Orthodox Ohrid Archbishopric of SPC on religious grounds.
On the latest verdicts numerous institutions activate, primarily religious and those dealing
with the protection of human rights and religious freedom. The Conference of European
Churches has responded the next day after pronouncing the last judgment. It supported
the appeal that the World Council of Churches sent to the UN High Commissioner for
Human Rights to carefully examines the subject of Bishop Jovan. In addition, the Commissioner for Human Rights at the Council of Europe and the EU Special Representative
for Human Rights was asked to consider the case. Tomislav Nikolic, Serbian President in
2012, unlike all previous Serbian presidents and prime ministers who in the past ten years
did not change the fate of the ecclesiastical dignitaries and refused to take him into care,
said for Skopje media that the legal problem was devised. On the information that the
139
Bishop Jovan violated the law on taxes, he replied that Orthodox Church does not have the
fiscal account, so it is not possible to charge only the Ohrid branch of SPC.
Irrespective of these proclamations and criticism politically motivated process of government in Skopje, it is indisputable that in the international humanitarian law there are a
number of options to initiate proceedings for the protection of Archbishop Jovan, for the
simple reason that in his case a violation of fundamental rights and freedoms set forth and
are guaranteed by numerous international documents of a humanitarian character, legally
binding and political imperative character.
What is necessary to make a reason for initiating legal proceedings against the regime
in Skopje before the relevant international institutions? First, there is clearly a violation
of international laws and principles by certain states, regardless of whether these standards are contained in legally binding or merely political documents. Second, international
agreements and principles, organization and resolution must allow or encourage states
to respond to the situation when violating the rights that are under international protection. The regime in Skopje certainly is familiar with the fact that the European Charter
on Human Rights, after the entry into force of the Reform, the so-called Lisbon Treaty on
European Union (as of January 1, 2009) became legally binding document.
What human rights of Archbishop Jovan are violated? First of all, the right to free expression of beliefs, conscience, and religion. Act of arrest and two years of his detention while
a new trial pending, those rights was undoubtedly deprived to archbishop Jovan. Then,
the rights of members of religious minorities to practice their religion and performing
religious rites in accordance with the canons of the church to which they belong were
violated.
Where are the legal grounds for the protection and defense of the above-mentioned rights?
One of the primaries on our continent is „the European Convention for the Protection of
Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms.” Article 9 expressly provides that „everyone
has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion” and that „this right includes
freedom to change his religion or belief and freedom, either alone or in community with
others and in public or private, expresses faith or belief in worship, teaching, practice and
observance”1. Article 14 prohibits states discrimination against citizens with regard to the
use of these rights on any grounds, including „religion, political or other opinions”.2
FYR Macedonia ratified this Convention too. The Article 33 of the Convention stipulates,
„Each party may refer to the court for any alleged breach of the provisions of the Convention or the protocols thereto, which it considers to be attributed to any other High contracting party.”3 In order for Convention to have an effective legal ambit, it proclaimed the
creation of the European Court for Human Rights. Therefore, here’s one possible basis for
the official response of some state or charitable institutions from Serbia, or at least some
non-governmental organizations, even more because many public reactions in Skopje and
the case of Archbishop Jovan were placed in the context of bilateral and international relations with neighboring Serbia.
The Archbishop Jovan itself, then the entire group arrested and convicted believers and
some non-governmental organizations (under the Article 34 of the Convention) may
Konvencija Evropske unije o zašiti ljudskih prava i osnovnih sloboda, član 9, preuzeto sa: http://
www.hjpc.ba/dc/pdf/Europska%20konvencija%20o%20ljudskim%20pravima.pdf /.8.7.2013/;
2
Ibid, član, 14;
3
Ibid, član, 33;
1
140
initiate proceedings before the European Court. They do not have to wait to exhaust all
remedies before the Macedonian court, but to turn to the European Court immediately,
„if they provide enough convincing evidence” that the legal remedies at the national level
would have brought no improvement for arrested.4
Zoran citizen of Macedonia with the ecclesiastical title of Archbishop, and the name Jovan, regardless of the Macedonian nationality, once was convicted and charged for „inciting national, racial or religious hatred, disorder and intolerance” only because he the
exercise the worship in his apartment by the canonical rules of the Serbian Orthodox
Church along with 12 other like-minded (Article 319 of the criminal code of Macedonia).
5
Thus, the judicial power interpreted its own law so that each confession of Christianity is
outside the rules and a facility of the self-proclaimed Macedonian Orthodox Church is a
difficult criminal offense.
The judicial interpretation that a citizen of Macedonian nationality may cause ethnic hatred towards the Macedonians, regardless of whether they are of the same Orthodox or
other faith is contrary to the logic. In addition, how this can call for national hatred towards Serbs, if he prays in the same way as they do, and Orthodox Serbs in Macedonia
accept his spiritual leadership? It is not possible to say he was provoking riots because he
performed the rite of baptism in his apartment. It is not possible to discuss intolerance
even less, because Archbishop Jovan was never promoting propaganda against members
of other religions and churches. Racial hatred as a tort is absolutely excluded, because the
local Serbs and Macedonians belong to the same group of South Slavic and Orthodox
peoples, it is the same race.
Through articles in the Macedonian press regarding Archbishop Jovan lurked insinuations in relation to Serbs and Serbia as to the interference in the internal affairs of Macedonia using the Serbian Orthodox Church. In doing so, the fact that since the establishment
of Orthodoxy in the Balkans at the end of XII century, and then in all stages of the existence of Yugoslavia, the Serbian Orthodox Church had its believers, institutions, regional
centers and dignitaries who have lived and worked throughout the area, in accordance the
organization of Orthodox churches and canons of this religion is neglecting.
After the disintegration of Tito’s Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 1991/2, the believers, and institutions of the Serbian Orthodox Church extend their normal lives and
spiritual activity in emerging countries (former Yugoslav republics, including Macedonia), as their citizens, but also as cultural and religious factors. With the creation of new
states, these believers and spiritual laborers have become the distinctive religious minorities, with a new citizenship but with the same religious identity as before, regardless of national origin or affiliation. The religious right, the conviction and conscience of members
of religious and minorities (cultural, national, ethnic, etc.) are also explicitly protected
internationally. Although with the signed agreement in Nis in mid nineties, Macedonian Orthodox Church agreed to return to the canonical wing of the Serbian Orthodox
Church, in 2002 this agreement was abandoned. Among those who still stick that deal was
Jovan the Bishop of Ohrid, which still suffers the persecution by the Skopje regime.
4Ibid, član, 34;
5Krivični zakon Republike Makedonije, član, 319; “KRIVIČEN ZAKONIK –konoslididrani tekst”,
“Službeni vesnik na RM” 37/96, 80/99, 4/02, 43/03, 19/04, 60/06 i Odluka na Ustavni su “Sl.
vesnik” 48/01, posećno 08.07.2013, http://aktiv.org.mk/mk/rules-and-legislations/domasni/178krivicen-zakonik:
141
After examining the judgment of the European Court of Human Rights, 2001, „The case
of Metropolitan church of Bessarabia and Others v. Moldova” (no. 45701/99)6, a complex
knowledge about the types of injuries in the area of religious rights that are identical with
discrimination case under consideration here as Archbishop Jovan, and Serbian Orthodox Church in Macedonia become obvious.
In the aforementioned judgment of the European Court, which can be applied by analogy
to the Macedonian state, paragraph 116 states, „Applying its regulatory powers in this
area and in its relations with various religions, religious communities and beliefs, the State
is obliged to remain neutral and impartial”... „Without relying on coercion, even if these
problems are unpleasant”7. In the next, paragraph 117, the Court stated, „the purpose of
the Convention excludes that the government estimates the legitimacy of religious feelings or the way in which they manifest. State measures which would be give one leader
advantage or put pressure on the community or section of the community to be involuntarily placed under single management would also constitute a violation of freedom
of religion”.8” From this point of view, paragraph 119, the right of believers to freedom of
religion, which includes the right to manifest religion in community with others, encompasses the expectation that believers will be allowed to associate freely, without arbitrary
government interference. The independent existence of religious communities is even
necessary for pluralism in a democratic society, and this is an issue that is at the very heart
of the protection provided by Article 9 of the Convention,”.9
In addition to the Convention, other international documents not only allow, but also
require states to take specific positive actions when they learn of cases of threats to religious rights and religious beliefs in a state. For example, the Organization for Security and
Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) has adopted a series of documents that expressly requires
states to respect the rights of every citizen to own belief, religious belief and conscience,
and feel free to belong to the church of their own choosing. At the same time, it condemns
and prohibits persecution on religious and ideological grounds. Thus, the OSCE Copenhagen Document (1990) states members in connection with the violation of human rights
and civil liberties are called to provide „as soon as possible, but not later than four weeks
(the deadline is shortened to seven days in 1993), provide a written response to requests
for information in writing by other participating states”10. There will be no written reply
from Macedonia because the initiative has not yet sent to OSCE.
The most important document in the sphere of human rights, „The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights” (1966) expressly protects „freedom of religion, political
or any other opinion”11. Article 27 specifies that „in the states in there are ethnic, religious
Evropski sud za ljudska prava, presuda po prestavci 45701/99: CASE OF METROPOLITAN
CHURCH OF BESSARABIA AND OTHERS v. MOLDOVA, http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/sites/eng/
pages/search.aspx?i=001-59985, pristupljeno 08.07.2013;
7
Ibid, komentar presude, pafagraf 116;
8
9
10
Završni dokument Trećeg sastanka Konferencije o ljudskoj dimenziji OEBS (DOCUMENT OF THE
COPENHAGEN MEETING OF THE CONFERENCE ON THE HUMAN DIMENSION OF THE
CSCE), Kopenhagen 29. juna 1990, Odeljak IV, tačka 42.1, strana 22, http://www.osce.org/odihr/
elections/14304, posećeno 08.07.2013;
11
Zakon o ratifikaciji Međunarodnog pakta o građanskim i političkim pravima, deo prvi, član 2, “
Službeni list SFRJ” br. 7/77;
6
142
(Macedonia became a state in which believers and clergymen of SPC, due to historical
and other circumstances, now make religious minority, the author’s note) persons belonging to such minorities shall not be deprived of the right to have in community their own
cultural life with other members of their group, from practicing their own religion and
perform religious duties, or to use their own language”. 12
In the „General Comment of the Article 27,” (which is also an international legal document) gives the interpretation of the meaning of paragraph quoted above, including, inter
alia, appeal to UN Member States to protect the citizens of other countries too. The formulation that allows it to state, „These statements also suggest that individuals who in this
case should be protected not have to be citizens of a member state”.13
Following relevant document of the UN in this area is the „Declaration on the elimination of all Forms of intolerance and discrimination based on religion or belief ”14 (1981).
Article 1 prohibits coercion against the citizens of the state to impede freedom of religion
or belief. Article 2, waives the right to states to discriminate its citizens based on religion
or belonging to a church, and explains in detail what it consists of. Article 3 is calling for
action. It reads, „Discrimination of human beings on the grounds of religion or belief is
an affront to human dignity and disregard the principles of the UN Charter, and should
be condemned as a violation of human rights and fundamental freedoms (bolded by the
authors) as proclaimed in the Universal Declaration of the UN and precise in detail in the
International Covenants on human rights as an obstacle to friendly and peaceful relations
between nations.”
A series of documents that provides the legal basis for the response of many governmental and non-governmental institutions across Europe regarding the assembled political
judgment against Archbishop Jovan could be mentioned. The meaning of such a response
would not be interference in the relationship between the Macedonian government and
its citizen, but the activation of mechanism for the international protection of human
rights, freedom of expression and beliefs of exercising religious rituals by the one of the
prominent spiritual figures in the SPC and his followers in the neighboring state of Serbia.
It should also be emphasized that Serbia as a state does not have any aspirations towards
Macedonia, much less the Serbian people and Serbian citizens. Also, be reminded that
Serbia and Montenegro has never, nor would ever support any individual or group aspirations in that direction no matter whose, of any church, individual priests or believers.
All this is to promote tolerance, respect for diversity and promote spiritual pluralism in
the Balkans, as essential preconditions for development of democracy in the countries of
Southeastern Europe and their entry into the European Union as soon as possible.
Ibid, treći deo, član 27;
MEĐUNARODNI STANDARDI LJUDSKIH PRAVA KOJI SE ODNOSE NA VEROISPOVEST
I VERSKA UVERENJA, Komentari Komiteteta za ljudska prava Ujedinjenih nacija (UNHCR)
na članove Međunarodnog pakta o građanskim i političkim pravima (MPGPP) UN (1966),
Opšti komentar br. 23 (50) (Član 27), http://veraznanjemir.bos.rs/index.php?page=medu_
standardi%20_verska_uverenja&lang=srp&subaction=showfull&id=1248794712&archive=&sta
rt_from=&ucat=15&page=medu_standardi%20_verska_uverenja, posećeno 08.07. 2013;
14
Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination Based on Religion
or Belief, UN/A/RES/36/55, 25 November 1981, http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/36/
a36r055.htm, posećeno 08.07.2013;
12
13
143
3. RESUME
Endangering the religious freedom of citizens, as part of the corpus of universal human
rights, wherever it happened, requires timely and decisive response of all competent institutions. International humanitarian law provides a very good base for something like that,
makes available effective legal instruments and calls upon states to stand in the way of all
forms of abuse. The case of the Macedonian courts that with fabrication of judgment seeks
to criminalize religious activity of high dignitaries of the Serbian Orthodox Church in
the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia became a precedent of a broad international
scale. It is therefore in many international reports the Macedonian judiciary indicated as
one of the most problematic segments of society there, primarily due to corruption and
susceptibility to political influences. Mounted political process against Archbishop Jovan
deserves an epilogue before the European Court of Human Rights. With our paper, we
want to provide starting points to applicants of such initiatives for the petition in order to
protect the persecuted Archbishop Jovan.
REFERENCES
[1] Beogradska otvorena škola, RELIGIJE SRBIJE – MREŽA DIJALOGA I SARADNJE,
izdvač BOŠ, Beograd, 2008, priredili Ćupić Čedomir, Vukomanović Milan i Sitarski
Milan, ISBN 978-86-83411-39-9;
[2] Dimitrijević Vojin, Račić Obrad, Đerić Vladimir, Papić Tatjana, Petrović Vesna
i Obradović Saša i Papić Tatjana, Međunarodno pravo ljudskih prava, izdavač
DOSIJE; Beograd 2007, ISBN 978-86-7738-083-0;
[3] Rašević, Živorad „Zabrana diskriminacije i opšta zabrana diskriminacije u praksi
Evropskog suda za ljudska prava”, Glasnik advokatske komore Vojvodine, Novi Sad,
knjiga 71, broj 5/2012, str. 344-366, ISBN 0017-0933;
[4] Vasić Dušan, Aktivnosti OEBS u rešavanju kriznih sutiacija u Evropi, (MSc thesis,
Pravni fakultet Univerziteta u Beogradu 2006).
144
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of Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 54 (2008), No. 2, pp. 122-130. ISSN 0039–2480.
[2] Radosavljević, Ž. & Tomić, R.: Menadžment u modernom biznisu. Novi Sad:
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CIP - Каталогизација у публикацији
Народна библиотека Србије, Београд
33+34
INTERNATIONAL journal of economics and law : scientific magazine reflecting
trends in law, economics and management /editor-in-chief Života Radosavljević. Vol. 1, no. 1 (Apr 2011)- Beograd
Faculty for Business Studies and Law. 2011(Beograd : Beopress). - 24 cm
Tri puta godišnje
ISSN 2217-5504 = International journal of economics and law
COBISS.SR-ID 183119116

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