Where Art and Family History Meet Part II: Marshalling and Cadency

Transcription

Heraldry: Where Art and Family History Meet
Part II: Marshalling and Cadency
by
Richard A. McFarlane, J.D., Ph.D.
Heraldry: Where Art and Family History Meet 1
© Richard A. M cFarlane (2015)
Marshalling is — 1
Marshalling is the combining of multiple coats of arms into one achievement to show
decent from multiple armigerous families, marriage between two armigerous families, or holding
an office. Marshalling is accomplished in one of three ways: dimidiation, impalement, and
1
Image: The arms of Edward William Fitzalan-Howard, 18th Duke of Norfolk. Blazon: Quarterly: 1st, Gules a Bend
between six Cross Crosslets fitchée Argent, on the bend (as an Honourable Augmentation) an Escutcheon Or charged with a
Demi-Lion rampant pierced through the mouth by an Arrow within a Double Tressure flory counter-flory of the first (Howard);
2nd, Gules three Lions passant guardant in pale Or in chief a Label of three points Argent (Plantagenet of Norfolk); 3rd,
Checky Or and Azure (Warren); 4th, Gules a Lion rampant Or (Fitzalan); behind the shield two gold batons in saltire,
enamelled at the ends Sable (as Earl Marshal). Crests: 1st, issuant from a Ducal Coronet Or a Pair of Wings Gules each
charged with a Bend between six Cross Crosslets fitchée Argent (Howard); 2nd, on a Chapeau Gules turned up Ermine a Lion
statant guardant with tail extended Or ducally gorged Argent (Plantagenet of Norfolk); 3rd, on a Mount Vert a Horse passant
Argent holding in his mouth a Slip of Oak Vert fructed proper (Fitzalan) Supporters: Dexter: a Lion Argent; Sinister: a Horse
Argent holding in his mouth a Slip of Oak Vert fructed proper. Motto: Sola Virtus Invicta (Virtue alone is unconquerable).
Wikipedia. “Edward Fitzalan-Howard, 18th Duke of Norfolk.” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Fitzalan-Howard,_18th
_Duke_of_Norfolk#Titles_and_styles. Accessed: October 17, 2015.
quartering.1
1
Arthur Charles Fox-Davies, A Complete Guide to Heraldry (New York: Dodge Publishing Co., 1909, reprint. New
York: Bonanza Books, 1978) 523.
Two Coats of Arms, One Shield — 1
Dimindiation placed the dexter side of the husband’s arms on the dexter side of the new
combined shield, and the sinister side of the wife’s arms on the sinister side. It can lead to
confusion, as in the lower example, and is no longer used.2
1
Upper Image: Wikipedia. Created to demonstrate heraldic dimidiation. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
:Dimidiation_demo.svg. Accessed: October 14, 2015. Lower Image: Wikipedia. Created to demonstrate heraldic dimidiation.
Joining together of two heraldic shields creates bogus "chevron".https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dimidiation,_worse
_case_ demo.svg. Accessed: October 14, 2015.
2
York: Bonanza Books, 1978) 523-524.
Two Coats of Arms, One Shield — 1
Impaling places one entire coat of arms on one side of the shield, and another entire coat
of arms on the other. It is preferred over dimindiation, for obvious reasons.
In the case of a married couple, if the wife is not an “heiress,” meaning her father is
armigerious and she has brothers who will inherit the arms, the husband places his arms on the
dexter side of the new, combined shield, and his wife’s father’s arms on the sinister side. This
1
Upper Image: Wikipedia. Created to demonstrate heraldic impalement. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki
/File:Impalement_demo.svg. Accessed: October 26, 2015. Lower Image: Sophie, Countess of Wessex. Blazon: Quarterly, 1st
and 4th, Gules three lions passant guardant in pale Or armed and langed Azure, 2nd Or a lion rampant Gules armed and
langued Azure within a double tressure flory counterflory of the second, 3rd Azure a harp Or stringed Argent, the whole
differenced with a label of three points Argent with the central point charged with a Tudor rose; impaled with a shield quarterly
Gules and Azure a lion rampant regardant within an orle Or (for Rhys-Jones). Supporters: Dexter, a lion rampant gardant Or
crowned with the coronet of the rank of a child of the Sovereign proper; Sinister a wyvern Azure, gorged with a coronet Or
composed of crosses pattées and fleurs de lis a chain affixed also Or. Motto: CAS GêR NI CHÂR Y WLAD A'I MACO
(Welsh: Hateful the man who loves not the country that nurtured him).
new coat of arms indicates the union of the two families through marriage, however, it does not
pass on to the next generation.
The College Arms in London has decided:
(1) A man who contracts a same-sex marriage may impale the arms of his
husband with his own on a shield or banner but should bear his own crest rather
than the crests of both parties. The coat of arms of each party to the marriage will
be distinguishable (1) by the arms of the individual concerned being placed on the
dexter side of the shield or banner and (2) by the crest (when included). When one
of the parties to the marriage dies, the survivor may continue to bear the combined
arms on a shield or banner.
(2) A woman who contracts a same-sex marriage may bear arms on a
shield or banner, impaling the arms of her wife with her own or (in cases where the
other party is an heraldic heiress) placing the arms of her wife in pretence. The
coat of arms of each party to the marriage will be distinguishable by the arms of
the individual concerned being placed on the dexter side of the shield or banner (or
displayed as the principal arms in cases where the other party is an heraldic heiress
whose arms are borne in pretence). When one of the parties to the marriage dies,
the survivor may bear the combined arms on a lozenge or banner.
(3) A married man will continue to have the option of bearing his own arms
alone. A ruling of the Kings of Arms made on 6 November 1997 allows a married
woman to bear her own arms alone differenced by a small escutcheon. That will
continue to be the case but the addition of the mark of difference will forthwith be
optional.1
The example shows the arms of Sophie, Countess of Wessex, the wife of Prince Edward,
Earl of Wessex, Queen Elizabeth’s youngest son. The arms show, on the dexter half, those of the
Queen differenced with a label of three points Argent with the central point charged with a Tudor
rose; impaled with the arms of her father, Christopher Rhys-Jones, “a shield quarterly Gules and
Azure a lion rampant regardant within an orle Or.”
1
United Kingdom. College of Arms. “The Arms of Individuals in Same-Sex Marriages.” March 29,, 2014. Online.
http://www.college-of-arms.gov.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=47:kings-ruling2014&catid=12:resources&Itemid=216. Accessed: September 20, 2015.
More Examples — 1
Other than a married couple, impairment is also used to combine the arms of an office with
the arms of the officeholder. In the examples above, the one on the left shows the arms of
Cardinal Sean Patrick O’Malley, Catholic Archbishop of Boston. The image on the right shows
the arms of Sir James Monteith Grant, Lord Lyon King of Arms from 1969 to 1981. In both
1
Left image: arms of Cardinal Sean Patrick O’Malley. Blazon: Arms impaled. Dexter: Azure, a cross fleurettee Or;
issuant from a base bary wavy of five, of the first and Argent, a mount of three coteaux of the second. Sinister: Gules, a ship of
three masts, at sail, Or, between three stars Argent; on a chief of the third the arms of the Franciscan Order; upon a Latin cross
Sable two arms in saltak, the one to dexter uncovered and the one to sinister habited of the Order of St. Francis, both hands
displaying the Stigmata, all Proper. Wikimedia Commons. Coat of arms of Sean Patrick O'Malley.svg.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Sean_Patrick_O%27Malley.svg. Accessed: October 31, 2015.
Right image: Arms of Right image: Arms of Sir James Monteith Grant, Lord Lyon King of Arms (1969-1981). Blazoned: Parted
per pale; dexter, Argent, a lion sejant full faced Gules, holding in his dexter paw a Thistle slipped Vert, flowered proper, and
in the sinister a shield (or inescutcheon) of the Second, on a chief Azure a St. Andrew's Cross of the First (the Lord Lyon King
of Arms); sinister, Argent, a quill pen Or, feathered Gules between two manches Sable, on a chief of the Third three antique
crowns of the Second (his personal arms). The whole ensigned with a King of Arms crown gold, the cap Gules tasselled Or.
Crest: A dexter hand issuant proper, grasping a chevron couped Gules. Motto: ADSUM Supporters: On a compartment two
black faced rams proper. http://heraldry.ca/arms/g/grant.jpg. Accessed: October 31, 2015.
examples, the dexter half shows the arms of the office, the sinister half the arms of the individual.
Obviously, the arms of the office do not descend to the armiger’s children, while the personal
arms may.
Escutcheon of Pretence — 1
Another system is escutcheon of pretence. If the wife is a heraldic heiress, that is, she has
no brothers to inherit her father’s arms or was granted arms in her own right, her husband places
her arms on a small shield, or escutcheon, in the middle of his arms. This escutcheon is “of
pretence” because the husband is “pretending to,” or claiming without a legal right to, the arms of
his wife. Their son, as the heir of both his mother and father, quarters the arms of both his parents
in a new shield.2
1
Image: Wikipedia. Created to demonstrate escutcheon of pretence. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki
/File:Escutcheon_of_pretence_demo.svg. Accessed: October 14, 2015.
2
J.P. Brooke-Little, rev., Boutell’s Heraldry (London: Frederick Ware, 1978) 140; Arthur Charles Fox-Davies, A
Complete Guide to Heraldry (New York: Dodge Publishing Co., 1909, reprint. New York: Bonanza Books, 1978) 539-540.
Quarterings — 1
Quartering combines the arms of several families into one shield to show descent. In the
hypothetical example above, the man holding the arms Vert, a fess engrailed, has two children, a
1
Upper Image: Rampant Lion Collections. FAQ. http://www.rampantlioncollections.com/?page=coat&sub
=coatfaq#hop. Accessed: October 17, 2015. Lower: Charles Henry Gordon-Lennox, 10th Duke of Richmond. Blazon:
Quarterly: 1st and 4th grand quarters, the Royal Arms of Charles II (viz. quarterly: 1st and 4th, France and England quarterly;
2nd, Scotland; 3rd, Ireland); the whole within a Bordure company Argent charged with Roses Gules barbed and seeded proper
and the last; overall an Escutcheon Gules charged with three Buckles Or (the Dukedom of Aubigny); 2nd grand quarter, Argent
a Saltire engrailed Gules between four Roses of the second barbed and seeded proper (Lennox); 3rd grand quarter, quarterly,
1st, Azure three Boars' Heads couped Or (Gordon); 2nd, Or three Lions' Heads erased Gules (Badenoch); 3rd, Or three
Crescents within a Double Tressure flory counter-flory Gules (Seton); 4th, Azure three Cinquefoils Argent (Fraser) Crests: 1st,
a Bull's Head erased Sable horned Or; 2nd, on a Chapeau Gules turned up Ermine a Lion statant guardant Or crowned with a
Ducal Coronet Gules and gorged with a Collar company of four pieces Argent charged with eight Roses Gules and the last; 3rd,
out of a Ducal Coronet a Stag's Head affrontée proper attired with ten Tynes Or. Supporters: Dexter: an Unicorn Argent armed,
crined and unguled Or; Sinister: an Antelope Argent, also armed, crined and unguled Or, each supporter gorged with a Collar
company as the crest. Mottoes: Over the 1st crest, Avant Darnlie; over the 2nd crest, En La Rose Je Fleuris; and over the 3rd
crest, Bydand. Cracroft’s Peerage. Richmond, Duke of. http://www.cracroftspeerage.co.uk/online/content/richmond1675.htm.
Accessed: October 31, 2015.
daughter and a son. The daughter, who is not an heraldic heiress because she has a brother, bears
her father’s arms on a lozenge. When she marries her husband, who bears the arms Argent, a
cross azure, the two coats of arms are impaled. Their son does not inherit his mother’s arms, only
those of his father. On the other hand, her brother marries an heraldic heiress, either his wife has
no brothers or was granted arms in her own right. He places her arms on the escutcheon of
pretense because he pretends to represent her family as well has his own. Their son combines the
two coats of arms into a new achievement. English custom is to disassemble any existing
quarterings, and reassemble the coat of arms in the simplest possible composition, as shown in the
example. The Scottish practice is to include the husband’s and wife’s coats of arms as received
with their quarterings intact.1
The quarters of a shield are numbered: the dexter chief is first, the sinister chief is second,
the dexter base is third, and the sinister base is fourth. The quarters may be divided into quarters
themselves, as in the Scottish practice, in which the quarters within quarters are termed “grandquarters,” “great-grand-quarters” and so forth. One’s father’s arms are always placed in the first
quarter, and one’s mother’s father’s arms are placed in the second. If necessary, quarters may be
repeated in reverse order to achieve an artistic balance.2
Quartering is something of a misnomer in that, in English and continental practice,
quarters are sometimes more than four. Hence, a coat of arms may be “quarterly of six,” or
1
J.P. Brooke-Little, rev., Boutell’s Heraldry (London: Frederick Ware, 1978) 140-145; Arthur Charles Fox-Davies,
A Complete Guide to Heraldry (New York: Dodge Publishing Co., 1909, reprint. New York: Bonanza Books, 1978) 547-555.
2
J.P. Brooke-Little, rev., Boutell’s Heraldry (London: Frederick Ware, 1978) 140-145; Arthur Charles Fox-Davies,
A Complete Guide to Heraldry (New York: Dodge Publishing Co., 1909, reprint. New York: Bonanza Books, 1978) 547-555.
“quarterly of eight,” or whatever is necessary, but always an even number. The first quartering
being repeated in the final quarter, if necessary. One extreme example is George Nugent-TempleGrenville, 1st Marquess of Buckingham, who had a coat of arms with 719 quarterings.1
The arms of Charles Henry Gordon-Lennox, 10th Duke of Richmond, are blazoned:
Quarterly: 1st and 4th grand quarters, the Royal Arms of Charles II (viz. quarterly: 1st and 4th,
France and England quarterly; 2nd, Scotland; 3rd, Ireland); the whole within a Bordure
company Argent charged with Roses Gules barbed and seeded proper and the last; (the
Dukedom of Richmond) overall an Escutcheon Gules charged with three Buckles Or (the
Dukedom of Aubigny); 2nd grand quarter, Argent a Saltire engrailed Gules between four Roses
of the second barbed and seeded proper (Dukedom of Lennox); 3rd grand quarter, quarterly,
1st, Azure three Boars' Heads couped Or (Gordon); 2nd, Or three Lions' Heads erased Gules
(Badenoch); 3rd, Or three Crescents within a Double Tressure flory counter-flory Gules (Seton);
4th, Azure three Cinquefoils Argent (Fraser) .2
The King Charles II granted the title “Duke of Richmond” to Charles Lennox, his
illegitimate son by his mistress, Louise de Keroualle, Duchess of Aubigny and Duchess of
Portsmouth, in August 1675. Charles Lennox was further created in the “Duke of Lennox” a
month later. Charles’ son, also Charles, succeeded to the Dukedom of Aubigny on the death of his
grandmother in 1734. The 6th Duke of Richmond and Lennox was created Duke of Gordon in
1
Iain Moncreiffe and Don Pottinger, Simple Heraldry, 1st American ed. (New York:: Mayflower Books, 1979) 23-
25.
2
Cracroft’s Peerage. Richmond, Duke of. http://www.cracroftspeerage.co.uk/online/content/richmond1675.htm.
1876. Thus, the current Duke holds three dukedoms (four, if the French Aubigny claim is
accepted), more than any other person in the realm.
His arms represent all of this history and these titles. The first and fourth quarters
represent the Dukes’ illegitimate descent from King Charles II and the Duchess of Aubigny, The
second quarter represents the Dukedom of Lennox. The third quarter is itself quartered showing
descent from four distinguished Scottish families, including Clan Gordon, and was brought to the
Gordon-Lennox coat of arms, along with the Gordon surname, when Lady Charlotte Gordon
married Charles Lennox, 4th Duke of Richmond & Lennox, and her brother, George Duncan
Gordon, died without male issue. Their grandson became Duke of Gordon in 1876.
Examples — 1
Left: The arms of Edward William Fitzalan-Howard, 18th Duke of Norfolk are blazoned:
Quarterly: 1st, Gules a Bend between six Cross Crosslets fitchée Argent, on the bend (as an
Honourable Augmentation) an Escutcheon Or charged with a Demi-Lion rampant pierced
1
Left: Edward William Fitzalan-Howard, 18th Duke of Norfolk. Blazon: Blazon: Wikipedia. “Edward FitzalanHoward, 18th Duke of Norfolk.” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Fitzalan-Howard,_18th
_Duke_of_Norfolk#Titles_and_styles. Accessed: October 17, 2015. Right: HH Alexander Albert Mountbatten, 1st Marquess
of Carisbrooke, Blazon: Quarterly, 1st and 4th grand quarters, the Royal Arms as borne by Queen Victoria differenced by a
Label of three points Argent the centre point charged with a Heart Gules and each of the other points with a Rose of the last
barbed and seeded proper; 2nd and 3rd grand quarters, quarterly, 1st and 4th, Azure Lion rampant double queued barry of ten
Argent and Gules armed and langued of the last crowned Or within a Bordure company and the second and third; 2nd and 3rd,
Argent two Pallets Sable. Crests: 1st: Out of a Coronet Or two Horns barry of ten Argent and Gules issuing from each three
Linden Leaves Vert and from the outer side of each four Branches barwise having three like Leaves pendant therefrom of the
last; 2nd: Out of a Coronet Or a Plume of four Ostrich Feathers alternatively Argent and Sable. Supporters: On either side a
Lion guardant double queued Or. Motto: In Te Domine Spero (I trust in you, o Lord). Wikimedia Commons. File: Coat of
Arms of Alexander Mountbatten, 1st Marquess of Carisbrooke.svg https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Mountbatten,
_1st_Marquess_of_Carisbrooke#/media/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Alexander_Mountbatten,_1st_Marquess_of_Carisbrooke.svg.
through the mouth by an Arrow within a Double Tressure flory counter-flory of the first
(Howard); 2nd, Gules three Lions passant guardant in pale Or in chief a Label of three points
Argent (Plantagenet of Norfolk); 3rd, Checky Or and Azure (Warren); 4th, Gules a Lion rampant
Or (Fitzalan). The current Duke of Norfolk is descended from several noble families, and has a
complex genealogy. The Howards have held the Dukedom of Norfolk for over five hundred
years. The Plantagenets of Norfolk were a cadet branch of the English Royal Family descended
from the fifth son of King Edward I. The Warrens were descended from William de Warenne, a
close companion of William the Conqueror. The FitzAlans were also in league with William the
Conqueror, and received the title Earl of Arundel.
Right: The arms of His Highness Alexander Albert Mountbatten, 1st Marquess of
Carisbrooke, are blazoned: Quarterly, 1st and 4th grand quarters, the Royal Arms as borne by
Queen Victoria differenced by a Label of three points Argent the centre point charged with a
Heart Gules and each of the other points with a Rose of the last barbed and seeded proper; 2nd
and 3rd grand quarters, quarterly, 1st and 4th, Azure, a Lion rampant double queued barry of
ten Argent and Gules armed and langued of the last crowned Or within a Bordure company of
the second and third; 2nd and 3rd, Argent two Pallets Sable.
Alexander Albert Mountbatten was a decedent of the German princely House of
Battenberg and of the British Royal Family. He was a grandson of Queen Victoria through her
fifth daughter and youngest child, Princess Beatrice. Princess Beatrice married Prince Henry of
Battenburg. Alexander Albert was a Prince of Battenberg from his birth until 1917, when he and
other members of the British Royal Family relinquished their German titles during the First World
War. He was created Marquess of Carisbrooke by his cousin, King George V. He was a cousin
of both Prince Phillip, the Duke of Edinburgh, and of Queen Elizabeth II. His arms depict his
dissent from the British Royal Family in the first and fourth quarters by displaying the arms of his
mother, Princess Beatrice. The second and third quarters show his father’s arms, which, are
themselves a quartering of the arms of the Grand Duchy of Hesse in the first and fourth grandquarters and the arms of Battenburg, a town in Hesse, and the family seat, in the second and third
grand-quarters.
Cadency — 1
Cadency is the method of distinguishing or differencing a coat of arms to show the
armiger is a younger son, or cadet. According to Fox-Davis, “The obligation of cadet lines to
difference their arms was recognized practically universally by the fourteenth century; and when,
later, the systematic use of differencing seemed in danger of being ignored, it was made the
subject of specific legislation.”2
1
Upper Image: International Heraldry and Heralds. http://www.internationalheraldry.com/#marshalling. Accessed:
October 17, 2015. Lower Image: Philip D. Blanton, An American Heraldic Primer. American Heraldry Society. http://www.
americanheraldry.org/pages/index.php?n=Primer.Page5. Accessed: October 17, 2015.
2
York: Bonanza Books, 1978) 477-507, quotation at page 477; J.P. Brooke-Little, rev., Boutell’s Heraldry (London: Frederick
Ware, 1978) 103-124; Iain Moncreiffe of that Ilk & Don Pottinger, Simple Heraldry, (New York: Mayflower Books, 1979) 1626.
Under the English system, certain marks, called “brisures,” are added to the shield as a
charge to difference the arms of younger sons from their father and eldest brother. The most
well-known brisure is the label. The label is a horizontal stripe, or bar, with three vertical stripes,
or pallets retrait issuant therefrom, and is reserved for the eldest son, and heir, during the life of
his father. On the father’s death, the heir removes the label, and assumes the undifferenced arms.
The eldest son of the eldest son typically bears a label of five points. The label may be of any
tincture.
Although not a good example of the rules generally, the most common example of labels
being used to difference arms is the British Royal Family. The Prince of Wales, as heir to the
throne, bears the royal arms differenced by plain label argent. His brothers, the Duke of York and
the Earl of Wessex, and his sister, the Princess Royal, also bear the royal arms differenced by a
label of three points argent, but each point is charged with some mark or combination of marks.
The Queen’s male line grandchildren also bear the royal arms differenced with labels of five
points, charged with various marks. Other than the Prince of Wales, who removes the label when
he becomes king, these labels become part of the individual’s arms, and there are many examples
of individuals descended from cadet branches of the Royal House still bearing the various versions
of the royal arms differenced with various labels.
Generally, under the English system, each younger son adds a mark to the shield showing
his place in the family: the second son, a crescent; the third son, a mullet [a five-pointed star]; the
fourth son a martlet [a bird]; and so forth. This system was invented in about 1500 by John
Writhe, Garter King of Arms.1 According to Fox-Davies, “The second son of the second son
places a crescent upon a crescent, the third son a mullet on a crescent, the fourth son a martlet on
a crescent, and so on.”2 Obviously, this system would soon become unworkable. Ian de
Minvielle-Devaux wrote,
Notwithstanding all this, the actual practice of differencing fell away sharply in
England in the sixteenth century, and by the seventeenth century there were few
examples of the practice, apart from some use of the minor cadency marks. Even
this use, which was never a general one, soon died out almost completely,
although it continued to be described and recommended by writers on heraldry
until the twentieth century. ... Indeed the English system of differencing according
to seniority has recently been described by an English herald as being ‘permissive
rather than mandatory.’ The usual English practice is now (as it has been for a
long time) for all legitimate male line descendants of a grantee of arms to use the
arms without any difference, although some authors suggest that it is
‘discourteous’ of younger branches not to use some mark of difference from the
head of the family.3
The College of Arms’ official web site states, “The arms of a man pass equally to all his legitimate
children, irrespective of their order of birth.”4 In the December 2007 issue of the Heraldry
Society's newsletter, Heraldry Gazette, Garter King of Arms Peter Gwynn-Jones wrote, “I have
never favored the system of cadency unless there is a need to mark out distinct branches of a
particular family. To use cadency marks for each and every generation is something of a nonsense
1
College of Arms. Resources. Law of Arms. Online. http://www.college-of-arms.gov.uk/resources/the-law-of-arms.
Accessed: November 8, 2015. Italics added for emphasis.
2
3
Ian de Minvielle-Devaux, “Differencing in England, France and Scotland,” Coat of Arms, no.147, Autumn 1989.
Available online. The Heraldry Society. Artiles. http://www.theheraldrysociety.com/articles/marshalling_and_cadency
/differencing_in_england_scotland_and_france.htm. Accessed: November 8, 2015. Footnotes omitted.
4
College of Arms. Resources. Law of Arms. Online. http://www.college-of-arms.gov.uk/resources/the-law-of-arms.
Accessed: November 8, 2015. Italics added for emphasis.
as it results in a pile of indecipherable marks set one above the other. I therefore adhere to the
view that they should be used sparingly. ... I believe it right in England and Wales for a branch to
use cadency marks sparingly and only if they wish to do so.”1
Under the English practice, arms descend only through the male line, so a woman uses the
arms of her father undifferenced, regardless of whether she has brothers or sisters. If she has no
brothers, and is thus an heraldic heiress, she passes her father’s coat of arms to her son quartered
with the arms of her husband. Her sisters do likewise. Canada has a system of cadency marks for
daughters, but the system is not rigorously enforced.
In Scotland, the practice of differencing arms is still enforced. The basic assumption of
Scottish heraldry is “one man, one coat of arms.” Only the head of the family, usually the clan
chief, has the right to the undifferenced arms. This assumption has led to a complex system of
cadency illustrated above. Usually, arms are differenced by bourders of different tinctures, each
tincture representing a different brother. The colour-on-colour/metal-on-metal rule is not applied
to bourders, but if the field and the bordure are coincidently the same, “the practice is to employ a
bordure chequy or counter-compony for that cadet.”2 In subsequent generations, bordures may
be parted, or the line of the bourder may be changed, or the bourder charged, or, finally, new
charges, including English marks of cadency, may be added to the shield.3
1
Peter Gwynn-Jones, The Heraldry Gazette, n.s. 106 (December 2007): 8–9.
2
Thomas Innes of Learney, Scots Heraldry, 2d ed. (Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd, 1956) 104.
3
York: Bonanza Books, 1978) 500-503; Thomas Innes of Learney, Scots Heraldry, 2d ed. (Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd, 1956)
101-111.
Example — 1
The arms of the Dukes of Bedford and the arms of the Earls Russell show the English
system in use.
The arms of the Duke of Bedford, seen on the left, are blazoned: Argent, a Lion rampant
Gules on a Chief sable three Escallops of the first. The arms of the Earl Russell are blazoned:
1
Left Image: Arms of Andrew Ian Henry Russell, 15th Duke of Bedford blazoned: Argent a Lion rampant Gules on a
Chief sable three Escallops of the first. Crest: A Goat statant Argent armed and unguled Or. Supporters: Dexter: a Lion
rampant Gules gorged with a Collar Argent charged with three Escallops Sable; Sinister: a Goat Argent armed unguled and
bearded Or. Motto: Che Sera Sera (What will be, will be). Cracroft's Peerage: The Complete Guide to the British Peerage &
Baronetage. Bedford, Duke of (E, 1694). http://www.cracroftspeerage.co.uk/online/content /bedford1694.htm. Accessed:
October 17, 2015. Right Image: Arms of John Francis Russell, 7th Earl Russell, blazoned: Argent, a Lion rampant Gules on a
Chief Sable three Escallops of the field, over the centre Escallop a Mullet for difference. Crest: A Goat statant Argent armed
and unguled Or. Supporters: On the dexter side a Lion Gules, and on the sinister side an Heraldic Antelope also Gules armed
unguled tufted ducally gorged and chained, the Chain reflexed over the back Or, each supporter charged on the shoulder with a
Mullet Argent. Motto: Che Sera Sera (What will be, will be). Wikipedia. Earl Russell. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_
Russell. Accessed: October 17, 2015. Cracroft's Peerage: The Complete Guide to the British Peerage & Baronetage. Russell,
Earl (UK, 1861). http://www .cracroftspeerage.co.uk/online/content/russell1861.htm. Accessed: October 17, 2015.
Argent, a Lion rampant Gules on a Chief Sable three Escallops of the field, over the centre
Escallop a Mullet for difference. John Russell was a prominent politician during the reign of
Queen Victoria. He held several important cabinet posts, including twice being prime minister. In
1861, Queen Victoria created him Earl Russell. He was also the third son of John Russell, the
sixth Duke of Bedford, himself a prominent politician during the reign of King George III. Thus,
Earl Russell bears the arms of the Duke with a mullet on the second escallop as a mark of
cadency.
The Arms of the Randall Family — 1
The Randall Family differences their arms according to the Scottish system.
The arms of John Richard Cary Randall are in the upper left corner. They are blazoned:
Gules, on a cross engraild Argent four horseshoes open ends uppermost Sable, at the centre
point a rose of the First barbed and seeded Vert. Crest: a pine martin standant guardant Proper.
Motto: CUM FIDE ET HONORE (Latin: With Faith and Honor).2
According to John Richard Cary Randall’s statement on the Heraldry Society of
Scotland’s web site:
1
All four images: Heraldry Society of Scotland, HSS Members-Scots Arms. http://heraldry-scotland.com/copgal
/thumbnails.php?album=7&page=1. Accessed: October 16, 2015.
2
Matriculated: The Court of the Lord Lyon 22nd August 1980. Lyon Register, volume 64, folio 72.
The Lord Lyon granted my father, the late Cary Francis Martin Randall, (L/R
57/118) the basic arms (Gules a cross Argent) of Sir John Randolf, son of Sir
Thomas Randolf of Strathnith and the elder brother of Thomas, Earl of Moray
(flourished circa 1298). This associates our lineage with the Dunegal of Strathnith
and Maud, daughter of Ranulph of Meschenes and Rohaise de Clare of Tonbridge.
On the white cross are four horseshoes of Richard Randaolph of Berkshire
(an extreme Protestant ancestor and cousin to Queen Elizabeth’s Thomas
Randolph) adopted by him in place of five mullets to commemorated his
association with Lord Ferrers in the plan to rescue Mary, Queen of Scots, from
Chartley Castle. The red rose is substituted for the central horseshoe as a
difference, to show we are a junior branch of that family. The red rose is to
represent the ‘English’ connection. The rose should have been white, but you can’t
have a white rose on a white background, so it had to be red.
The Lyon would not agree to the ancient Randall buck’s head crest as there
were too many armigers with stag’s head crests, hence the pine martin which fitted
in well with my fathers middle name which was Martin. As I am my father’s
second son I had to difference my arms and rather than have a bordure, my cross
has been engrailed..1
His son’s, James Francis Cary Randall, coat of arms, shown in the upper corner, are
blazoned: Gules, on a cross engraild Argent four horseshoes open ends uppermost Sable, at the
centre point a rose of the First barbed and seeded Vert debruised with a label of three points
during the lifetime of his father. Crest: a pine martin standant guardant Proper. Motto: CUM
FIDE ET HONORE.2
James Francis Cary Randall’s statement is “The arms were matriculate in favor of my
father, John Richard Cary Randall off a grant of arms made to my grandfather, Cary Francis
Martin Randall on 16th March 1976. The cross in my grandfather's arms was plain, but as my
1
John Richard Cary Randal. Heraldry Society of Scotland, HSS Members-Scots Arms. http://heraldry-scotland.com
/copgal/displayimage.php?album=7&pos=30. Accessed: October 17, 2015.
2
Matriculated: the Court of the Lord Lyon 22nd August 1980. Lyon Register, volume 64, folio 72.
father was the second son, he had to difference his arms, hence the engrailed cross.”1
Caroline Joanna Cary Randall’s arms are in the lower left corner. Her arms are blazoned:
Gules, on a cross engrailed Argent four horseshoes open ends uppermost Sable, at the centre
point a rose of the First barbed and seeded Vert and at the middle chief point a creasent Gules.
Crest: a pine martin standant guardant Proper. Motto: CUM FIDE ET HONORE.2 Caroline’s
place in the family is unclear. Under both the Scottish and English systems, daughters do not
normally inherit arms, and Ms. Cary Randall received hers by a matriculation from the Lord Lyon.
Under the English system, the crescent is the mark of a second son. In this case, it may indicate
that she is the second child of her father. Nevertheless, the inclusion of the crescent on the arms
of her father follow the Scottish rule of one coat of arms per person.
The arms of Craig Martin Cary Randall are in the lower right corner. The are blazoned:
Gules, on a cross engrailed Argent four horseshoes open ends uppermost Sable, at the centre
point a rose of the First barbed and seeded Vert all within a bordure Or. Crest: a pine martin
standant guardant Proper, gorged of a collar Azure charged of three mullets Argent. Motto:
CUM FIDE ET HONORE.3 The use of a gold bordure indicates the second son under the
Scottish system. Thus, the use of the gold bordure and the engrailed cross indicate that Craig
Martin Cary Randall is the second son John Richard Cary Randall, who was the second son of
Cary Francis Martin Randall.
1
James Francis Cary Randal. Heraldry Society of Scotland, HSS Members-Scots Arms. http://heraldry-scotland.com
/copgal/displayimage.php?album=7&pos=32. Accessed: October 17, 2015.
2
Matriculated: The Court of the Lord Lyon 20th August 1991. Lyon Register, volume 70, folio 109.
3
Matriculated: The Court of the Lord Lyon 6th July 1987. Lyon Register, volume 68, folio 107.
Bastardy — 1
Marks of cadency are used to distinguish one family member from another. Marks of
bastardy are the same, except where any legitimate descendant could theoretically inherit the
undifferenced arms and the patrimony, an illegitimate descendant cannot. Marks of bastardy are
not intended as a punishment or disgrace, but to show that the bearer of these arms is a member
1
Image: Arms of Henry Oliver Charles FitzRoy, 12th Duke of Grafton, blazoned The Royal Arms of Charles II, viz
Quarterly: 1st and 4th, France and England quarterly; 2nd, Scotland; 3rd, Ireland; the whole debruised by a Baton sinister
compony of six pieces Argent and Azure. Crest: On a Chapeau Gules turned up Ermine a Lion statant guardant Or ducally
crowned Azure and gorged with a Collar counter-compony Argent and of the fourth. Supporters: Dexter: a Lion guardant Or
ducally crowned Azure; Sinister: a Greyhound Argent, each gorged with a Collar counter-compony Argent and Azure. Motto: Et
Decus Et Pretium Recti (The ornament and recompense of virtue). Cracroft's Peerage: The Complete Guide to the British
Peerage & Baronetage. Grafton, Duke of (E, 1675). http://www.cracroftspeerage.co.uk/online/content /grafton1675.htm.
of the family, but not part of the line of succession.1 Under Scottish law, all natural children are
entitled to the arms of their father as a matter of right with a suitable difference. In the case of
illegitimate children, this is typically a bordure compony.2 Under English law, bastards must seek
a new grant of arms. He or she may request the coat of arms of his father, with a suitable
difference, typically a bordure wavy, or an entirely new coat of arms that may or may not allude
to his or her father’s.3 These differences are permanent. The fact that a coat of arms indicates
illegitimate descent from someone does not necessarily mean that the current armiger is
illegitimate.
In the example above, the arms of Henry Oliver Charles FitzRoy, twelfth Duke of Grafton,
are blazoned as The Royal Arms of Charles II, viz Quarterly: 1st and 4th, France and England
quarterly; 2nd, Scotland; 3rd, Ireland; the whole debruised by a Baton sinister compony of six
pieces Argent and Azure. King Charles II had six illegitimate sons by several mistresses whom he
ennobled. Henry Oliver Charles FitzRoy was his second illegitimate son. He was created first
Duke of Grafton by his father in 1675. As an illegitimate son, Henry FitzRoy, the surname means
“King’s son,” was not eligible to inherit the throne, nor were his brothers. The baton sinister on
the Grafton arms shows this, and nothing more. Charles had no legitimate offspring, so when he
died in 1685, the throne passed to his brother, the Duke of York, as King James II and VII. The
1
2
Thomas Innes of Learney, Scots Heraldry, 2d ed. (Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd, 1956) 108-109; J.P. Brooke-Little,
rev., Boutell’s Heraldry (London: Frederick Ware, 1978) 123.
3
Iain Moncreiffe and Don Pottinger, Simple Heraldry, 1st American ed. (New York:: Mayflower Books, 1979) 19.
Dukedom of Grafton has descended though the legitimate male line of Henry Oliver Charles
FitzRoy for nearly 350 years, yet the Duke’s coat of arms still show illegitimate descent from
King Charles.
Selected Annotated Bibliography
Books:
Allcock, Hubert. Heraldic Design: Its Origins, Ancient Forms and Modern Usage. New York:
Tudor Publishing Co., 1962. Available at the Orange County Family Search Library, 929.8
A.
Bedingfeld, Henry Paston, and Peter Gwynn-Jones. Heraldry. London, Bison Books Ltd., 1993.
Brooke-Little, J.P., rev., Boutell’s Heraldry. London: Frederick Ware, 1978.
Brooke-Little, John. An Heraldic Alphabet. Rev. ed. London: Robson Books, 1996.
Burke, Bernard. The General Armory of England, Scotland, Ireland and Wales. London:
Harrison. 1884. Available at the Orange County Family Search Library, 942.D24b.
Burke, Bernard. Burke’s Genealogical and Heraldric History of the Landed Gentry. 17th ed.
London: Burke’s Peerage, 1952. Available at the Orange County Family Search Library,
Spec. Coll. 942.D22jb.
Burke, J. Bernard. Heraldic Register. London: E. Churton, 1850. Available at the Orange County
Family Search Library, 942.D24bj.
Child, Heather. Heraldic Design. London: Bell & Hyman, 1965.
Dennis, M. D. Scottish Heraldry: An Invitation. Edinburgh: Heraldry Society of Scotland, 1999.
Dennys, Rodney. The Heraldic Imagination. New York: Clarkson N. Potter, 1975.
Dennys, Rodney. Heraldry and the Heralds. London: Jonathan Cape, 1982.
Elvins, Mark Turnham. Illus. by Anselm Baker, foreword by Maurice Noël Léon Couve de
Murville, preface by John Brooke-Little. Cardinals and Heraldry. London: Buckland
Publications, 1988.
Fairbairn, James, comp. Fairbairn’s Book of Crests of the Families of Great Britain and Ireland.
2 vols. 4th ed. London: n.p.: 1905, reprint 2 vols. in 1. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing
Co. 1993. Available at the Orange County Family Search Library, 942.D24fc.
Fox-Davies, Arthur Charles. Armorial Families. 2d ed. Available at the Orange County Family
Search Library, 942.D24fa.
Fox-Davies, Arthur Charles. The Art of Heraldry: An Encyclopedia of Armory. London:
Bloomsbury Books, 1986.
Fox-Davies, Arthur Charles. A Complete Guide to Heraldry. New York: Dodge Publishing Co.,
1909, reprint. New York: Bonanza Books, 1978. Available at the Orange County Family
Search Library, 929.6 F.
Franklin, Charles A.H. The Bearing of Coat-Armour by Ladies. London: n.p. 1923 reprint.
Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co. 1973. Available at the Orange County Family
Search Library, 942.D24fr.
Franklyn, Julian. Heraldry. 1st American ed. South Brunswick, N.Y.: A.S. Barnes & Co., 1968.
Available at the Orange County Family Search Library, call no. 929.6 Fr.
Franklyn, Julian. Shield and Crest. n.p.: London, 1960.
Franklyn, Julian, and Tanner, John. An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Heraldry. Oxford: Pergamon
Press, 1970.
Friar, Stephen. A Dictionary of Heraldry. New York: Harmony Books, 1987.
Friar, Stephen, and John Ferguson. Basic Heraldry. New York: W. W. Norton, 1993.
Gwynn-Jones, Peter. The Art of Heraldry: Origins, Symbols, Designs. London, Parkgate Books,
1998.
Heim, Bruno Bernard. Or and Argent. Gerrards Cross, Eng.: Van Duren, 1994.
Heim, Bruno Bernard. Heraldry in the Catholic Church: Its Origins, Customs and Laws.
Gerrards Cross, Eng.: Van Duren, 1978.
Innes of Learney, Thomas. Scot’s Heraldry: A Practical Handbook on the Historical Principle
and Modern Applications of the Art and Science. 2d ed. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd, 1956.
Innes of Learney, Thomas and Malcolm R. Innes. Scots Heraldry. rev. ed. London: Johnston &
Bacon, 1978. Updated edition of the preceding.
Le Févre, Jean. A European Armorial: An Armorial of Knights of the Golden Fleece and 15th
Century Europe. Ed. by Rosemary Pinches & Anthony Wood. London: Heraldry Today,
1971.
Louda, Jiøí and Michael Maclagan. Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe. New York:
Clarkson Potter, 1981. Reprinted as Lines of Succession (London: Orbis, 1984).
Mackinnon of Dunakin, Charles. The Observer's Book of Heraldry. London: Frederick Warne,
1966.
Neubecker, Ottfried. Heraldry: Sources Symbols and Meaning. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1976.
Parker, James. A Glossary of Terms Used in Heraldry. Rutland, VT: Tuttle and Co., 1970.
Pastoureau, Michel. Heraldry: An Introduction to a Noble Tradition. New York, Harry N.
Abrams Inc., 1997.
Pine, L. G. International Heraldry. Rutland, VT: C. E. Tuttle Co, 1970.
Pine, L.G. The Story of Heraldry. London: Country Life Ltd, 1952.
Puttock, A.G. Heraldry in Australia. French Forests, NSW, Aus.: Child and Associates, 1988.
Slater, Stephen. The Complete Book of Heraldry. London: Lorenz Books, 2002.
Slater, Stephen. The History and Meaning of Heraldry. London: Southwater, 2004.
Spurrier, Peter. The Heraldic Art Source Book. Bath: Bath Press, 1997.
Volborth, Carl-Alexander von. Heraldry of the World. Poole, Dorset: Blandford Press, 1973.
Volborth, Carl-Alexander von. The Art of Heraldry. Poole, Dorset: Blandford Press, 1984.
Wagner, Antony. Heraldry in England. New York: Penguin Books, 1946. Available at the
Orange County Family Search Library, Spec. Coll. 942.D6Wag.
Wagner, Anthony R. Heralds of England: A History of the Office and College of Arms. London:
HMSO, 1967.
Williamson, David. Debrett's Guide to Heraldry and Regalia. London: Headline Book
Publishing, 1992.
Woodcock, Thomas, and John Martin Robinson. The Oxford Guide to Heraldry. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 1988.
Woodward, John, and George A. Burnett. A Treatise on Heraldry, British and Foreign. Rutland,
Vt.: Charles E. Tuttle, 1969.
Zieber, Eugene. Heraldry in America. New York: Crown Publishers, 1984.
Web sites:
The American College of Heraldry. http://www.americancollegeofheraldry.org.
The American Heraldry Society. http://www.americanheraldry.org.
The Armorial Register. International Register of Arms. http://www.armorial-register.com.
The College of Arms, London, England. http://www.college-of-arms.gov.uk.
The Court of the Lord Lyon, Edinburgh, Scotland. http://www.lyon-court.com.
Cracroft’s Peerage. http://www.cracroftspeerage.co.uk.
Governor General of Canada. Heraldry. http://gg.ca/document.aspx?id=2&lan=eng.
Heraldry of the World. http://www.ngw.nl/heraldrywiki/index.php?title=Heraldry_of_the_world.
The Heraldry Society. http://www.theheraldrysociety.com/home.htm.
The Heraldry Society of Scotland. http://www.heraldry-scotland.co.uk.
The Institute of Heraldry. U.S. Department of the Army. http://www.tioh.hqda.pentagon.mil.
International Heraldry and Heralds. http://www.internationalheraldry.com
Royal Heraldry Society of Canada. http://heraldry.ca.
The Society of Scottish Armigers. http://www.scotarmigers.net/index.htm.
Society for Creative Anachronism College of Arms. http://heraldry.sca.org.

Where Art and Family History Meet Part II: Marshalling and Cadency

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