tree planting - Embracing the World
Transcription
tree planting - Embracing the World
GUIDEBOOK TREE PLANTING (IT’S ONE SMALL THING YOU CAN DO RIGHT NOW TO MAKE A BIG DIFFERENCE) TREE PLANTING “If everyone takes the vow to plant at least 5 saplings in one year, it would be very good. Currently, deforestation is taking place at an alarming rate. Planting trees helps to re-establish the balance in Nature.” Amma “Amma is truly such an enormous fountain of energy and love and compassion. I think if all of us were to get even a fraction of it within our own beings, there would be only joy in the whole world... Whatever little I can do with her inspiration, I will strive my best to accomplish it.” — Dr. Rajendra K. Pachauri, Chairman, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2007 while Dr. Pachauri served as IPCC Chairman) 2 TREE PLANTING CONTENTS 1 AMMA AND THE INDEED CAMPAIGN | 4 2 WHY IT MATTERS | 6 3 HOW TO PLANT A TREE ? | 8 #1. WHAT DO TREES AND SHRUBS FOR PLANTING LOOK LIKE ? 8 #2. CHOOSING TREES OR SHRUB TO PLANT #3. WHEN TO PLANT 9 #4. REQUIRED EQUIPMENT 10 #5. PREPARING THE PLANTING HOLE11 #6. PREPARING THE TREE TO PLANT12 #7. STAKING AND POSITIONING THE TREE IN THE HOLE 14 #8. FILLING THE PLANTING HOLE16 #9. FINAL TOUCH : CREATING A WATER RETAINING SPACE, STAKE FASTENING, WATERING, MULCHING 17 #10. TREE TRANSPLANTING18 #11. CARING FOR NEWLY PLANTED TREES 20 9 4 CASE STUDIES FROM EMBRACING THE WORLD’S GREEN INITIATIVES | 21 1,000 FRUIT TREES IN CALIFORNIA21 TREE PLANTING IN MICHIGAN 23 SPONSORING TREES IN FRANCE 24 3 TREE PLANTING AMMA AND THE INDEED CAMPAIGN FOR NATURE Amma receiving a honorary doctorate in humane letters from the State University of New York in 2010 Amma addressing a keynote speech during a summit in Jaipur for women religious and spiritual leaders WELL-KNOWN FACT: Amma has embraced more than 32 million people worldwide. LESS WELL-KNOWN FACT: She also has a lot of good ideas on how to make the world a better place. Over the past two decades, Amma has addressed numerous international forums convened to discuss a more peaceful and harmonious world. At each of these forums, Amma has shared her vision of the way humanity can traverse the difficult road ahead — navigating from interreligious discord to harmony; from terrorism to peace; from competition between the sexes to mutual trust and co-operation; from war between nations to a collective war on poverty; and from environmental chaos to ecological balance. Amma’s observations invite each of us to reflect deeply and to get involved in the process of rebuilding a concerned and caring society. Taken together, Amma’s speeches form a prescription for a humanity in crisis, addressing each of the most pressing issues of our time with clear, practical recommendations for positive change. 4 TREE PLANTING AMMA AND THE INDEED CAMPAIGN FOR NATURE ETW volunteers have already planted more than a million trees worldwide ETW volunteers collecting left-over vegetables for people facing hardships or living in the streets WHAT IS THE INDEED CAMPAIGN ? Embracing the World’s InDeed Campaign for Nature is an online framework built to support individuals to implement Amma’s practical suggestions about the way we might use the earth’s remaining resources, and the way we interact with the natural world into practice in our own lives and our own communities. It is about accepting that the world’s problems are our problems, and the fact that if we don’t do something about them, we cannot expect anyone else to do it for us. It’s about taking responsibility for the world in which we live, and acting as if we will have to answer to future generations for the state of the world we leave to them. Ultimately, it’s about what each of us can do, right now, in our own backyard, to help restore the lost harmony between humanity and nature. “We are not isolated islands, but connected like links of the same chain. We are part of the chain of life. Our every action, whether deliberate or not, affects everyone. Without waiting for others to change, if we change ourselves first, that in itself will make a difference… Seeing the change in us, others will naturally begin to change as well.” –Amma 5 TREE PLANTING WHY IT MATTERS Tree planting workshop in ETW French Centre We all know that trees absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. But our forests are fast disappearing — each year, 13 million hectares (50,000 square miles) of forests disappear, which is equivalent to the entire surface of Greece, Nicaragua, or the state of Mississippi. At current rates of deforestation, the world’s rainforests may disappear from the face of the earth in just 100 years. When forests disappear, many animals find they have no place to live—deforestation is one of the driving forces behind the drastically accelerated rate of species extinction we see in the world today. Deforestation endangers our habitat, too—the loss of natural forests throughout the world actually contributes more to the emission of greenhouse gases and the ensuing warming of the earth’s atmosphere than all forms of transportation combined. Scientists estimate there’s about 200 billion tons of excess C22 in the atmosphere. Planting a single tree eliminates one ton of CO2 every year. PLANTING A TREE IS… Planting a tree is a meaningful act that has many environmental, economical and personal benefits. Planting a tree can reconnect us with the deep mysteries of life and invites us to be more conscious of the interrelationship among all living beings. Planting a tree is not only good for nature and for the battle against global warming, its good for us, too. Planting a tree enriches our lives and helps us to feel deeply connected to the natural world. Amma has requested that every person on this planet plant at least five trees or plants per year. 6 TREE PLANTING WHY IT MATTERS A WAY TO PROTECT THE ENVIRONMENT Trees are very beneficial to barren pieces of land – they transform them into balanced ecosystems where life can flourish. Like other plants, a tree absorbs CO2, the main greenhouse gas, thanks to the photosynthesis process. As part of this process, the tree releases the remaining oxygen into the air, and that’s a good thing. Through evaporation, this process balances water cycles and the water content of the atmosphere. When you look at a big tree, you are actually observing a complete ecosystem in and of itself, providing shelter, shade and food to many insects, birds and other animals. Its leaves fall and regenerate a rich organic soil, full of humus, which will itself become a living environment. Trees are essential to help limit or avoid desertification in a warming climate. Trees regulate soil temperature by evaporating water. They reduce the vulnerability of an ecosystem by preventing soil erosion and protecting against natural disasters. AN ECONOMIC RESOURCE IN UNCERTAIN TIMES Relaxing and enjoying after the deep experience of tree planting When you plant a fruit tree in your garden and care for it during its first years, you will be repaid many times over. Every year, the fruit trees will provide you ample fresh and healthy fruit. If cut one day, a tree will also provide wood, useful for heating and building. Wood is a very eco-friendly building material that can replace polluting materials in many instances. Use of trees as wood can therefore reduce carbon emissions. With the expected peak in oil production and consequent rise in the price of all fossil fuels, the burning of biomass ultimately appears to be a more sustainable and less uncertain source of heating. To move from fossil fuel heaters to biomass burners will definitively reduce your energy bills in the future. A DEEP EXPERIENCE FOR EACH ONE OF US Since ancient times, the tree has been held as a sacred symbol. It has been considered symbolic of the deity that created humanity, the axis of the world, fertility, the link between heaven and earth, and life itself. Planting a tree gives us the opportunity to deeply reconnect with the tree’s strength and energy. 7 TREE PLANTING GETTING STARTED Balled plant to be planted Bare-rooted tree SAPLINGS COME IN ALL SHAPES AND SIZES Trees and shrubs come in different forms according to the presentation of their roots: • Bare-root: The plant’s roots are exposed. As their roots are neither fed nor protected, the trees need to be planted without much delay. • Container grown: The plant is still in the container in which it was grown, and can, if necessary, continue to live in the container as long as it doesn’t become too large. • Balled plants: Often several years old, they have been uprooted with the ball of soil that contains the roots. • Packaged plants: These have their roots wrapped up in a ball of wet peat covered by plastic. • In general, nurseries tend to sell shrubs that are conditioned (packaged or balled) or in containers, while larger trees are often available bare-root. FRUIT TREES Fruit trees come in different shapes and sizes according to their age and how they were shaped after grafting. Three families of fruit trees are available: • Short trunk: 20-30 cm (0.6-0.9 ft), minimal development • Half-standard trees: 110-120 cm (1.2-1.3 yards), moderate development • Standard trees: 180-200 cm (1.9-2.1 yards), significant development 8 TREE PLANTING CHOOSING TREES OR SHRUBS TO PLANT Planting a bare-rooted tree Apple tree in Spring Soil type, the amount of space you have available and future care should be considered when choosing the type of tree. As a rule, whatever the type of tree or shrub, young saplings are easier and faster to plant and stand a better chance of survival than older saplings or adult trees. One can buy a scion – a one-year-old grafted fruit tree – which will need training for branching. However, as they need pruning to build a stable branch architecture, beginners would be better off planting three-year-old grafted tree with three to four large branches. Species and varieties should be carefully selected. When deciding what kind of tree or shrub to plant, please consider the following factors: • They should be appropriate for the planting area soil and climate. If you are not sure about the specifics in your area, start by observing the species that grow in the environment and don’t hesitate to consult a professional. • Some fruit trees are self-sterile: the pollen they produce cannot pollinate their own flowers. On the contrary, a self-fertile tree can pollinate its female flowers with the pollen it produces on its own. For self-sterile fruit trees to bear fruit, there should also be one pollinating variety close by. With a few exceptions, apricot, quince, mirabelle plum, peach, and sour cherry trees are selffertile, whereas apple, pear, plum, and sweet cherry trees are self-sterile. • It is important to know the potential girth of the fully grown tree in order plan for ample growing space – be sure the tree you plant will have room to grow into its own. • Favor biodiversity as much as possible by introducing different varieties and giving preference to varieties that attract pollinating insects. 9 TREE PLANTING WHEN TO PLANT YOUR TREE Garden forks, spades and other materials Bare-root and conditioned trees need to be planted during dormancy, from mid-November to March in most European countries. In other parts of the world, the planting time depends a lot on the location, the species and the climate. Before deciding when to plant your tree, please consult an expert. In theory, plants in containers or balled saplings can be planted at any time of the year, but it’s best to avoid summer heat and dryness. Never plant when it is freezing or snowing (as frost burns roots) and refrain from planting in waterlogged soil. If climatic conditions are unfit for planting bare-root trees, they must be put into a hole and covered with soil that is not frozen. With its roots thus protected, the tree will wait safely until better circumstances allow for final planting. TOOLS OF THE TRADE Clippers are also useful because pruning may be necessary just after the planting Supplies you’ll need to plant a tree: • Garden fork • Garden spade or shovel • Pickaxe for deep digging in hard soil • Clippers • Stake (preferably wooden) that matches the height of the sapling • Sledgehammer to insert the stake • Strap, rope or string to tie the tree to the stake • Some mature organic compost (never fresh) • Natural fertilizer such as ground cow horn For bare-root trees: • Cow dung, clay and water to be mixed together on the spot For trees in containers: • Kitchen fork to pull apart compressed roots • Bucket of water for soaking the ball of soil before planting 10 TREE PLANTING THE ART AND SCIENCE OF DIGGING A HOLE sub-soil surface organic soil the volume of the hole should at least twice bigger than the volume of the roots, the ball and the container Preparing a planting hole If possible, consider geobiological data when determining where to dig the hole. Avoid underground water veins, faults and the like. You will need to allow enough space between saplings, depending on their adult height and their final purpose (orchard, hedge, small woodland, etc.) The planting hole must be at least twice as big as the volume of the root ball, ball of soil or container. This is necessary to encourage rapid development of the root system and good rooting. It will prevent root drowning and asphyxia. If the hole is too narrow, plant growth is slowed down. When you dig the hole, it is important to make two different heaps in order to separate upper soil (about the first 20 cm) from bottom soil. You will also need to set aside the top grass tufts, after shaking free as much soil as possible. If you hit waterproof soil at the bottom of the hole, you will have to drain it in order to prevent excess water from stagnating at root level. Dig below the waterproof layer (if not deeper than 60-80 cm) and add gravel or stones to facilitate drainage. 11 TREE PLANTING PREPARING TREES AND SHRUBS FOR PLANTING Once the roots have been dipped in the pralin, it is ready to be planted BARE-ROOT OR CONDITIONED TREES AND SHRUBS • Use clippers to cut off dead or damaged roots. • Cut off root tips to stimulate rooting. • If the aerial part of the plant is far bigger than the root system, cut off the branches that grow inward and weaken the others by clipping the thinner and smaller adjacent branch. Be careful when pruning sensitive species such as walnut, oak, mulberry, beech and lime trees. Tall trees must retain a well-shaped main axis. • In a bucket, prepare a mixture of 1/3 fresh cow dung, 1/3 clay and 1/3 organic soil. • Add water and stir until it forms a thick paste. • Dip roots into the mixture and plant the tree. fresh cow dung, clay, organic soil and water cut off damaged or too long roots 12 TREE PLANTING PREPARING TREES AND SHRUBS FOR PLANTING Straighten rolled roots so that the roots can easily grow downwards FOR TREES AND SHRUBS IN CONTAINERS • Remove the container. • Straighten rolled roots. Cut them with clippers to allow them to grow downwards once planted. • For tender rooted shrubs, scrape the outside with a fork to detangle and cut through the roots. • Leave the whole ball of soil in a bucket of water until it is soaked through. FOR PACKAGED TREES • Remove the wrapping. • Cut off dead or damaged roots. • Cut off the tip of the roots to stimulate rooting. • Do not soak the ball of soil in water. • Harmonize branch and root volumes as for bare root trees. 13 TREE PLANTING STAKING AND POSITIONING subsoil stake hillhock straight ruler grafting point just above the soil level topsoil mature compost to be mixed with the soil Preparing the hole and placing the stake Tree positionning FOR BARE-ROOT TREES With a sledgehammer, plant the stake vertically more or less in the middle of the hole. Insert it at an angle to your sapling to avoid damaging roots, and, if possible, opposite prevailing winds. In the center of the hole, build a cone of upper vegetable soil around which to splay the roots. The upper soil is the first layer of soil, often black or brown in color. It is very rich in organic matter and should always be kept separate when digging. Adjust the height of the cone so that when the tree is planted, the trunk flare and the grafting point (junction between the stock that has developed the root system and the fruit tree, the scion) are visible just a little above the soil level. To do so, you can place a ruler or the handle of a tool across the hole. If you feel in harmony with the tree, you can rotate its trunk around its vertical axis until you sense the best orientation for it. This is a non-technical detail that can be felt by sensitive people and is thought to be highly appreciated by the plant. 14 TREE PLANTING STAKING AND POSITIONING dominant wind collar fill with a mix of compost and soil ball with the roots stake surface grass turnt upside down to retain water disentangled and cut roots organic soil mixed with compost Planting a tree in a container FOR TREES IN CONTAINERS AND BALLED TREES The stake should not be planted vertically because it would pierce through the ball of soil and damage it. It should be planted at an angle away from the ball of soil, opposite prevailing winds. Instead of a cone of vegetable soil, use a layer of soil mixed with compost. Rest the ball of soil on this mixture. Adjust the layer thickness to leave the trunk flare or grafting point visible above the soil level. The surface of the ball of soil should be level at ground level. The tree can be oriented as explained above. 15 TREE PLANTING BACKFILLING THE HOLE straw or synthetic foam stake surface grass turnt upside down to retain water progressive settling of the soil around the roots Filling the hole and placing the trunk on the stake Fill the hole in progressively. Put the best soil mixed with well-matured compost next to the roots and tamp the earth with your feet. If the bottom soil is not good enough, use vegetable soil from elsewhere to fill the hole. You can use mole hills when available, as they are made up of light top soil. Mix the soil of the mole hill with compost before using it to fill the hole. Sprinkle some ground cow horn close to the surface. It will diffuse slowly and encourage rooting. Backfill the hole up to the soil level. 16 TREE PLANTING FINISHING TOUCHES prune on the lines and above an outside-oriented bud synthetic foam to protect the wood Freshen the roots with clippers if they are too long or damaged. Never put manure in contact with the root. Press down the soil in contact with the roots and never at the surface of the soil do not tighten the strap or collar before complete settling of the soil do not bury the graft surface grass turnt upside down rich and loose organic soil turn over the botton soil How it should be at the end of the planting • U se upturned grass tufts or leftover bottom soil to build a water-retaining girdle around the hole. • Tie the trunk to the stake with a strapping device, but not too tightly so as not to strangle the trunk. Make sure the bark doesn’t rub against the stake. Taller trees can be tied with padded collars. Smaller plants can be tied with plastic straps which loosen as the trunk grows in diameter. • Water the planting hole profusely so that the soil comes into contact with the roots and nourishes the tree. • Mulch the whole surface with straw to retain moisture, protect from overexposure to sun and rain, and provide organic matter. Mulch also encourages microbial life and worm activity; worms ventilate and lighten the soil while enriching it with their excrement. 17 TREE PLANTING TRANSPLANTING TREES Preparing to transplant a tree Young trees that need to be moved can be transplanted under certain conditions. It is important to understand that transplanting always induces severe stress on the tree. Younger and smaller trees stand better chances of survival. A tree with a trunk that is eight centimeters in diameter or more will find it difficult to survive. Even if it does survive, it will take a long time to start growing again. Young trees often outgrow larger trees that were transplanted at the same time, and even turn out to be more beautiful when fully grown. KEY FACTORS TO A SUCCESSFUL TRANSPLANT • Trees should be transplanted when they are dormant – from November to mid-March in most areas of Europe. In warm climates some trees can be planted all year round. Before deciding when to transplant your tree, please consult an expert. • The ball of soil around the roots should be at least half the branch volume, which may turn out to be extremely heavy! • Trim branches in proportion to the root system volume. • Certain species are easier to transplant: rose bushes, acidic soil bushes, and others. • As already mentioned, young trees and bushes stand a better chance of being transplanted successfully. 18 TREE PLANTING TRANSPLANTING TREES The planting has to be big so that the newly planted tree can quickly develop TRANSPLANTING BY THE NUMBERS 1. Dig in around the tree with a spade, as far as possible from the trunk and according to how deep you want to cut the roots. The bigger the tree, the further away from the trunk you need to dig to preserve the roots and improve the chances of the tree’s survival. If the roots are large and deep, you might need to finish the task with a pickaxe. 2. Dig the spade in as much as possible under the ball of soil to cut off pivoting roots. Next, tip the tree. This is easy to do with young plants, but it is hard work and can take a long time to tip larger plants! 3. It is always better to keep the soil around the roots – if that is not possible, you have to proceed as described earlier with bare-root trees. 4. Trim the roots. Cut back the damaged tips using clippers. 5. Harmonize branch and root volume. 6. Dig a planting hole in the allotted space and follow the steps previously outlined for planting trees. 19 TREE PLANTING CARING FOR YOUR YOUNG TREE Pruniing will be a n important part of the care of a fruit tree For the first two years after planting, make sure that the tree always has enough water. But that doesn’t mean you have to water your tree every day! If the tree is not getting enough water from rainfall, you need to water your tree. But it is better to water the tree thoroughly once a week than watering a little every day. This helps develop roots that can reach moisture deep in the ground, instead of close to the fast-drying surface. Regularly check the straps that tie the tree to the stake to see if they are too loose or too tight. Make sure they do not suffocate the tree. 20 TREE PLANTING 1000 FRUIT TREES IN CALIFORNIA Large tree planting session in Embracing the World Centre in California In 2006, Amma asked Embracing the World volunteers (GreenFriends) to plant trees at the Mata Amritanandamayi Center in San Ramon, California. This challenge was first met with a reforestation effort to plant native species of oak and fir. As the number of planted seedlings grew into the hundreds, the volunteers set a goal to plant 1,000 fruit trees. Toward this new goal, GreenFriends had a head start – for over 20 years, volunteers had cultivated about 100 fruit trees, mostly apple trees, in what is known today as “Amrita Orchard.” In this way, they had the experience needed to carry on at a larger scale. To increase the number of fruit trees, farmers and experts in permaculture and sustainability volunteered their knowledge and time to cultivate the land in a manner that would honor Mother Nature. This included choosing a suitable location for the new orchard and addressing the challenges of the site: depleted and compacted soil, hilly lands, and northern California’s Mediterranean climate of long, hot and dry summers and occasional monsoon winters. 21 TREE PLANTING 1000 FRUIT TREES IN CALIFORNIA going for tree planting in the large land owned by Embracing the World in California Common Vision, a California-based non-profit organization concentrating on tree planting and education for schools and community groups, joined GreenFriends at the M.A. Center in a collaboration that brought not only dozens of accomplished Common Vision volunteers, but connections to some of the best and brightest educators in the world of cutting-edge, sustainable tree planting. The M.A. Center now annually hosts Dr. Elaine Ingham’s courses in Soil Food Web Technology, a Permaculture Design Certification Program, and numerous other classes that give farmers and gardeners hands-on experience. Last but not least, children and youth groups of Embracing the World (Amrita Bala Kendra and AYUDH) are active in reaching the 1,000tree goal, and hundreds of volunteers of all ages and backgrounds participate on major planting days. course on permaculture in Embracing the World Centre in Califronia After three years of dedicated work, the new orchard has 350 fruit trees planted on land cultivated by the best practices in permaculture and sustainability. Techniques such as methodical key line plowing, deliberate companion planting, careful balancing of compost with mulch to push the soil from bacterial to fungal dominance, and in-depth soil analysis under a microscope are just a few of the regular practices. Currently, there is an array of fruit trees thriving in their early growth stage. Most of the trees are apples of many varieties, although apricot, avocado, fig, lemon, orange, pear, persimmon, plum, and pomegranate trees also grace the rolling landscape. In fact, nearly every tree able to grow in the region, and a few that are defying nature by thriving there nonetheless, make up this orchard dedicated to Mother Nature. 22 TREE PLANTING TREE PLANTING IN MICHIGAN working together for the restoration of harmony in Nature The Vanderbilt, Michigan school district owns 80 acres (32 hectares) of mostly barren land near one of its schools. In order to make the land more productive, it has been proposed to plant the area with trees. This would create multiple benefits, including educational opportunities, improved wildlife habitat, beneficial carbon dioxide sequestration, and a future income source for the school district. Approximately half the acreage will be planted with trees; on the other half, sufficient natural regeneration is being established. Professional foresters recommended that the open 40 acres (16 hectares) be planted with mostly red pine – a fast-growing and commercially valuable native species – with a mix of white pine and red and white oaks that are all indigenous species suited for the soil of the site. A total of 32,000 tree seedlings will be needed to fully stock the area. planting a tree is a deep moment to share In March 2011, a local conservation group, Otsego Wildlife Legacy Society (OWLS) agreed to fund a portion of the trees needed for this extensive project. They are donating $1,500 for the purchase of some 5,000 seedlings. Embracing the World volunteers are organizing the project and planting the trees. Another organization, the Otsego Conservation District, will conduct tree-planting sessions with the children of the Vanderbilt school district. The bulk of the trees will be planted by machine with a tractor. This project is a great example of how tremendous things can be done for the betterment of the world through the collaboration of many people and organizations. 23 TREE PLANTING SPONSORING TREES IN FRANCE an ornamental tree just being planted by French ETW volunteers preparing jams or other delights from the apples of the Centre’s orchards A “Sponsor a Tree” project at Embracing the World’s centre in France started in the autumn of 2008 and has allowed for the development of two apple orchards and a cluster of ornamental trees at the centre. Many varieties of apple trees were chosen from among the ancient local varieties. The newly-planted apple trees have been properly pruned to help them develop a strong structure, ensuring good crops of apples in the future. Pruning is essential for fruit trees, and sponsors are encouraged to participate in the ongoing care of the tree that they sponsored. The trees have been planted in large holes into which the original soil was put back respecting the order of the different layers, and then enriched with matured soil coming from the vegetable garden and aerated with organic compost. The roots were soaked in “root pudding,” a clay, compost and water slurry. On ETW-France Centre’s 15 acres (6 hectares) of land, more than 80 apple trees from more than 30 different varieties are flourishing and producing more and more apples every year. 24 EMBRACING THE WORLD VOLUNTEERS HAVE ALREADY PLANTED MORE THAN A MILLION TREES WORLDWIDE. LET’S MAKE IT TWO MILLION. Embracing the World’s InDeed Campaign for Nature has been officially recognized by UNESCO as a project of the United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development.