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R/V Mirai Cruise Report
MR13-03
Observational study on the Intraseasonal Variation
over the tropical western Pacific
Tropical Western Pacific
May 31, 2013 – July 6, 2013
Japan Agency for
Marine-Earth Science and Technology
(JAMSTEC)
MR13-03 Cruise Report
--- Contents --1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Introduction
Cruise summary
Cruise track and log
List of participants
Summary of observations
5.1 GPS radiosonde
5.2 Doppler radar
5.3 Micro rain radar
5.4 Disdrometers
5.5 Lidar observations of clouds and aerosols
5.6 Ceilometer
5.7 Ship-borne sky radiometer
5.8 Surface meteorological observations
5.9 Continuous monitoring of surface seawater
5.10 CTDO profiling
5.11 Salinity of sampled water
5.12 Dissolved oxygen of sampled water
5.13 Thermistor chain to profile temperature in the surface layer
5.14 LADCP
5.15 Shipboard ADCP
5.16 Underway CTD
5.17 XCTD
5.18 Argo-type float
5.19 Distribution and ecology of oceanic Halobates and their response to
environmental factors
5.20 Underway geophysics
Appendices
A: Atmospheric profiles by the radiosonde observations
B: Oceanic profiles by the CTDO observations
1.
Introduction
The intraseasonal variation (ISV) in the Tropics is a key issue to be solved, as it influences not only the
tropical atmospheric and oceanic variations but also the global climate. While the Madden-Julian Oscillation,
one of the well-known ISVs, propagates eastward along the equator, the accompanying northward-moving
signals becomes apparent in the boreal summer. This northeastward-propagating mode is so-called boreal
summer intraseasonal variation (BSISV). Previous studies pointed that the BSISV strongly modulates the
rainfall in Asian summer monsoon season, kicks the onset of Asian summer monsoon, or links to the seasonal
march of the Asian summer monsoon such as northward shift of Baiu front. Since the ISVs are phenomena
coupled with deep cumulus convections, it is manifested over the warm pool region from the Indian Ocean
through the western Pacific Ocean.
Recent studies using reanalysis, satellite data or ground-based operational data revealed various aspects of
the large-scale feature of the BSISV, especially over the Indian Ocean. On the other hand, only the limited
studies were focusing on the process in the western Pacific, though the mechanism may be different between
Indian Ocean and western Pacific. In addision, current general circulation models still fail to simulate the
BSISV on its northward-propagating speed, amplitude, etc. It is believed that this deficiency is mainly due to
the insufficient cumulus parameterization. Therefore, fine-scale observational data is invaluable to promote
our knowledge on the mechanism of the BSISV, especially over the western Pacific.
In 2008, we JAMSTEC conducted the fiend campaign named PALAU2008 during R/V Mirai MR08-02
cruise. The project captured a event of BSISV, and revealed that the large-scale convergence and
accompanying shallow convections play important roles to moisten the lower and middle troposphere to
promote deep convection in BSISV. For the further analyses, on the other hand, it is desired in the upcoming
projects to capture more cases of BSISV, or more detailed process including detailed air-sea interaction
process.
To achieve further detailed understanding of BSISV over the western Pacific, we in JAMSTEC organized
the project PALAU2013, by joinging R/V Mirai MR13-03 cruise, land-based radar observation in Palau
Islands, and sounding network over Phillipine, Palau, Micronesia and Guam.
The R/V Mirai MR13-03 cruise consists of two legs. The Leg-2 is principle part of the cruise to stay (12N,
135E) to obtain continuous, fine temporal-resolution data for both atmospheric and oceanic states. The
principle component of the observations are the surface meteorological measurement, atmospheric sounding
by radiosonde, CTD casting to profile the oceanic thermodynamic status, ADCP current measurement, as well
as Doppler radar observation to capture the details of precipitating systems. In addition, profiling floats are
deployed in Leg-1 to monitor the finer temporal variation of the oceanic profiles for wider area surrounding
the station.
This cruise report summarizes the observed items and preliminary results during this cruise. In the first
several sections, basic information such as cruise track, on board personnel list are described. Details of each
observation are described in Section 5. Additional information and figures are also attached as Appendices.
*** Remarks ***
This cruise report is a preliminary documentation as of the end of the cruise. The contents may be
not updated after the end of the cruise, while the contents may be subject to change without notice.
Data on the cruise report may be raw or not processed. Please ask the Chief Scientists for the latest
information.
1-1
2. Cruise Summary
2.1 Ship
Name
LxBxD
Gross Tonnage
Call Sign
Home Port
Research Vessel MIRAI
128.6m x 19.0m x 13.2m
8,687 tons
JNSR
Mutsu, Aomori Prefecture, Japan
2.2 Cruise Code
MR13-03
2.3 Project Name (Main mission)
Observational Study on the Intreseasonal Variability over the western Pacific
2.4 Undertaking Institute
Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC)
2-15, Natsushima, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061, JAPAN
2.5 Chief Scientist
Masaki KATSUMATA
Tropical Climate Variability Research Program,
Research Institute for Global Change, JAMSTEC
2.6 Periods and Ports of Call
May 31:
departed Sekinehama, Japan
Jun. 1-2:
called Hachinohe, Japan
Jun. 10-12: called Koror, Palau
Jul. 6:
arrived Yokohama, Japan
2.7 Research Themes of Sub-missions and Principal Investigators (PIs)
(1) Research on the precipitating systems and air-sea interactions during the generation of the tropical
depression
(PI: Taro SHINODA / Nagoya University)
(2) Lidar observations of optical characteristics and vertical distribution of aerosols and clouds.
(PI: Nobuo SUGIMOTO / National Institute for Environmental Studies)
(3) Maritime aerosol optical properties from measurements of ship-borne sky radiometer.
(PI: Kazuma AOKI / Toyama University)
(4) Distribution and ecology of oceanic Halobates inhabiting tropical area of the western Pacific and
their responding system to environmental factors.
(PI: Tetsuo HARADA / Kochi University)
(5) Standardising the marine geophysics data and its application to the ocean floor geodynamics
studies.
(PI: Takeshi MATSUMOTO / University of the Ryukyu)
2-1
2.8 Observation Summary
GPS Radiosonde
C-band Doppler radar
Micro rain radar
Disdrometers
Mie-scattering Lidar
Ceilometer
Sky Radiometer
Surface Meteorology
Sea surface water monitoring
CTDO profiling
Sea water sampling
Thermistor chain
LADCP
Shipboard ADCP
Underway CTD
Deploying Argo-type float
Sea skater sampling
Gravity/Magnetic force
Topography
173 times
continuously
continuously
continuously
continuously
continuously
continuously
continuously
continuously
141 profiles
20 casts
continuously
141 profiles
continuously
42 times
3 times
9 times
continuously
continuously
Jun. 6 to Jun. 9 / Jun. 12 to Jul. 2
Jun. 7 to Jun. 9 / Jun. 13 to Jun.30
Jun. 7 to Jun. 9 / Jun. 13 to Jun.30
Jun. 13 to Jun. 30
Jun. 7 to Jun. 9 / Jun. 13 to Jun. 30
Jun. 4 to Jun. 8 / Jun. 24 to Jun. 30
Jun. 7 to Jun. 9
Jun. 13 to Jun. 29
2.9 Overview
In order to investigate the atmospheric and oceanic variations in the tropical western Pacific and their role
in the intraseasonal variation, the intensive observations by using R/V Mirai were carried out. This cruise was
a component of the international field campaign named PALAU2013.
The main part of the cruise was dedicated to perform stationary observation at (12N, 135E) to obtain
high-resolution time series of the oceanic and atmospheric variations. R/V Mirai was at the station for 18 days
from Jun. 13 to Jun. 30 (in Leg-2). Before arriving the station, she cruised almost meridionaly from Japan to
Palau (in Leg-1).
During the cruise, we witnessed the formation of the typhoon west of R/V Mirai; TS1303 “Yagi” in Leg-1,
TS1304 “Leepi” in the beginning of Leg-2, and TS1306 “Rumbia” in the latter half of Leg-2. The
precipitating system and their oceanic and atmospheric environments for these events were well captured in
detail. The sudden northward-extension of the precipitating area was also captured in the very end of the
stationary observation period. The oceanic data also shows interesting features; diurnal cycle, drop of saline in
the surface layer ( < 50 dbar) from Jun.23, very warm (> 30 deg.C) and low-saline (< 34 PSU) surface water,
etc.
These observed results will be analyzed further, with combining the data from other islands and platforms,
including profiling floats which were deployed in Leg-1. The further analyses will be performed to engrave
the detail of the processes to spawn the active organized precipitating systems such as BSISV, tropical
depression, etc.
2-2
2.10 Acknowledgments
We would like to express our sincere thanks to Captain Y. Tsutsumi and his crew for their skillful ship
operation. Special thanks are extended to the technical staff of Global Ocean Development Inc. and Marine
Works Japan, Ltd. for their continuous and skillful support to conduct the observations. Supports from
collaborators in the project PALAU2013 are acknowledged.
2-3
3. Cruise Track and Log
3.1 Cruise Track
Fig. 3.1-1: Cruise track for Leg-1 and Leg-2. Black dots are for the position at local (SMT) noon.
Fig. 3.1-2: Cruise track around the station (12N, 135E) for Leg-2.
3-1
3.2 Cruise Log
Date
May 31
Jun 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
12
UTC/SMT
Position and Events
0700/1600
0000/0900
0550/1450
2120/0620
0200/1100
0530/1430
1330/2230
2359/0859
0106/1006
0140/1040
0208/1108
0237/1137
0002/0902
0038/0938
0109/1009
0140/1040
1003/1903
1031/1931
1052/1952
2330/0830
0029/0929
0114/1014
0158/1058
0530/1430
1130/2030
1730/0230
2335/0835
0530/1430
0646/1546
0725/1625
1130/2030
1159/2059
1222/2122
1730/0230
2328/0828
2331/0831
0022/0922
0030/0930
0530/1430
1130/2030
1605/0105
1639/0139
1720/0220
2331/0831
0530/1430
0607/1507
0844/1744
1130/2030
1830/0230
2130/0630
2130/0630
0110/1010
0100/1000
0430/1330
0550/1450
1130/2030
Departure from Sekinehama
Arrival at Hachinohe
Departure from Hachinohe
Arrival at Hachinohe
Departure from Hachinohe
Start of surface seawater measurement
Start of Doppler Radar observation
(31-01N, 140-48E)
UCTD (p1c1; dummy, 200m)
(30-49N, 140-46E)
UCTD (u001c1; 200m)
(30-43N, 140-45E)
UCTD (u002c1; 200m)
(30-39N, 140-44E)
UCTD (u002c2; 200m)
(30-34N, 140-42E)
UCTD (u002c3; 200m)
(25-59N, 138-59E)
UCTD (u003c1; 200m)
(25-53N, 138-56E)
UCTD (u003c2; 200m)
(25-48N, 138-54E)
UCTD (u003c3; 200m)
(25-43N, 138-52E)
UCTD (u004c1; 500m)
(24-01N, 138-10E)
Sea skater collection (#001-1)
(23-59N, 138-10E)
(23-59N, 138-10E)
(21-38N, 137-12E)
Radiosonde (#001)
(21-27N, 137-08E)
UCTD (u005c1; 500m)
(21-20N, 137-05E)
UCTD (u005c2; 500m)
(21-12N, 137-02E)
UCTD (u005c3; 500m)
(20-35N, 136-47E)
Radiosonde (#002)
(19-30N, 136-22E)
Radiosonde (#003)
(18-26N, 135-57E)
Radiosonde (#004)
(17-20N, 135-32E)
Radiosonde (#005)
(16-13N, 135-04E)
Radiosonde (#006)
(16-00N, 135-00E)
CTD (N01M01; 500m), with sampling seawater
(16-00N, 135-00E)
ARGO-type float (#1)
(15-12N, 135-00E)
Radiosonde (#007)
(15-06N, 135-00E)
UCTD (p2c1; dummy, 200m)
(15-02N, 135-00E)
UCTD (u006c1; 200m)
(14-02N, 134-59E)
Radiosonde (#008)
(13-00N, 135-00E)
Radiosonde (#009)
(13-00N, 135-00E)
(13-00N, 135-00E)
(12-59N, 135-00E)
UCTD (u007c1; 1000m)
(12-08N, 135-00E)
Radiosonde (#010)
(10-53N, 135-00E)
Radiosonde (#011)
(10-00N, 134-59E)
(09-59N, 134-59E)
(09-54N, 135-00E)
Radiosonde (#012)
(08-52N, 134-51E)
Radiosonde (#013)
(08-11N, 134-20E)
Radiosonde (#014)
(08-06N, 134-17E)
Test of 3-dimensional magnetometer
(07-46N, 134-18E)
XCTD
(07-45N, 134-18E)
Radiosonde (#015)
(07-45N, 134-18E)
Radiosonde (#016)
Stop of Doppler Radar observation
Stop of surface seawater measurement
Arrival at Koror
Departure from Koror
Start of surface seawater measurement
Start of Doppler Radar observation
(09-24N, 134-34E)
Radiosonde (#017)
3-2
13
14
15
1430/2330
1730/0230
2030/0530
2330/0830
0230/1130
0530/1430
0535/1435
0735/1635
0830/1730
0838/1738
1130/2030
1137/2037
1217/2117
1238/2138
1259/2159
1430/2330
1436/2336
1730/0230
1736/0236
2030/0530
2038/0538
2330/0830
2336/0836
0105/1005
0230/1130
0234/1134
0530/1430
0535/1435
0735/1635
0830/1730
0837/1737
1117/2017
1151/2051
1157/2057
1433/2333
1440/2340
1730/0230
1738/0238
2030/0530
2037/0537
2330/0830
2335/0835
0230/1130
0235/1135
0530/1430
0546/1446
0551/1451
0630/1530
0708/1608
0831/1731
0837/1737
1130/2030
1135/2035
1209/2109
1231/2131
1254/2154
1437/2337
1446/2346
1730/0230
1736/0236
2030/0530
(09-56N, 134-37E)
Radiosonde (#018)
(10-29N, 134-44E)
Radiosonde (#019)
(11-00N, 134-50E)
Radiosonde (#020)
(11-33N, 134-54E)
Radiosonde (#021)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
Radiosonde (#022)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
Radiosonde (#023)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
CTD (12M001; 500m)
Deployment of Thermistor Chain and Sea Snake
(12-00N, 135-00E)
Radiosonde (#024)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
CTD (12M002; 500m)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
Radiosonde (#025)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
CTD (12M003; 500m)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(11-59N, 135-00E)
(11-59N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
Radiosonde (#026)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
CTD (12M004; 500m)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
Radiosonde (#027)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
CTD (12M005; 500m)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
Radiosonde (#028)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
CTD (12M006; 500m)
(12-00N, 135-01E)
Radiosonde (#029)
(12-00N, 135-01E)
CTD (12M007; 1000m), with sampling seawater
Recovery of Thermistor Chain and Sea Snake
(12-00N, 135-00E)
Radiosonde (#030)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
CTD (12M008; 500m)
(11-59N, 135-00E)
Radiosonde (#031)
(11-59N, 135-00E)
CTD (12M009; 500m)
(11-59N, 134-59E)
Radiosonde (#032)
(11-59N, 134-59E)
CTD (12M010; 500m)
(11-59N, 134-59E)
Radiosonde (#033)
(11-58N, 134-58E)
Radiosonde (#034)
(11-58N, 134-58E)
CTD (12M011; 500m)
(11-59N, 134-59E)
Radiosonde (#035)
(11-59N, 134-59E)
CTD (12M012; 500m)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
Radiosonde (#036)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
CTD (12M013; 500m)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
Radiosonde (#037)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
CTD (12M014; 500m)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
Radiosonde (#038)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
Radiosonde (#039)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
CTD (12M016; 500m)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
Radiosonde (#040)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
Radiosonde (#041)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
CTD (12M017; 500m)
(12-01N, 135-00E)
Radiosonde (#042)
(12-01N, 135-00E)
CTD (12M018; 500m)
(12-01N, 135-00E)
Radiosonde (#043)
(12-01N, 135-00E)
CTD (12M019; 500m)
(12-01N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
Radiosonde (#044)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
CTD (12M020; 500m)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
Radiosonde (#045)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
CTD (12M021; 500m)
(11-59N, 134-59E)
Radiosonde (#046)
3-3
16
17
18
19
2035/0535
2102/0602
2330/0830
2336/0836
0048/0948
0230/1130
0236/1136
0530/1430
0547/1447
0550/1450
0829/1729
0835/1735
1130/2030
1138/2038
1430/2330
1437/2337
1731/0231
1738/0238
2030/0530
2035/0535
2330/0830
2336/0836
0124/1024
0230/1130
0236/1136
0530/1430
0535/1435
0830/1730
0837/1737
1130/2030
1136/2036
1211/2111
1232/2132
1252/2152
1430/2330
1440/2340
1450/2350
1730/0230
1736/0236
2030/0530
2107/0607
2330/0830
0000/0900
0230/1130
0235/1135
0530/1430
0830/1730
0837/1737
1130/2030
1136/2036
1430/2330
1437/2337
1730/0230
1736/0236
2030/0530
2037/0537
2330/0830
2337/0837
0230/1130
0236/1136
0530/1430
(11-59N, 134-59E)
CTD (12M022; 500m)
(11-59N, 135-00E)
Radiosonde (#047)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
Radiosonde (#048)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
Recovery of Sea Snake
(12-00N, 135-00E)
Radiosonde (#049)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
CTD (12M024; 500m)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
Radiosonde (#050)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
Radiosonde (#051)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
CTD (12M025; 500m)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
Radiosonde (#052)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
CTD (12M026; 500m)
(12-00N, 134-59E)
Radiosonde (#053)
(12-00N, 134-59E)
CTD (12M027; 500m)
(12-00N, 135-01E)
Radiosonde (#054)
(12-00N, 135-01E)
CTD (12M028; 500m)
(12-00N, 135-01E)
Radiosonde (#055)
(12-00N, 135-01E)
CTD (12M029; 500m)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
Radiosonde (#056)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
CTD (12M030; 500m)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
Radiosonde (#057)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
Deployment of Sea Snake
(11-59N, 135-00E)
Radiosonde (#058)
(11-59N, 135-00E)
CTD (12M032; 500m)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
Radiosonde (#059)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
CTD (12M033; 500m)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
Radiosonde (#060)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
CTD (12M034; 500m)
(12-01N, 135-00E)
Radiosonde (#061)
(12-01N, 135-00E)
CTD (12M035; 500m)
(12-01N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 134-59E)
(12-00N, 134-59E)
Radiosonde (#062)
(12-00N, 134-59E)
CTD (12M036; 500m)
(12-00N, 134-59E)
Radiosonde (#063)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
Radiosonde (#064)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
CTD (12M037; 500m)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
Radiosonde (#065)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
CTD (12M038; 500m)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
Radiosonde (#066)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
Radiosonde (#067)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
CTD (12M040; 500m)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
Radiosonde (#068)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
Radiosonde (#069)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
CTD (12M042; 500m)
(11-59N, 135-00E)
Radiosonde (#070)
(11-59N, 135-01E)
CTD (12M043; 500m)
(11-59N, 135-00E)
Radiosonde (#071)
(11-59N, 135-00E)
CTD (12M044; 500m)
(12-00N, 135-01E)
Radiosonde (#072)
(11-59N, 135-01E)
CTD (12M045; 500m)
(11-59N, 135-01E)
Radiosonde (#073)
(11-59N, 135-01E)
CTD (12M046; 500m)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
Radiosonde (#074)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(11-59N, 134-59E)
Radiosonde (#075)
(11-59N, 134-59E)
CTD (12M048; 500m)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
Radiosonde (#076)
3-4
20
21
22
0538/1438
0830/1730
0836/1736
1130/2030
1136/2036
1213/2113
1234/2134
1254/2154
1430/2330
1436/2336
1730/0230
1736/0236
2030/0530
2036/0536
2330/0830
2336/0836
0230/1130
0235/1135
0530/1430
0535/1435
0830/1730
0836/1736
1144/2044
1151/2051
1423/2323
1434/2334
1738/0238
1743/0243
2030/0530
2036/0536
2330/0830
2335/0835
0230/1130
0236/1136
0345/1245
0420/1320
0530/1430
0535/1435
0830/1730
0837/1737
1130/2030
1136/2036
1210/2110
1232/2132
1252/2152
1430/2330
1436/2336
1730/0230
1738/0238
1749/0249
2030/0530
2036/0536
2331/0831
2336/0836
0230/1130
0237/1137
0530/1430
0536/1436
0830/1730
0835/1735
1130/2030
(11-59N, 135-00E)
CTD (12M049; 500m)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
Radiosonde (#077)
(12-01N, 135-00E)
CTD (12M050; 500m)
(12-01N, 135-00E)
Radiosonde (#078)
(12-01N, 135-00E)
CTD (12M051; 500m)
(12-01N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 134-59E)
(12-00N, 134-59E)
(12-00N, 134-59E)
Radiosonde (#079)
(11-59N, 134-59E)
CTD (12M052; 500m)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
Radiosonde (#080)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
CTD (12M053; 500m)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
Radiosonde (#081)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
CTD (12M054; 500m)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
Radiosonde (#082)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
Radiosonde (#083)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
CTD (12M056; 500m)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
Radiosonde (#084)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
CTD (12M057; 500m)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
Radiosonde (#085)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
CTD (12M058; 500m)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
Radiosonde (#086)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
CTD (12M059; 500m)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
Radiosonde (#087)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
CTD (12M060; 500m)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
Radiosonde (#088)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
CTD (12M061; 500m)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
Radiosonde (#089)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
CTD (12M062; 500m)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
Radiosonde (#090)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
Radiosonde (#091)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
CTD (12M064; 500m)
Recovery of Sea Snake
Deployment of Sea Snake
(12-00N, 135-00E)
Radiosonde (#092)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
CTD (12M065; 500m)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
Radiosonde (#093)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
CTD (12M066; 500m)
(12-01N, 135-00E)
Radiosonde (#094)
(12-01N, 135-00E)
CTD (12M067; 500m)
(12-01N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(11-59N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
Radiosonde (#095)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
CTD (12M068; 500m)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
Radiosonde (#096)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
CTD (12M069; 500m)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
Radiosonde (#097)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
Radiosonde (#098)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
CTD (12M070; 500m)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
Radiosonde (#099)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
Radiosonde (#100)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
CTD (12M072; 500m)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
Radiosonde (#101)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
CTD (12M073; 500m)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
Radiosonde (#102)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
CTD (12M074; 500m)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
Radiosonde (#103)
3-5
23
24
25
1136/2036
1430/2330
1436/2336
1722/0222
1729/0229
2030/0530
2038/0538
2330/0830
2337/0837
0230/1130
0233/1133
0530/1430
0534/1434
0830/1730
0834/1734
1130/2030
1135/2035
1214/2114
1235/2135
1256/2156
1430/2330
1435/2335
1730/0230
1735/0235
2030/0530
2035/0535
2330/0830
2337/0837
0230/1130
0237/1137
0530/1430
0535/1435
0612/1512
0830/1730
0835/1735
1130/2030
1134/2034
1430/2330
1435/2335
1730/0230
1735/0235
2030/0530
2036/0536
2330/0830
2337/0837
0230/1130
0237/1137
0530/1430
0536/1436
0830/1730
0837/1737
1130/2030
1135/2035
1210/2110
1231/2131
1252/2152
1430/2330
1436/2336
1730/0230
1734/0234
2031/0531
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-01N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-01N, 134-59E)
(12-01N, 134-59E)
(12-01N, 134-59E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-01N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-01N, 135-00E)
(12-01N, 135-00E)
(12-01N, 135-00E)
(12-01N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
3-6
CTD (12M075; 500m)
Radiosonde (#104)
CTD (12M076; 500m)
Radiosonde (#105)
CTD (12M077; 500m)
Radiosonde (#106)
CTD (12M078; 500m)
Radiosonde (#107)
Radiosonde (#108)
CTD (12M080; 500m)
Radiosonde (#109)
CTD (12M081; 500m)
Radiosonde (#110)
CTD (12M082; 500m)
Radiosonde (#111)
CTD (12M083; 500m)
Radiosonde (#112)
CTD (12M084; 500m)
Radiosonde (#113)
CTD (12M085; 500m)
Radiosonde (#114)
CTD (12M086; 500m)
Radiosonde (#115)
Radiosonde (#116)
CTD (12M088; 500m)
Radiosonde (#117)
CTD (12M089; 500m)
UCTD (u008c1; 500m)
Radiosonde (#118)
CTD (12M090; 500m)
Radiosonde (#119)
CTD (12M091; 500m)
Radiosonde (#120)
CTD (12M092; 500m)
Radiosonde (#121)
CTD (12M093; 500m)
Radiosonde (#122)
CTD (12M094; 500m)
Radiosonde (#123)
Radiosonde (#124)
CTD (12M096; 500m)
Radiosonde (#125)
CTD (12M097; 500m), with UCTD (u009c1)
Radiosonde (#126)
CTD (12M098; 500m)
Radiosonde (#127)
CTD (12M099; 500m)
Radiosonde (#128)
CTD (12M100; 500m)
Radiosonde (#129)
CTD (12M101; 500m)
Radiosonde (#130)
26
27
28
2038/0538
2330/0830
2337/0837
0230/1130
0234/1134
0530/1430
0536/1436
0612/1512
0630/1530
0830/1730
0836/1736
1130/2030
1137/2037
1212/2112
1234/2134
1430/2330
1439/2339
1730/0230
1734/0234
2030/0530
2036/0536
2330/0830
2339/0839
0231/1131
0237/1137
0530/1430
0536/1436
0830/1730
0835/1735
1130/2030
1135/2035
1209/2109
1230/2130
1253/2153
1430/2330
1435/2335
1730/0230
1737/0237
2030/0530
2036/0536
2330/0830
2337/0837
0230/1130
0237/1137
0530/1430
0536/1436
0610/1510
0628/1528
0830/1730
0835/1735
1130/2030
1136/2036
1210/2110
1228/2128
1246/2146
1430/2330
1436/2336
1730/0230
1737/0237
2030/0530
2036/0536
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-01N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-01N, 134-59E)
(12-01N, 134-59E)
(12-01N, 134-59E)
(12-01N, 134-59E)
(12-00N, 134-59E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(11-59N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
3-7
CTD (12M102; 500m)
Radiosonde (#131)
Radiosonde (#132)
CTD (12M104; 500m)
Radiosonde (#133)
CTD (12M105; 500m)
UCTD (u010c1; 500m)
UCTD (u010c2; 500m)
Radiosonde (#134)
CTD (12M106; 500m)
Radiosonde (#135)
CTD (12M107; 500m)
UCTD (u011c1; 500m)
UCTD (u011c2; 500m)
Radiosonde (#136)
CTD (12M108; 500m)
Radiosonde (#137)
CTD (12M109; 500m)
Radiosonde (#138)
CTD (12M110; 500m)
Radiosonde (#139)
Radiosonde (#140)
CTD (12M112; 500m)
Radiosonde (#141)
Radiosonde (#142)
Radiosonde (#143)
CTD (12M115; 500m)
Radiosonde (#144)
CTD (12M116; 500m)
Radiosonde (#145)
CTD (12M117; 500m)
Radiosonde (#146)
CTD (12M118; 500m)
Radiosonde (#147)
Radiosonde (#148)
CTD (12M120; 500m)
Radiosonde (#149)
CTD (12M121; 500m)
UCTD (u014c1; 500m)
UCTD (u014c2; 500m)
Radiosonde (#150)
CTD (12M122; 500m)
Radiosonde (#151)
CTD (12M123; 500m)
UCTD (p3c1; 500m)
UCTD (u015c1; 500m)
UCTD (u015c2; 500m)
Radiosonde (#152)
CTD (12M124; 500m)
Radiosonde (#153)
CTD (12M125; 500m)
Radiosonde (#154)
CTD (12M126; 500m)
29
30
Jul
1
2
5
6
2330/0830
2337/0837
0230/1130
0236/1136
0530/1430
0536/1436
0830/1730
0835/1735
1130/2030
1136/2036
1210/2110
1232/2132
1253/2153
1430/2330
1436/2336
1730/0230
1737/0237
2030/0530
2036/0536
2330/0830
2336/0836
0101/1001
0230/1130
0237/1137
0355/1255
0428/1328
0516/1416
0530/1430
0549/1449
0632/1532
0701/1601
0743/1643
0830/1730
0836/1736
0947/1847
1019/1919
1100/2000
1130/2030
1134/2034
1221/2121
1250/2150
1335/2235
1430/2330
1435/2335
1736/0236
2021/0521
2330/0830
0230/1130
0530/1430
0830/1730
1130/2030
1727/0227
2330/0830
0530/1430
0010/0910
0030/0930
0401/1301
0140/1040
(12-00N, 135-00E)
Radiosonde (#155)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
Radiosonde (#156)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
CTD (12M128; 500m)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
Radiosonde (#157)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
CTD (12M129; 500m)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
Radiosonde (#158)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
CTD (12M130; 500m)
(12-01N, 135-00E)
Radiosonde (#159)
(12-01N, 135-00E)
CTD (12M131; 500m)
(12-01N, 135-00E)
(12-01N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
Radiosonde (#160)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
CTD (12M132; 500m)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
Radiosonde (#161)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
CTD (12M133; 500m)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
Radiosonde (#162)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
CTD (12M134; 500m)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
Radiosonde (#163)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
Radiosonde (#164)
(12-01N, 135-00E)
CTD (12M136; 500m)
(12-06N, 135-00E)
UCTD (u101c1; 250m)
(12-01N, 134-57E)
UCTD (u101c2; 250m)
(11-57N, 134-55E)
UCTD (u101c3; 250m)
(11-57N, 134-57E)
Radiosonde (#165)
(11-57N, 135-00E)
UCTD (u101c4; 250m)
(11-57N, 135-05E)
UCTD (u101c5; 250m)
(12-01N, 135-03E)
UCTD (u101c6; 250m)
(12-06N, 135-00E)
UCTD (u101c7; 250m)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
Radiosonde (#166)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
CTD (12M137; 500m)
(12-06N, 135-00E)
UCTD (u102c1; 250m)
(12-01N, 134-57E)
UCTD (u102c2; 250m)
(11-57N, 134-55E)
UCTD (u102c3; 250m)
(11-57N, 134-59E)
Radiosonde (#167)
(11-57N, 135-00E)
UCTD (u102c4; 250m)
(11-57N, 135-05E)
UCTD (u102c5; 250m)
(12-02N, 135-03E)
UCTD (u102c6; 250m)
(12-06N, 135-00E)
UCTD (u102c7; 250m)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
Radiosonde (#168)
(12-00N, 135-00E)
CTD (12M138; 500m)
(12-28N, 135-05E)
Radiosonde (#169)
(12-59N, 135-06E)
Radiosonde (#170)
(13-38N, 135-13E)
Radiosonde (#171)
(14-15N, 135-16E)
Radiosonde (#172)
(14-50N, 135-22E)
Radiosonde (#173)
(15-28N, 135-26E)
Radiosonde (#174)
(16-06N, 135-31E)
Radiosonde (#175)
(17-26N, 135-41E)
Radiosonde (#176)
(18-45N, 135-51E)
Radiosonde (#177)
(20-02N, 136-01E)
Radiosonde (#178)
Stop of Doppler Radar observation
Stop of surface seawater measurement
(22-26N, 139-20E)
Test of 3-dimensional magnetometer
Arrival at Yokohama
3-8
4. List of Participants
4.1 Participants (on board)
Name
Masaki KATSUMATA
Satoru YOKOI
Takuya HASEGAWA
Qoosaku MOTEKI
Ayumi MASUDA
Hiroaki YOSHIOKA
Satoki TSUJINO
Tetsuo HARADA
Takero SEKIMOTO
Affiliation
JAMSTEC
JAMSTEC
JAMSTEC
JAMSTEC
JAMSTEC
JAMSTEC
Nagoya Univ.
Kochi Univ.
Kochi Univ.
Kazuho YOSHIDA
Wataru TOKUNAGA
Souichiro SUEYOSHI
Kouichi INAGAKI
Hiroshi MATSUNAGA
Hiroki USHIROMURA
Misato KUWAHARA
Shinsuke TOYODA
Rei ITO
Hideki YAMAMOTO
Masahiro ORUI
Sonoka WAKATSUKI
Global Ocean Development Inc. (GODI)
GODI
GODI
GODI
Marine Works Japan Ltd. (MWJ)
MWJ
MWJ
MWJ
MWJ
MWJ
MWJ
MWJ
*
*Theme No. Period on board
M
Leg-1 + 2
M
Leg-1 + 2
M
Leg-1
M
Leg-1
M
Leg-1 + 2
M
Leg-1 + 2
1
Leg-1 + 2
4
Leg-1
4
Leg-1 + 2
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
Theme number corresponds to that shown in Section 2.7.
M and T means main mission and technical staff, respectively.
4.2 Participants (not on board)
Name
Ryuichi SHIROOKA
Taro SHINODA
Nobuo SUGIMOTO
Kazuma AOKI
Takeshi MATSUMOTO
Affiliation
*Theme No.
JAMSTEC
Nagoya Univ.
NIES
Toyama Univ.
Ryukyu Univ.
M
1
2
3
5
4-1
Leg-1 + 2
Leg-1
Leg-2
Leg-1 + 2
Leg-1 + 2
Leg-1 + 2
Leg-1 + 2
Leg-2
Leg-2
Leg-2
Leg-2
Leg-2
4.3 Ship Crew
Yoshiharu TSUTSUMI
Takeshi ISOHI
Kan MATSUURA
Nobuo FUKAURA
Takahiro NOGUCHI
Hiroki KOBAYASHI
Ryo SAKATA
Hiroyuki TOHKEN
Naoto MIYAZAKI
Yusuke KIMOTO
Ryo KIMURA
Kazuyoshi KUDO
Tsuyoshi SATOH
Tsuyoshi MONZAWA
Masashige OKADA
Shuji KOMATA
Masaya TANIKAWA
Hideaki TAMOTSU
Kotaro SAKAI
Ryosuke HIRATSUKA
Akiya CHISHIMA
Tetsuya SAKAMOTO
Yoshihiro SUGIMOTO
Nobuo BOSHITA
Masato SHIRAKURA
Daisuke TANIGUCHI
Keisuke YOSHIDA
Hiromi IKUTA
Hitoshi OTA
Tamotsu UEMURA
Sakae HOSHIKUMA
Tsuneaki YOSHINAGA
Shohei MARUYAMA
Master
Chief Officer
First Officer
Second Officer
Third Officer
Jr. Third Officer
Chief Engineer
First Engineer
Second Engineer
Third Engineer
Technical Officer
Boatswain
Able Seaman
Able Seaman
Able Seaman
Able Seaman
Ordinary Seaman
Ordinary Seaman
Ordinary Seaman
Ordinary Seaman
Ordinary Seaman
Ordinary Seaman
No.1 Oiler
Oiler
Oiler
Oiler
Ordinary Oiler
Ordinary Oiler
Chief Steward
Cook
Cook
Cook
Steward
4-2
Leg-1 + 2
Leg-1 + 2
Leg-1 + 2
Leg-1 + 2
Leg-1 + 2
Leg-2
Leg-1 + 2
Leg-1 + 2
Leg-1 + 2
Leg-1 + 2
Leg-1 + 2
Leg-1 + 2
Leg-1 + 2
Leg-1 + 2
Leg-1 + 2
Leg-1 + 2
Leg-1 + 2
Leg-1 + 2
Leg-1 + 2
Leg-1 + 2
Leg-1 + 2
Leg-1 + 2
Leg-1 + 2
Leg-1 + 2
Leg-1 + 2
Leg-1 + 2
Leg-1 + 2
Leg-1 + 2
Leg-1 + 2
Leg-1 + 2
Leg-1 + 2
Leg-1 + 2
Leg-1 + 2
5. Summary of Observations
5.1 GPS Radiosonde
(1) Personnel
Masaki KATSUMATA (JAMSTEC) - Principal Investigator
Satoru YOKOI
(JAMSTEC)
Qoosaku MOTEKI
(JAMSTEC)
Ayumi MASUDA
(JAMSTEC)
Hiroaki YOSHIOKA
(JAMSTEC)
Satoki TSUJINO
(Nagoya Univ.)
Ryuichi SHIROOKA
(JAMSTEC) (not on board)
Kazuho YOSHIDA
(GODI)
- Operation Leader
Souichiro SUEYOSHI
(GODI)
Wataru TOKUNAGA
(GODI)
Kouichi INAGAKI
(GODI)
Ryo KIMURA
(MIRAI Crew)
(2) Objectives
To obtain atmospheric profile of temperature, humidity, and wind speed/direction, and their
temporal variations
(3) Methods
Atmospheric sounding by radiosonde by using system by Vaisala Oyj was carried out. The GPS
radiosonde sensor (RS92-SGPD) was launched with the balloons (Totex TA-200/350). The on-board
system to calibrate, to launch, to log the data and to process the data, consists of processor (Vaisala,
SPS-311), processing and recording software (DigiCORA III, ver.3.64), GPS antenna (GA20), UHF
antenna (RB21), ground check kit (GC25), and balloon launcher (ASAP). In the ”ground-check” process,
the pressure sensor (Vaisala PTB-330) was also utilized as the standard. In case the relative wind to the
ship (launcher) is not appropriate for the launch, the handy launch was selected.
The radiosondes were launched every 3 hours from 12UTC on Jun. 12, 2013, to 12UTC on Jul. 01,
2013, when the vessel was at or around the station (12N, 135E). During the period, the launch at the local
noon (03UTC) utilized larger balloon (TA-350), while other launch utilized smaller one (TA-200). In
addition, the 6-hourly launch was conducted in Leg-1 (from 00UTC on Jun.06, 2013, to 18UTC on
Jun.09, 2013) and in Leg-2 (12UTC on Jul. 01, 2013, to 06UTC on Jul. 02, 2013). In total, 173 soundings
were carried out, as listed in Table 5.1-1.
(4) Preliminary Results
The results from Vaisala system are shown in the figures. Figure 5.1-1 is the time-height cross
sections during the stationary observation period at (12N, 135E) for equivalent potential temperature,
relative humidity, zonal and meridional wind components. Several basic parameters are derived from
sounding data as in Fig. 5.1-2, including convective available potential energy (CAPE), convective
inhibition (CIN) and total precipitable water vapor (TPW). Each vertical profiles of temperature and dew
point temperature on the thermodynamic chart with wind profiles are attached in Appendix-A.
5.1-1
(5) Data archive
Data were sent to the world meteorological community via Global Telecommunication System
(GTS) through the Japan Meteorological Agency, immediately after each observation. Raw data is
recorded in Vaisala original binary format during both ascent and descent. The ASCII data is also
available. These raw datasets will be submitted to JAMSTEC Data Management Group (DMG).
The corrected datasets will be available from Mirai website at
http://www.jamstec.go.jp/cruisedata/mirai/e/ .
Table 5.1-1: Radiosonde launch log, with surface values and maximum height.
ID
Nominal Time
YYYYMMDDhh
Launched Location
Lat.
Lon.
deg.N
deg.E
P
hPa
Surface Values
T
RH
WD
deg.C
%
deg
Leg-1
28.6
82
141
28.0
79
173
27.6
83
159
27.9
80
138
27.6
89
103
29.2
78
147
27.8
86
134
28.2
87
143
29.2
80
163
28.2
84
196
26.5
87
221
26.5
92
270
26.0
87
90
27.7
80
355
27.8
83
45
28.5
84
103
Leg-2
28.8
85
116
27.8
81
123
26.9
82
91
28.6
82
100
29.0
82
113
29.3
80
102
29.5
80
100
29.3
79
86
28.6
86
87
28.7
86
72
28.8
81
67
27.9
87
55
28.7
83
98
27.6
86
80
28.5
85
66
28.5
83
71
RS001
RS002
RS003
RS004
RS005
RS006
RS007
RS008
RS009
RS010
RS011
RS012
RS013
RS014
RS015
RS016
2013060600
2013060606
2013060612
2013060618
2013060700
2013060706
2013060712
2013060718
2013060800
2013060806
2013060812
2013061818
2013060900
2013060906
2013060912
2013060918
21.716
22.665
19.561
18.489
17.422
16.242
15.265
14.097
13.065
12.122
10.962
9.930
8.906
8.251
7.748
7.757
137.234
136.832
136.394
135.993
135.557
135.097
135.001
135.005
135.002
135.002
134.999
134.993
134.858
134.330
134.301
134.295
1011.1
1009.4
1009.2
1006.8
1007.4
1005.1
1006.2
1004.4
1006.2
1004.1
1006.5
1005.0
1006.5
1004.9
1005.0
1003.3
RS017
RS018
RS019
RS020
RS021
RS022
RS023
RS024
RS025
RS026
RS027
RS028
RS029
RS030
RS031
RS032
RS033
RS034
RS035
RS036
RS037
RS038
RS039
RS040
RS041
RS042
RS043
RS044
RS045
RS046
2013061212
2013061215
2013061218
2013061221
2013061300
2013061303
2013061306
2013061309
2013061312
2013061315
2013061318
2013061321
2013061400
2013061403
2013061406
2013061409
no valid data
2013061412
2013061415
2013061418
2013061421
2013061500
2013061503
no valid data
2013061506
2013061509
2013061512
2013061515
2013061518
2013061521
9.378
9.894
10.428
10.980
11.492
12.001
12.000
11.995
11.999
11.981
11.999
12.008
12.005
11.996
11.992
11.991
134.559
134.649
134.733
134.827
134.914
135.000
135.001
135.008
134.998
134.997
135.008
135.002
135.016
135.002
134.997
134.987
1004.0
1005.0
1003.5
1003.7
1004.8
1004.4
1003.1
1003.5
1004.7
1005.0
1003.6
1003.9
1005.1
1004.0
1003.3
1003.6
11.981
11.987
12.001
11.997
11.999
12.003
134.976
134.978
135.001
134.997
134.998
135.007
1005.3
1005.0
1004.1
1004.0
1004.7
1005.0
26.0
26.4
26.6
27.3
26.9
28.1
92
89
91
86
88
85
11.999
12.005
12.021
11.996
12.001
11.988
135.005
135.007
135.006
135.005
135.001
134.988
1003.3
1003.7
1005.7
1006.0
1004.3
1004.7
27.6
28.6
28.8
26.8
26.7
28.2
88
82
83
90
88
82
5.1-2
WS
m/s
Max.
Height
m
Cloud
Am.
Type
6.6
5.6
4.0
9.4
5.1
9.8
10.6
7.0
7.7
6.4
6.5
2.0
0.6
1.2
6.9
7.9
24423
21021
24886
22945
24040
24527
23708
17883
24648
24213
18442
17992
20864
17020
23152
24630
5
9
9
8
9
5
10
10
8
10
Cu, As, Ac, Cc
Cu,As
Cb,Cu
Cu,Sc,As
Cb,Cu,As
Cu,As
Ns
Cu, Ns
As?
Cu, Sc
7.4
6.6
12.6
8.9
8.0
8.8
8.6
9.3
9.4
7.1
9.9
7.8
7.6
5.9
6.9
8.5
24919
23355
24027
21851
24694
26190
24543
24837
23637
23284
25377
24014
22761
25619
24207
25171
1
3
7
5
4
6
3
8
3
5
6
8
Cu,Ci,As
Cu,Cb
Cu,Ci,As
Cu,Ci
Cu,Ci
Cu,Cb,Ci
Cu,Cb,As
Ns,Cu,Ac,As,St
Cu,Ac
Cu,As,Ac
68
90
119
112
128
131
11.9
13.1
13.0
12.7
12.0
10.7
18135
18172
4807
23696
5422
27411
10
10
10
Cu,As
Cu,As
Sc,Cu,As
129
122
129
163
129
138
10.9
11.4
10.0
11.0
12.1
10.3
24334
21064
21966
18286
20487
1057
10
10
-
Ns,Cu
Cu,As,St
-
RS047
RS048
RS049
RS050
RS051
RS052
RS053
RS054
RS055
RS056
RS057
RS058
RS059
RS060
RS061
RS062
RS063
RS064
RS065
RS066
RS067
RS068
RS069
RS070
RS071
RS072
RS073
RS074
RS075
RS076
RS077
RS078
RS079
RS080
RS081
RS082
RS083
RS084
RS085
RS086
RS087
RS088
RS089
RS090
RS091
RS092
RS093
RS094
RS095
RS096
RS097
RS098
RS099
RS100
RS101
RS102
RS103
RS104
RS105
RS106
RS107
RS108
RS109
RS110
RS111
RS112
2013061521
2013061600
2013061603
no valid data
2013061606
2013061609
2013061612
2013061615
2013061618
2013061621
2013061700
2013061703
2013061706
2013061709
2013061712
no valid data
2013061715
2013061718
2013061721
2013061800
2013061803
2013061806
2013061809
2013061812
2013061815
2013061818
2013061821
2013061900
2013061903
2013061906
2013061909
2013061912
2013061915
2013061918
2013061921
2013062000
2013062003
2013062006
2013062009
2013062012
2013062015
2013062018
2013062021
2013062100
2013062103
2013062106
2013062109
2013062112
2013062115
no valid data
2013062118
2013062121
2013062200
2013062203
2013062206
2013062209
2013062212
2013062215
2013062218
2013062221
2013062300
2013062303
2013062306
2013062309
2013062312
2013062315
11.988
11.996
11.993
134.991
134.998
134.993
1005.2
1005.9
1005.9
28.0
28.4
27.3
85
81
85
151
138
151
8.4
11.8
11.9
23156
25110
24642
10 Cu,Cb,As
9 Cu,Cb,As
9 Cu,Cb,As
12.001
11.999
11.994
11.996
11.998
12.003
11.996
11.984
12.003
12.013
12.018
135.004
135.000
134.991
135.012
135.011
135.010
134.999
134.998
135.006
135.006
135.010
1003.2
1004.4
1005.7
1004.5
1003.3
1004.2
1004.8
1004.0
1002.7
1003.4
1004.2
28.8
28.5
28.6
28.6
28.5
28.1
29.2
28.1
29.1
28.9
28.6
80
76
79
79
29
80
76
86
77
78
82
137
153
150
143
138
176
142
151
138
128
135
7.8
8.7
9.0
6.6
5.2
5.6
9.0
5.7
9.2
10.2
10.8
24048
25156
24493
23943
24491
22606
25819
28436
23101
24780
22547
10
10
8
4
5
6
8
5
As,Cu
Cu,As
Cu,Cb,As
Cu,Ci,Cc,Cs
Cu,Ac,Cb,Ci,Sc
Cu,Cs,Ci,Ac
Ns,Cu
As
11.999
12.000
12.002
11.999
12.000
12.003
11.997
11.984
11.985
11.999
11.988
12.001
11.985
12.004
12.016
12.019
11.996
12.002
12.006
12.000
11.999
12.005
12.000
11.997
11.997
11.997
12.000
12.004
11.998
11.997
12.011
12.020
11.992
134.983
135.005
134.999
134.999
134.994
135.010
135.009
135.004
135.012
135.017
135.017
135.003
134.978
135.009
135.007
135.007
134.988
134.998
135.008
134.998
135.005
135.002
135.000
134.998
135.004
135.002
135.000
135.001
134.999
134.999
135.003
135.005
134.998
1004.3
1003.2
1003.7
1004.8
1004.5
1004.1
1004.1
1005.9
1006.6
1005.2
1006.0
1007.6
1007.2
1006.3
1006.4
1009.0
1008.8
1007.1
1007.3
1009.0
1008.4
1006.2
1006.0
1008.6
1008.8
1007.4
1007.9
1008.8
1008.6
1007.0
1006.8
1008.2
1008.6
28.5
28.0
28.1
28.7
29.1
30.7
28.9
28.9
28.8
28.8
29.0
29.2
29.3
28.5
29.1
28.4
28.5
28.2
28.2
29.0
29.4
29.3
29.3
29.2
29.1
27.2
28.7
29.0
28.8
29.2
29.2
28.7
29.0
82
85
78
76
77
73
78
84
81
77
80
79
79
81
80
85
79
83
84
79
78
77
79
77
80
87
81
80
80
79
76
83
82
165
164
195
178
173
168
132
121
148
139
129
118
147
184
137
152
138
119
107
117
106
107
94
79
84
88
98
102
133
101
114
107
111
10.3
10.6
9.0
7.7
7.2
6.5
8.6
9.0
7.3
5.0
6.9
5.5
5.3
3.0
6.1
5.3
4.4
4.0
5.1
6.0
6.6
8.6
7.4
9.0
5.7
6.3
6.5
5.1
3.1
8.6
7.2
7.5
6.3
23231
24009
23233
24565
28213
22758
25528
23353
23751
22858
24539
24913
28570
26540
23165
23229
23397
25091
25069
20562
26946
24945
25242
26012
25289
24615
24642
23866
29352
24995
25043
23847
24025
6
4
4
4
3
7
6
6
10
10
8
2
7
4
2
5
3
8
9
6
2
4
6
6
5
5
Cu,Ac,Ci
Cu,Ci,Cs
Cu,As,Ci
Cu,Cs,Ci,As
Cs,Cu
As,Ac
Cu,As,Cs
Cu,As,Ci
Cu,Cs
Cu,As,Ac,St
Cu,As,St,Cs
As,Cs
Cs
Cu,As,Ci
Cu,Cs,Cc
Cu,As,Ci
Ci,Cu
Cb,Cu,Cs
Cs
Cu
Cu,Ci
Cu,Cc,Cs,Ci
Cu,Cc,Ci
Cu,Cs,Ci
Cu,Cs
Ci,Cu
Cu
11.997
12.011
11.999
12.001
11.999
12.002
12.003
12.005
12.001
12.005
12.002
11.998
12.001
12.001
12.017
12.002
135.000
235.005
135.001
134.998
135.000
135.002
135.004
135.002
134.998
135.001
135.000
134.999
134.999
134.998
134.991
134.998
1006.7
1006.7
1008.2
1007.8
1006.7
1006.4
1008.0
1008.5
1007.8
1007.9
1009.5
1008.5
1006.8
1006.9
1008.3
1008.9
28.8
28.5
28.5
28.8
29.2
29.1
28.6
28.9
28.8
27.7
28.9
29.1
29.2
29.4
29.1
28.9
83
85
80
84
79
81
85
80
81
85
80
82
79
78
78
78
107
82
88
69
93
102
64
108
112
75
91
110
87
64
71
61
5.6
6.3
4.2
8.2
6.5
5.0
5.6
6.3
5.4
8.4
6.7
4.8
7.0
7.6
7.8
8.5
23827
22686
24694
26979
24056
21907
24952
24575
21965
24561
23881
27598
24540
24564
25107
24108
2
3
4
6
8
7
3
7
10
2
4
0
2
2
2
Cu,As,Sc
Cu,As
Cu,As
Cu,As,Cs
Cs,Cu
Cu,Ci,Cs
Cu,As
Cu
Nb, Ns, Sc, Cu
Cu,Cb,St,As
Cu,Cb,Cs
Cu,Cb
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
5.1-3
RS113
RS114
RS115
RS116
RS117
RS118
RS119
RS120
RS121
RS122
RS123
RS124
RS125
RS126
RS127
RS128
RS129
RS130
RS131
RS132
RS133
RS134
RS135
RS136
RS137
RS138
RS139
RS140
RS141
RS142
RS143
RS144
RS145
RS146
RS147
RS148
RS149
RS150
RS151
RS152
RS153
RS154
RS155
RS156
RS157
RS158
RS159
RS160
RS161
RS162
RS163
RS164
RS165
RS166
RS167
RS168
RS169
RS170
RS171
RS172
RS173
RS174
RS175
RS176
RS177
RS178
2013062318
2013062321
2013062400
2013062403
2013062406
2013062409
2013062412
2013062415
2013062418
2013062421
2013062500
2013062503
2013062506
2013062509
2013062512
2013062515
2013062518
2013062521
2013062600
2013062603
2013062606
2013062609
2013062612
2013962615
2013062618
2013062621
2013062700
2013062703
2013062706
2013062709
2013062712
2013062715
2013062718
2013062721
2013062800
2013062803
2013062806
2013062809
2013062812
2013062815
2013062818
2013062821
2013062900
2013062903
2013062906
2013062909
2013062912
2013062915
2013062918
2013062921
2013063000
2013063003
2013063006
2013063009
2013063012
2013063015
2013063018
2013063021
2013070100
2013070103
2013070106
2013070109
2013070112
2013070118
2013070200
2013070206
12.000
12.001
12.000
11.999
12.001
12.001
12.001
12.001
12.001
12.000
12.000
12.002
12.000
12.000
12.019
12.000
12.000
12.001
11.999
11.998
12.000
12.000
12.001
11.999
12.002
12.007
12.000
12.003
12.000
12.002
12.017
12.000
12.001
12.001
12.002
11.999
12.002
12.000
12.005
11.999
11.998
12.001
12.006
11.996
12.000
12.003
12.018
12.002
12.004
12.002
12.004
12.010
11.942
12.043
11.951
12.024
12.419
12.968
13.561
14.149
14.780
15.365
16.006
17.378
18.648
19.961
134.999
134.998
134.999
135.001
135.000
134.997
134.999
134.997
134.998
134.997
135.000
134.999
135.000
135.000
135.003
135.006
135.000
135.001
135.000
134.999
134.999
134.998
134.999
135.000
135.001
134.999
134.999
134.997
135.000
134.999
134.992
134.994
135.000
134.999
134.998
135.000
135.001
134.999
134.999
135.004
135.000
135.010
135.009
134.999
135.000
135.000
135.004
135.003
135.001
135.000
135.002
134.992
134.901
135.000
134.915
134.997
135.058
135.120
135.194
135.254
135.341
135.421
135.501
135.674
135.837
135.997
1007.4
1007.5
1008.2
1008.0
1007.3
1007.3
1008.2
1009.1
1007.6
1007.5
1008.2
1008.1
1006.8
1006.6
1007.8
1008.5
1007.3
1007.4
1008.2
1007.7
1006.6
1006.2
1007.2
1007.6
1005.8
1005.6
1005.9
1005.6
1003.9
1004.3
1005.8
1006.4
1004.4
1005.3
1006.2
1006.3
1005.8
1005.0
1006.4
1006.7
1006.0
1007.1
1008.4
1007.8
1007.1
1007.4
1009.2
1009.4
1008.1
1007.8
1008.3
1007.4
1006.3
1006.1
1007.5
1007.3
1005.7
1006.0
1007.3
1007.0
1005.6
1006.1
1007.3
1007.2
1009.9
1007.8
28.8
28.9
28.9
29.8
28.9
27.9
28.7
29.0
28.4
28.4
29.1
29.4
28.9
28.8
28.9
28.8
27.7
26.4
27.8
28.3
28.4
28.3
27.7
27.5
27.6
28.0
28.7
27.3
28.0
28.2
28.7
28.1
28.6
28.6
28.8
29.4
27.9
28.4
28.7
28.8
28.6
28.4
29.1
29.1
29.3
29.2
29.1
28.9
28.6
28.7
29.1
29.4
29.2
29.3
29.0
28.9
27.1
27.7
28.2
28.9
29.2
29.6
29.1
28.5
28.7
29.3
5.1-4
78
77
78
78
78
83
83
82
86
86
81
79
83
85
81
82
83
91
83
79
80
81
87
87
81
81
77
83
85
79
80
82
77
79
79
77
82
83
80
80
82
80
79
80
78
77
78
81
82
78
79
79
82
82
84
84
79
83
85
82
77
74
80
82
80
79
59
65
48
63
73
89
79
86
71
69
74
91
99
121
131
151
59
57
100
103
119
133
178
197
250
75
77
58
87
99
118
112
157
124
129
137
168
119
140
142
139
140
118
131
119
105
100
115
65
44
47
60
37
46
79
68
22
148
61
74
96
99
110
113
93
57
8.7
9.0
10.3
9.8
6.1
9.7
9.3
10.1
9.8
10.9
10.9
8.4
7.6
8.2
6.7
4.3
2.3
1.8
2.1
3.0
3.8
5.9
4.8
2.4
0.5
3.9
5.5
5.4
5.5
7.5
9.1
7.8
7.6
5.1
6.1
5.6
5.8
6.6
7.2
6.3
5.9
7.2
6.2
4.9
5.4
4.6
5.2
3.2
3.3
1.7
5.5
4.3
5.5
5.9
6.3
6.3
4.5
5.6
3.2
5.5
7.7
7.3
8.3
5.8
4.6
6.5
23532
24497
24135
22686
25451
25002
23735
24872
25247
24460
24748
27570
25714
24153
24199
21696
25174
22945
22678
29076
24986
25779
24736
23423
23980
21970
25052
28784
25381
16131
24981
22209
23811
24552
24179
27645
24349
24746
24977
24253
25289
25365
24233
27992
24319
25676
24168
23893
23997
19592
24582
26818
24223
25773
24024
22950
19302
23872
23994
27322
25565
23914
23244
5736
22990
23337
3
6
7
5
5
10
1
3
3
4
5
4
4
6
2
4
9
8
8
8
10
10
4
3
9
8
8
7
9
5
0
4
9
10
8
9
7
8
0
3
4
8
2
1
5
5
0
1
2
3
2
2
5
5
10
7
10
1
7
0
10
3
2
Cu,As
Cu,Cc,Cs,As
Cu,As
Cu,Cb,Ac
Cu,As
Cu,As,Cs
Cu
Cu
Cu,As
Cs,Cu
Cu
Cu,Ci
Cu,Ci
Ns,Cs,Cu
Cu
Cu,Cc
Nb,As,Cu
Cu,As,Cs
Cu,Ac,As
Cu,As,Ci
Cu
Cs,Cc,Ac,Cu
Cu,As
Cu
Cu,Ac
Cu,As,Cs,
Cu,Cc,Cs
Cu,Ns,Ac
As,Cu
Cu,Ac,Ci
Cu
As,Cu
As,Cu
As,Cs,Cu
Cu,As
Cu,As
Cu,As
Cu,Cs
Ns,Cu,As
Cu,Ac,As
Cu,Cc
Cu, Cs, Cc
Cu
Cu,Ci
Cu
Cu,As
Cu,As
Cu
Cu
Cu,Ac
Cu,Ci,Ac.As,Cb
As?
Nb,As,Cu
Ns,Nb,Sc,St
Cu,As,Cs
Ci,Cs,Cu
Ci,Cs,As,Cu,Cb
Ci,Cu,As
Cu,As,Cs
Cu,As,Cs
Fig. 5.1-1: Time-height cross sections of observed parameters at (12N, 135E); (a) temperature, in anomaly to
the period-averaged value at each pressure level, (b) water vapor mixing ratio, in anomaly to the
period-averaged value at each pressure level, (c) zonal wind (absolute value), and (d) meridional wind
(absolute value).
5.1-5
Fig. 5.1-2: Time series of the parameters derived from the radiosonde observations; (a) CAPE, (b) CIN, and
(c) precipitable water. The thin lines are from the 3-hourly snapshots, while the thick lines are the running
mean for 25 hours.
5.1-6
5.2 Doppler Radar
(1) Personnel
Masaki KATSUMATA
Satoru YOKOI
Qoosaku MOTEKI
Ayumi MASUDA
Hiroaki YOSHIOKA
Satoki TSUJINO
Ryuichi SHIROOKA
Kazuho YOSHIDA
Souichiro SUEYOSHI
Wataru TOKUNAGA
Kouichi INAGAKI
Ryo KIMURA
(JAMSTEC) - Principal Investigator
(JAMSTEC)
(JAMSTEC)
(JAMSTEC)
(JAMSTEC)
(Nagoya Univ.)
(JAMSTEC) (not on board)
(GODI)
- Operation Leader
(GODI)
(GODI)
(GODI)
(MIRAI Crew)
(2) Objective
The objective of the Doppler radar observation in this cruise is to investigate three dimensional rainfall
and kinematic structures of precipitation systems and their temporal and special variations in the tropical
and subtropical western Pacific, especially at around (12N, 135E).
(3) Method
The Doppler radar on board of Mirai is used. The specification of the radar is:
Frequency:
5290 MHz
Beam Width:
less than 1.5 degrees
Output Power:
250 kW (Peak Power)
Signal Processor:
RVP-7 (Vaisala Inc. Sigmet Product Line, U.S.A.)
Inertial Navigation Unit:
PHINS (Ixsea S.A.S., France)
Application Software:
IRIS/Open (Vaisala Inc. Sigmet Product Line, U.S.A.)
Parameters of the radar are checked and calibrated at the beginning and the end of the intensive
observation. Meanwhile, daily checking is performed for (1) frequency, (2) mean output power, (3) pulse
width, and (4) PRF (pulse repetition frequency).
During the cruise, the volume scan consisting of 21 PPIs (Plan Position Indicator) is conducted every
10 minutes. A dual PRF mode with the maximum range of 160 km is used for the volume scan.
Meanwhile, a surveillance PPI scan is performed every 30 minutes in a single PRF mode with the
maximum range of 300 km. At the same time, RHI (Range Height Indicator) scans of the dual PRF mode
are also operated whenever detailed vertical structures are necessary in certain azimuth directions.
Detailed information for each observational mode is listed in Table 5.2-1. The Doppler radar observation
is from Jun. 3 to Jun. 9 during the Leg 1, and from Jun. 12 to Jul. 4 during the Leg 2.
5.2-1
Pulse Width
Scan Speed
PRF
Sweep
Integration
Ray Spacing
Bin Spacing
Elevation Angle
Azimuth
Range
Table 5.2-1 Parameters for each observational mode
Surveillance PPI
Volume Scan
RHI
2 (microsec)
0.5 (microsec)
0.5 (microsec)
18 (deg/sec)
18 (deg/sec)
Automatically
determined
260 (Hz)
900/720 (Hz)
900 (Hz)
32 samples
50 samples
32 samples
1.0 (deg)
250 (m)
0.5
Full Circle
300 (km)
1.0 (deg)
250 (m)
0.5, 1.0, 1.8, 2.6, 3.4,
4.2, 5.0, 5.8, 6.7, 7.7,
8.9, 10.3, 12.3, 14.5,
17.1, 20.0, 23.3, 27.0,
31.0, 35.4, 40.0
Full Circle
160 (km)
0.2 (deg)
250 (m)
0.0 to 60.0
Optional
160 (km)
(4) Preliminary results
Figure 5.2-1 shows the time series of the derived parameters from the volume scans during the period
when Mirai was staying at or near (12N, 135E). There are interesting features in the figures. Regarding
the typhoon formation, for example, large areal coverage, large portion of stratiform area, and continuous
rain was observed in Jun.14 to 16 when the typhoon “Leepi” was formed, while the smaller areal
coverage and intermittent rain was observed in Jun. 24 to 26 when the typhoon “Rumbia” was formed.
On the other hand, the largest rain rate was observed in Jun. 30. In the day, areal coverage was smaller
than event in Jun. 14 but most of the rain was from convective portion where generally the radar
reflectivity is strong. The further detailed analyses will be studied soon.
(5) Data archive
All data of the Doppler radar observation during this cruise will be submitted to the JAMSTEC
Data Management Group (DMG).
5.2-2
Fig. 5.2-1: Time series of the derived parameters from the Doppler radar data for stationary observation
period; (top) vertical profile of the areal coverage of the radar echo greater than 10 dBZ; (middle) areal
coverage of the radar echo greater than 10 dBZ; (bottom) estimated rain rate averaged for observed area. The
middle and bottom panel shows values for all echo (black), convective portion (red) and stratiform portion
(blue), while top panel shows values for all echo. All values are calculated within 100 km in range distance
from radar.
5.2-3
5.3 Micro Rain Radar
(1) Personnel
Masaki KATSUMATA (JAMSTEC)
- Principal Investigator
(2) Objectives
The micro rain radar (MRR) is a compact vertically-pointing Doppler radar, to detect vertical
profiles of rain drop size distribution. The objective of this observation is to understand detailed vertical
structure of the precipitating systems.
(3) Methods
The MRR-2 (METEK GmbH) was utilized. The specifications are in Table 5.3-1. The antenna unit
was installed at the starboard side of the anti-rolling systems (see Fig. 5.3-1), and wired to the junction
box and laptop PC inside the vessel.
The data was averaged and stored every one minute. The vertical profile of each parameter was
obtained every 200 meters in range distance (i.e. height) up to 6200 meters, i.e. well beyond the melting
layer. The recorded parameters were; Drop size distribution, radar reflectivity, path-integrated attenuation,
rain rate, liquid water content and fall velocity.
Fig. 5.3-1: Photo of the antenna unit of MRR
(designated by broken circle).
Table 5.3-1: Specifications of the MRR-2.
Transmitter power
50 mW
Operating mode
FM-CW
Frequency
24.230 GHz
(modulation 1.5 to 15 MHz)
3dB beam width
1.5 degrees
Spurious emission
< -80 dBm / MHz
Antenna Diameter
600 mm
Gain
40.1 dBi
5.3-1
Figure 5.3-2 displays an example of the time-height cross section for one day. The temporal variation
reasonably corresponds to the rainrall measured by the Mirai Surface Met sensors (see Section 5.8),
disdrometers (see Section 5.4), etc.
Fig. 5.3-2: An example of the time-height cross section of the radar reflectivity, from 00UTC on Jun.
14 to 12UTC on Jun.15 (36 hours).
(5) Data Archive
All data obtained during this cruise will be submitted to the JAMSTEC Data Management Gropup
(DMG).
5.3-2
5.4 Disdrometers
(1) Personnel
Masaki KATSUMATA (JAMSTEC)
(2) Objectives
The disdrometer can continuously obtain size distribution of raindrops. The objective of this
observation is (a) to reveal microphysical characteristics of the rainfall, depends on the type, temporal
stage, etc. of the precipitating clouds, (b) to retrieve the coefficient to convert radar reflectivity
(especially from Doppler radar in Section 5.2) to the rainfall amount, and (c) to validate the algorithms
and the product of the satellite-borne precipitation radars; TRMM/PR and GPM/DPR.
(3) Methods
Three different types of disdrometers are utilized to obtain better reasonable and accurate
value on the moving vessel. All three, and one optical rain gauge, are installed in one place, the
starboard side on the roof of the anti-rolling system of R/V Mirai, as in Fig. 5.4-1. The details of
the sensors are described below. All the sensors archive data every one minute.
Fig. 5.4-1: The disdrometers, installed on the roof of the anti-rolling tank.
(3-1) Joss-Waldvogel type disdrometer
The “Joss-Waldvogel-type” disdrometer system (RD-80, Disdromet Inc.) (hereafter JW)
equipped a microphone on the top of the sensor unit. When a raindrop hit the microphone, the
magnitude of induced sound is converted to the size of raindrops. The logging program
“DISDRODATA” determines the size as one of the 20 categories as in Table 5.4-1, and
accumulates the number of raindrops at each category. The rainfall amount could be also retrieved
from the obtained drop size distribution. The number of raindrops in each category, and converted
rainfall amount, are recorded every one minute.
5.4-1
(3-2) Laser Precipitation Monitor (LPM) optical disdrometer
The “Laser Precipitation Monitor (LPM)” (Adolf Thies GmbH & Co) is an optical
disdrometer. The instrument consists of the transmitter unit which emit the infrared laser, and the
receiver unit which detects the intensity of the laser come thru the certain path length in the air.
When a precipitating particle fall thru the laser, the received intensity of the laser is reduced. The
receiver unit detect the magnitude and the duration of the reduction and then convert them onto
particle size and fall speed. The sampling volume, i.e. the size of the laser beam “sheet”, is 20 mm
(W) x 228 mm (D) x 0.75 mm (H).
The number of particles are categorized by the detected size and fall speed and counted every
minutes. The categories are shown in Table 5.4-2.
(3-3) “Parsivel” optical disdrometer
The “Parsivel” (Adolf Thies GmbH & Co) is another optical disdrometer. The principle is
same as the LPM. The sampling volume, i.e. the size of the laser beam “sheet”, is 30 mm (W) x
180 mm (D). The categories are shown in Table 5.4-3.
(3-4) Optical rain gauge
The optical rain gauge, which detect scintillation of the laser by falling raindrops, is installed
beside the above three disdrometers to measure the exact rainfall. The ORG-815DR (Optical
Scientific Inc.) is utilized with the controlling and recording software (manufactured by Sankosha
Co.).
Examples of the obtained data are displayed in Fig. 5.4-2. The further analyses for the rainfall
amount, drop-size-distribution parameters, etc., will be in future work.
(5) Data Archive
All data obtained during this cruise will be submitted to the JAMSTEC Data Management Group
(DMG).
(6) Acknowledgment
The Joss-Waldvogel-type disdrometer is kindly provided by Hydrologic and Atmospheric
Research Center (HyARC), Nagoya University. The Parsivel disdrometer and the optical rain
gauge are kindly provided by National Institute for Information and Communication Technology
(NICT). The operations are supported by Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)
Precipitation Measurement Mission (PMM).
5.4-2
Fig. 5.4-2: Example of the obtained data. (left) Drop size distribution obtained by Joss-Waldvogel-type
disdrometer. (right) Histgram of the number of drops categorized by detected drop size and falling
speed, obtained by LPM. Both data are at 1734UTC on Jun.29, 2013.
Table 5.4-1: Category number and corresponding size of the raindrop for JW disdrometer.
Category
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Corresponding size range [mm]
0.313
0.405
0.505
0.696
0.715
0.827
0.999
1.232
1.429
1.582
1.748
2.077
2.441
2.727
3.011
3.385
3.704
4.127
4.573
5.145
5.4-3
or larger
0.405
0.505
0.696
0.715
0.827
0.999
1.232
1.429
1.582
1.748
2.077
2.441
2.727
3.011
3.385
3.704
4.127
4.573
5.145
Class
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Table 5.4-2: Categories of the size and the fall speed for LPM.
Particle Size
Fall Speed
Diameter Class width
Class Speed
Class width
[mm]
[mm]
[m/s]
[m/s]
≥ 0.125
0.125
1
≥ 0.000
0.200
≥ 0.250
0.125
2
≥ 0.200
0.200
≥ 0.375
0.125
3
≥ 0.400
0.200
≥ 0.500
0.250
4
≥ 0.600
0.200
≥ 0.750
0.250
5
≥ 0.800
0.200
≥ 1.000
0.250
6
≥ 1.000
0.400
≥ 1.250
0.250
7
≥ 1.400
0.400
≥ 1.500
0.250
8
≥ 1.800
0.400
≥ 1.750
0.250
9
≥ 2.200
0.400
≥ 2.000
0.500
10
≥ 2.600
0.400
≥ 2.500
0.500
11
≥ 3.000
0.800
≥ 3.000
0.500
12
≥ 3.400
0.800
≥ 3.500
0.500
13
≥ 4.200
0.800
≥ 4.000
0.500
14
≥ 5.000
0.800
≥ 4.500
0.500
15
≥ 5.800
0.800
≥ 5.000
0.500
16
≥ 6.600
0.800
≥ 5.500
0.500
17
≥ 7.400
0.800
≥ 6.000
0.500
18
≥ 8.200
0.800
≥ 6.500
0.500
19
≥ 9.000
1.000
≥ 7.000
0.500
20
≥ 10.000
10.000
≥ 7.500
0.500
≥ 8.000
unlimited
5.4-4
Table 5.4-3: Categories of the size and the fall speed for Parsivel.
Particle Size
Fall Speed
Class Average
Class
Class Average
Class
Diameter spread
Speed
Spread
[mm]
[mm]
[m/s]
[m/s]
1
0.062
0.125
1
0.050
0.100
2
0.187
0.125
2
0.150
0.100
3
0.312
0.125
3
0.250
0.100
4
0.437
0.125
4
0.350
0.100
5
0.562
0.125
5
0.450
0.100
6
0.687
0.125
6
0.550
0.100
7
0.812
0.125
7
0.650
0.100
8
0.937
0.125
8
0.750
0.100
9
1.062
0.125
9
0.850
0.100
10
1.187
0.125
10
0.950
0.100
11
1.375
0.250
11
1.100
0.200
12
1.625
0.250
12
1.300
0.200
13
1.875
0.250
13
1.500
0.200
14
2.125
0.250
14
1.700
0.200
15
2.375
0.250
15
1.900
0.200
16
2.750
0.500
16
2.200
0.400
17
3.250
0.500
17
2.600
0.400
18
3.750
0.500
18
3.000
0.400
19
4.250
0.500
19
3.400
0.400
20
4.750
0.500
20
3.800
0.400
21
5.500
1.000
21
4.400
0.800
22
6.500
1.000
22
5.200
0.800
23
7.500
1.000
23
6.000
0.800
24
8.500
1.000
24
6.800
0.800
25
9.500
1.000
25
7.600
0.800
26
11.000
2.000
26
8.800
1.600
27
13.000
2.000
27
10.400
1.600
28
15.000
2.000
28
12.000
1.600
29
17.000
2.000
29
13.600
1.600
30
19.000
2.000
30
15.200
1.600
31
21.500
3.000
31
17.600
3.200
32
24.500
3.000
32
20.800
3.200
5.4-5
5.5
Lidar Observations of Clouds and Aerosols
(1) Personnel
Nobuo Sugimoto
(National Institute for Environmental Studies; NIES) *not on board
Ichiro Matsui
(NIES)
*not on board
Atsushi Shimizu
(NIES)
*not on board
Tomoaki Nishizawa
(NIES)
*not on board
(2) Objectives
Objectives of the observations in this cruise is to study distribution and optical characteristics of
ice/water clouds and marine aerosols using a two-wavelength lidar.
(3) Measured parameters
−
Vertical profiles of backscattering coefficient at 532 nm
−
Vertical profiles of backscattering coefficient at 1064 nm
−
Depolarization ratio at 532 nm
(4) Method
Vertical profiles of aerosols and clouds were measured with a two-wavelength lidar. The lidar
employs a Nd:YAG laser as a light source which generates the fundamental output at 1064 nm and the
second harmonic at 532 nm. Transmitted laser energy is typically 100 mJ per pulse at 1064 nm and 50
mJ per pulse at 532 nm. The pulse repetition rate is 10 Hz. The receiver telescope has a diameter of 20
cm. The receiver has three detection channels to receive the lidar signals at 1064 nm and the parallel
and perpendicular polarization components at 532 nm. An analog-mode avalanche photo diode (APD) is
used as a detector for 1064 nm, and photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) are used for 532 nm. The detected
signals are recorded with a digital oscilloscope and stored on a hard disk with a computer. The lidar
system was installed in the radiosonde container on the compass deck. The container has a glass window
on the roof, and the lidar was operated continuously regardless of weather.
(5) Results
Data obtained in this cruise has not been analyzed.
5.5-1
(6) Data archive
The raw and processed data (shown as below) will be archived in NIES and will be submitted to
JAMSTEC.
- raw data
lidar signal at 532 nm
lidar signal at 1064 nm
depolarization ratio at 532 nm
temporal resolution 15 min.
vertical resolution 6 m.
- processed data
cloud base height, apparent cloud top height
phase of clouds (ice/water)
cloud fraction
boundary layer height (aerosol layer upper boundary height)
backscatter coefficient of aerosols
particle depolarization ratio of aerosols
5.5-2
5.6 Ceilometer
(1) Personnel
Masaki KATSUMATA (JAMSTEC) *Principal Investigator
Kazuho YOSHIDA
(Global Ocean Development Inc., GODI)
Koichi INAGAKI
(GODI)
Wataru TOKUNAGA
(GODI)
Souichiro SUEYOSHI (GODI)
Ryo KIMURA
(MIRAI Crew)
(2) Objectives
The information of cloud base height and the liquid water amount around cloud base is
important to understand the process on formation of the cloud. As one of the methods to
measure them, the ceilometer observation was carried out.
(3) Paramters
1. Cloud base height [m].
2. Backscatter profile, sensitivity and range normalized at 10 m resolution.
3. Estimated cloud amount [oktas] and height [m]; Sky Condition Algorithm.
(4) Methods
We measured cloud base height and backscatter profile using ceilometer (CL51,
VAISALA, Finland) throughout the MR13-03 cruise.
Major parameters for the measurement configuration are as follows;
Laser source:
Indium Gallium Arsenide (InGaAs) Diode Laser
Transmitting center wavelength: 910±10 nm at 25 degC
Transmitting average power: 19.5 mW
Repetition rate:
6.5 kHz
Detector:
Silicon avalanche photodiode (APD)
Measurement range:
0 ~ 15 km
0 ~ 13 km (Cloud detection)
Resolution:
10 meter in full range
Sampling rate:
36 sec
Sky Condition
0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 8 oktas (9: Vertical Visibility)
(0: Sky Clear, 1:Few, 3:Scattered, 5-7: Broken, 8: Overcast)
5.6-1
On the archive dataset, cloud base height and backscatter profile are recorded with the
resolution of 10 m (33 ft).
Fig.5.6-1 shows the time series plot of the lowest, second and third cloud base height
during the cruise.
(6) Data archives
The raw data obtained during this cruise will be submitted to the Data Management
Group (DMG) in JAMSTEC.
(7) Remarks
1) The following period, data acquisition was suspended in the territorial waters.
21:30UTC 9 Jun. 2013 to 5:50UTC 12 Jun. 2013 (Republic of Palau)
5.6-2
Fig. 5.6-1 First (Blue), 2nd (Green) and 3rd (Red) lowest cloud base height during the cruise.
5.6-3
5.7. Aerosol optical characteristics measured by Ship-borne Sky radiometer
(1) Personnel
Kazuma Aoki (University of Toyama) - Principal Investigator (not on board)
Tadahiro Hayasaka (Tohoku University) - Co-Investigator (not onboard)
(Sky radiometer operation was supported by Global Ocean Development Inc.)
(2) Objectives
Objective of this observation is to study distribution and optical characteristics of marine aerosols by
using a ship-borne sky radiometer (POM-01 MKII: PREDE Co. Ltd., Japan). Furthermore, collections
of the data for calibration and validation to the remote sensing data were performed simultaneously.
(3) Methods and Instruments
The sky radiometer measures the direct solar irradiance and the solar aureole radiance distribution with
seven interference filters (0.34, 0.4, 0.5, 0.675, 0.87, 0.94, and 1.02 µm). Analysis of these data was
performed by SKYRAD.pack version 4.2 developed by Nakajima et al. 1996.
@ Measured parameters
- Aerosol optical thickness at five wavelengths (400, 500, 675, 870 and 1020 nm)
- Ångström exponent
- Single scattering albedo at five wavelengths
- Size distribution of volume (0.01 µm – 20 µm)
# GPS provides the position with longitude and latitude and heading direction of the vessel, and azimuth
and elevation angle of the sun. Horizon sensor provides rolling and pitching angles.
Only data collection were performed onboard. At the time of writing, the data obtained in this cruise are
under post-cruise processing at University of Toyama.
(5) Data archives
Aerosol optical data are to be archived at University of Toyama (K.Aoki, SKYNET/SKY:
http://skyrad.sci.u-toyama.ac.jp/) after the quality check and will be submitted to JAMSTEC.
5.7-1
5.8 Surface Meteorological Observations
(1) Personnel
Masaki KATSUMATA (JAMSTEC) * Principal Investigator
Kazuho YOSHIDA
Koichi INAGAKI
(GODI)
Wataru TOKUNAGA (GODI)
Souichro SUEYOSHI (GODI)
Ryo KIMURA
(Mirai Crew)
(2) Objectives
Surface meteorological parameters are observed as a basic dataset of the meteorology. These parameters
provide the temporal variation of the meteorological condition surrounding the ship.
(3) Methods
Surface meteorological parameters were observed throughout the MR13-03 cruise. The observation was
carried out following periods,
Leg1: 7:00 UTC 31 May, 2013 to 21:30 UTC 9 June, 2013
Leg2: 5:50 UTC 12 June, 2013 to **:** UTC 6 July, 2013
During this cruise, we used two systems for the observation.
i.
MIRAI Surface Meteorological observation (SMet) system
Instruments of SMet system are listed in Table 5.8-1 and measured parameters are listed in Table
5.8-2. Data were collected and processed by KOAC-7800 weather data processor made by
Koshin-Denki, Japan. The data set consists of 6-second averaged data.
ii. Shipboard Oceanographic and Atmospheric Radiation (SOAR) measurement system
SOAR system designed by BNL (Brookhaven National Laboratory, USA) consists of major five
parts.
a) Portable Radiation Package (PRP) designed by BNL – short and long wave downward
radiation.
b) Zeno Meteorological (Zeno/Met) system designed by BNL – wind, air temperature, relative
humidity, pressure, and rainfall measurement.
c) “SeaSnake” the floating thermistor designed by BNL – skin sea surface temperature (SSST)
measurement.
d) Photosynthetically Available Radiation(PAR) sensor manufactured by Biospherical Instruments
Inc (USA) – PAR measurement
e) Scientific Computer System (SCS) developed by NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration, USA) – centralized data acquisition and logging of all data sets.
SCS recorded PRP data every 6 seconds, Zeno/Met data every 10 seconds and SeaSnake data every
second. PAR data was recorded every 3 seconds. Instruments and their locations are listed in Table
5.8-3 and measured parameters are listed in Table 5.8-4.
5.8-1
SeaSnake has two thermistor probes and output voltage was converted to SSST by Steinhart-Hart
equation with following coefficients led from the calibration data.
Sensor
T02-005 Sensor:
T02-100 Sensor:
T03-005 Sensor:
T03-100 Sensor:
a
8.10910e-04
8.32296e-04
8.08796e-04
7.95085e-04
b
-2.11601e-04
-2.08699e-04
-2.11595e-04
-2.14805e-04
c
-7.11351e-08
-7.87005e-08
-7.23218e-08
-6.77238e-08
y = a + b * x + c * x**3
x = log ( 1 / ( ( Vref / V - 1 ) * R2 - R1 ) )
T = 1 / y - 273.15
Vref = 2500[mV], R1=249000[Ω], R2=1000[Ω]
T: Temperature [degC], V: Sensor output voltage [mV]
For the quality control as post processing, we checked the following sensors, before and after the cruise.
i. Young Rain gauge (SMet and SOAR)
Inspect of the linearity of output value from the rain gauge sensor to change Input value by
adding fixed quantity of test water.
ii. Barometer (SMet and SOAR)
Comparison with the portable barometer value, PTB220, VAISALA
iii. Thermometer (air temperature and relative humidity) ( SMet and SOAR )
Comparison with the portable thermometer value, HMP41/45, VAISALA
iv. SeaSnake SSST
SeaSnake thermistor probe was calibrated by the bath equipped with SBE-3 plus, Sea-Bird
Electronics, Inc.
Figure 5.8-1 shows the time series of the following parameters;
Wind (SMet)
Air temperature (SOAR)
Relative humidity (SOAR)
Precipitation (SOAR, rain gauge)
Short/long wave radiation (SOAR)
Barometric Pressure (SMet)
Sea surface temperature (SMet)
Significant wave height (SMet)
Figure 5.8-2 shows the time series of SSST compared to sea surface temperature (TSG).
(5) Data archives
These meteorological data will be submitted to the Data Management Group (DMG) of JAMSTEC just
after the cruise.
(6) Remarks
1. The following period, data acquisition was suspended in the territorial waters.
5.8-2
2.
The following periods, SST data was available.
5:29UTC 02 Jun. 2013 - 21:30UTC 9 Jun.. 2013
5:50UTC 12 Jun. 2013 - 0:27UTC 5 Jul. 2013
3.
The following periods, SeaSnake SSST data was available.
[T02-005 & T02-100 sensor]
7:35UTC 13 Jun. 2013 - 1:04UTC 14 Jun. 2013
7:37UTC 14 Jun. 2013 - 6:23UTC 15 Jun. 2013
7:33UTC 15 Jun. 2013 - 19:46UTC 15 Jun. 2013
[T03-005 & T03-100 sensor]
1:24UTC 17 Jun. 2013 - 3:47UTC 21 Jun. 2013
4:35UTC 21 Jun. 2013 - 0:44UTC 30 Jun. 2013
4. The following time, increasing of SMet capacitive rain gauge data were invalid
4:21UTC 2 Jun. 2013
6:56UTC 20 Jun. 2013
7:11UTC 20 Jun. 2013
1:54UTC 29 Jun. 2013
17:21UTC 3 Jul. 2013
Table 5.8-1: Instruments and installation locations of MIRAI Surface Meteorological observation system
Sensors
Type
Anemometer
KE-500
Tair/RH
HMP155
43408 Gill aspirated radiation shield
Thermometer: SST
Barometer
RFN1-0
Model-370
Rain gauge
50202
Optical rain gauge
ORG-815DS
Radiometer (short wave) MS-802
Radiometer (long wave) MS-202
Wave height meter
WM-2
Manufacturer
Location (altitude from surface)
Koshin Denki, Japan foremast (24 m)
Vaisala, Finland with
R.M. Young, USA
compass deck (21 m)
starboard side and port side
Koshin Denki, Japan 4th deck (-1m, inlet -5m)
Setra System, USA
captain deck (13 m)
weather observation room
R. M. Young, USA
compass deck (19 m)
Osi, USA
compass deck (19 m)
Eko Seiki, Japan
radar mast (28 m)
Eko Seiki, Japan
radar mast (28 m)
Tsurumi-seiki, Japan bow (10 m)
Table 5.8-2: Parameters of MIRAI Surface Meteorological observation system
Parameter
1 Latitude
2 Longitude
3 Ship’s speed
4 Ship’s heading
5 Relative wind speed
6 Relative wind direction
7 True wind speed
Units
degree
degree
knot
degree
m/s
degree
m/s
Remarks
Mirai log, DS-30 Furuno
Mirai gyro, TG-6000, Tokimec
6sec./10min. averaged
5.8-3
8 True wind direction
9 Barometric pressure
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
degree
hPa
adjusted to sea surface level
6sec. averaged
6sec. averaged
6sec. averaged
6sec. averaged
6sec. averaged
6sec. averaged
6sec. averaged
6sec. averaged
hourly accumulation
hourly accumulation
6sec. averaged
6sec. averaged
hourly
hourly
hourly
hourly
Air temperature (starboard side)
degC
Air temperature (port side)
degC
Dewpoint temperature (starboard side) degC
Dewpoint temperature (port side)
degC
Relative humidity (starboard side)
%
Relative humidity (port side)
%
Sea surface temperature
degC
Rain rate (optical rain gauge)
mm/hr
Rain rate (capacitive rain gauge)
mm/hr
Down welling shortwave radiation
W/m2
Down welling infra-red radiation
W/m2
Significant wave height (bow)
m
Significant wave height (aft)
m
Significant wave period (bow)
second
Significant wave period (aft)
second
Table 5.8-3: Instruments and installation locations of SOAR system
Sensors (Zeno/Met)
Type
Manufacturer
Anemometer
05106
R.M. Young, USA
Tair/RH
HMP45A
Vaisala, Finland
with 43408 Gill aspirated radiation shield
R.M. Young, USA
Barometer
61302V
R.M. Young, USA
with 61002 Gill pressure port
R.M. Young, USA
Rain gauge
50202
R.M. Young, USA
Optical rain gauge
ORG-815DA Osi, USA
foremast (25 m)
Sensors (PRP)
Type
Radiometer (short wave) PSP
Radiometer (long wave) PIR
Fast rotating shadowband radiometer
Manufacturer
Epply Labs, USA
Epply Labs, USA
Yankee, USA
foremast (25 m)
foremast (25 m)
foremast (25 m)
Manufacturer
Biospherical Instrum
-ents Inc., USA
Navigation deck (18m)
Sensor (PAR)
PAR sensor
Type
PUV-510
Sensors (SeaSnake)
Thermistor
Type
107
foremast (23 m)
foremast (23 m)
foremast (24 m)
foremast (24 m)
Manufacturer
Campbell Scientific, USA bow, 5m extension (0 m)
5.8-4
Table 5.8-4: Parameters of SOAR system
Parameter
Units
1 Latitude
degree
2 Longitude
degree
3 SOG
knot
4 COG
degree
5 Relative wind speed
m/s
6 Relative wind direction
degree
7 Barometric pressure
hPa
8 Air temperature
degC
9 Relative humidity
%
10 Rain rate (optical rain gauge)
mm/hr
11 Precipitation (capacitive rain gauge) mm
12 Down welling shortwave radiation W/m2
13 Down welling infra-red radiation
W/m2
14 Defuse irradiance
W/m2
15 “SeaSnake” raw data
mV
16 SSST (SeaSnake)
degC
17 PAR
microE/cm2/sec
Remarks
reset at 50 mm
5.8-5
Fig. 5.8-1 Time series of surface meteorological parameters during the cruise
5.8-6
Fig. 5.8-1 (Continued)
5.8-7
Fig. 5.8-1 (Continued)
5.8-8
Fig. 5.8-2
Time series of and Skin Sea Surface Temperature(SSST)
and Sea Surface Temperature (TSG) during Leg2 cruise.
5.8-9
5.9 Continuous monitoring of surface seawater
(1) Personnel (*: Leg-1, **: Leg-2, ***: Leg-1+2)
Masaki KATSUMATA*** (JAMSTEC) - Principal Investigator
Hideki YAMAMOTO**
(MWJ)
Misato KUWAHARA***
(MWJ)
- Operation Leader (Leg-1+2)
(2) Objective
Our purpose is to obtain salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, and fluorescence data continuously in
near-sea surface water.
(3) Instruments and Methods
The Continuous Sea Surface Water Monitoring System (Marine Works Japan Co. Ltd.) has four sensors
and automatically measures salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen and fluorescence in near-sea surface
water every one minute. This system is located in the “sea surface monitoring laboratory” and connected to
shipboard LAN-system. Measured data, time, and location of the ship were stored in a data management PC.
The near-surface water was continuously pumped up to the laboratory from about 4 m water depth and
flowed into the system through a vinyl-chloride pipe. The flow rate of the surface seawater was adjusted to
be 4.5 dm3 min-1. Specifications of the each sensor in this system are listed below.
a. Instruments
Software
Seamoni-kun Ver.1.40
Sensors
Specifications of the each sensor in this system are listed below.
Temperature and Conductivity sensor
Model:
SBE-45, SEA-BIRD ELECTRONICS, INC.
Serial number:
4557820-0319
Measurement range:
Temperature -5 to +35 oC
Conductivity 0 to 7 S m-1
Initial accuracy:
Temperature 0.002 oC
Conductivity 0.0003 S m-1
Typical stability (per month):
Temperature 0.0002 oC
Resolution:
Temperatures 0.0001 oC
Bottom of ship thermometer
Model:
SBE 38, SEA-BIRD ELECTRONICS, INC.
Serial number:
3852788-0457
Measurement range:
-5 to +35 oC
Initial accuracy:
±0.001 oC
Typical stability (per 6 month):
0.001 oC
Resolution:
0.00025 oC
5.9-1
Dissolved oxygen sensor
Model:
Serial number:
Measuring range:
Resolution:
Accuracy:
Settling time:
Fluorometer
Model:
Serial number:
OPTODE 3835, AANDERAA Instruments.
1519
0 - 500 µmol dm-3
<1 µmol dm-3
<8 µmol dm-3 or 5% whichever is greater
<25 s
C3, TURNER DESIGNS
2300384
(4) Preliminary Result
Start date and time and End one of monitoring are shown in Table 5.9-1.
Table 5.9-1 Events list of the surface seawater monitoring during MR13-03
System Time
System Date
Events
Remarks
[UTC]
[UTC]
All the measurements started and
2013/06/02
06:30
Leg 1 start.
data was available.
2013/06/09
21:30
All the measurements stopped.
Leg 1 end.
All the measurements started and
2013/06/12
06:10
Leg 2 start.
data was available.
2013/07/5
00:00
All the measurements stopped.
Leg 2 end.
We took the surface water samples to compare sensor data with bottle data of salinity and dissolved
oxygen and fluorescence.
The results are shown in Fig.5.9 -1~3. All the salinity samples were analyzed by the Guideline
8400B “AUTOSAL”, and dissolve oxygen samples were analyzed by Winkler method, and fluorescence
were measured by Turner Design 10-AU-005. The figure plotted only data flag 1. It is excluded
Questionable data of flag 3.
The water sample quality flag definitions are given in Table 5.9-2.(cf. WHP Data Reporting
Requirements)
Table 5.9-2 Water sample quality flag difinitions
Flag Value
Difinition
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Sample for this measurement was drawn from water bottle but analysis not received
Acceptable measurement.
Questionable measurement.
Bad measurement
Not reported.
Mean of replicate measurements.
Manual chromatographic peak measurement
Irregular digital chromatographic peak integration.
Sample not drawn for this measurement from this bottle.
5.9-2
(5) Chlorophyll a measurements of bottle data by fluorometric determination
a. sample list
Bottle sample was took from water sampling line of this equipment with silicon tube tip of PFA.
Sampling date and time ,flag and remarks were listed in table 5.9-3.
Table 5.9-3.
seq.
Sampling
List of sampling date ,time ,flag and remarks.
Flag
Remarks
date and time(UTC)
1
2013/06/03 06:47
3
see ※ the marginal space.
2
2013/06/04 02:34
3
3
20130/6/05 04:52
3
4
2013/06/06 02:44
3
5
2013/06/07 02:34
3
6
2013/06/08 02:20
3
7
2013/06/09 02:46
3
8
2013/06/13 00:13
3
9
2013/06/13 23:43
3
10
2013/06/14 23:41
3
11
2013/06/15 23:45
3
12
20130/6/16 23:41
1
13
2013/06/17 23:49
1
14
2013/06/18 23:44
1
15
2013/06/19 23:41
1
16
2013/06/20 23:43
1
17
2013/06/21 23:44
1
18
2013/06/22 23:43
1
19
2013/06/23 23:46
1
20
2013/06/24 23:42
1
21
2013/06/25 23:46
1
22
2013/06/26 23:44
1
23
2013/06/27 23:45
1
24
2013/06/28 23:42
1
25
2013/06/29 23:44
1
26
2013/06/30 23:52
1
27
2013/07/01 23:44
1
28
2013/07/02 23:41
1
※ 11data as flag 3, 2013/06/03 06:47 ~ 2013/06/15 23:45, using filtered seawater was contaminated. It was
not acceptable concentration of hgih Chlorophyll a. These samples collected in this range has a
5.9-3
possibility of having estimated highly 0.00 - 0.02 ug/l.
b. Instruments and Methods
Water samples (0.5L) for total chlorophyll a were filtered (<0.02 MPa) through 25mm-diameter
Whatman GF/F filter. Phytoplankton pigments retained on the filters were immediately extracted in a
polypropylene tube with 7 ml of N,N-dimethylformamide (Suzuki and Ishimaru, 1990). Those tubes
were stored at –20°C under the dark condition to extract chlorophyll a for 24 hours or more.
Fluorescences of each sample were measured by Turner Design fluorometer (10-AU-005),
which was calibrated against a pure chlorophyll a (Sigma-Aldrich Co.). We applied fluorometric
determination for the samples of total chl-a: “Non-acidification method” (Welschmeyer, 1994).
Analytical conditions of each method were listed in table 5.9-4.
Table 5.9-4
Analytical conditions of “Non-acidification method”
item
Wave length, type
Excitation filter (nm)
436
Emission filter (nm)
680
Lamp
Blue Mercury Vapor
(6) Data archive
These data obtained in this cruise will be submitted to the Data Management Group (DMG) of
JAMSTEC, and will be opened to the public via “R/V Mirai Data Web Page” in JAMSTEC home page.
(7) Reference
Suzuki, R., and T. Ishimaru (1990), An improved method for the determination of phytoplankton
chlorophyll using N, N-dimethylformamide, J. Oceanogr. Soc. Japan, 46, 190-194.
Welschmeyer, N. A. (1994), Fluorometric analysis of chlrophyll a in the presence of chlorophyll b and
pheopigments. Limnol. Oceanogr. 39, 1985-1992.
5.9-4
35.20
35.00
salinity Bottle data
34.80
y = 0.9974x + 0.0731
R² = 0.9999
34.60
34.40
34.20
34.00
33.80
33.60
33.40
33.50
34.00
34.50
salinity sensor data
35.00
35.50
Fig.5.9-1 Correlation of salinity between sensor data and bottle data.
230.00
DO bottle data (µmol kg-1)
225.00
220.00
y = 1.2245x - 96.169
R² = 0.9863
215.00
210.00
205.00
200.00
195.00
190.00
230.00 235.00 240.00 245.00 250.00 255.00 260.00 265.00
DO sensor data (µmol kg-1)
Fig.5.9-2 Correlation of dissolved oxygen between sensor data and bottle data.
5.9-5
Chl.a bottle data (µg l-1)
0.1
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
Fluorescence sensor data (Primary)
Fig.5.9-3 Correlation of fluorescence between sensor data and bottle data.
( It was excluded Questionable of 11 data from plotting in fig.. )
5.9-6
5.10 CTDO profiling
Masaki Katsumata *** (JAMSTEC) *Principal Investigator (Leg-1+2)
Rei Ito**
(MWJ)
*Operation Leader (Leg-2)
Hiroshi Matsunaga*** (MWJ)
*Operation Leader (Leg-1)
Shinsuke Toyoda**
(MWJ)
Hiroki Ushiromura*** (MWJ)
Masahiro Orui**
(MWJ)
Sonoka Wakatsuki** (MWJ)
(2) Objective
Investigation of oceanic structure and water sampling.
(3) Parameters
Temperature (Primary and Secondary)
Conductivity (Primary and Secondary)
Pressure
Dissolved Oxygen (Primary and Secondary)
Fluorescence
(4) Methods
CTD/Carousel Water Sampling System, which is a 36-position Carousel water sampler (CWS)
with Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc. CTD (SBE9plus), was used during this cruise. 12-litter Niskin
Bottles were used for sampling seawater. The sensors attached on the CTD were temperature
(Primary and Secondary), conductivity (Primary and Secondary), pressure, dissolved oxygen
(Primary and Secondary) and fluorescence. Salinity was calculated by measured values of pressure,
conductivity and temperature. The CTD/CWS was deployed from starboard on working deck.
The CTD raw data were acquired on real time using the Seasave-Win32 (ver.7.22.5) provided by
Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc. and stored on the hard disk of the personal computer. Seawater was
sampled during the up cast by sending fire commands from the personal computer. We usually stop
for 60 seconds to stabilize then fire.
140 casts of CTD measurements were conducted (Table 5.10.1).
Data processing procedures and used utilities of SBE Data Processing-Win32 (ver.7.22.5a) and
SEASOFT were as follows:
(The process in order)
DATCNV: Convert the binary raw data to engineering unit data. DATCNV also extracts bottle
information where scans were marked with the bottle confirm bit during acquisition.
The duration was set to 3.0 seconds, and the offset was set to 0.0 seconds.
BOTTLESUM: Create a summary of the bottle data. The data were averaged over 3.0 seconds.
5.10-1
ALIGNCTD: Convert the time-sequence of sensor outputs into the pressure sequence to ensure
that all calculations were made using measurements from the same parcel of water.
Dissolved oxygen data are systematically delayed with respect to depth mainly
because of the long time constant of the dissolved oxygen sensor and of an
additional delay from the transit time of water in the pumped pluming line. This
delay was compensated by 5 seconds advancing dissolved oxygen sensor output
(dissolved oxygen voltage) relative to the temperature data.
WILDEDIT: Mark extreme outliers in the data files. The first pass of WILDEDIT obtained an
accurate estimate of the true standard deviation of the data. The data were read in
blocks of 1000 scans. Data greater than 10 standard deviations were flagged. The
second pass computed a standard deviation over the same 1000 scans excluding
the flagged values. Values greater than 20 standard deviations were marked bad.
This process was applied to pressure, depth, temperature, conductivity and
dissolved oxygen voltage.
CELLTM: Remove conductivity cell thermal mass effects from the measured conductivity.
Typical values used were thermal anomaly amplitude alpha = 0.03 and the time
constant 1/beta = 7.0.
FILTER: Perform a low pass filter on pressure with a time constant of 0.15 second. In order to
produce zero phase lag (no time shift) the filter runs forward first then backward
WFILTER: Perform a median filter to remove spikes in the fluorescence data. A median value
was determined by 49 scans of the window.
SECTIONU (original module of SECTION): Select a time span of data based on scan number in
order to reduce a file size. The minimum number
was set to be the starting time when the CTD
package
was
beneath
the
sea-surface
after
activation of the pump. The maximum number of
was set to be the end time when the package came
up from the surface.
LOOPEDIT: Mark scans where the CTD was moving less than the minimum velocity of 0.0 m/s
(traveling
backwards due to ship roll).
5.10-2
DERIVE: Compute dissolved oxygen (SBE43).
BINAVG: Average the data into 1-dbar pressure bins.
BOTTOMCUT (original module): Deletes discontinuous scan bottom data, if it’s created by
BINAVG.
DERIVE: Compute salinity, potential temperature, and sigma-theta.
SPLIT: Separate the data from an input .cnv file into down cast and up cast files.
Configuration file:
MR1303A.xmlcon: N01M01 - 12M040
MR1303B.xmlcon: 12M042 - 12M048
MR1303C.xmlcon: 12M049 - 12M082
MR1303D.xmlcon: 12M083 - 12M104
MR1303E.xmlcon: 12M105 - 12M138
Specifications of the sensors are listed below.
CTD: SBE911plus CTD system
Under water unit:
SBE9plus (S/N 09P27443-0677, Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc.)
Pressure sensor: Digiquartz pressure sensor (S/N 79511)
Calibrated Date: 07 May 2013
Temperature sensors:
Primary: SBE03-04/F (S/N 031525, Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc.)
Calibrated Date: 31 Aug. 2012
Secondary: SBE03Plus (S/N 03P2730, Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc.)
Calibrated Date: 18 Apr. 2012
Conductivity sensors:
Primary: SBE04C (S/N 042240, Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc.)
Calibrated Date: 26 Jun. 2012
Secondary:SBE04-04/0 (S/N 041172, Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc.)
Calibrated Date: 18 Aug. 2012
Dissolved Oxygen sensor:
Primary: SBE43 (S/N 430205, Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc.)
Calibrated Date: 08 Dec. 2012
Secondary: SBE43 (S/N 43221, Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc.)
Calibrated Date: 19 Oct. 2012
Fluorescence:
Chlorophyll Fluorometer (S/N 3054, Seapoint Sensors, Inc.)
Gain setting: 30X, 0-5 μg/l
5.10-3
Calibrated Date: None
Offset : 0.000
Used Cast: from N01M01 to 12M082
Chlorophyll Fluorometer (S/N 2936, Seapoint Sensors, Inc.)
Gain setting: 30X, 0-5 μg/l
Calibrated Date: None
Offset : 0.000
Used Cast: from 12M083 to 12M138
Carousel water sampler:
SBE32 (S/N 3227443-0391, Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc.)
Deck unit: SBE11plus (S/N 11P9833-0344, Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc.)
During this cruise, 140casts of CTD observation were carried out. Date, time and locations of the
CTD casts are listed in Table 5.10.1.
The time series contours of primary temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen and fluorescence
with pressure are shown in Fig. 5.10.1. Vertical profile (down cast) of primary temperature, salinity
and dissolved oxygen with pressure are shown in the appendix.
In some casts, we judged noise or spike in the data. These were as follows.
12M014: Primary dissolved oxygen down 91 dbar - down 336 dbar (bad data)
12M053: Primary dissolved oxygen down 276 dbar - down 280 dbar (spike)
12M082: Primary dissolved oxygen down 227 dbar - 228 dbar (spike)
12M086: Primary dissolved oxygen down 87 dbar - down 276dbar (bad data)
12M134: Primary dissolved oxygen down 144 dbar - 145 dbar (spike)
(6) Remarks
Station of 12M041 was canceled by winch trouble.
CTD secondary temperature, secondary conductivity, secondary salinity, secondary dissolved
oxygen voltage and secondary oxygen were shifted from up cast 492 - up cast 504 dbar in station of
12M119.
CTD fluorescence data was shifted from down cast surface to up to about 100 dbar from 12M003
to 12M007, 12M009 to 12M040, 12M042, 12M044 to 12M079 and 12M081 to 12M082. Therefore
we exchanged fluorescence sensor from 12M083 to 12M138. So fluorescence data from12M003 to
12M082 indicate to use up cast data.
(7) Data archive
All raw and processed data will be submitted to the Data Management Group (DMG),
JAMSTEC, and will be opened to public via “R/V MIRAI Data Web Page” in JAMSTEC home
page.
5.10-4
Fig. 5.10.1 the time series contours shows temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen and fluorescence.
Upper shows 500m range and lower shows 200m range, respectively. (Fluorescence data
from12M003 to 12M082 stations used up cast data. Other than stations used down cast data.)
N01
N02
N03
1
1
1
060713
060713
060813
06:51 07:17
23:37 00:13
16:10 16:32
Table 5.10-1 MR13-03 CTD cast table
HT
Bottom Position
Wire
Depth
Above
Out
Latitude
Longitude
Bottom
15-59.96N 135-00.08E 4672.0
498.9
13-00.06N 135-00.12E 5260.0 1000.1
10-00.02N 135-00.04E 4189.0
498.7
-
12
1
061313
05:40 06:02
12-00.06N
134-59.82E
4615.0
499.0
-
500.5
504.0
12M001
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
061313
061313
061313
061313
061313
061313
061413
061413
061413
061413
061413
061413
061413
061413
061513
061513
061513
061513
061513
061513
061513
061513
061613
061613
061613
08:42
11:42
14:42
17:42
20:42
23:41
02:38
05:42
08:43
12:02
14:47
17:44
20:44
23:40
02:40
05:56
08:42
11:40
14:51
17:42
20:41
23:41
02:40
05:54
08:40
11-59.82N
11-59.78N
11-59.48N
11-59.64N
12-00.25N
12-00.23N
11-59.80N
11-59.40N
11-59.21N
11-58.10N
11-58.75N
11-59.69N
11-59.77N
11-59.94N
12-00.47N
11-59.92N
12-00.57N
12-01.10N
11-59.89N
11-59.98N
11-59.26N
11-59.89N
11-59.69N
12-00.15N
11-59.99N
135-00.03E
134-59.94E
134-59.85E
135-00.52E
135-00.19E
135-00.82E
135-00.14E
134-59.60E
134-59.03E
134-58.20E
134-58.70E
134-59.75E
134-59.56E
134-59.74E
135-00.37E
135-00.21E
135-00.22E
135-00.07E
135-00.49E
134-59.84E
134-59.51E
135-00.28E
135-00.13E
135-00.47E
135-00.19E
4604.0
4611.0
4620.0
4572.0
4604.0
4558.0
4604.0
4620.0
4609.0
4580.0
4605.0
4617.0
4618.0
4618.0
4614.0
4591.0
4607.0
4626.0
4579.0
4614.0
4623.0
4582.0
4603.0
4589.0
4589.0
501.4
501.2
501.1
500.7
499.0
1000.1
500.7
499.6
499.6
502.2
499.2
499.6
500.3
1003.3
498.9
500.0
499.6
502.5
499.0
499.2
500.7
1007.9
500.3
501.1
499.6
-
502.5
501.5
501.5
501.5
501.5
1000.8
502.5
500.5
501.5
501.5
500.5
500.5
502.5
1002.8
500.5
501.5
501.5
502.5
501.5
500.5
500.5
1001.8
500.5
501.5
500.5
506.0
505.0
505.0
505.0
505.0
1009.0
506.0
504.0
505.0
505.0
504.0
504.0
506.0
1011.0
504.0
505.0
505.0
506.0
505.0
504.0
504.0
1010.0
504.0
505.0
504.0
12M002
12M003
12M004
12M005
12M006
12M007
12M008
12M009
12M010
12M011
12M012
12M013
12M014
12M015
12M016
12M017
12M018
12M019
12M020
12M021
12M022
12M023
12M024
12M025
12M026
Stnnbr Castno
Date(UTC)
Time(UTC)
(mmddyy)
Start
End
09:04
12:03
15:03
18:04
21:05
00:40
03:00
06:04
09:05
12:22
15:09
18:07
21:07
00:37
03:00
06:18
09:04
11:59
15:13
18:04
21:04
00:38
03:01
06:15
09:02
Max
Depth
Max
Pressure
CTD
Filename
501.4
999.8
500.5
505.0
1008.0
504.0
N01M01
N02M01
N03M01
Remark
Water sampling cast
Water sampling cast
Water sampling cast
Start fixed
observation
Water sampling cast
Water sampling cast
Water sampling cast
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
061613
061613
061613
061613
061613
061713
061713
061713
061713
061713
061713
061713
061813
061813
061813
061813
061813
061813
061813
061813
061913
061913
061913
061913
061913
061913
061913
061913
062013
062013
062013
062013
062013
062013
11:42
14:42
17:43
20:41
23:40
02:41
05:40
08:42
11:41
14:45
17:41
21:13
00:05
02:40
08:42
11:40
14:41
17:42
20:43
23:43
02:41
05:43
08:42
11:41
14:42
17:41
20:42
23:41
02:39
05:40
08:41
11:56
14:40
17:48
12:02
15:03
18:05
21:04
00:40
03:02
06:01
09:04
12:01
15:06
18:03
21:36
01:12
03:01
09:06
12:01
15:03
18:03
21:06
00:49
03:02
06:04
09:03
12:02
15:02
18:02
21:05
00:40
03:00
06:01
09:03
12:16
15:01
18:09
11-59.46N
11-59.71N
11-59.59N
11-59.72N
11-59.54N
11-59.31N
11-59.85N
12-00.36N
12-00.82N
12-00.04N
12-00.03N
12-00.15N
11-59.93N
12-00.09N
11-59.53N
11-59.07N
11-58.75N
11-59.27N
11-59.10N
11-59.68N
11-59.27N
11-59.45N
12-00.52N
12-01.06N
11-59.91N
12-00.04N
12-00.27N
11-59.95N
12-00.16N
11-59.94N
11-59.61N
11-59.78N
12-00.05N
11-59.50N
134-59.42E
135-00.78E
135-00.72E
135-00.36E
134-59.91E
135-00.18E
134-59.85E
134-59.81E
135-00.10E
134-58.99E
134-59.77E
134-59.84E
135-00.15E
135-00.15E
135-00.59E
135-00.59E
135-00.35E
135-00.71E
135-00.76E
135-00.17E
134-59.04E
135-00.03E
134-59.72E
134-59.83E
134-59.16E
134-59.87E
135-00.37E
134-59.66E
135-00.41E
135-00.08E
135-00.19E
134-59.90E
135-00.07E
135-00.01E
4621.0
4552.0
4531.0
4585.0
4615.0
4613.0
4614.0
4618.0
4619.0
4606.0
4619.0
4617.0
4601.0
4602.0
4575.0
4601.0
4603.0
4582.0
4402.0
4602.0
4614.0
4620.0
4617.0
4628.0
4616.0
4623.0
4592.0
4618.0
4584.0
4602.0
4593.0
4611.0
4610.0
4617.0
5.10-7
501.2
499.6
500.0
499.2
1001.8
500.1
499.8
501.6
501.8
500.9
500.0
499.0
1003.8
501.1
504.0
504.2
501.6
499.4
500.5
1000.0
501.1
500.1
500.0
500.9
502.2
501.4
500.9
1003.1
502.0
503.4
500.3
500.9
500.9
500.0
-
501.5
500.5
502.5
501.5
1001.8
500.5
500.5
501.5
502.5
502.5
501.5
500.5
1001.8
501.5
501.5
501.5
502.5
500.5
502.5
1001.8
502.5
500.5
501.5
501.5
500.5
501.5
501.5
1000.8
500.5
501.5
501.5
501.5
502.5
500.5
505.0
504.0
506.0
505.0
1010.0
504.0
504.0
505.0
506.0
506.0
505.0
504.0
1010.0
505.0
505.0
505.0
506.0
504.0
506.0
1010.0
506.0
504.0
505.0
505.0
504.0
505.0
505.0
1009.0
504.0
505.0
505.0
505.0
506.0
504.0
12M027
12M028
12M029
12M030
12M031
12M032
12M033
12M034
12M035
12M036
12M037
12M038
12M039
12M040
12M042
12M043
12M044
12M045
12M046
12M047
12M048
12M049
12M050
12M051
12M052
12M053
12M054
12M055
12M056
12M057
12M058
12M059
12M060
12M061
Water sampling cast
Water sampling cast
Water sampling cast
Water sampling cast
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
062013
062013
062113
062113
062113
062113
062113
062113
062113
062113
062213
062213
062213
062213
062213
062213
062213
062213
062313
062313
062313
20:42
23:41
02:41
05:39
08:42
11:41
14:42
17:45
20:40
23:42
02:42
05:40
08:40
11:40
14:42
17:33
20:41
23:42
02:38
05:38
08:40
21:04
00:40
03:02
05:59
09:02
12:01
15:03
18:06
21:02
00:40
03:02
06:01
09:01
12:00
15:02
17:54
21:03
00:40
02:58
05:58
09:02
11-59.55N
11-59.80N
11-59.80N
11-59.90N
12-00.24N
12-00.87N
11-59.76N
12-00.06N
12-00.41N
11-59.66N
12-00.43N
12-00.01N
11-59.97N
11-59.99N
12-00.01N
12-00.11N
12-00.59N
12-00.26N
12-00.22N
12-00.09N
12-00.16N
134-59.86E
134-59.88E
134-59.87E
134-59.96E
134-59.81E
134-59.96E
134-59.81E
134-59.91E
134-59.93E
134-59.82E
134-59.86E
134-59.89E
134-59.98E
135-00.17E
134-59.87E
134-59.91E
134-59.89E
134-59.95E
134-59.99E
135-00.04E
134-59.88E
4623.0
4615.0
4618.0
4609.0
4619.0
4623.0
4619.0
4618.0
4618.0
4618.0
4618.0
4614.0
4614.0
4595.0
4619.0
4611.0
4622.0
4612.0
4609.0
4608.0
4613.0
500.5
1002.3
502.3
499.6
501.2
501.6
500.3
502.9
500.5
1000.9
503.3
498.3
500.3
502.3
500.3
500.0
499.8
1002.3
501.4
499.4
501.4
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
062313
062313
062313
062313
062313
062413
062413
062413
062413
062413
062413
062413
11:41
14:40
17:40
20:41
23:43
02:42
05:39
08:41
11:40
14:40
17:40
20:42
12:03
15:00
18:01
21:03
00:44
03:04
06:01
09:02
12:01
15:01
18:00
21:05
12-00.83N
11-59.87N
12-00.07N
12-00.06N
12-00.01N
12-00.32N
12-00.06N
11-59.89N
11-59.97N
12-00.04N
12-00.20N
12-00.24N
134-59.29E
134-59.63E
134-59.74E
134-59.68E
134-59.69E
135-00.00E
134-59.93E
134-59.68E
134-59.63E
134-59.73E
134-59.77E
134-59.56E
4604.0
4620.0
4622.0
4618.0
4623.0
4615.0
4613.0
4618.0
4620.0
4617.0
4617.0
4620.0
500.9
500.5
500.5
498.3
1000.7
500.5
499.8
499.8
502.7
501.6
503.8
499.0
5.10-8
-
502.5
1000.8
502.5
500.5
501.5
501.5
501.5
502.5
501.5
1000.8
502.5
500.5
501.5
502.5
500.5
500.5
502.5
1001.8
502.5
500.5
500.5
506.0
1009.0
506.0
504.0
505.0
505.0
505.0
506.0
505.0
1009.0
506.0
504.0
505.0
506.0
504.0
504.0
506.0
1010.0
506.0
504.0
504.0
12M062
12M063
12M064
12M065
12M066
12M067
12M068
12M069
12M070
12M071
12M072
12M073
12M074
12M075
12M076
12M077
12M078
12M079
12M080
12M081
12M082
501.5
501.5
500.5
500.5
1000.8
501.5
501.5
502.5
501.5
501.5
502.5
501.5
505.0
505.0
504.0
504.0
1009.0
505.0
505.0
506.0
505.0
505.0
506.0
505.0
12M083
12M084
12M085
12M086
12M087
12M088
12M089
12M090
12M091
12M092
12M093
12M094
Water sampling cast
Water sampling cast
Water sampling cast
Exchanged
fluorescence sensor
Water sampling cast
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
062413
062513
062513
062513
062513
062513
062513
062513
062513
062613
062613
062613
062613
062613
062613
062613
062613
062713
062713
062713
062713
062713
062713
062713
062713
062813
062813
062813
062813
062813
062813
062813
062813
062913
23:42
02:42
05:41
08:43
11:41
14:41
17:39
20:42
23:43
02:38
05:40
08:42
11:42
14:44
17:39
20:41
23:44
02:42
05:40
08:41
11:40
14:40
17:41
20:42
23:42
02:42
05:40
08:41
11:41
14:41
17:41
20:42
23:42
02:41
00:43
03:03
06:07
09:04
12:02
15:02
18:00
21:03
00:45
02:59
06:00
09:02
12:02
15:04
18:00
21:03
00:44
03:02
06:06
09:08
12:00
15:00
18:03
21:03
00:41
03:02
06:00
09:01
12:01
15:01
18:01
21:03
00:42
03:02
12-00.33N
12-00.75N
12-00.12N
12-00.05N
12-01.05N
11-59.76N
12-00.17N
12-00.38N
11-59.99N
12-00.40N
12-00.02N
12-00.04N
11-59.90N
11-59.89N
12-00.26N
12-00.47N
12-00.11N
12-00.50N
12-00.17N
12-00.22N
12-01.08N
12-00.05N
11-59.88N
12-00.10N
12-00.21N
12-00.33N
12-00.21N
12-00.03N
12-00.25N
11-59.78N
11-59.46N
11-59.54N
11-59.77N
12-00.13N
134-59.75E
134-59.75E
134-59.95E
134-59.89E
135-00.08E
134-59.98E
135-00.15E
135-00.05E
134-59.95E
135-00.10E
134-59.97E
134-59.80E
134-59.50E
134-59.77E
134-59.78E
134-59.84E
134-59.70E
134-59.67E
134-59.79E
134-59.66E
134-59.14E
134-59.78E
134-59.95E
134-59.84E
134-59.88E
135-00.07E
134-59.97E
134-59.88E
134-59.61E
134-59.97E
134-59.94E
135-00.32E
135-00.02E
134-59.70E
4618.0
4622.0
4610.0
4613.0
4624.0
4619.0
4607.0
4616.0
4610.0
4611.0
4609.0
4618.0
4619.0
4624.0
4620.0
4619.0
4620.0
4618.0
4629.0
4619.0
4585.0
4628.0
4610.0
4617.0
4618.0
4614.0
4614.0
4616.0
4622.0
4611.0
4616.0
4583.0
4605.0
4624.0
5.10-9
1001.6
500.5
501.8
500.5
500.9
500.7
501.1
500.5
1002.7
503.3
502.5
501.4
501.6
501.1
500.3
500.1
1001.8
500.9
503.6
501.1
500.3
499.6
500.0
500.3
1006.0
502.3
500.3
501.1
500.0
499.6
501.2
499.2
1000.7
501.2
-
1001.8
500.5
502.5
501.5
502.5
502.5
501.5
500.5
1000.8
500.5
502.5
500.5
501.5
501.5
500.5
500.5
1000.8
501.5
501.5
502.5
501.5
501.5
501.5
501.5
1000.8
501.5
501.5
501.5
501.5
500.5
502.5
501.5
1000.8
500.5
1010.0
504.0
506.0
505.0
506.0
506.0
505.0
504.0
1009.0
504.0
506.0
504.0
505.0
505.0
504.0
504.0
1009.0
505.0
505.0
506.0
505.0
505.0
505.0
505.0
1009.0
505.0
505.0
505.0
505.0
504.0
506.0
505.0
1009.0
504.0
12M095
12M096
12M097
12M098
12M099
12M100
12M101
12M102
12M103
12M104
12M105
12M106
12M107
12M108
12M109
12M110
12M111
12M112
12M113
12M114
12M115
12M116
12M117
12M118
12M119
12M120
12M121
12M122
12M123
12M124
12M125
12M126
12M127
12M128
Water sampling cast
Water sampling cast
Water sampling cast
Water sampling cast
Water sampling cast
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
062913
062913
062913
062913
062913
062913
062913
063013
063013
05:40
08:41
11:41
14:41
17:41
20:42
23:42
02:42
08:41
06:00
09:02
12:01
15:02
18:02
21:03
00:40
03:03
09:01
12-00.07N
12-00.21N
12-01.16N
12-00.21N
12-00.24N
12-00.36N
12-00.48N
12-00.75N
12-00.19N
134-59.84E
134-59.92E
135-00.14E
135-00.15E
135-00.13E
134-59.82E
134-59.96E
134-59.54E
135-00.14E
4615.0
4614.0
4625.0
4605.0
4615.0
4619.0
4615.0
4629.0
4608.0
500.9
500.5
502.0
500.9
500.9
500.7
1003.6
504.7
500.5
12
138
063013
14:41 15:02
12-00.11N
135-00.06E
4613.0
500.5
5.10-10
-
501.5
500.5
500.5
501.5
500.5
500.5
999.8
500.5
501.5
505.0
504.0
504.0
505.0
504.0
504.0
1008.0
504.0
505.0
12M129
12M130
12M131
12M132
12M133
12M134
12M135
12M136
12M137
501.5
505.0
12M138
Water sampling cast
End fixed
observation
5.11 Salinity of sampled water
(1) Personnel
Masaki Katsumata
Hiroki Ushiromura
Sonoka Wakatsuki
(MWJ)
- Operation Leader
(MWJ)
(2) Objective
To provide a calibration for the measurement of salinity of bottle water collected on the CTD
casts and The Continuous Sea Surface Water Monitoring System (TSG).
(3) Method
a. Salinity Sample Collection
Seawater samples were collected with 12 liter Niskin-X bottles and TSG. The salinity sample
bottle of the 250ml brown glass bottle with screw cap was used for collecting the sample water.
Each bottle was rinsed 3 times with the sample water, and was filled with sample water to the bottle
shoulder. All of sample bottle were sealed with a plastic cone and a screw cap because we took into
consideration the possibility of storage for about a month. The cone was rinsed 3 times with the
sample seawater before its use. Each bottle was stored for more than 23 hours in the laboratory
before the salinity measurement.
The kind and number of samples taken are shown as follows；
Table 5.11-1 Kind and number of samples
Kind of Samples
Number of Samples
Samples for CTD
Samples for TSG
40
29
Total
69
b. Instruments and Method
The salinity analysis was carried out on R/V MIRAI during the cruise of MR13-03 using the
salinometer (Model 8400B “AUTOSAL” ； Guildline Instruments Ltd.: S/N 62556) with an
additional peristaltic-type intake pump (Ocean Scientific International, Ltd.). A pair of precision
digital thermometers (Model 9540； Guildline Instruments Ltd.) were used. The thermometer
monitored the ambient temperature and the other monitored a bath temperature.
The specifications of the AUTOSAL salinometer and thermometer are shown as follows；
Salinometer (Model 8400B “AUTOSAL”； Guildline Instruments Ltd.)
Measurement Range
： 0.005 to 42 (PSU)
Accuracy
： Better than ±0.002 (PSU) over 24 hours
without re-standardization
Maximum Resolution ： Better than ±0.0002 (PSU) at 35 (PSU)
5.11-1
Thermometer (Model 9540； Guildline Instruments Ltd.)
Measurement Range
： -40 to +180 deg C
Resolution
： 0.001
Limits of error ±deg C ： 0.01 (24 hours @ 23 deg C ±1 deg C)
Repeatability
： ±2 least significant digits
The measurement system was almost the same as Aoyama et al. (2002). The salinometer was
operated in the air-conditioned ship's laboratory at a bath temperature of 24 deg C. The ambient
temperature varied from approximately 22 deg C to 24 deg C, while the bath temperature was very
stable and varied within +/- 0.004 deg C on rare occasion. The measurement for each sample was
done with a double conductivity ratio and defined as the median of 31 readings of the salinometer.
Data collection was started 5 seconds after filling the cell with the sample and it took about 10
seconds to collect 31 readings by a personal computer. Data were taken for the sixth and seventh
filling of the cell. In the case of the difference between the double conductivity ratio of these two
fillings being smaller than 0.00002, the average value of the double conductivity ratio was used to
calculate the bottle salinity with the algorithm for the practical salinity scale, 1978 (UNESCO,
1981). If the difference was greater than or equal to 0.00003, an eighth filling of the cell was done.
In the case of the difference between the double conductivity ratio of these two fillings being
smaller than 0.00002, the average value of the double conductivity ratio was used to calculate the
bottle salinity. The measurement was conducted in about 4 hours per day and the cell was cleaned
with soap after the measurement of the day.
(4) Results
a. Standard Seawater
Standardization control of the salinometer was set to 688 and all measurements were done at
this setting. The value of STANDBY was 24+5196~5197 and that of ZERO was 0.0-0001~0000.
The conductivity ratio of IAPSO Standard Seawater batch P154 was 0.99990 (double conductivity
ratio was 1.99980) and was used as the standard for salinity. 19 bottles of P154 were measured.
Fig.5.11-1 shows the history of the double conductivity ratio of the Standard Seawater batch
P154. The average of the double conductivity ratio was 1.99982 and the standard deviation was
0.00003 which is equivalent to 0.0007 in salinity.
Fig.5.11-2 shows the history of the double conductivity ratio of the Standard Seawater batch
P154 after correction. The average of the double conductivity ratio after correction was 1.99980 and
the standard deviation was 0.00002, which is equivalent to 0.0004 in salinity.
The specifications of SSW used in this cruise are shown as follows；
batch
conductivity ratio
salinity
use by
： P154
： 0.99990
： 34.996
： 20 th October 2014
5.11-2
Fig. 5.11-1: History of double conductivity ratio for the Standard Seawater batch P154
(before correction)
Fig. 5.11-2: History of double conductivity ratio for the Standard Seawater batch P154
(after correction)
5.11-3
b. Sub-Standard Seawater
Sub-standard seawater was made from Surface-sea water filtered by a pore size of 0.22
micrometer and stored in a 20 liter container made of polyethylene and stirred for at least 24
hours before measuring. It was measured about every 6 samples in order to check for the
possible sudden drifts of the salinometer.
c. Replicate Samples
We estimated the precision of this method using 20 pairs of replicate samples taken from
the same Niskin bottle. The average and the standard deviation of absolute difference among 20
pairs of replicate samples were 0.0002 and 0.0001 in salinity, respectively.
(5) Data archive
These raw datasets will be submitted to JAMSTEC Data Management Group (DMG).
(6) Reference
・Aoyama, M., T. Joyce, T. Kawano and Y. Takatsuki : Standard seawater comparison up to
P129. Deep-Sea Research, I, Vol. 49, 1103～1114, 2002
・UNESCO : Tenth report of the Joint Panel on Oceanographic Tables and Standards.
UNESCO Tech. Papers in Mar. Sci., 36, 25 pp., 1981
5.11-4
5.12 Dissolved oxygen of sampled water
Masaki Katsumata*** (JAMSTEC)
Hideki Yamamoto** (MWJ)
Misato Kuwahara*** (MWJ)
- Principal Investigator (Leg-1+2)
- Operation Leader (Leg-1+2)
(2) Objectives
Determination of dissolved oxygen in seawater by Winkler titration.
(3) Instruments and Methods
Following procedure is based on an analytical method, entitled by “Determination of dissolved oxygen in
sea water by Winkler titration”, in the WHP Operations and Methods (Dickson, 1996).
a. Instruments
Burette for sodium thiosulfate and potassium iodate:
APB-620 manufactured by Kyoto Electronic Co. Ltd. / 10 cm3 of titration vessel.
Detector:
Automatic photometric titrator (DOT-01X) manufactured by Kimoto Electronic Co. Ltd.
Software:
DOT Terminal version 1.2.0
b. Reagents
Pickling Reagent I: Manganese chloride solution (3 mol dm-3)
Pickling Reagent II: Sodium hydroxide (8 mol dm-3) / sodium iodide solution (4 mol dm-3)
Sulfuric acid solution (5 mol dm-3)
Sodium thiosulfate (0.025 mol dm-3)
Potassium iodide (0.001667 mol dm-3)
CSK standard of potassium iodide:
Lot DCE2131, Wako Pure Chemical Industries Ltd., 0.0100N
c. Sampling
Seawater samples were collected with Niskin bottle attached to the CTD-system. Seawater for
oxygen measurement was transferred from sampler to a volume calibrated flask (ca. 100 cm3). Three
times volume of the flask of seawater was overflowed. Temperature was measured by digital
thermometer during the overflowing. Then two reagent solutions (Reagent I and II) of 0.5 cm3 each
were added immediately into the sample flask and the stopper was inserted carefully into the flask.
The sample flask was then shaken vigorously to mix the contents and to disperse the precipitate
finely throughout. After the precipitate has settled at least halfway down the flask, the flask was
shaken again vigorously to disperse the precipitate. The sample flasks containing pickled samples
were stored in a laboratory until they were titrated.
d. Sample measurement
At least two hours after the re-shaking, the pickled samples were measured on board. 1 cm3
sulfuric acid solution and a magnetic stirrer bar were added into the sample flask and stirring began.
Samples were titrated by sodium thiosulfate solution whose morality was determined by potassium
iodate solution. Temperature of sodium thiosulfate during titration was recorded by a digital
thermometer. During this cruise, we measured dissolved oxygen concentration using 2 sets of the
5.12-1
titration apparatus. Dissolved oxygen concentration (µmol kg-1) was calculated by sample
temperature during seawater sampling, CTD salinity, flask volume, and titrated volume of sodium
thiosulfate solution without the blank.
e. Standardization and determination of the blank
Concentration of sodium thiosulfate titrant was determined by potassium iodate solution. Pure
potassium iodate was dried in an oven at 130 oC. 1.7835 g potassium iodate weighed out accurately
was dissolved in deionized water and diluted to final volume of 5 dm3 in a calibrated volumetric
flask (0.001667 mol dm-3). 10 cm3 of the standard potassium iodate solution was added to a flask
using a volume-calibrated dispenser. Then 90 cm3 of deionized water, 1 cm3 of sulfuric acid solution,
and 0.5 cm3 of pickling reagent solution II and I were added into the flask in order. Amount of
titrated volume of sodium thiosulfate (usually 5 times measurements average) gave the morality of
sodium thiosulfate titrant.
The oxygen in the pickling reagents I (0.5 cm3) and II (0.5 cm3) was assumed to be 3.8 x 10-8
mol (Murray et al., 1968). The blank due to other than oxygen was determined as follows. 1 and 2
cm3 of the standard potassium iodate solution were added to two flasks respectively using a
calibrated dispenser. Then 100 cm3 of deionized water, 1 cm3 of sulfuric acid solution, and 0.5 cm3
of pickling reagent solution II and I each were added into the flask in order. The blank was
determined by difference between the first (1 cm3 of KIO3) titrated volume of the sodium thiosulfate
and the second (2 cm3 of KIO3) one. The results of 3 times blank determinations were averaged.
Table 5.12-1 shows results of the standardization and the blank determination during this cruise.
Table 5.12-1: Results of the standardization and the blank determinations.
DOT-01X(No.7)
DOT-01X(No.8)
Vstd
Vblk
Vstd
Vblk
20120615-05
3.960
-0.002
-
-
CSK DCE2131
20120615-05
3.961
-0.002
-
-
2013/06/13
20120420-11-10
20120615-05
3.960
-0.003
3.962
-0.003
2013/06/20
20120420-11-08
20120615-05
3.961
-0.002
3.963
-0.003
2013/06/27
20120420-11-07
20120615-05
3.962
-0.002
3.962
-0.003
2013/07/03
20120420-11-09
20120615-05
3.963
0.000
3.962
-0.002
Data
KIO3 ID
Na2S2O3
2013/06/04
20120420-11-11
2013/06/04
f. Repeatability of sample measurement
Replicate samples were taken at every CTD casts. Total amount of the replicate sample pairs of
good measurement was 34. The standard deviation of the replicate measurement was 0.07 µmol kg-1
that was calculated by a procedure in Guide to best practices for ocean CO2 measurements Chapter4
SOP23 Ver.3.0 (2007).
5.12-2
(5) Data archive
All raw datasets will be submitted to JAMSTEC Data Management Group (DMG).
(6) References
Dickson, A.G., Determination of dissolved oxygen in sea water by Winkler titration. (1996)
Dickson, A.G., Sabine, C.L. and Christian, J.R. (Eds.), Guide to best practices for ocean CO2
measurements. (2007)
Culberson, C.H., WHP Operations and Methods July-1991 “Dissolved Oxygen”, (1991)
Japan Meteorological Agency, Oceanographic research guidelines（Part 1）. (1999)
KIMOTO electric CO. LTD., Automatic photometric titrator DOT-01X Instruction manual
5.12-3
5.13
Thermistor chain to profile the water temperature near surface
(1) Personnel
Masaki KATSUMATA
Hiroshi MATSUNAGA
Hiroki USHIROMURA
Shinsuke TOYODA
Satoshi OZAWA
Toru IDAI
(JAMSTEC)
(MWJ)
- Operation Leader
(MWJ)
(MWJ)
(MWJ) (not on board)
(MWJ) (not on board)
(2) Objectives
To investigate air-sea interaction in detail, it is desired to measure the detailed vertical profile of the
temperature and other parameters in the ocean near surface nearby the vessel where bunch of instruments
onboard are operated to obtain various parameters simultaneously. However the ship body and maneuver
disturb the water around the vessel and therefore the natural status are difficult to measure. To measure
the undisturbed vertical profile of the water temperature in surface 10 meters, we deployed the
“thermistor chain” (T-chain) at the bow of the vessel.
(3) Methods
The T-chain in this study equips four SBE39 sensor units (to measure temperature and pressure) and
ten SBE56 sensor units (to measure temperature). These sensor units (see specifications for Table 5.13-1)
are attached to wire as in Table 5.13-2 to consist the “chain”. The wire is hung down from the boom
(“albedo boom”) projected from the bow, as in Fig. 5.13-1. The high-frequency sampling (more than 1
Hz) and the pitching of the vessel (roughly 10 seconds for a period) enable the T-chain to measure the
vertical profile of the water temperature in detailed temporal and vertical resolutions.
The periods of the deployment are summarized in Table 5.13-3. During the deployment, we cruises
the vessel at or slower than 2 knots in speed, to keep the T-chain as vertical as possible and to keep the
T-Chain away from the ship body.
The data are stored in the memory inside the each sensor unit. After the recovery of the T-chain,
dataset in each sensor is recovered.
Table 5.13-1: Specifications of sensors used in the T-chain.
Name
SBE39
SBE56
Manufacturer
Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc.
Sampling interval
About 0.75 seconds
0.5 seconds
(estimated from recorded data)
Data memory
> 30 days (0.75-sec interval)
> 90 days
(0.5-sec interval)
Power endurance
> 50 days (0.75-sec interval)
> 30 days
(with external battery pack (*1))
(0.5-sec interval)
Parameter
Pressure
Temperature
Temperature
Initial accuracy
0.1% of full scale range
0.002 deg.C
0.002 deg.C
Typical stability
0.05% of full scale range / 0.0002 deg.C / month
0.0002 deg.C / month
year
Resolution
0.002% of full range scale 0.0001 deg.C
0.0001 deg.C
*1: External battery pack BPA-50A (WET Labs, Inc.)
5.13-1
Table. 5.13-2: Configuration of the T-chain in the present experiment.
Sensor Position
Sensor unit S/N
Parameter
No.
on wire [m]
1
0.0 SBE56
02343
T
2
0.6 SBE56
02344
T
3
1.3 SBE56
02345
T
4
2.0 SBE39
0240
T, P
5
3.0 SBE56
02346
T
6
3.6 SBE56
02347
T
7
4.3 SBE56
02348
T
8
5.0 SBE39
0104
T, P
9
6.0 SBE56
02349
T
10
7.0 SBE56
02350
T
11
8.0 SBE39
0105
T, P
12
9.0 SBE56
02351
T
13
10.0 SBE56
02352
T
14
11.0 SBE39
0241
T, P
Note: “Position on wire” indicates the relative distance (downward) of each sensor unit (position of probe)
from the No.1 sensor along the wire.
Table 5.13-3: Periods that the T-chain was deployed during the cruise.
Deployed
Recovered
Period 1
0726UTC 13 Jun. 2013
0107UTC 14 Jun. 2013
Period 2
0715UTC 14 Jun. 2013
0630UTC 15 Jun. 2013
Period 3
0704UTC 15 Jun. 2013
0345UTC 21 Jun. 2013
Period 4
0418UTC 21 Jun. 2013
0054UTC 30 Jun. 2013
Fig. 5.13-1: Photos of the T-chain deployed from the bow of R/V Mirai. (Left) The “albedo boom” at the bow
with the hung wire of the T-chain (when tested at the dockyard). (Center) The view from the vessel (at sea) for
the wire of the T-chain hung down onto the sea surface. (Right) The top of the T-chain when the top sensor
was on the surface (at sea).
5.13-2
All the sensors successfully provide the data for the whole periods shown in Table 5.13-3. The data
will be processed after the end of the cruise.
(5) Data Archive
(DMG).
(6) Acknowledgement
The SBE39 sensor units are kindly provided by the Arctic Ocean Climate System Research Team in
JAMSTEC/RIGC.
5.13-3
5.14 LADCP
(1) Personnel
Masaki KATSUMATA
Ayako SEIKI
Hiroshi MATSUNAGA
Hiroki USHIROMURA
Shinsuke TOYODA
Rei ITO
Masahiro ORUI
Sonoka WAKATSUKI
Hideki YAMAMOTO
(JAMSTEC)
(JAMSTEC)
(MWJ)
(MWJ)
(MWJ)
(MWJ)
(MWJ)
(MWJ)
(MWJ)
(not on board)
- Operation Leader
(2) Objectives
To obtain horizontal current velocity in high vertical resolution
(3) Methods
To measure velocity structure at small vertical scales we used a high frequency ADCP in lowered mode
(LADCP). The instrument, a Teledyne RDI Workhorse Sentinel 600kHz ADCP rated for 1000m depth, was
attached to the CTD frame using a wide metal collar made of two halves joined by six retaining bolts (three
on each side, as shown in Fig. 5.21-1). A rubber sleeve was wrapped around the instrument to prevent direct
contact between the instrument and the metal collar and to prevent vertical slippage. A rope was tied to the top
of the instrument and attached to the CTD frame to further reduce vertical slippage and for added safety. The
instrument was deployed on all CTD stations during the cruise. The instrument is self-contained with an
internal battery pack. The health of the battery is monitored by the recorded voltage count.
During the cruise, 141 profiles were obtained in total, including 138 profiles with CTD at station (12N, 135E)
and 3 profiles at stations where ARGO-type float was deployed. All the data has to be converted and qualitycontrolled before the analyses. The further analyses will be in near future.
(5) Data archive
All data obtained during this cruise will be submitted to the JAMSTEC Data Management Group (DMG).
Fig. 5.14-1: Teledyne RDI Workhorse Sentinel
600kHz ADCP attached to the CTD frame
5.14-1
5.15. Shipboard ADCP
(1) Personnel
Masaki KATSUMATA (JAMSTEC): Principal Investigator
Kazuho YOSHIDA
Koichi INAGAKI
(GODI)
Wataru TOKUNAGA
(GODI)
Souichiro SUEYOSHI
(GODI)
Ryo KIMURA
(MIRAI Crew)
(2) Objective
To obtain continuous measurement of the current profile along the ship’s track.
(3) Methods
Upper ocean current measurements were made in MR13-03 cruise, using the hull-mounted Acoustic
Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) system, which consists of following components;
1) R/V MIRAI has installed vessel-mount ADCP (75 kHz “Ocean Surveyor”, Teledyne RD Instruments).
It has a phased-array transducer with single assembly and creates 4 acoustic beams electronically.
2)
For heading source, we use ship’s gyro compass (Tokimec, Japan), continuously providing heading
to the ADCP system directly. Also, we have Inertial Navigation System (Phins, IXBLUE) which
provide high-precision heading and attitude information, are stored in “.N2R” data files with a time
stamp.
3)
DGPS system (Trimble SPS751 & StarFixXP) providing position fixes.
4)
We used VmDas version 1.4.6 (TRD Instruments) for data acquisition.
5)
To synchronize time stamp of pinging with GPS time, the clock of the logging computer is adjusted
to GPS time every 2 minutes.
6)
The sound speed at the transducer does affect the vertical bin mapping and vertical velocity
measurement, is calculated from temperature, salinity (constant value; 35.0 psu) and depth (6.5 m;
transducer depth) by equation in Medwin (1975).
Data was configured for 16 m intervals and 8 m blanking distance starting 31 m below the surface, or
8 m intervals and 8 m blanking distance starting 23 m below the surface. The vertical interval was
changed at 07:47 UTC on 05 Jun. 2013. Every ping was recorded as raw ensemble data (.ENR). Also, 60
seconds and 300 seconds averaged data were recorded as short term average (.STA) and long term
average (.LTA) data, respectively. Major parameters for the measurement (Direct Command) are shown
in Table 5.15-1.
Fig.5.15-1 shows time series of U and V components of current during stationary observation period.
Fig.5.15-2 - Fig.5.15-4 show vertical sections U and V components of current.
5.15-1
(5) Data archive
JAMSTEC, and will be opened to the public via JAMSTEC home page.
(6) Remarks
1) The following period, data acquisition was suspended in territorial waters.
21:30UTC 09 Jun. 2013 - 05:47UTC 12 Jun. 2013 (Republic of Palau)
Table 5.15-1 Major parameters
Setting1 (04:32UTC 31 May. 2013 - 07:47UTC 05 Jun. 2013)
Water-Track Commands
WN = 40
Number of depth cells (1-128)
WS = 1600
Depth Cell Size (cm)
Setting2 (07:47UTC 05 Jun. 2013 – 00:00UTC 05 Jul. 2013)
WN = 100
Number of depth cells (1-128)
WS = 0800
Depth Cell Size (cm)
Common Setting
Bottom-Track Command
BP = 000
Pings per Ensemble (almost over 1300m depth)
20:24UTC 02 Jun. 2013 – 21:30UTC 09 Jun. 2013
05:50UTC 12 Jun. 2013 – 00:00UTC 05 Jul. 2013
BP = 001
Pings per Ensemble (almost less than 1300m depth)
04:32UTC 31 May. 2013 – 20:24UTC 02 Jun. 2013
21:30UTC 09 Jun. 2013 – 05:50UTC 12 Jun.2013
Environmental Sensor Commands
EA = +04500
Heading Alignment (1/100 deg)
EB = +00000
Heading Bias (1/100 deg)
ED = 00065
Transducer Depth (0 - 65535 dm)
EF
Pitch/Roll Divisor/Multiplier (pos/neg) [1/99 - 99]
= +001
EH = 00000
Heading (1/100 deg)
ES
Salinity (0-40 pp thousand)
= 35
EX = 00000
Coord Transform (Xform:Type; Tilts; 3Bm; Map)
EZ = 10200010
Sensor Source (C; D; H; P; R; S; T; U)
C (1): Sound velocity calculates using ED, ES, ET (temp.)
D (0): Manual ED
H (2): External synchro
5.15-2
P (0), R (0): Manual EP, ER (0 degree)
S (0): Manual ES
T (1): Internal transducer sensor
U (0): Manual EU
Timing Commands
TE
= 00:00:02.00
Time per Ensemble (hrs:min:sec.sec/100)
TP
= 00:02.00
Time per Ping (min:sec.sec/100)
WA = 255
False Target Threshold (Max) (0-255 count)
WB = 1
Mode 1 Bandwidth Control (0=Wid, 1=Med, 2=Nar)
WC = 120
Low Correlation Threshold (0-255)
WD = 111 100 000
Data Out (V; C; A; PG; St; Vsum; Vsum^2;#G;P0)
WE = 1000
Error Velocity Threshold (0-5000 mm/s)
WF = 0800
Blank After Transmit (cm)
WG = 001
Percent Good Minimum (0-100%)
WI = 0
Clip Data Past Bottom (0 = OFF, 1 = ON)
WJ = 1
Rcvr Gain Select (0 = Low, 1 = High)
WM = 1
Profiling Mode (1-8)
WP = 00001
Pings per Ensemble (0-16384)
WT = 000
Transmit Length (cm) [0 = Bin Length]
WV = 0390
Mode 1 Ambiguity Velocity (cm/s radial)
5.15-3
Fig 5.15-1. Time depth cross section of zonal (upper) and meridional (lower) components of current during
stationary observation period.
5.15-4
Fig 5.15-2. Latitude-depth cross section of zonal (upper) and meridional (lower) components of current
obtained during Leg-1 (with 16m of depth bin size (as setting-1)).
5.15-5
obtained during Leg-1 (with 8 m of depth bin size (as setting-2)).
5.15-6
obtained during Leg-2 (with 8 m of depth bin size (as setting-2)).
5.15-7
5.16 Underway CTD
(1) Personal
Takuya HASEGAWA
Satoru YOKOI
Masaki KATSUMATA
Qoosaku MOTEKI
Ayumi MASUDA
Hiroaki YOSHIOKA
Satoki TSUJINO
Hiroshi MATSUNAGA
Hiroki USHIROMURA
Shinsuke TOYODA
Rei ITO
Masahiro ORUI
(JAMSTEC)
(JAMSTEC)
(JAMSTEC)
(JAMSTEC)
(JAMSTEC)
(Nagoya Univ.)
(MWJ)
- Operation Leader
(MWJ)
(MWJ)
(MWJ)
(MWJ)
(2)
Objective
The “Underway CTD” (UCTD) system measures vertical profiles of temperature, conductivity and
pressure like traditional CTD system. The strongest point of the UCTD system is to obtain good-quality
CTD profiles from moving vessels with repeatable operation. In addition, the UCTD data are much
accurate than those from XCTD because the sensor of the UCTD is basically same as that used in the
traditional CTD system.
This is the first time to operate the UCTD system on R/V Mirai. The observation in this cruise is
dedicated to confirm procedures to operate UCTD system on R/V Mirai, to check the data quality, and to
examine some possible patterns of the observation in near future.
(3)
Methods
The UCTD system, manufactured by Oceanscience Group, is utilized in this cruise.
The system consists of the probe unit and on-deck unit with the winch and the rewinder, as in Fig.
1. After spooling the line for certain length onto the probe unit (in “tail spool” part), the probe unit is
released from the vessels into the ocean, and then measure temperature, conductivity and pressure during
its free-fall with speed of roughly 4 m/s in the ocean. The probe unit is physically connected to the winch
on the vessel by line. Releasing the line from the tail spool ensure the probe unit to be fall without
physical forcing by the movement of the vessel. After the probe unit reaches the deepest layer for
observation, it is recovered by using the winch on the vessel. The observed data are stored in the
memory within the probe unit. The dataset can be downloaded into PCs via Bluetooth communication on
the deck.
The specifications of the sensors are in Table 5.16-1. The UCTD system used in this cruise can
observe temperature, conductivity and pressure from surface to 1000 m depth with 16 Hz sampling rate.
During the profiling, the vessel can be cruised (straight line recommended). The manufacturer
recommends the maximum speed of the vessel during the profiling as in Table 5.16-2. In this cruise, we
examine various cruising speed up to 12 knot and confirm there are no apparent problem for the
examined speeds.
Table 5.16-1: Specification of the sensors of the UCTD system in this cruise.
Parameter
Accuracy
Resolution
Range
Temperature (deg.C)
0.004
0.002
-5 to 43
Conductivity (S/m)
0.0003
0.0005
0 to 9
Pressure (dbar)
1.0
0.5
0 to 2000
Table 5.16-2: Maximum speed of the vessel during profile, recommended by the manufacturer.
Max. depth to profile Max Speed (knot)
0 to 350 m
13
350 to 400 m
12
400 to 450 m
11
450 to 500 m
10
500 to 550 m
8
550 to 600 m
6
600 to 650 m
4
650 to 1000 m
2
Fig. 1: UCTD system installed and operated on R/V Mirai. (left) On-deck unit, consists of the winch and the
rewinder. (right) Probe unit, consists of sensor probe (bottom half) and tail spool (top half). The right figure is
just before towing from the upper deck.
During the cruise, the UCTD was deployed onto the sea for 42 times. All the deployments are listed
in Table 5.16-3. Most of the deployments utilize full UCTD system, except followings: The dummy
probe without sensor was utilized for the test of the system for three times at station P001, P002 and
P003. The probe was attached to the metal frame for CTD / Carousel system to compare the results
directly to the CTD system (see Section 5.10) for three times at station 009, 012 and 013.
As an example, the profile obtained at Station 002 Cast 1 is shown in Fig. 2. Mixed layer is clearly
seen above 40 m depth with uniform density value, in which values of temperature and salinity is
roughly 22.5 deg.C and 34.58 PSU, respectively. It can be speculated that spike-noise in salinity appears
due to the difference in response time between temperature and conductivity sensors especially when
strong change of the descent rate of the probe occurs. Figure 2 shows that descending rate ranges from
3.5 m/s to 4.5 m/s which is around the expected free-fall speed of the probe (i.e., 4.0 m/s). Though there
are several peaks in the descent rate, it seems that the spike-like noise of salinity do not correspond to
such peaks of the descent rate.
Figure 2: Profile of temperature (blue line), salinity (red line), density (green line), and descent rate
(light blue line) at 002C1. 1db vertical averaged
The accuracy of UCTD-derived parameters is ensured by comparing the results to these from CTD
measurements. First, the UCTD probed was attached to the metal frame for CTD system when CTD was
deployed onto 500 m depth. The result (Fig. 3) indicates the values from two systems match excellently
(lines are almost identical and hard to distinguish).
On the other hand, we towed UCTD several times just after the CTD casting to compare each other.
Figure 4 is an example of the comparison. In all such sequential deployment, the profile seems to shift
vertically, not only between CTD profile and UCTD profile but also UCTD profiles. Regarding the
result from Fig. 4, it is reasonable to say that such vertical shift is by the natural phenomenon, not by the
bias between instruments or other artificial issue.
As mentioned above, UCTD observation can be conducted without stopping the vessel. In future
observation, spatially high-resolution UCTD observation for wide area can be done during a short period
as compared to CTD observation, which can explore detailed spatial and/or temporal change of upper
ocean structure related to barrier layer and other oceanic and atmospheric phenomena. The observation
in MR13-03 indicates that the UCTD provide good quality oceanic data and also will contribute to
reveal unknown aspect of the oceanic variation.
Fig. 3: Vertical profiles of temperature, salinity and descending rate from CTD and UCTD at 06UTC on
Jun. 25, when CTD system was deployed with UCTD probe attached at the frame of CTD system and
descending rate from CTD and UCTD at 06UTC on Jun. 25, when CTD system was deployed with
UCTD probe attached at the frame of CTD system
Fig. 4: Vertical profiles of temperature, salinity, density and conductivity from CTD and UCTD around
06UTC on Jun.28. Red lines are from CTD (start profiling at 0540UTC), while blue and green lines are
from UCTD (start profiling from 0609UTC and 0627UTC, respectively).
(5) Data Archive
(DMG).
(6) Acknowledgments
The UCTD system is kindly provided by EMS Co. Ltd.
Table 5.16-3: List of the deployment of the UCTD onto the sea.
P002
006
007
C1
C1
C1
C2
C3
C1
C2
C3
C1
C1
C2
C3
C1
C1
C1
Jun.03
Jun.04
Jun.04
Jun.04
Jun.04
Jun.05
Jun.05
Jun.05
Jun.05
Jun.06
Jun.06
Jun.06
Jun.07
Jun.07
Jun.08
23:45
01:09
01:40
02:08
02:37
00:02
00:38
01:09
01:39
00:29
01:14
01:59
12:00
12:22
00:30
008
C1
Jun.24
06:12
Position Towed
Lat.
Lon.
Leg-1
31-01.18N 140-47.67E
30-48.55N 140-45.61E
30-43.33N 140-44.68E
30-39.22N 140-43.81E
30-31.80N 140-41.77E
25-58.87N 138-58.54E
25-53.90N 138-56.31E
25-48.30N 138-54.27E
25-42.90N 138-52.24E
21-27.42N 137-08.10E
21-19.84N 137-05.26E
21-12.58N 137-02.51E
15-06.23N 135-12.00E
15-01.70N 135-00.50E
12-58.57N 135-00.27E
Leg-2
12-00.38N 134-59.99E
009
C1
Jun.25
05:41
11-59.88N
C1
C2
C1
C2
Jun.26
Jun.26
Jun.26
Jun.26
06:10
06:29
12:12
12:33
012
C1
Jun.27
013
C1
C1
C2
C1
C1
C2
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
Station
P001
001
002
003
004
005
010
011
014
P003
015
101
102
Cast
Time Towed
(UTC)
Depth
to go
Ship speed
Tow Rcvry
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
500
500
500
500
200
200
1000
6.9
7.1
10.0
10.0
10.0
11.7
11.5
11.7
9.9
9.8
9.5
9.7
11.5
11.6
1.9
2.0
2.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
9.8
10.1
9.8
10.1
9.8
11.5
11.5
1.9
500
2.0
2.0
135-00.02E
500
-
-
12-00.12N
12-00.04N
11-59.90N
11-59.79N
134-59.95E
134-59.97E
134-59.51E
134-59.64E
500
500
500
500
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.0
0.9
1.1
0.9
1.1
05:40
11-59.97N
134-59.96E
500
-
-
Jun.27
08:42
11-59.99N
134-59.79E
500
-
-
Jun.28
Jun.28
Jun.28
Jun.28
Jun.28
Jun.30
Jun.30
Jun.30
Jun.30
Jun.30
Jun.30
Jun.30
Jun.30
Jun.30
Jun.30
Jun.30
Jun.30
Jun.30
Jun.30
06:09
06:27
12:10
12:28
12:46
03:55
04:28
05:16
05:49
06:32
07:14
07:44
09:44
10:19
11:00
11:34
12:22
12:50
13:35
12-00.25N
12-00.05N
12-00.27N
12-00.05N
11-59.82N
12-05.96N
12-01.40N
11-57.03N
11-56.98N
11-57.06N
12-01.56N
12-06.00N
12-06-00N
12-01.46N
11-57.09N
11-56-98N
11-57.00N
12-01-51N
12-05.99N
135-00.00E
135-00.03E
134-59.69E
134-59.89E
135-00.09E
134-59.94E
135-57.23E
134-54.59E
135-00.08E
135-05.49E
135-02.72E
135-00.00E
134-59.93E
134-57.20E
134-54-54E
135-00.02E
135-05.42E
135-02.74E
134-59.98E
500
500
500
500
500
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
1.1
1.2
1.0
1.1
1.2
10.1
10.0
9.2
10.2
8.8
9.9
10.2
7.9
10.1
9.6
10.1
9.9
10.2
10.0
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.0
0.9
10.0
10.0
9.2
10.1
9.5
9.9
10.1
10.0
9.9
9.7
10.0
10.2
10.3
10.1
Notes
w/ dummy probe
w/ dummy probe
after CTD N02M01
attached on CTD frame
at CTD d12M097
after CTD d12M105
after CTD d12M107
at CTD d12M113
at CTD d12M114
after CTD d12M121
w/ dummy probe
after CTD d12M123
forming triangle (#1)
forming triangle (#2)
5.17
XCTD
(1) Personnel
Masaki KATSUMATA
Takuya HASEGAWA
Kazuho YOSHIDA
Wataru TOKUNAGA
Kouichi INAGAKI
Ryo KIMURA
(JAMSTEC)
(JAMSTEC)
(Global Ocean Development Inc., GODI) - Operation Leader
(GODI)
(GODI)
(Mirai Crew)
(2) Objective
The objective of XCTD (eXpendable Conductivity, Temperature & Depth profiler) observation in this
cruise is to obtain the vertical profiles off Palau Islands.
(3) Methods
We observed the vertical profiles of the sea water temperature and salinity measured by XCTD-1
(manufactured by Tsurumi-Seiki Co.). The signal was converted by MK-150N (Tsurumi-Seiki Co.) and
was recorded by AL-12B software (Ver.1.1.4; Tsurumi-Seiki Co). The specifications of the measured
parameters are as in Table 5.17-1. We launched 1 probe by using automatic launcher during Leg-1 as
listed in Table 5.17-2.
Table 5.17-1: The range and accuracy of parameters measured by XCTD-1.
Parameter
Range
Accuracy
Conductivity
0 ~ 60 [mS/cm]
+/- 0.03 [mS/cm]
Temperature
-2 ~ 35 [deg-C]
+/- 0.02 [deg-C]
Depth
0 ~ 1000 [m]
5 [m] or 2 [%] (either of them is major)
The obtained vertical profile of temperature and salinity is displayed in Fig. 5.17-1.
(5) Data archive
This data obtained in this cruise will be submitted to the Data Management Group (DMG) of JAMSTEC.
5.17-1
Table 5.17-2: List of XCTD observations. SST (sea surface temperature) and SSS (sea surface salinity) at each
launch are obtained by TSG (Section 5.8).
No.
01
Date
2013/6/9
Time
08:44
Latitude
Longitude
SST
SSS
Probe
[dd-mm.mmmm]
[ddd-mm.mmmm]
[deg-C]
[PSU]
S/N
07-46.4862N
134-17.6736E
30.016
33.575
12099316
Fig.5.17-1: Vertical profile of the temperature (left) and the salinity (right) by XCTD observation.
5.17-2
5.18
Argo-type float
(1) Personnel
Satoru YOKOI
Ayako SEIKI
(JAMSTEC) - not on board
Takuya HASEGAWA
(JAMSTEC)
Hiroki USHIROMURA
(MWJ)
(2) Objective
To measure vertical profiles of sea-water temperature and salinity for investigating oceanic mixed layer
structure and tropical air-sea interaction.
(3) Method
Three NEMO-type Argo floats (manufactured by Optimare Systems GmbH) were deployed in the middle of
Leg-1. Serial numbers and deployment date and location are listed in Table 5.18-1. These floats measure vertical
profile of seawater temperature and salinity above 500db at about 03LT (18UTC) every day. They use the Iridium
transmitter to send observational data via satellite.
(4) Results
All of the three floats were deployed successfully. Figure 5.18-1 shows their positions and time-depth cross
sections of observed seawater temperature and salinity until 25 June 2013. The data observed by the floats are
transmitted successfully as of 5 July 2013.
(5) Data archive
The real-time data are provided officially via the Web site of Global Data Assembly Center (GDAC:
http://www.usgodae.org/argo/argo.html, http://www.coriolis.eu.org/) in netCDF format. The Argo group in
JAMSTEC (http://www.jamstec.go.jp/ARGO/J-ARGO/) also provides the real-time quality-controlled data in
ASCII format.
Table 5.18-1. Deployments of the floats
Type
Serial
WMO
Date and time (UTC)
Latitude
Longitude
Type
number
number
NEMO
267
5904869
June 7, 2013, 07:25
15-5976N
135-00.10E
Iridium
NEMO
268
5904870
June 8, 2013, 00:20
12-59.88N
135-00.22E
Iridium
NEMO
269
5904871
June 8, 2013, 16:39
09-58.88N
134-58.98E
Iridium
5.18-1
Fig. 5.18-1: (Left) The track of three floats until 25 June 2013. Stars indicate deployment points. (Center and right)
Time-depth cross sections of seawater temperature and salinity observed by the floats until 25 June 2013.
5.18-2
.
5.19
Distribution and ecology of oceanic Halobates and their responce to environmental factors
(1) Personnel
Tetsuo HARADA
Takero SEKIMOTO
(Kochi Univ.)
(Kochi Univ.)
(2) Introduction and Objectives
Many great voyages were launched to explore the oceans and what lies beyond, because they have always
held a great fascination to us. A great variety of marine organisms were collected and describe during these
voyages, but insects appear to have received little attention (Andersen and Chen, 2004). Although they are the
most abundant animals on land, insects are relatively rare in marine environments (Cheng, 1985). However, a
few thousand insect species belonging to more than 20 orders are considered to be marine (Cheng and Frank,
1993; Cheng, 2003). The majority of marine insects belong to the Coleoptera, Hemiptera, and Diptera, and
they can be found in various marine habitats. However, the only insects to live in the open ocean are members
of the genus Halobates, commonly known as sea-skaters. They belong to the family Gerridae (Heteroptera),
which comprises the common pond-skaters or water-striders. Unlike most of its freshwater relatives, the genus
Halobates is almost exclusively marine. Adults are small, measuring only about 0.5 cm in body length, but
they have rather long legs and may have a leg span of 1.5 cm or more except for a new species, Halobates
megamoomario. This new species which has very long boy length of 0.9 cm and large mid-leg span of 3.2 cm
has been newly and recently collected in the tropical Pacific Ocean during the cruise, MR-06-05-Leg 3, and
described (Harada et al., submitted). They are totally wingless at all stages of their life cycle and are confined
to the air-sea interface, being an integral member of the pleuston community (Cheng, 1985). One may wonder
how much tiny insects have managed to live in the open sea, battling waves and storms. In life, sea-skaters
appear silvery. On calm days ocean-going scientists have probably seen them as shiny spiders skating over the
sea surface. It is not known whether ancient mariners ever saw them, and no mention of their presence has
been found in the logs of Christopher Columbus’S (1451-1506) ships or other ships that sailed to and from the
New World (Andersen and Cheng, 2004).
Forty-seven species of Halobates are now known (Andersen and Cheng, 2004; Harada et al., submitted).
Six are oceanic and are widely distributed in the Pacific, Atlantic and the Indian Oceans. The remaining
species occur in near-shore areas of the tropical seas associated with mangrove or other marine plants. Many
are endemic to islands or island groups (Cheng, 1989).
The only insects that inhabit the open sea area are seven species of sea skaters: Halobates micans, H.
sericeus, H. germanus, H. splendens, H. sobrinus (Cheng, 1985) and new two species of H. megamoomario
and H. moomario under description (Harada et al., submitted). Three species, Halobates sericeus, H. micans
and H. germanus inhabit tropical and temperate areas of the Pacific Ocean in the northern hemisphere,
including The Kuroshio Current and the East China Sea (Andersen and Polhemus, 1976, Cheng, 1985).
Halobates sericeus, H. micans and H germanus are reported from latitudes of 13ºN-40ºN, 0ºN-35ºNand
0ºN-37ºN, respectively, in the Pacific Ocean (Miyamoto and Senta, 1960; Andersen and Polhemus, 1976;
Ikawa et al., 2002). However, this information was collected on different cruises and in different times of the
years. There have been several ecological studies based on samples collected in a specific area in a particular
season during the six cruises of R/V HAKUHO-MARU: KH-02-01, KH-06-02, TANSEI-MARU: KT-07-19,
KT-08-23 and R/V MIRAI: MR-06-05-Leg 3, MR-08-02.
During one cruise, KH-02-01, one sea skater species, Halobates sericeus, was collected at 18 locations in
the East China Sea area (27°10' N- 33°24' N, 124º57' E - 129º30' E) (Harada, 2005), and H. micans and/or H.
germanus at only 8 locations in the area south of 29° 47'N, where water temperatures were more than 25℃. At
three locations, where the water temperature was less than 23℃, neither H. micans nor H. germanus were
5.19-1
.
caught.
During another cruise, KH-06-02, in the latitude area of 12˚N to 14˚30’N, Halobates micans were caught at
6 of 7 locations, while H.germanus and H. sericeus were caught at only 3 and 1 location(s), respectively
(Harada et al, 2006). However, at 15˚00’N or northern area, H. germanus were caught at 14 of 19 locations,
whereas H. micans and H. cericeus were caught at only 8 and 6 locations, respectively (Harada et al, 2006).
In the cruise, MR-06-05-Leg 3, larvae of both H. micans and H. germanus were very abundant at 6º N,
whereas adults of H. germanus alone were completely dominant at 2º N on the longitudinal line of 130ºE. On
the longitudinal line of 138ºE, larvae and adults of H. micans alone were dominant at points of 5 º and 8ºN,
while adults of H. germanus were abundant between 0º and 2ºN. At the two stations of St. 37 (6º N, 130º E)
and St. 52 (5º N, 138º E), relatively great number of larvae of H. sericeus were collected. This species has
been known to be distributed in the northern area of the Pacific Ocean. At St. 52 (6º N, 138º E), it was heavily
raining around the ship while trailed.
In the cruise, KT-07-19 on the northern edge of Kuroshio Current, H. sericeus was mainly collected in the
northern-eastern area of 135º-140ºE, 34º-35ºN whereas H. germanus and H. micans were mainly collected in
the relatively southern-western area of 131º-133ºE., 31º-33ºN. Only H. sericeus can be transferred by the
Kuroshio Current onto the relatively northern-eastern area and to do reproduce at least in the summer season.
In the cruise of KT-08-23, Most of “domestic” specimen collected in the area northern to Kuroshio current and
near to Kyushu and Shikoku islands in September were H. germanus (Harada et al., submitted).
All samplings of Halobates have been performed at different geographical positions in any cruise in the
Pacific Ocean so far. However, there has been no information on the dynamics in species and individual
compositions in relatively eastern area of 145-160ºE, 0-10ºN of tropical Pacific Ocean. This study aims, first,
to perform samplings in this area of the Western Pacific Ocean and examine dynamics of the species
composition and reproductive and growth activity and compare these data to the data in the past which were
got in more western area of 130-137ºE, 0-10ºN in the cruise, MR-06-05- Leg 3 (Harada et al., 2007; Harada et
al., 2011a).
During the cruise, MR-08-02, on the longitudinal line of 130ºE, larvae of both H. micans and H. germanus
were very abundant at 5-12º N, whereas adults of H. sericeus alone were dominant at 17º N. In the lower
latitude area of 5-8 º N, all the three described species, H. micans, H. germanus and H. sericeus and
un-described species, Halobates moomario (Harada et al., unbublished) were collected. At a fixed point
located at 12ºN, 135ºE, H. micans was dominant through the sampling period of 20 days, whereas H. sericeus
was collected mainly in the latter half of the period. Higher number of Halobates (593) was collected in the
first half of the sampling period (8th – 17th June, 2008) when the weather was very fine than that (427) in the
second half (18th – 27th June, 2008) when the typhoon No 6 was born and developed near the fixed sampling
point.
In this cruise of MR-09-04, on the longitudinal line of 155-156ºE H. germanus was very dominant, whereas
three adults of H. micans, H. germanus and H. sericeus were dominant at 5º N on the longitudinal line of 147
ºE during this cruise held in Nov 4-Dec 12, 2009 (Harada et al., 2009; Harada et al., 2010a). Among several
latitudes of 0-10 º N, peak of number of individuals collected was located at 8 º N, 5 º N and 0-2 º N for H.m.,
H.g. and H.s., respectively, on the longitudinal line of 155-156 º E. From latitudinal point of view, H. micans
and H.germanus. were abundant in 5-8 º N, whereas H. sericeus and H. moomario were in 0-5 º N. Except for
St. 6 at 3 º N, 147 º E, more than half of specimen collected were larvae at the remaining St. 1-5 and St.7,8..
Un-described new species, Halobates moomario was mostly on the longitudinal line of 147ºE. On the
longitudinal line of 147 º E, more newly hatched larvae were collected than those on the line of 155-156E.
Halobates micans was dominantly inhabiting at a fixed point of 3N, 139E in the tropical Pacific Ocean during
a science cruise of MR-10-03 administered in May and June of 2010.
In the cruise, KH-10-04-Leg. 1 (Harada et al., 2010b), the samplings of Halobates inhabiting temperate and
5.19-2
.
subtropical Pacific Ocean along the cruise track from Tokyo to Honolulu for the 2 weeks showed that four
species of Halobates micans, H.germanus, H. sericeus, H. moomario inhabited in the relatively northern and
western area of 30ºN-34ºN and 140ºE-144ºE, although H. sericeus was dominant species. In the relatively
southern and eastern area of 19 ºN-29ºN and 147ºE-163ºW, only H. sericeus was exclusively inhabiting. Many
larvae of this species were collected through all the stations and the reproductive activity of H. sericeus seems
to be active in this area. Significantly more female-adults were collected rather than male-adults in total
(χ2-test, P<0.01). The extent of positive phototaxis by females may be higher than that of males, or avoiding
behavior from the opening of the Neuston Net might be more active by males than females.
In the cruise, KH-10-04-Leg 2(Harada et al., 2010c), the samplings of Halobates in Central or Eastern
Tropical Pacific Ocean showed that Halobates sericeus was dominant at 13º59’N, 162º06’W, while Halobates
megamoomario and Halobates moomario were dominant in the areas of 2º35’N-2º45’N, 164ºW-166ºW and
14ºN-17ºN, 172ºW-176ºW, respectively. In the sampling area of the Central or Eastern Tropical Pacific ocean,
the population density of Halobates is relatively low of 3626.4/km2.
In the cruise, KH-10-05-Leg 1 (Harada et al., 2010d), the samplings of Halobates in Tropical Indian Ocean
showed that Halobates micans was dominant with estimated population density of about 58000
individuals/km2 along the cruise track from 04’09S, 094’26E to 08˚40’S, 084˚04’E, while H. micans was also
dominant but estimated population density was relatively low of 0 -21523 /km2 on the line of cruise track from
10˚12’S, 080˚24’E to 15˚23’S, 067˚48’E. Positive and negative correlations were shown between chlorophyll
conc. and the number of Halobates (mostly H. micans) individuals collected and between oxygen and the
number of sea skaters inhabiting in Tropical Indian Ocean, respectively.
In the cruise, MR-11-07-Leg 1, the samplings of Halobates inhabiting two locations at 01º55’S, 083º24’E (Station
1) and 08º00’S, 080º30’E (Stations 2-17) in subtropical Indian Ocean showed that two species of Halobates
micans and H.germanus inhabited in the tropical Indian Ocean, although most of individuals collected
are H. micans and it was completely dominant species. This result coincides with results of the past study
(Andersen and Cheng, 2004; Harada et al., 2010a; Harada et al., 2011b). At the fixed location of 08º00’S, 080º30’E,
one third of the density of H. micans can be estimated, compared with the density in relatively wide area of 8ºN-6ºS,
76ºE-86ºE (KH-10-05) in the Indian Ocean. Probably the low activity of photosynthesis and relatively
high oxygen consumption which can be suggested by low amount of chlorophyll in surface sea water in
this fixed location may be related to relatively low density of Halobates, because low photosynthesis
activity and high dissolved oxygen show extremely low amount of animals like as zooplankton and nekton which
mean low amount of foods for sea skaters. Samplings at the fixed location at 08º00’S, 080º30’E showed
that higher population density (20491.4 individuals/km2) of Halobates micans was estimated at the stations
where air temperature was 27.5ºC than that (12070.9 individuals/km2) in the stations at which air temp. was less
than 27.5 ºC (Mann-Whitney U-test: z=-2.614, p=0.009). Similar result in the population density of larvae
(481 larvae of H. micans and 70 ones of H. germanus were collected in total at Stations 1-17) implies higher
reproductive activity when the air temperature become higher than 27.5 ºC (z=-2.935, p=0.003).
In the cruise, KH-12-01-Leg 2, the samplings of Halobates inhabiting temperate and subtropical Pacific
Ocean along the cruise track from Honolulu to Tokyo for the 2 weeks showed that 68-198 individuals of only
one species of H. sericeus, were exclusively collected at the three stations around the cruise track from
24˚30’N, 177˚32’W to 26˚27’N, 174˚15’ E. At another station of 27˚42’N 169˚24’ E, the number of
individuals of H. sericeus were small of 42. At the two stations located in northern area (30˚15’N, 159˚04’ E;
31˚27’N, 154˚07’ E), no individuals were collected any more in this season. Northern limit of the distribution
of H. sericeus would be located between 27˚42’N and 30˚15’N in the season of late Feb and the beginning of
Mar in the central Pacific Ocean. Andersen and Cheng (2004) mentioned about the lower limit for surface
water temperature which can be located around 25℃. This study shows that Halobates sericeus which
distributed also to the northern area of 40 degree north can be survived even in the sea surface temperature of
5.19-3
.
22℃.
This study aims, first, to examine the relationship between the individual number and species components
of the oceanic sea skaters of Halobates and oceanic dynamism on several factors like as precipitation, waves,
air temperature, chlorophyll conc. and dissolved oxygen conc. in surface water during samplings in the area of
14ºN-24ºN, 135ºE-138ºE of the subtropical and tropical Pacific Ocean.
Fresh water species in Gerridae seem to have temperature tolerance from -3℃ to 42℃ (Harada, 2003),
because water temperature in fresh water in ponds and river highly changes daily and seasonally. However,
water temperatures in the ocean are relatively stable and only range from 24℃ to 30 ℃ in the center of
Kuroshio current in southern front of western Japan (Harada, 2005). Adults of Halobates germanus showed
semi-heat-paralysis (SHP: static posture with no or low frequency to skate on water surface), when they were
exposed to temp. higher than 32℃ (Harada unpublished, data in the TANSEIMARU cruise: KT-05-27).
In contrast to the temperate ocean, water temperature in the tropical ocean area, is more stable around 30℃.
Therefore, the tropical species of H. micans is hypothesized to have lower tolerances to temperature changes
than the tropical-temperate species, H. cericeus. This hypothesis was true in the laboratory experiment during
the cruise of KH-06-02-Leg 5 (Harada et al., submitted). When the water temperature increased stepwise 1℃
every 1 hour, heat-paralysis (ventral surface of thorax attaché to water surface and unable to skate) occurred at
29℃ to >35 ℃ (increase by 1 to >7 ℃). Three of four specimens in Halobates sericeus were not paralyzed
even at 35 ℃ and highly resistant to temperature change, while only one of nine in H. micans. and only four of
twelve in H. germanus were not paralyzed at 35 ℃. On average, H. sericeus, H germanus and H. micans were
paralyzed at >35.6 ℃ (SD: 0.89), >32.9 ℃(SD: 2.17) and >31.6 ℃ (SD: 2.60) on average, respectively
(Harada et al., submitted).
As an index of cold hardiness, super cooling points (SCPs) have been used in many insects (Bale, 1987,
1993; Worland, 2005). The absence of ice-nucleating agents and/or the lack of an accumulation of
cryo-protective elements can often promote higher super cooling points (Milonas and Savopoulou-Soultani,
1999). SCPs, however, might be estimated as only the lower limits of supercooling capacity and only a
theoretical lower threshold for the survival of insects as freeze-non-tolerant organisms. Many insects show
considerable non-freezing mortality at temperatures well above the SCPs, a “chill-injury” species (Carrillo et
al., 2005; Liu et al., 2007). Liu et al. (2009) recently showed that SCPs change in accordance with the process
of winter diapauses, decreasing in Dec-Feb and increasing rapidly in Feb-Apr (diapauses completing season)
due to making glycogen from trehalose as a “blood suger” leading to lower osmotic pressure in haemolymph
due to low “trehalose” level. This relation supports the possibility of SCPs available as an indirect indicator of
cold hardiness of insects.
The 0-10ºN latitude-area in the Pacific Ocean has very complicated dynamic systems of ocean and
atmosphere. Because of such complicated system, water/air temperatures and water conductivity (salinity) can
be in dynamic change temporally and spatially. Sea skaters inhabiting this area of the Pacific Ocean show
relatively high tolerance to temperature changes (heat tolerance) (Harada et al., 2011a), and H. sericeus which
is inhabiting wide latitude area of 40ºN-40ºS in the Pacific Ocean is more hardy to temperature increase than
other two oceanic sea skaters, H. germanus and H. micans inhabiting narrower latitude range of 25ºS-25ºN
and 20ºS-20ºN in the Indian and Pacific Ocean (Harada et al., 2011a). Adult specimens of Halobates micans
living at 6ºS, 89ºE where currents from south and north directions hit and get together than those living at
other places of 8ºN, 89ºE in the tropical Indian Ocean (Harada et al., 2011c). Due to 3 or 4ºC of temperature
decrease when rain falls, tolerance to high temperature by H. micans becomes weaker in the tropical Pacific
Ocean (Harada et al., 2011c). Recently, a cross-tolerance to high and low severe temperature has been reported
by fresh water species of semi-aquatic bug, Aquarius paludum (Harada et al., 2010e). Also oceanic sea skaters
(all four species of H. micans, H. germanus, H. sericeus and H.sp.) inhabiting tropical ocean showed a
negative correlation between heat coma temperature and SCP (Harada et al., 2009: the cruise report of
5.19-4
.
MR-09-04). Similar correlation was also observed only for males of H. sericeus collected on the cruise track
between Tokyo and Honolulu, Hawaii (Harada et al., 2010b: the cruise report of KH-10-04-Leg 1).
This study aims, second, to examine whether sea skaters, living in the area of 14ºN-24ºN, 135ºE-138ºE of
the subtropical and tropical Pacific Ocean show a high cross tolerance of higher cool tolerance and lower
super cooling points (SCP) (whether SCP can be or not an index of cold hardiness) and also to examine some
relationship between the cold hardiness plus SCP and oceanic dynamism on several factors like as
precipitation, waves, air temperature, chlorophyll conc. and dissolved oxygen conc. in surface water.
(3) Materials and Methods
Samplings
Samplings were performed on 5th, 13th, 15th, 17th, 19th, 21st, 23rd, 25th, 27th, and 29th June, 2012 with a
Neuston NET (6 m long and with diameter of 1.3 m.) (Photos 1,2). The Neuston NET was trailed for 15 mm x
3 times on the sea surface at 1 station located at 24º00’N 138º10’E and the other 10 stations around a fixed
point of 12º00’N 135º00’E of the subtropical and tropical Pacific Ocean on the starboard side of R/V
MIRAI (8687t) which is owned by JAMSTEC (Japan Agency for Marine-earth Science and TECHnology).
The trailing was performed for 15min exclusively at night with the ship speed of 2.0 knot to the sea water
(Photo 1). It was repeated 2 times in each station. Surface area which was swept by Neuston NET was
evaluated as an expression of [flow-meter value x 1.3m of width of the Neuston NET (Photo 1).
Samples were transferred from the sample bottle at the end of the Neuston net to transparent aquarium
(Photo 3).
All the sea skaters were picked up with tweezers for planktons from the transparent aquarium on the white
paper in a tray (Photo 4). The samples as sea skaters were examined very carefully and the species and stage
of all the specimens were identified (after Andersen and Cheng, 2004) and the number of them was counted
and recorded (Tables 1, 2, 3).
Laboratory experiment
Sea skaters trapped in the pants (grey plastic bottle) (Photo 2) located and fixed at the end of Neuston NET
(Photo 2) were paralyzed with the physical shock due to the trailing of the NET. Such paralyzed sea skaters
were transferred on the surface of paper towel to respire. Then, the paralysis of some ones was discontinued
within 20min. When sea skaters were trapped in the jelly of jelly fishes, the jelly was removed from the body
of sea skaters very carefully and quickly by hand for the recovering out of the paralysis.
Adults which recovered out of the paralysis were moved on the sea water in the aquaria set in the
laboratory for the Cool Coma Experiments (Photo 5) and measuring Super Cooling Points (Photo 6). Many
white cube aquaria (30cm × 30cm × 40cm) were used in the laboratory of the ship for rearing of the adults
which were recovered out of the paralysis due to the trailing. Each aquarium contained ten to forty adults of
Halobates. Both the room temperature and sea water temperature in the aquaria were kept at 29±2℃. For
11-12 hours after the collection, sea skaters were kept in the aquaria before the Cool Coma Experiment. All
the individuals of Halobates kept in the aquaria were fed on larvae of fishes (eg. Sardine and relatives) which
were caught by the Neuston net trailings and/oradult flies, Lucillia illustris. Foods were given only for 8 hours
of 10:00-18:00 and sea water in the aquaria were replaced by the new one two times at 8:00 and at 18:00
because of avoidance from water pollution due to the foods.
No foods were given more than 12 hours before measuring SCP, because the contents of alimentary canal
would be possible to become ice-nuclei substances. The transparent round-shaped aquarium as the
experimental arena has sea water with the same temperature (mostly 28 or 30℃) as that of the aquarium where
5.19-5
.
sea skaters had been kept. Ten or eleven adult specimens were moved to the Low Temperature Thermostatic
Water Bath (Thomas: T22LA) (55cm × 40cm × 35cm). Temperature was gradually decreased (1 ºC per 5 min)
by 1℃ every 15 min by the automatic cooling system of the water bath till the cool temperature coma
occurring in all the experimental specimens.
Temperature was very precisely controlled by automatic thermo-stat system of the water bath. Temperature
at which Semi Cool Coma (Semi Cool Coma Temperature [SCCT]: little or no movement on the water surface
more than 3 seconds) occurs and Temperature at which Cool Coma (Cool Coma Temperature [CCT]: ventral
surface of the body was caught by sea water film and no ability to skate any more) occurs were recorded
(Table 4).
Determination of super cooling point (SCP)
Measurements of super cooling points and increasing temperature value at the moment of an exothermic
event occurred in the body of the specimen (ITSCP: increased temperature at SCP) were performed for the
adult specimen paralyzed by low temperature of the three species of oceanic Halobates (H. micans, H.
germanus, H. sericeus) just after the cool coma experiment during this cruise (Table 4)
Surface of each adult was dried with filter paper, and thermocouples which consist of nickel and bronze
were attached to the abdominal surface of the thorax and connected to automatic temperature digital recorders
(Digital Thermometer, Yokogawa Co, LTD, Model 10, Made in Japan). The thermocouple was completely
fixed to be attached to the ventral surface of abdomen by a kind of Scotch tape. The specimen attached to
thermocouples was placed into a compressed-Styrofoam box (5×5×3 cm3) which was again set inside another
insulating larger compressed Styrofoam to ensure that the cooling rate was about 1ºC/min for recording the
SCP in the freezer in which temperature was -35ºC. The lowest temperature which reached before an
exothermic event occurred due to release of latent heat was regarded as the SCP (Zhao and Kang, 2000). All
tested specimen were killed by the body-freezing when SCP was determined.
(4) Results and Discusssion
Population density and other Meteorological factors
The samplings at 24º01’N 138º10’E (Station 1) and 12º00’N 135º00’E as a fixed place (Stations 2-10)
in subtropical and tropical Pacific Ocean showed that two species of Halobates micans and H.sericeus inhabited
at Station 1 and H. micans and H. germanus inhabited at the fixed place (Stations 2-10).
These results coincides with results of the past study (Andersen, 1982; Andersen and Cheng, 2004;
Harada et al., 2009; Haradaet al., 2010a ). However, this study shows that Halobates sericeus inhabits
More higher latitude area than the other two species at the same season.
High density near to 100,000 individuals per 1 km2 of H. sericeus could be estimated at the Station 1 in this
study.
Laboratory experiment
Semi-cool-coma temperature (SCCT), cool-coma temperature (CCT), gap temperature for cool coma
(GTCC) super cooling point (SCP) and increased temperature at super cooling point (ITSCP) were ranged 14
ºC to 28 ºC, 14 ºC to 23ºC, 6ºC to 15ºC, -20.9ºC to -8.6ºC and 0.8ºC to 10.1Cº, respectively (Table 4).
No significant negative correlation between CCT and SCP was shown in the combined data from the
three species at the individual level (Pearson’s correlation test: r=-0.093, p=0.363, n=98). However, the
comparison of CCT and SCP between H. micans and H. germanus from the same sampling sites showed some
correlative relationship, lower cool-coma temperature and lower SCP shown by H. germanus than H. micans.
5.19-6
.
(Table 5-A).
This relationship implies that SCP could be possible to be used as an index showing the ‘cold hardiness’ of
oceanic sea skaters. However, more experiments which measure CCT and SCP of the same individuals
showing higher variables among individuals are needed for the decision of whether the SCP can or cannot be
used as the index of cold hardiness. In this study, Halobtes sericeus and H. germanus showed significantly
higher cold hardiness than H. micans. The wider latitude range of the both species than H. micans would be
related to the higher cold hardiness.
As shown by Table 5-B, the exposure to lower temperature during the cool coma experiments would be
possible to depress the super cooling points. This depression would be explained as a kind of “cold
acclimation effect”.
(5) Additional Analyses
It will be analyzed how the data on field samplings in this study are related to environmental data as the
oceanography data at the three sampling stations: 24º01’N 138º10’E (Station 1) and 12º00’N 135º00’E as a
fixed place (Stations 2-10) in the Pacific Ocean at the cruise, MR-13-03. This relationship can be compared to
other similar analyses on the data collected in the area of 4ºS to 13ºS and 8ºN to 6ºS in the Indian Ocean at
two cruises, KH-10-05-Leg 1 (Harada et al., 2010d) and KH-07-04-Leg1 (Harada et al., 2008), respectively
and also in the area of 30º-35ºN along the Kuroshio Current at the cruises, KT-07-19, KT-08-23, KT-09-20
and the other R/V TANSEIMARU cruises held in the past. The relationship between the sampling data and
oceanographic data (for example, surface sea temperature and air temperature, chlorophyll contents and
dissolved oxygen level) will be analyzed.
The comparative studies will be done on the relationship between cold tolerance and SCP data, and other
oceanographic data. Dissection data (for example reproductive maturation), chemical contents data (example
lipids) and gene data of MtDNA from Halobates samples should be analyzed in the future.
(6) Data Archive
All data during this cruise will be submitted to the JAMSTEC Data Management Group (DMG).
(7) Acknowledgements
We would like to thank Dr. Katsuro KATSUMATA (Head Scientist of the cruise: MR-13-03) for the permission
to do this study during the R/V MIRAI cruise, for his warm suggestion on ocean and atmosphere dynamics, and
encouragement and help throughout this cruise. The samplings and the experimental study were also possible
due to supports from all of the crew (Captain: Mr. Yoshiharu TSUTSUMI) and all the scientists and the
engineers from GODI and MWJ in this cruise. We would like to give special thanks to them.
(8) References
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distribution, and phylogeny. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review 42, 119-180.
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Andersen NM, Polhemus JT 1976: Water-striders (Hemiptera: Gerridae, Vellidae, etc). In L. Cheng L. (ed):
Marine Insects. North-Holland Publishing Company, Amsterdam, pp 187-224.
Bale JS 1987: Insect cold hardiness: freezing and supercooling- an ecophysiological perspective. J. Insect
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Bale JS 1993: Classes of Insect Cold Hardiness. Functional Ecol. 7: 751–753.
Carrillo MA, Heimpel GE, Moon RD, Cannon CA, Hutchison WD 2005: Cold hardiness of Habrobracon
hebetor (Say) (Hymnoptera: Braconidae), a parasitoid of pyralid moths. J. Insect Physiol. 51: 759-768.
Cheng L 1985: Biology of Halobates (Heteroptera: Gerridae) Ann. Rev. Entomol. 30, 111-135.
Cheng L 1989: Factors limiting the distribution of Halobates species. In Reproduction, Genetics and
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Olsen, 23rd European Marine Biology Symposium, pp. 357-362.
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Cheng L, Frank JH 1993: Marine insects and their reproduction. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual
Review 31, 479-506.
Harada T 2003: Hardiness to low temperature and drought in a water strider, Aquarius paludum in comparison
with other insect groups Trends in Entomology(Research Trends, Trivandrum, India), 3, 29-41.
Harada T 2005: Geographical distribution of three oceanic Halobates spp. and an account of the behaviour of
H. sericeus (Heteroptera: Gerridae). Eur. J. Entomol. 102, 299-302.
Harada T, Ishibashi T, Inoue T 2006: Geographical distribution and heat-tolerance in three oceanic Halobates
species (Heteroptera: Gerridae). The Cruise Report of KH-06-02-Leg 5.
Harada T, Nakajyo M, Inoue T 2007: Geographical distribution in the western tropical Pacific Ocean and
heat-tolerance in the oceanic sea skaters of Halobates. (Heteroptera: Gerridae) and oceanic dynamics. The
Cruise Report of MR-06-05-Leg3.
Harada T, Iyota K, Shiraki T, Katagiri C 2009: Distribution, heat-tolerance and super cooling point of the
oceanic sea skaters of Halobates. (Heteroptera: Gerridae) inhabiting tropical area of western Pacific Ocean
and oceanic dynamics. The Cruise Report of MR-09-04
Harada T, Sekimoto T, Iyota K, Shiraki T, Takenaka S, Nakajyo M, Osumi O and Katagiri C 2010a:
Comparison of the population density of oceanic sea skater of Halobates (Heteroptera: Gerridae) among
several areas in the tropical pacific ocean and the tropical Indian Ocean. Formosan Entomol, 30, 307-316.
Harada T, Iyota K, Osumi Y, Shiraki T, Sekimloto T, Yokogawa S, Oguma K 2010b: Distribution,
heat-tolerance and supercooling point of the oceanic sea skaters of Halobates (Heteroptera: Gerridae)
inhabiting temperate and
Subtropical Pacific Oceean along the cruise track from Tokyo to Honolulu. The Cruise Report of
KH-10-04-Leg 1.
Harada T, Iyota K, Osumi Y, Shiraki T, Sekimoto T 2010c: Distribution and tolerance to brackish and fresh
water bodies as a habitat in oceanic sea skater of Halobates (Heteroptera: Gerridae) inhabiting Eastern &
Central Tropical Pacific Ocean. The Cruise Report of KH-10-04-Leg 2.
Harada T, Iyota K, Sekimoto T 2010d: Distribution and tolerance to brackish water bodies as habitat in
oceanic sea
Skater of Halobates (Heteroptera: Gerridae) inhabiting Tropical Indian Ocean. The Cruise Report of
KH-10-05-Leg 1.
Harada T, Ikeda S, Ishibashi T 2010e: Cross tolerance between heat and cold stress by warm temperate
Aquarius paludum paludum and subtropical Aquarius paludum amamiensis, semi-aguatic bugs (Gerridae,
Heteroptera). Formosan Entomol., 30:87-101.
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Harada T, Takenaka S, Sekimoto T, Nakajyo M, Inoue T, Ishibashi T, Katagiri C 2011a: Heat coma as an
indicator of resistance to environmental stress and its relationship to ocean dynamics in the sea skaters,
Halobates (Heteroptera: Gerridae). Insect Sci., 18, 73-711.
Harada T, Sekimoto T, Osumi Y, Kobayashi A, Shiraki T 2011b: Distribution and ecology of oceanic Halobates
inhabiting tropical area of Indian Ocean and their responding system to several environmental factors.
The Cruise Report of MR-11-07 (23rd September, 2011 ~ 2nd December, 2011)
Harada T, Takenaka S, Sekimoto T, Ohsumi Y, Nakajyo M, Katagiri C 2011c: Heat coma and its relationship
to ocean dynamics in the oceanic sea skaters of Halobates (Heteroptera: Gerridae) inhabiting Indian and
Pacific Oceans. J. Thermal Biol., 36: 299–305.
Ikawa T, Okabe H, Hoshizaki S, Suzuki Y, Fuchi T, Cheng L 2002: Species composition and distribution of
ocean skaters Halobates (Hemiptera: Gerridae) in the western pacific ocean. Entomol. Sci. 5, 1-6.
Liu ZD, Gong PY, Wu KJ, Wei W, Sun JH, Li DM 2007: Effects of larval host plants on over-wintering
preparedness and survival of the cotton ballwarm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera:
Noctuidae).
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Liu ZD, Gong PY, Heckel DG, Wei W, Sun JH, Li DM 2009: Effects of larval host plants on over-wintering
physiological dynamics and survival of the cotton bollwarm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner)(Lepidoptera:
Noctuidae). J. Insect Physiol. 55: 1-9.
Milonas P, Savopoulou-Soultani M 1999: Cold hardiness in diapause and non-diapause larvae of the summer
fruit tortorix, Adoxophes orana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Eur. J. Entomol. 96: 183-187.
Miyamoto S, Senta T 1960: Distribution, marine condition and other biological notes of marine water-striders,
Halobates spp., in the south-western sea area of Kyushu and western area of Japan Sea. Sieboldia (In
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Insect Physiol. 51: 881-894.
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.
Table 1-A. Number of Halobates collected at locations in the subtropical and tropical Pacific Ocean on 5th, 13th, 15th , 17th, 19th , 21st, 23rd, 25th, 27th, 29th June and
1st July 2012 (N: Total number of individuals collected; H.m.: Halobates micans; H.g.: Halobates germanus; H.s.: Halobates sericeus; Stat: Station number; WT:
Water temperature (℃); AT: Air temp.; L: N of larvae; A: N of adults, E: N of exuviae; Date: sampling date; Sampling was performed for 45min. EG: eggs on some
substrates like as polystyrene form thousands of eggs laid on the substrate. S: Surface area which was swept by Neuston NET was expressed as value of flow-meter
x 1.3m of width of Neuston NET; WS: wind speed (m/s); W: weather; TD: Time of day; WS: Wind speed, CS: Current speed(m/s)CD: Current direction; F: female;
M: male; DO: dissolved oxygen (μmol/kg); Chl: Chlorophyll-A conc.(relative fluorescent value); SL: salinity(‰)
Latitude Longitude
N
L
H.m. H.g. H.s. EG
A
E
Stat
WT
AT
WS
W
CS
CD
TD
Date
S(x1.3 m2)
DO
Chl
SL
F
M
24º01’N 138º10’E 142
89 32
21
5
0
137 0
4
St.1-1
27.6 27.9
5.1
C
0.8
239º 19:04~19 Jun 5
768.2
244.49
-
34.8
23º59’N 138º10’E 146
82 32
32
0
0
146 0
6
St.1-2
27.6 27.9
9.0
R
0.8
233º 19:33-48 Jun 5
875.5
243.43
-
34.8
0
St.1-3
27.6 27.9
4.5
C
0.9
248º 19:55-20:10 Jun 5
786.6
243.91
-
34.6
0.3
290º
23º59’N 138º10’E
17
8
5
4
1
0
16
0
12º00’N 135º00’E
9
6
2
1
7
2
0
0
0
St.2-1
29.5 29.5
9.8
F/R
642.0
-
-
32
11º59’N 135º00’E
22
19
2
1
11
11
0
0
0
St.2-2
29.5 29.5
7.1
F/R
0.2
267º 21:38~53 Jun 13
642.3
-
-
32
11º59’N 135º00’E
89
74
9
6
33 56
0
0
0
St.2-3
29.5 29.5
9.4
F/R
0.4
279º 22:00~15 Jun 13
821.0
12º00’N 135º00’E
25
21
4
0
8
0
0
0
St.3-1
29.0 29.4
10.6
F/R
0.1
343º 21:10~58
Jun 15 741.0
-
Jun 15
683.5
-
-
33
-
-
-
33
689.5
-
-
33
-
33
-
33
17
21:17~32 Jun 13
12º00’N 135º00’E
39
30
2
7
16 23
0
0
0
St.3-2
29.0 29.4
8.3
F/R
0.3
311º 21:32~47
12º00’N 135º00’E
33
25
4
4
14 19
0
0
0
St.3-3
29.0 29.4
9.8
F/R
0.3
304º 21:53~22:08 Jun 15
12º01’N 135º00’E
17
11
3
3
5
12
0
0
0
St.4-1
28.4 29.3
11.1
F/R
0.7
267º 21:12~27
Jun 17
12º00’N 135º00’E
14
7
3
4
7
7
0
0
0
St.4-2
28.4 29.3
12.5
F/R
0.6
281º 20:32~47
Jun 17 519.1
12º00’N 134º59’E
11
7
2
2
4
7
0
0
0
St.4-3
28.4 29.3
10.2
F/R
0.6
265º 21:53~22:08 Jul 17
12º01’N 135º00’E
42
39
2
1
32 10
0
0
0
St.5-1
28.4 29.3
5.0
F
1.1
274º
12º00’N 134º59’E
38
37
1
0
15 23
0
0
0
St.5-2
28.4 29.3
3.8
F
1.1
290º 21:35~50
12º00’N 134º59’E
23
21
1
1
13 10
0
0
0
St.5-3
28.4 29.3
5.0
F
1.1
12º01’N 135º00’E
38
36
2
0
22 16
0
0
0
St.6-1
29.4 29.4
8.7
F
12º00’N 135º00’E
55
47
7
1
29 26
0
0
0
St.6-2
29.4 29.4
8.9
F
11º59’N 135º00’E
21
19
0
2
11
10
0
0
0
St.6-3
29.4 29.4
8.6
12º01’N 134º59’E
18
11
3
4
5
13
0
0
0
St.7-1
29.7 29.6
8.2
-
-
32
-
33
-
680.0
-
21:13~28 Jun 19 893.0
-
Jun 19 718.8
-
34
-
-
34
287º 21:55~ 22:10 Jun 19 691.0
-
-
34
10.0
257º 21:11~26
Jun 21 980.8
-
-
33
0.8
257º 21:32~47
Jun 21
980.0
-
-
33
F
1.0
265º 21:53~22:08 Jun 21
856.0
-
-
33
F
0.5
297º 21:15~30 Jun 23
857.0
-
-
33
12º00’N 135º00’E
19
17
2
0
7
12
0
0
1
St.7-2
29.7 29.6
7.6
F
0.5
288º 20:36~51
Jun 23
930.2
-
-
33
12º00’N 135º00’E
16
14
1
1
8
8
0
0
0
St.7-3
29.7 29.6
9.2
F
0.5
290º 21:57~22:12 Jul 23
854.3
-
-
33
12º01’N 135º00’E
11
4
4
3
4
7
0
0
0
St.8-1
29.6 29.5
6.2
F
0.7
352º 21:11~26
Jun 25
708.0
-
-
33
12º01’N 135º00’E
9
5
1
3
2
7
0
0
0
St.8-2
29.6 29.5
6.0
F
0.7
346º 21:32~47
Jun 25
701.0
-
-
33
12º00’N 135º00’E
10
4
4
2
5
5
0
0
0
St.8-3
29.6 29.5
6.0
F
0.7
340º 21: 53~22:08 Jun 25
12º01’N 134º59’E
4
3
0
1
0
4
0
0
0
St.9-1
29.4 29.6
8.6
F
1.2
310º 21:10~25
2
0
7
4
0
0
0
St.9-2
29.4 29.6
10.6
F
1.1
318º 21:31~46
12º01’N 134º59’ E 11
9
5.19-10
Jun 27
Jun 27
823.8
-
-
33
817.0
-
-
34
692.0
-
-
34
.
Table 1-B. Number of Halobates collected at locations in the subtropical and tropical Pacific Ocean on 5th, 13th, 15th , 17th, 19th , 21st, 23rd, 25th, 27th, 29th June and
1st July 2012 (N: Total number of individuals collected; H.m.: Halobates micans; H.g.: Halobates germanus; H.s.: Halobates sericeus; Stat: Station number; WT:
Water temperature (℃); AT: Air temp.; L: N of larvae; A: N of adults, E: N of exuviae; Date: sampling date; Sampling was performed for 45min. EG: eggs on some
substrates like as polystyrene form thousands of eggs laid on the substrate. S: Surface area which was swept by Neuston NET was expressed as value of flow-meter
x 1.3m of width of Neuston NET; WS: wind speed (m/s); W: weather; TD: Time of day; WS: Wind speed, CS: Current speed(m/s)CD: Current direction; F: female;
M: male; DO: dissolved oxygen (μmol/kg); Chl: Chlorophyll-A conc.(relative fluorescent value); SL: salinity(‰)
Latitude Longitude
N
L
F
12º00’N 134º59’E 19
H.m. H.g. H.s. EG
A
E
Stat
WT
AT
WS
W
CS
CD
TD
Date
S(x1.3 m2)
DO
Chl
SL
M
11
3
5
11
8
0
0
0
St.9-3 29.4
29.6 11.1
F 1.0
318º
21:54~22:09 Jun 27
1087.0
-
-
34
12º01’N 135º00’E
2
2
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
St.10 -1 29.4 29.6
5.2
F 0.9
292º 21:12~27
Jun 29
924.5
-
-
12º01’N 135º00’E
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
St.10-2 29.4 29.6 4.9
F 1.0
291º 20:33~48
Jun 29
758.0
-
-
33
12º00’N 135º00’E
7
4
1
2
0
7
0
0
0
St.10-3 29.4 29.6 4.3
F 1.2
287º 21:55~22:10
June 29 821.0
-
-
33
5.19-11
33
.
Table 2: A comparison of population density of oceanic sea skaters, Halobates among four areas of open Indian and Pacific Oceans. Samplings were performed
during the four cruises including this cruise. H.m: Halobates micans: H.g.: H. germanus; H.s.: H. sericeus; H.p.: H. princeps; sp.: H. sp.: Density: individual
number/km2
1.
MR-10-03: Western Tropical Pacific Ocean, 5ºN, 139º30’E (Harada et al., 2010f)
Total
H.m
H.g
H. s .
#
H. p or sp
Nymphs
Adults
Number
3772
383
4059
66
1
28
Density
35834.0
3638.5
38560.5
627.0
9.5
266.0
AS
0.105310
-
2.KH-07-04-Leg 1: Eastern Tropical Indian Ocean, 8ºN-6º35’S, 86ºE- 76º36’E) (Harada et al., 2008)
Total
H.m
H.g
H. s .
H. p or sp
#
AS
Nymphs
Adults
Number
1291
706
1886
111
0
0
0.044292
Density
29147.5
15939.7
42581.1
2506.1
0
0
-
3.
MR-11-07-Leg 1 (this cruise, Stations 1-17): Eastern Tropical Indian Ocean, 01º55’S, 083º24E; 8ºS, 80º30’E)
(Harada et al., 2011b)
H.m
Total
Nymphs
H.g
H. s .
#
H. p or sp
AS
Adults
Number
551
255
697
109
0
0
0.0438607
Density
12562.5
5813.9
15891.2
2485.1
0
0
-
4.MR-12-05-Leg 1 (this cruise, Stations 1-3): Western Subtropical and Tropical Pacific Ocean
Total
Nymphs
H.m
H.g
H. s .
#
H. p or sp
AS
0
0.0061659
Adults
A. 13º59’N 149º16’E
Number
44
73
43
0
74
Density
7136.0
11839.3
6973.8
0
12001.5
0
-
5.19-12
.
H.m
Total
Nymphs
H.g
H. s .
H. p or sp
#
AS
Adults
B. 01º55’N 150º31’E
Number
66
Density
15029.4
379
8
437
86305.1
1821.7
0
0
99512.7
0
0
0.0043914
-
C. 26º55’S 165º34’E
Number
71
183
0
0
254
0
Density
10638.0
27419.0
0
0
38057.0
0
5.
0.0066742
-
MR-13-03 (this cruise, Stations 10): Western Subtropical and Tropical Pacific Ocean
H.m
Total
Nymphs
H.g
H. s .
#
H. p or sp
AS
0.0031594
Adults
A. 24º00’N 138º10’E (Station 1)
Number
179
126
Density
56656.5
39881.1
Total
Nymphs
6
0
299
0
1899,1
0
94638.5
0
H.m
H.g
H. s .
-
H. p or sp
#
AS
Adults
B. 12º00’N 135º00’E (Stations 2-10)
Number
484
119
276
327
Density
17270.2
4246.2
9848.3
11688.1
#
0
0
0
0
AS : Area of surface where the Neuston net has swept (km2)
5.19-13
0.02802519
-
.
Table 3-A. Components of instars of larvae and adults of oceanic sea skaters, Halobates micans, H. germanus and H. sericeus sampled mostly sampled at 8000N,
8030E in the tropical Indian Ocean.
Halobates micans
H. germanus
H. sericeus
Adults
Adults
Adults
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th F M
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th F M
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th
F
M
St1-1 0
0
0 0 0
3
2
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
9 18 22
15 25
29
19
St1-2 0
0
0 0 0
0
0
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
11 11 18 17 25
32
32
St1-3 0
0
0 0 0
1
0
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
3
0 1
0 4
4
4
St2-1 0
1 1 2 2
0
1
0
0 0
0 0
2 0
0 0 0
0 0
0
0
St2-2 0
3
4 2 2
0
0
0
3 2
0 3
2 1
0 0 0 0 0
0
0
St2-3 1
9 9 6 6
1
1
1 15 12
6 9
8 5
0 0 0 0 0
0
0
St3-1 0
0 3 0 5
0
0
1
2 2
1 7
4 0
0 0 0 0 0
0
0
St3-2 0
2 3 3 5
0
3
1
5 2
6 3
2 4
0 0 0 0 0
0
0
St3-3 0
1 6 2 2
1
2
1
0 6
3 4
3 2
0 0 0 0 0
0
0
St4-1 0
0 1 1 1
1
1
0
2 3
1 2
2 2
0 0 0 0 0
0
0
St4-2 0
0 2 2 0
1
2
0
1 1
0 1
2 2
0 0 0
0 0
0
0
St4-3 0
1 0 2 0
1
0
1
2 1
0 0
1 2
0 0 0
0 0
0
0
St5-1 0
6 11 7 6
2
0
0
4 3
2 0
0 1
0 0 0 0 0
0
0
St5-2 0
4 5 3 3
0
0
4
3 12
2 1
1 0
0 0 0 0 0
0
0
St5-3 0
1 6 5 1
0
0
0
4 1
2 1
1 1
0 0 0 0 0
0
0
1 8 8 5
0
0
0
3 5
2 4
2 0
0 0 0 0 0
0
0
St6-1 0
St6-2 0
3
8 8 5
4
1
0
2 10
8 3
3 0
0 0 0 0 0
0
0
St6-3 0
1 5 2 2
0
1
0
3 3
2 1
0 1
0 0 0 0 0
0
0
St7-1 0
1 0 0 3
1
0
0
4 2
0 1
2 4
0 0 0 0 0
0
0
St7-2 0
0 1 2 4
0
0
1
1 2
3 3
2 0
0 0 0 0 0
0
0
St7-3 0
1 5 1 0
1
0
0
2 3
0 2
0 1
0 0 0 0 0
0
0
St8-1 0
0 2 1 1
0
0
0
0 0
0 0
4 3
0 0 0 0 0
0
0
St8-2 0
0 0 0 1
0
1
1
0 2
1 0
1 2
0 0 0
0 0
0
0
St8-3 0
0 1 1 0
3
0
0
0 2
0 0
1 2
0 0 0
0 0
0
0
St9-1 0
0 0 0 0
0
0
1
1 0
0 1
0 1
0 0 0 0 0
0
0
St9-2 0
3 2 1 0
1
0
0
1 2
0 0
1 0
0 0 0
0 0
0
0
St9-3 0
0 1 2 3
1
4
1
0 1
2 1
2 1
0 0 0 0 0
0
0
0
0
1
0 1
0 0
0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0
0
St10-1 0 0 0 0 0
St10-2 0 0 0 0 0
0
0
1
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0
0
St10-3 0 0 0 0 0
0
0
0
0 2
1 1
1 2
0 0 0 0 0
0
0
5.19-14
.
Table 4-Sheet 1. Results of “Cool-coma” experiments and SCP (Super Cooling Point ) measurement performed on adults of Halobates micans (H.m.) and H.
sericeus (H.s.); TA: temp. at which specimen adapted, SHCT: temp. at which semi-cool coma occurred; CCT: temp. at which cool coma occurred ; GTCC: gap
temp. for cool coma (from base temp.); “Date and Time of Day” when experiments were performed. (MR-13-03: May 31-July 6, 2013), ITSCP: Increased
temperature at SCP was detected; TD: Time of day when cool coma experiment was performed
St.No. Latitude Longitude Exp.No.
St. 1 24º00’N 138º10’E
1
St. 1 24º00’N 138º10’E
1
St. 1 24º00’N 138º10’E
1
St. 1 24º00’N 138º10’E
1
St. 1 24º00’N 138º10’E
1
St. 1 24º00’N 138º10’E
1
St. 1 24º00’N 138º10’E
1
1
St. 1 24º00’N 138º10’E
St. 1 24º00’N 138º10’E
1
St. 1 24º00’N 138º10’E
1
St. 1 24º00’N 138º10’E
1
St. 1 24º00’N 138º10’E
2
St. 1 24º00’N 138º10’E
2
St. 1 24º00’N 138º10’E
2
St. 1 24º00’N 138º10’E
2
2
St. 1 24º00’N 138º10’E
St. 1 24º00’N 138º10’E
2
St. 1 24º00’N 138º10’E
2
St. 1 24º00’N 138º10’E
2
St. 1 24º00’N 138º10’E
2
St. 1 24º00’N 138º10’E
2
St. 1 24º00’N 138º10’E
3
St. 1 24º00’N 138º10’E
3
St. 1 24º00’N 138º10’E
3
St. 1 24º00’N 138º10’E
3
St. 1 24º00’N 138º10’E
3
St. 1 24º00’N 138º10’E
3
St. 1 24º00’N 138º10’E
3
St. 1 24º00’N 138º10’E
3
St. 1 24º00’N 138º10’E
3
TA
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
SCCT
23
20
19
19
19
18
17
17
18
16
16
23
19
17
17
17
17
16
16
15
15
28
18
26
17
15
18
16
15
15
CCT
20
20
19
19
19
18
17
17
17
16
15
17
17
17
17
17
17
16
15
15
15
19
17
16
16
15
15
15
15
15
GTCC SCP
8
-15.1
8
-13.9
9
-9.7
9
-14.7
9
-18.2
10
-9.9
11
-8.6
11
-17.3
11
-12.8
12
-11.3
13
-14.5
12 -17.1
12 -18.3
12 -17.8
12 -13.7
12 -12.0
12 -15.1
13 -15.0
14 -11.4
14 -14.8
14 -11.4
10
-18.0
12
-18.1
13
-15.6
13
-17.3
14
-20.7
14
-16.8
14
-16.6
14
-17.8
14
-14.5
ITSCP Species
6.8
H.m.
6.8
H.s.
3.8
H.s.
6.1
H.s.
1.8
H.s.
4.5
H.s.
4.1
H.s.
4.4
H.s.
3.6
H.s.
5.8
H.m.
6.4
H.s.
5.9
H.s.
6.7
H.s.
4.2
H.s.
6.4
H.s.
3.1
H.s.
4.7
H.s.
3.5
H.s.
5.2
H.s.
3.2
H.s.
4.3
H.s.
3.3
H.s..
7.8
H.s.
5.5
H.s.
2.9
H.s.
2.0
H.s.
6.3
H.s.
6.6
H.s.
4.6
H.s.
5.9
H.s.
5.19-15
Stage (sex)
Date
Adult (female) June 6
Adult(male) June 6
Adult(female) June 6
Adult (male) June 6
Adult (male) June 6
Adult (male) June 6
Adult(male)
June 7
Adult (male)
June 7
Adult (male)
June 7
Adult (male)
June 7
Adult (male)
June 7
Adult (male) June 8
Adult(male) June 8
Adult (male) June 8
Adult (male) June 8
TD
08:55~
08:55~
08:55~
08:55~
08:55~
08:55~
08:55~
08:55~
08:55~
08:55~
08:55~
08:30~
08:30~
08:30~
08:30~
08:30~
08:30~
08:30~
08:30~
08:30~
08:30~
08:30~
08:30~
08:30~
08:30~
08:30~
08:30~
08:30~
08:30~
08:30~
.
Table 4-Sheet 2. Results of “Cool-coma” experiments and SCP (Super Cooling Point ) measurement performed on adults of Halobates micans (H.m.) and H. sericeus (H.s.);
TA: temp. at which specimen adapted, SHCT: temp. at which semi- cool coma occurred; CCT: temp. at which cool coma occurred ; GTCC: gap temp. for cool coma (from
base temp.); “Date and Time of Day” when experiments were performed. (MR-13-03: May 31-July 6, 2013), ITSCP: Increased temperature at SCP was detected; TD: Time of
day when cool coma experiment was performed; * : Moist on the Thermocouple was wiped up by the paper before the measurement.
St. 1 24º00’N 138º10’E
3
St. 1 24º00’N 138º10’E
4
St. 1 24º00’N 138º10’E
4
St. 1 24º00’N 138º10’E
4
St. 1 24º00’N 138º10’E
4
St. 1 24º00’N 138º10’E
4
St. 1 24º00’N 138º10’E
4
4
St. 1 24º00’N 138º10’E
St. 1 24º00’N 138º10’E
4
St. 1 24º00’N 138º10’E
4
St. 1 24º00’N 138º10’E
4
St. 1 24º00’N 138º10’E
5
St. 1 24º00’N 138º10’E
5
St. 1 24º00’N 138º10’E
5
St. 1 24º00’N 138º10’E
5
5
St. 1 24º00’N 138º10’E
St. 1 24º00’N 138º10’E
5
St. 1 24º00’N 138º10’E
5
St. 1 24º00’N 138º10’E
5
St. 1 24º00’N 138º10’E
5
St. 1 24º00’N 138º10’E
5
St. 1 24º00’N 138º10’E
6
St. 1 24º00’N 138º10’E
6
St. 1 24º00’N 138º10’E
6
St. 1 24º00’N 138º10’E
6
St. 1 24º00’N 138º10’E
6
St. 1 24º00’N 138º10’E
6
St. 1 24º00’N 138º10’E
6
St. 1 24º00’N 138º10’E
6
TA
29
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
SCCT
14
27
20
19
20
20
19
18
18
17
17
25
21
23
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
-#
-#
-#
-#
-#
-#
-#
-#
CCT
14
21
20
19
19
19
19
18
17
17
17
22
21
20
19
19
19
18
18
18
18
-#
-#
-#
-#
-#
-#
-#
-#
GTCC
15
7
8
9
9
9
9
10
11
11
11
6
7
8
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
-#
-#
-#
-#
-#
-#
-#
-#
SCP
-17.1
-12.5
-18.9
-13.5
-12.3
-15.5
-16.5
-12.7
-16.0
-11.8
-12.2
-18.5
-18.3
-16.7
-13.6
-13.4
-14.0
-12.6
-13.4
-12.5
-11.5
-18.6*
-17.4*
-13.4
-10.9
-12.3
-11.4
-11.9
-16.6*
ITSCP Species
4.8
H.s.
3.8
H.s..
8.4
H.s.
7.9
H.s.
6.1
H.s.
4.8
H.s.
1.0
H.s.
3.5
H.s.
0.8
H.s.
4.2
H.s.
1.8
H.s.
2.5
H.s..
5.9
H.s.
7.0
H.s.
1.6
H.s.
6.4
H.s.
3.5
H.s.
6.5
H.s.
6.3
H.s.
8.0
H.s.
3.2
H.s.
5.3*
H.s.
8.9*
H.s.
4.9
H.s.
5.4
H.s.
7.5
H.s.
8.1
H.s.
4.5
H.s.
8.1*
H.s.
5.19-16
Stage (sex)
Adult (female)
Adult (male)
Adult(female)
Adult(female)
Adult (male)
Adult (male)
Adult (male)
Adult (male)
Adult (female)
Adult (female)
Adult (female)
Adult (male)
Adult (male)
Adult (female)
Adult (male)
Adult (female)
Adult (male)
Adult (female)
Adult (female)
Adult (female)
Adult (male)
Adult (female)
Adult(female)
Adult(female)
Adult (female)
Adult (female)
Adult (female)
Adult(female)
Adult (male)
Date
June 8
June 9
June 9
June 9
June 9
June 9
June 9
June 9
June 9
June 9
June 9
June 10
June 10
June 10
June 10
June 10
June 10
June 10
June 10
June 10
June 10
June 11
June 11
June 11
June 11
June 11
June 11
June 11
June 11
TD
08:30~
08:30~
08:30~
08:30~
08:30~
08:30~
08:30~
08:30~
08:30~
08:30~
08:30~
08:15~
08:15~
08:15~
08:15~
08:15~
08:15~
08:15~
08:15~
08:15~
08:15~
08:30~
08:30~
08:30~
08:30~
08:30~
08:30~
08:30~
08:30~
.
TA: temp. at which specimen adapted, SHCT: temp. at which semi-cool coma occurred; CCT: temp. at which cool coma occurred ; GTCC: gap temp. for cool coma (from
day when cool coma experiment was performed; * : Moist on the Thermocouple was wiped up
by the paper before the measurement.
St. 1 24º00’N 138º10’E
6
St. 1 24º00’N 138º10’E
6
St. 1 24º00’N 138º10’E
6
St. 1 24º00’N 138º10’E
6
St. 1 24º00’N 138º10’E
6
St. 1 24º00’N 138º10’E
6
St. 1 24º00’N 138º10’E
6
St. 1 24º00’N 138º10’E
6
St. 1 24º00’N 138º10’E
6
St. 1 24º00’N 138º10’E
6
St. 1 24º00’N 138º10’E
6
St. 1 24º00’N 138º10’E
6
St. 1 24º00’N 138º10’E
6
St. 1 24º00’N 138º10’E
6
St. 1 24º00’N 138º10’E
6
St. 1 24º00’N 138º10’E
6
St. 1 24º00’N 138º10’E
6
St. 1 24º00’N 138º10’E
6
St. 1 24º00’N 138º10’E
6
St. 1 24º00’N 138º10’E
6
St. 2 11º59’N 135º00’E
7
St.2 11º59’N 135º00’E
7
St. 2 11º59’N 135º00’E
7
St. 2 11º59’N 135º00’E
7
St. 2 11º59’N 135º00’E
7
St. 2 11º59’N 135º00’E
7
St. 3 12º00’N 135º00’E
8
St. 3 12º00’N 135º00’E
8
St. 3 12º00’N 135º00’E
8
TA
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
SCCT
-#
-#
-#
-#
-#
-#
-#
-#
-#
-#
-#
-#
-#
-#
-#
-#
-#
-#
-#
-#
20
19
18
19
17
17
19
19
18
CCT
-#
-#
-#
-#
-#
-#
-#
-#
-#
-#
-#
-#
-#
-#
-#
-#
-#
-#
-#
-#
20
19
18
18
17
17
19
19
18
GTCC SCP
-#
-12.2
#
-13.2*
#
-14.5
-#
-19.5*
-#
-14.1
#
-16.6*
#
-14.8
-#
-18.8*
-#
-17.5*
-#
-17.7*
#
-18.2*
#
-14.7*
#
-17.0*
-#
-17.6*
#
-17.5*
#
-18.0*
#
-17.0*
-#
-19.7*
#
-18.5*
#
-15.5*
9
-17.5*
10
-18.5*
11
-20.7*
11
-16.9*
12
-20.3*
12
-20.9*
10
-16.4*
10
-18.0*
11
-13.6*
ITSCP Species
Stage (sex)
Date
TD
6.8
H.s.
Adult (male) June 11 08:30~
6.3*
H.s.
Adult (male) June 11
08:30~
4.0
H.s.
Adult(male)
June 11 08:30~
7.1*
H.s.
Adult (male) June 11
08:30~
6.8
H.s.
Adult(male)
June 11 08:30~
6.2*
H.s.
Adult(male)
June 11 08:30~
7.4
H.s.
Adult (male)
June 11 08:30~
2.3*
H.s.
Adult (female) June 12 08:30~
7.3*
H.s.
*
6.5
H.s.
Adult(female) June 12 08:30~
7.3*
H.s.
9.6*
H.s.
5.9*
H.s.
*
7.1
H.s..
3.0*
H.s.
5.9*
H.s.
8.2*
H.s.
*
5.5
H.s.
6.4*
H.s.
7.7*
H.s.
Adult(male)
June 12 08:30~
5.4*
H.g.
8.0*
H.g.
08:15~
8.6*
H.g.
7.0*
H.g.
Adult (male)
June 14 08:15~
6.3*
H.g.
08:15~
*
6.1
H.g.
Adult(male)
June 14 08:15~
10.1*
H.m.
6.6*
H.m.
5.0*
H.m.
5.19-17
.
day when cool coma experiment was performed; * : Moist on the Thermocouple was wiped up by the paper before the measurement.
St. 3 12º00’N 135º00’E
8
St. 4 12º00’N 135º00’E
9
St. 4 12º00’N 135º00’E
9
St. 4 12º00’N 135º00’E
9
St. 4 12º00’N 135º00’E
9
St. 4 12º00’N 135º00’E
9
St. 4 12º00’N 135º00’E
9
St. 4 12º00’N 135º00’E
9
St. 5 12º01’N 135º00’E
10
St. 5 12º01’N 135º00’E
10
St. 5 12º01’N 135º00’E
10
St. 5 12º01’N 135º00’E
10
St. 5 12º01’N 135º00’E
10
St. 5 12º01’N 135º00’E
10
St. 6 12º00’N 135º00’E
11
St. 6 12º00’N 135º00’E
11
St. 6 12º00’N 135º00’E
11
St. 6 12º00’N 135º00’E
11
St. 6 12º00’N 135º00’E
11
St. 6 12º00’N 135º00’E
11
St. 6 12º00’N 135º00’E
11
St. 6 12º00’N 135º00’E
11
St. 7 12º01’N 134º59’E
12
St. 7 12º01’N 134º59’E
12
St. 7 12º01’N 134º59’E
12
St. 7 12º01’N 134º59’E
12
St. 7 12º01’N 134º59’E
12
St. 7 12º01’N 134º59’E
12
St. 7 12º01’N 134º59’E
12
TA SCCT
29
17
29
23
29
22
29
21
29
21
29
21
29
20
29
19
29
21
29
19
29
18
29
18
29
17
29
16
29
23
29
20
29
20
29
20
29
19
29
16
29
16
29
15
28
22
28
21
28
21
28
18
28
18
28
17
28
17
CCT GTCC SCP ITSCP Species
Stage (sex)
Date
TD
16
13
-20.8*
7.9*
H.g.
23
6
-17.5*
9.1*
H.m.
*
*
22
7
-14.5
7.6
H.m.
21
8
-15.7*
8.6*
H.m.
21
8
-18.8*
5.4*
H.g.
Adult (male)
June 18 08:30~
21
8
-18.2*
8.9*
H.g.
20
9
-16.0*
6.8*
H.g.
*
19
10
-19.3
6.2*
H.g.
21
8
-19.3*
6.2*
H.m.
*
19
10
-17.1
8.3*
H.m.
5th instar
June 20 08:15~
*
*
18
11
-15.7
9.9
H.m.
18
11
H.m.
17
12
-17.6*
7.0*
H.g.
*
16
13 -16.1
7.7*
H.g.
20
9
H.m.
Adult(female)
June 22 08:45~
20
9
-14.6*
7.1*
H.m.
Adult(female)
June 22 08:45~
20
9
-17.2*
9.6*
H.m.
20
9
H.m.
17
12
H.g.
Adult(male)
June 22 08:45~
16
13
-17.8 *
8.1*
H.g.
16
13
-14.0*
7.9*
H.g.
*
15
14
-19.4
7.0*
H.g.
*
*
22
6
-20.0
7.4
H.g.
Adult (male)
June 24 08:30~
21
7
-19.0*
1.5*
H.m.
21
7
-16.9*
9.1*
H.g.
Adult(male)
June 24 08:30~
*
18
10
-18.0
7.1*
H.g.
18
10
-18.3*
5.3*
H.g.
*
17
11
-16.6
7.0*
H.g.
17
11
-15.9*
6.5*
H.g.
5.19-18
.
day when cool coma experiment was performed; * : Moist on the Thermocouple was wiped up by the paper before the measurement.; *: At which A kind of leg lame began to be observed
.No. Latitude Longitude Exp.No.
St. 8 12º01’N 135º00’E
13
St. 8 12º01’N 135º00’E
13
St. 8 12º01’N 135º00’E
13
St. 8 12º01’N 135º00’E
13
St. 8 12º01’N 135º00’E
13
St. 8 12º01’N 135º00’E
13
St. 8 12º01’N 135º00’E
13
St. 9 12º00’N 134º59’E
13
St. 9 12º00’N 134º59’E
13
St. 9 12º00’N 134º59’E
13
St. 9 12º00’N 134º59’E
13
St. 10 12º00’N 135º00’E 14
St. 10 12º00’N 135º00’E 14
St. 10 12º00’N 135º00’E 14
TA
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
SCCT
18 (22*)
17 (21*)
17 (21*)
17 (23*)
17 (23*)
16 (21*)
16(21*)
22(23*)
21(22*)
20(24*)
16(22*)
19(23*)
18(22*)
18(22*)
CCT
18
17
17
17
17
16
16
22
21
20
16
19
18
18
GTCC
11
12
12
12
12
13
13
7
8
9
13
10
11
11
SCP ITSCP Species
-16.7*
2.9*
H.g.
*
*
-20.0
2.4
H.g.
-16.5*
4.0*
H.g.
-16.7*
6.9*
H.g.
-15.2*
5.6*
H.g.
*
*
-19.6
5.7
H.g.
-17.4*
8.0*
H.g.
-16.9*
6.4*
H.m.
-13.9*
6.0*
H.g.
*
*
-17.4
9.5
H.m.
-16.7*
6.8*
H.g.
-18.2*
2.0*
H.g.
-18.8*
6.5*
H.g.
*
*
-15.0
7.3
H.g.
5.19-19
Stage (sex)
Date
TD
Adult(male) June 26 08:30~
Adult(male)
June 26 08:30~
Adult(male)
June 28 08:45~
09:15~
.
Table 5-A. Comparison of Semi-Cool-Coma Temperature (SCCT), Cool Coma Temperature (CCT), Gap Temperature for Cool Coma (GTHC), Super-Cooling Point
(Temperature) (SCP) and Increased Temperature at Super Coolig Point (ITSCP) among Halobates micans, H. germanus and H. sericeus. Experiments were
performed in the period of 6th Jun to 30th Jun, 2013 in the wet-lab. 2 of R/V Mirai during the cruise of MR-13-03 [Mean±SD(n)]
1. Combined data of specimens collected in the Tropical Pacific Region at 12º00’N, 135º00’E (Stations 2-10)
during MR-13-03-Leg 2
SCCT
CCT
GTCC
SCP
ITSCP
H .micans
20.2±2.0(19)
19.8±1.7(19)
9.0±1.6(19)
-16.2±2.1(16)
7.4±2.2(16)
H.germanus
18.0±1.8(35)
17.9±1.8(35)
10.9±1.9(35)
-17.7±1.9(34)
6.5±1.7(34)
Total
18.8.±2.1(54)
18.6±2.0(54)
10.3±2.0(54)
-17.3±2.1(50)
6.8±1.9(50)
Mann-Whitney U-test between H. micans and H. germanus
Z
-3.550
-3.481
-3.458
-2.289
-1.581
P
<0.001
<0.001
0.001
0.022
0.114
Data of specimens collected in the Temperate Pacific Region at 24º00’N 138º10’E (Station 1)
SCCT
CCT
GTCC
SCP
H. sericeus
18.7 ±3.1(48)
17.5±1.9(48)
10.9±2.3(48)
-15.2±2.8(76)
Kruskal-Walli-test among the three species, H. sericeus, H. germanus and H. micans
χ2-value
12.427
17.794
12.298
18.953
df
2
2
2
2
P
0.002
<0.001
0.002
<0.001
C.
ITSCP
5.4±2.0(76)
15.965
2
<0.001
Table 5-B. Evaluation of the effects of exposure to low temperature during Cool Coma Experiments (CCE)on super cooling points (SCPs) and increased
temperature at SCPin Halobates sericeus.
1.
Data of specimens collected in the Temperate Pacific
Region at 24º00’N 138º10’E (Station 1)
SCP
ITSCP
Just after CCE
-14.8±2.8(48)
4.7±1.9(48)
Without CCE
-12.8±1.4(9)
6.2±1.5(9)
Total
-14.5±2.7(57)
5.0±1.9(57)
Mann-Whitney U-test between specimens after CCE and
those without CCE exposure
Z
-2.134
-2.179
P
0.033
0.029
5.19-20
5.20 Underway Geophysics
Personnel
Takeshi MATSUMOTO
Kazuho YOSHIDA
Koichi INAGAKI
Wataru TOKUNAGA
Souichiro SUEYOSHI
Ryo KIMURA
(University of the Ryukyus) : Principal Investigator (Not on-board)
(GODI)
(GODI)
(GODI)
(MIRAI Crew)
5.20.1 Sea surface gravity
(1) Introduction
The local gravity is an important parameter in geophysics and geodesy. We collected gravity data at the
sea surface.
(2) Parameters
Relative Gravity [CU: Counter Unit]
[mGal] = (coef1: 0.9946) * [CU]
(3) Data Acquisition
We measured relative gravity using LaCoste and Romberg air-sea gravity meter S-116 (Micro-g
LaCoste, LLC) during the MR13-03 cruise.
To convert the relative gravity to absolute one, we measured gravity, using portable gravity meter
CG-5 (Scintrex), at Sekinehama and Yokohama as the reference point.
Absolute gravity table was shown in Table 5.20.1-1.
(5) Data Archives
Surface gravity data obtained during this cruise will be submitted to the Data Management Group
(DMG) in JAMSTEC, and will be archived there.
(6) Remarks
Table 5.20.1-1 Absolute gravity table
Absolute
Sea
Gravity at
L&R*2
Draft
1
Gravity
Level
Sensor *
Gravity
No
Date
UTC
Port
[cm]
[mGal]
[cm]
[mGal]
[mGal]
#1 May/29 06:26 Sekinehama 980,371.93
234
636
980,372.89 12,732.14
#2
Jul/9
Yokohama
*1
: Gravity at Sensor = Absolute Gravity + Sea Level*0.3086/100 + (Draft-530)/100*0.2222
*2
: LaCoste and Romberg air-sea gravity meter S-116
5.20-1
5.20.2 Sea surface three-component magnetometer
(1) Introduction
Measurement of magnetic force on the sea is required for the geophysical investigations of marine
magnetic anomaly caused by magnetization in upper crustal structure. We measured geomagnetic field
using a three-component magnetometer during the MR13-03 cruise.
(2) Principle of ship-board geomagnetic vector measurement
The relation between a magnetic-field vector observed on-board, Hob, (in the ship's fixed coordinate
system) and the geomagnetic field vector, F, (in the Earth's fixed coordinate system) is expressed as:
F + Hp
(a)
Hob =
are the matrices of rotation due to roll, pitch and heading of a ship, respectively.
where , and
is a 3 x 3 matrix which represents magnetic susceptibility of the ship, and Hp is a magnetic field vector
produced by a permanent magnetic moment of the ship's body. Rearrangement of Eq. (a) makes
Hob + Hbp =
F
(b)
-1
=
, and Hbp = - Hp. The magnetic field, F, can be obtained by measuring , ,
and
where
and Hbp are known. Twelve constants in
and Hbp can be determined by measuring variation of
Hob, if
and
at a place where the geomagnetic field, F, is known.
Hob with ,
(3) Instruments on R/V MIRAI
A shipboard three-component magnetometer system (Tierra Tecnica SFG1214) is equipped on-board
R/V MIRAI. Three-axes flux-gate sensors with ring-cored coils are fixed on the fore mast. Outputs from the
sensors are digitized by a 20-bit A/D converter (1 nT/LSB), and sampled at 8 times per second. Ship's heading,
pitch, and roll are measured by the Inertial Navigation System (INS) for controlling attitude of a Doppler
radar. Ship's position (GPS) and speed data are taken from LAN every second.
(4) Data Archives
JAMSTEC.
(5) Remarks
2) For calibration of the ship’s magnetic effect, we made a “figure-eight” turn (a pair of clockwise and
anti-clockwise rotation). This calibration was carried out as below.
6:23UTC to 6:44UTC 9 Jun. 2013 (8-05N, 134-18E)
4:01UTC to 4:25UTC 5 Jul. 2013 (32-25N, 139-20E)
5.20-2
5.20.3 Swath Bathymetry
(1) Introduction
R/V MIRAI is equipped with a Multi narrow Beam Echo Sounding system (MBES), SEABEAM 3012
Upgrade Model (L3 Communications ELAC Nautik). The objective of MBES is collecting continuous
bathymetric data along ship’s track to make a contribution to geological and geophysical investigations and
global datasets.
(2) Data Acquisition
The “SEABEAM 3012 Upgrade Model” on R/V MIRAI was used for bathymetry mapping during the
MR13-03 cruise.
To get accurate sound velocity of water column for ray-path correction of acoustic multibeam, we used
Surface Sound Velocimeter (SSV) data to get the sea surface (6.62m) sound velocity, and the deeper depth
sound velocity profiles were calculated by temperature and salinity profiles from CTD, XCTD and Argo
float data by the equation in Del Grosso (1974) during the cruise. Table 5.20.3-1 shows system
configuration and performance of SEABEAM 3012 system.
Table 5.20.3-1 SEABEAM 3012 System configuration and performance
Frequency:
12 kHz
Transmit beam width:
1.6 degree
Transmit power:
20 kW
Transmit pulse length:
2 to 20 msec.
Receive beam width:
1.8 degree
Depth range:
100 to 11,000 m
Beam spacing:
0.5 degree athwart ship
Swath width:
150 degree (max)
120 degree to 4,500 m
Depth accuracy:
Within < 0.5% of depth or ±1m,
Whichever is greater, over the entire swath.
(Nadir beam has greater accuracy;
typically within < 0.2% of depth or ±1m, whichever is greater)
The results will be published after primary processing.
(4) Data Archives
Bathymetric data obtained during this cruise will be submitted to the Data Management Group (DMG)
in JAMSTEC, and will be archived there.
(5) Remarks
5.20-3
Appendix-A: Atmospheric profiles by the radiosonde observations
100
200
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
0
20
Temperature [°C]
0
15
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
Wind [m/s]
13060706
100
200
200
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
0
20
13060612
40 −15
0
15
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
200
200
Press.[hPa]
100
0
20
13060618
40 −15
0
15
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
200
Press.[hPa]
200
20
Temperature [°C]
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
Wind [m/s]
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
Lat:15.26 Lon:135.00
0
13060718
Lat:18.49 Lon:135.99
0
20
20
Temperature [°C]
100
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
15
400
100
400
0
300
Wind [m/s]
300
0
13060712
Lat:19.56 Lon:136.39
Temperature [°C]
40 −15
Lat:16.24 Lon:135.10
Temperature [°C]
100
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
20
300
Wind [m/s]
300
0
Temperature [°C]
Lat:20.66 Lon:136.83
300
Lat:17.42 Lon:135.56
300
100
Temperature [°C]
Press.[hPa]
40 −15
Press.[hPa]
Press.[hPa]
13060606
Press.[hPa]
13060700
Lat:21.72 Lon:137.23
Press.[hPa]
Press.[hPa]
13060600
100
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
Lat:14.10 Lon:135.01
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
0
20
Temperature [°C]
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
100
200
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
0
20
Temperature [°C]
0
15
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
Wind [m/s]
13060906
100
200
200
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
0
20
13060812
40 −15
0
15
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
200
200
Press.[hPa]
100
0
20
13060818
40 −15
0
15
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
200
Press.[hPa]
200
20
Temperature [°C]
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
Wind [m/s]
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
Lat: 7.75 Lon:134.30
0
13060918
Lat: 9.93 Lon:134.99
0
20
20
Temperature [°C]
100
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
15
400
100
400
0
300
Wind [m/s]
300
0
13060912
Lat:10.96 Lon:135.00
Temperature [°C]
40 −15
Lat: 8.25 Lon:134.33
Temperature [°C]
100
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
20
300
Wind [m/s]
300
0
Temperature [°C]
Lat:12.12 Lon:135.00
300
Lat: 8.91 Lon:134.86
300
100
Temperature [°C]
Press.[hPa]
40 −15
Press.[hPa]
Press.[hPa]
13060806
Press.[hPa]
13060900
Lat:13.06 Lon:135.00
Press.[hPa]
Press.[hPa]
13060800
100
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
Lat: 7.76 Lon:134.29
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
0
20
Temperature [°C]
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
13061212
Lat: 9.38 Lon:134.56
Press.[hPa]
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
0
20
Temperature [°C]
13061215
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
Lat: 9.89 Lon:134.65
Press.[hPa]
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
0
20
Temperature [°C]
13061218
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
Lat:10.43 Lon:134.73
Press.[hPa]
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
0
20
Temperature [°C]
13061221
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
Lat:10.98 Lon:134.83
Press.[hPa]
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
0
20
Temperature [°C]
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
100
200
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
0
20
Temperature [°C]
0
15
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
Wind [m/s]
13061315
100
200
200
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
0
20
13061306
40 −15
0
15
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
200
200
Press.[hPa]
100
0
20
13061309
40 −15
0
15
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
200
Press.[hPa]
200
20
Temperature [°C]
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
Wind [m/s]
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.01
0
13061321
Lat:11.99 Lon:135.01
0
20
20
Temperature [°C]
100
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
15
400
100
400
0
300
Wind [m/s]
300
0
13061318
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.00
Temperature [°C]
40 −15
Lat:11.98 Lon:135.00
Temperature [°C]
100
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
20
300
Wind [m/s]
300
0
Temperature [°C]
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.00
300
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.00
300
100
Temperature [°C]
Press.[hPa]
40 −15
Press.[hPa]
Press.[hPa]
13061303
Press.[hPa]
13061312
Lat:11.49 Lon:134.91
Press.[hPa]
Press.[hPa]
13061300
100
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
Lat:12.01 Lon:135.00
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
0
20
Temperature [°C]
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
100
200
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
0
20
Temperature [°C]
0
15
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
Wind [m/s]
13061415
100
200
200
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
0
20
13061406
40 −15
0
15
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
200
200
Press.[hPa]
100
0
20
13061409
40 −15
0
15
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
200
Press.[hPa]
200
20
Temperature [°C]
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
Wind [m/s]
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.00
0
13061421
Lat:11.99 Lon:134.99
0
20
20
Temperature [°C]
100
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
15
400
100
400
0
300
Wind [m/s]
300
0
13061418
Lat:11.99 Lon:135.00
Temperature [°C]
40 −15
Lat:11.99 Lon:134.98
Temperature [°C]
100
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
20
300
Wind [m/s]
300
0
Temperature [°C]
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.00
300
Lat:11.98 Lon:134.98
300
100
Temperature [°C]
Press.[hPa]
40 −15
Press.[hPa]
Press.[hPa]
13061403
Press.[hPa]
13061412
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.02
Press.[hPa]
Press.[hPa]
13061400
100
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.00
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
0
20
Temperature [°C]
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
100
200
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
0
20
Temperature [°C]
0
15
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
Wind [m/s]
13061515
100
200
200
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
0
20
13061506
40 −15
0
15
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
200
200
Press.[hPa]
100
0
20
13061509
40 −15
0
15
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
200
Press.[hPa]
200
20
Temperature [°C]
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
Wind [m/s]
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.00
0
13061521
Lat:12.01 Lon:135.01
0
20
20
Temperature [°C]
100
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
15
400
100
400
0
300
Wind [m/s]
300
0
13061518
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.01
Temperature [°C]
40 −15
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.01
Temperature [°C]
100
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
20
300
Wind [m/s]
300
0
Temperature [°C]
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.01
300
Lat:12.02 Lon:135.01
300
100
Temperature [°C]
Press.[hPa]
40 −15
Press.[hPa]
Press.[hPa]
13061503
Press.[hPa]
13061512
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.00
Press.[hPa]
Press.[hPa]
13061500
100
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
Lat:11.99 Lon:134.99
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
0
20
Temperature [°C]
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
100
200
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
0
20
Temperature [°C]
0
15
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
Wind [m/s]
13061615
100
200
200
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
0
20
13061606
40 −15
0
15
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
200
200
Press.[hPa]
100
0
20
13061609
40 −15
0
15
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
200
Press.[hPa]
200
20
Temperature [°C]
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
Wind [m/s]
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.01
0
13061621
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.00
0
20
20
Temperature [°C]
100
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
15
400
100
400
0
300
Wind [m/s]
300
0
13061618
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.00
Temperature [°C]
40 −15
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.01
Temperature [°C]
100
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
20
300
Wind [m/s]
300
0
Temperature [°C]
Lat:11.99 Lon:134.99
300
Lat:11.99 Lon:134.99
300
100
Temperature [°C]
Press.[hPa]
40 −15
Press.[hPa]
Press.[hPa]
13061603
Press.[hPa]
13061612
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.00
Press.[hPa]
Press.[hPa]
13061600
100
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.01
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
0
20
Temperature [°C]
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
100
200
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
0
20
Temperature [°C]
0
15
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
Wind [m/s]
13061715
100
200
200
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
0
20
13061706
40 −15
0
15
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
200
200
Press.[hPa]
100
0
20
13061709
40 −15
0
15
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
200
Press.[hPa]
200
20
Temperature [°C]
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
Wind [m/s]
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.01
0
13061721
Lat:12.01 Lon:135.01
0
20
20
Temperature [°C]
100
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
15
400
100
400
0
300
Wind [m/s]
300
0
13061718
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.01
Temperature [°C]
40 −15
Lat:12.00 Lon:134.98
Temperature [°C]
100
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
20
300
Wind [m/s]
300
0
Temperature [°C]
Lat:11.98 Lon:135.00
300
Lat:12.02 Lon:135.01
300
100
Temperature [°C]
Press.[hPa]
40 −15
Press.[hPa]
Press.[hPa]
13061703
Press.[hPa]
13061712
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.00
Press.[hPa]
Press.[hPa]
13061700
100
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.00
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
0
20
Temperature [°C]
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
100
200
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
0
20
Temperature [°C]
0
15
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
Wind [m/s]
13061815
100
200
200
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
0
20
13061806
40 −15
0
15
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
200
200
Press.[hPa]
100
0
20
13061809
40 −15
0
15
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
200
Press.[hPa]
200
20
Temperature [°C]
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
Wind [m/s]
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.02
0
13061821
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.01
0
20
20
Temperature [°C]
100
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
15
400
100
400
0
300
Wind [m/s]
300
0
13061818
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.01
Temperature [°C]
40 −15
Lat:11.99 Lon:135.01
Temperature [°C]
100
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
20
300
Wind [m/s]
300
0
Temperature [°C]
Lat:12.00 Lon:134.99
300
Lat:11.98 Lon:135.00
300
100
Temperature [°C]
Press.[hPa]
40 −15
Press.[hPa]
Press.[hPa]
13061803
Press.[hPa]
13061812
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.00
Press.[hPa]
Press.[hPa]
13061800
100
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
Lat:11.99 Lon:135.02
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
0
20
Temperature [°C]
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
100
200
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
0
20
Temperature [°C]
0
15
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
Wind [m/s]
13061915
100
200
200
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
0
20
13061906
40 −15
0
15
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
200
200
Press.[hPa]
100
0
20
13061909
40 −15
0
15
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
200
Press.[hPa]
200
20
Temperature [°C]
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
Wind [m/s]
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.00
0
13061921
Lat:12.02 Lon:135.01
0
20
20
Temperature [°C]
100
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
15
400
100
400
0
300
Wind [m/s]
300
0
13061918
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.01
Temperature [°C]
40 −15
Lat:12.00 Lon:134.99
Temperature [°C]
100
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
20
300
Wind [m/s]
300
0
Temperature [°C]
Lat:11.98 Lon:134.98
300
Lat:12.02 Lon:135.01
300
100
Temperature [°C]
Press.[hPa]
40 −15
Press.[hPa]
Press.[hPa]
13061903
Press.[hPa]
13061912
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.00
Press.[hPa]
Press.[hPa]
13061900
100
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
Lat:12.01 Lon:135.01
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
0
20
Temperature [°C]
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
100
200
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
0
20
Temperature [°C]
0
15
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
Wind [m/s]
13062015
100
200
200
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
0
20
13062006
40 −15
0
15
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
200
200
Press.[hPa]
100
0
20
13062009
40 −15
0
15
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
200
Press.[hPa]
200
20
Temperature [°C]
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
Wind [m/s]
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.00
0
13062021
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.00
0
20
20
Temperature [°C]
100
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
15
400
100
400
0
300
Wind [m/s]
300
0
13062018
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.00
Temperature [°C]
40 −15
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.00
Temperature [°C]
100
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
20
300
Wind [m/s]
300
0
Temperature [°C]
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.01
300
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.00
300
100
Temperature [°C]
Press.[hPa]
40 −15
Press.[hPa]
Press.[hPa]
13062003
Press.[hPa]
13062012
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.00
Press.[hPa]
Press.[hPa]
13062000
100
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.00
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
0
20
Temperature [°C]
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
100
200
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
0
20
Temperature [°C]
0
15
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
Wind [m/s]
13062115
100
200
200
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
0
20
13062106
40 −15
0
15
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
200
200
Press.[hPa]
100
0
20
13062109
40 −15
0
15
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
200
Press.[hPa]
200
20
Temperature [°C]
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
Wind [m/s]
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.00
0
13062121
Lat:12.01 Lon:135.00
0
20
20
Temperature [°C]
100
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
15
400
100
400
0
300
Wind [m/s]
300
0
13062118
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.00
Temperature [°C]
40 −15
Lat:11.99 Lon:135.00
Temperature [°C]
100
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
20
300
Wind [m/s]
300
0
Temperature [°C]
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.00
300
Lat:12.02 Lon:135.01
300
100
Temperature [°C]
Press.[hPa]
40 −15
Press.[hPa]
Press.[hPa]
13062103
Press.[hPa]
13062112
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.00
Press.[hPa]
Press.[hPa]
13062100
100
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
Lat:12.01 Lon:135.01
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
0
20
Temperature [°C]
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
100
200
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
0
20
Temperature [°C]
0
15
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
Wind [m/s]
13062215
100
200
200
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
0
20
13062206
40 −15
0
15
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
200
200
Press.[hPa]
100
0
20
13062209
40 −15
0
15
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
200
Press.[hPa]
200
20
Temperature [°C]
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
Wind [m/s]
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.00
0
13062221
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.00
0
20
20
Temperature [°C]
100
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
15
400
100
400
0
300
Wind [m/s]
300
0
13062218
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.00
Temperature [°C]
40 −15
Lat:12.01 Lon:135.00
Temperature [°C]
100
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
20
300
Wind [m/s]
300
0
Temperature [°C]
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.00
300
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.00
300
100
Temperature [°C]
Press.[hPa]
40 −15
Press.[hPa]
Press.[hPa]
13062203
Press.[hPa]
13062212
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.00
Press.[hPa]
Press.[hPa]
13062200
100
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.00
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
0
20
Temperature [°C]
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
100
200
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
0
20
Temperature [°C]
0
15
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
Wind [m/s]
13062315
100
200
200
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
0
20
13062306
40 −15
0
15
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
200
200
Press.[hPa]
100
0
20
13062309
40 −15
0
15
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
200
Press.[hPa]
200
20
Temperature [°C]
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
Wind [m/s]
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.00
0
13062321
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.00
0
20
20
Temperature [°C]
100
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
15
400
100
400
0
300
Wind [m/s]
300
0
13062318
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.00
Temperature [°C]
40 −15
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.00
Temperature [°C]
100
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
20
300
Wind [m/s]
300
0
Temperature [°C]
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.00
300
Lat:12.02 Lon:134.99
300
100
Temperature [°C]
Press.[hPa]
40 −15
Press.[hPa]
Press.[hPa]
13062303
Press.[hPa]
13062312
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.00
Press.[hPa]
Press.[hPa]
13062300
100
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.00
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
0
20
Temperature [°C]
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
100
200
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
0
20
Temperature [°C]
0
15
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
Wind [m/s]
13062415
100
200
200
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
0
20
13062406
40 −15
0
15
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
200
200
Press.[hPa]
100
0
20
13062409
40 −15
0
15
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
200
Press.[hPa]
200
20
Temperature [°C]
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
Wind [m/s]
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.00
0
13062421
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.00
0
20
20
Temperature [°C]
100
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
15
400
100
400
0
300
Wind [m/s]
300
0
13062418
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.00
Temperature [°C]
40 −15
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.00
Temperature [°C]
100
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
20
300
Wind [m/s]
300
0
Temperature [°C]
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.00
300
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.00
300
100
Temperature [°C]
Press.[hPa]
40 −15
Press.[hPa]
Press.[hPa]
13062403
Press.[hPa]
13062412
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.00
Press.[hPa]
Press.[hPa]
13062400
100
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.00
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
0
20
Temperature [°C]
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
100
200
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
0
20
Temperature [°C]
0
15
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
Wind [m/s]
13062515
100
200
200
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
0
20
13062506
40 −15
0
15
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
200
200
Press.[hPa]
100
0
20
13062509
40 −15
0
15
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
200
Press.[hPa]
200
20
Temperature [°C]
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
Wind [m/s]
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.00
0
13062521
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.00
0
20
20
Temperature [°C]
100
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
15
400
100
400
0
300
Wind [m/s]
300
0
13062518
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.00
Temperature [°C]
40 −15
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.01
Temperature [°C]
100
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
20
300
Wind [m/s]
300
0
Temperature [°C]
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.00
300
Lat:12.02 Lon:135.00
300
100
Temperature [°C]
Press.[hPa]
40 −15
Press.[hPa]
Press.[hPa]
13062503
Press.[hPa]
13062512
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.00
Press.[hPa]
Press.[hPa]
13062500
100
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.00
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
0
20
Temperature [°C]
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
100
200
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
0
20
Temperature [°C]
0
15
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
Wind [m/s]
13062615
100
200
200
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
0
20
13062606
40 −15
0
15
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
200
200
Press.[hPa]
100
0
20
13062609
40 −15
0
15
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
200
Press.[hPa]
200
20
Temperature [°C]
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
Wind [m/s]
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.00
0
13062621
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.00
0
20
20
Temperature [°C]
100
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
15
400
100
400
0
300
Wind [m/s]
300
0
13062618
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.00
Temperature [°C]
40 −15
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.00
Temperature [°C]
100
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
20
300
Wind [m/s]
300
0
Temperature [°C]
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.00
300
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.00
300
100
Temperature [°C]
Press.[hPa]
40 −15
Press.[hPa]
Press.[hPa]
13062603
Press.[hPa]
13062612
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.00
Press.[hPa]
Press.[hPa]
13062600
100
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
Lat:12.01 Lon:135.00
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
0
20
Temperature [°C]
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
100
200
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
0
20
Temperature [°C]
0
15
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
Wind [m/s]
13062715
100
200
200
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
0
20
13062706
40 −15
0
15
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
200
200
Press.[hPa]
100
0
20
13062709
40 −15
0
15
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
200
Press.[hPa]
200
20
Temperature [°C]
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
Wind [m/s]
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.00
0
13062721
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.00
0
20
20
Temperature [°C]
100
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
15
400
100
400
0
300
Wind [m/s]
300
0
13062718
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.00
Temperature [°C]
40 −15
Lat:12.00 Lon:134.99
Temperature [°C]
100
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
20
300
Wind [m/s]
300
0
Temperature [°C]
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.00
300
Lat:12.02 Lon:134.99
300
100
Temperature [°C]
Press.[hPa]
40 −15
Press.[hPa]
Press.[hPa]
13062703
Press.[hPa]
13062712
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.00
Press.[hPa]
Press.[hPa]
13062700
100
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.00
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
0
20
Temperature [°C]
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
100
200
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
0
20
Temperature [°C]
0
15
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
Wind [m/s]
13062815
100
200
200
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
0
20
13062806
40 −15
0
15
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
200
200
Press.[hPa]
100
0
20
13062809
40 −15
0
15
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
200
Press.[hPa]
200
20
Temperature [°C]
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
Wind [m/s]
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.00
0
13062821
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.00
0
20
20
Temperature [°C]
100
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
15
400
100
400
0
300
Wind [m/s]
300
0
13062818
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.00
Temperature [°C]
40 −15
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.00
Temperature [°C]
100
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
20
300
Wind [m/s]
300
0
Temperature [°C]
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.00
300
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.00
300
100
Temperature [°C]
Press.[hPa]
40 −15
Press.[hPa]
Press.[hPa]
13062803
Press.[hPa]
13062812
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.00
Press.[hPa]
Press.[hPa]
13062800
100
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.01
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
0
20
Temperature [°C]
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
100
200
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
0
20
Temperature [°C]
0
15
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
Wind [m/s]
13062915
100
200
200
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
0
20
13062906
40 −15
0
15
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
200
200
Press.[hPa]
100
0
20
13062909
40 −15
0
15
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
200
Press.[hPa]
200
20
Temperature [°C]
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
Wind [m/s]
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.00
0
13062921
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.00
0
20
20
Temperature [°C]
100
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
15
400
100
400
0
300
Wind [m/s]
300
0
13062918
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.00
Temperature [°C]
40 −15
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.00
Temperature [°C]
100
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
20
300
Wind [m/s]
300
0
Temperature [°C]
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.00
300
Lat:12.02 Lon:135.00
300
100
Temperature [°C]
Press.[hPa]
40 −15
Press.[hPa]
Press.[hPa]
13062903
Press.[hPa]
13062912
Lat:12.01 Lon:135.01
Press.[hPa]
Press.[hPa]
13062900
100
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.00
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
0
20
Temperature [°C]
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
100
200
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
0
20
Temperature [°C]
0
15
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
Wind [m/s]
13063015
100
200
200
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
0
20
13063006
40 −15
0
15
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
200
200
Press.[hPa]
100
0
20
13063009
40 −15
0
15
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
200
Press.[hPa]
200
20
Temperature [°C]
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
Wind [m/s]
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
Lat:12.42 Lon:135.06
0
13063021
Lat:12.04 Lon:135.00
0
20
20
Temperature [°C]
100
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
15
400
100
400
0
300
Wind [m/s]
300
0
13063018
Lat:11.94 Lon:134.90
Temperature [°C]
40 −15
Lat:12.02 Lon:135.00
Temperature [°C]
100
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
20
300
Wind [m/s]
300
0
Temperature [°C]
Lat:12.01 Lon:134.99
300
Lat:11.95 Lon:134.91
300
100
Temperature [°C]
Press.[hPa]
40 −15
Press.[hPa]
Press.[hPa]
13063003
Press.[hPa]
13063012
Lat:12.00 Lon:135.00
Press.[hPa]
Press.[hPa]
13063000
100
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
Lat:12.97 Lon:135.12
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
0
20
Temperature [°C]
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
100
200
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
0
20
Temperature [°C]
0
15
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
Wind [m/s]
13070118
100
200
200
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
0
20
13070106
40 −15
0
15
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
200
200
Press.[hPa]
100
0
20
13070109
40 −15
0
15
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
200
Press.[hPa]
200
20
Temperature [°C]
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
Wind [m/s]
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
Lat:18.65 Lon:135.84
0
13070206
Lat:15.36 Lon:135.42
0
20
20
Temperature [°C]
100
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
15
400
100
400
0
300
Wind [m/s]
300
0
13070200
Lat:14.78 Lon:135.34
Temperature [°C]
40 −15
Lat:17.38 Lon:135.67
Temperature [°C]
100
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
20
300
Wind [m/s]
300
0
Temperature [°C]
Lat:14.15 Lon:135.25
300
Lat:16.01 Lon:135.50
300
100
Temperature [°C]
Press.[hPa]
40 −15
Press.[hPa]
Press.[hPa]
13070103
Press.[hPa]
13070112
Lat:13.56 Lon:135.19
Press.[hPa]
Press.[hPa]
13070100
100
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
Lat:19.96 Lon:136.00
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20
0
20
Temperature [°C]
40 −15
0
15
Wind [m/s]
Appendix-B: Oceanic profiles by the CTDO observations
CTD profile (N01M01, N02M01 and N03M01)
CTD profile (13 Jun 2013 casts)

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