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Continuing its long history of influential scientific publishing, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B
publishes high quality theme issues on topics of current importance and general
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Rodrigo Correa-Oliveira
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Julius Hafalla
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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal
Society B: Biological Sciences
ISSN: 0962-8436
© The Royal Society, 2016
Except as otherwise permitted under the
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this publication may only be reproduced,
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Cover image
Penis fencing pair of the tropical marine flatworm Pseudoceros bifurcus with everted, syringe-like penis. Since flatworms are hermaphroditic, their sexual interests are identical, but
incompatible: both individuals try to forcefully inject sperm into the other, while attempting to minimize harmful stabs by the partner. As a consequence, a form of duelling ensues.
(Image credit: NK Michiels.)
Typeset by Nova Techset Private Limited, Bengaluru & Chennai, India. Printed in the UK by Latimer Trend.
This paper meets the requirements of ISO 9706:1994(E) and ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper) effective with volume 335, issue 1273, 1992.
Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B (ISSN 0962-8436) is published 26 times a year for US$6461 per year by the Royal Society, and is distributed in the USA by Agent named Air Business, C/O
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ISSN 0962-8436 | Volume 371 | Issue 1706 | 19 October 2016
The Society’s strategic priorities emphasise its
commitment to the highest quality science, to
curiosity-driven research, and to the development
and use of science for the benefit of society.
These priorities are:
• Promoting science and its benefits
• Recognising excellence in science
Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B | Volume 371 | Issue 1706 | 19 October 2016
The Royal Society is a self-governing Fellowship
of many of the world’s most distinguished scientists
drawn from all areas of science, engineering, and
medicine. The Society’s fundamental purpose, as it
has been since its foundation in 1660, is to recognise,
promote, and support excellence in science and to
encourage the development and use of science for
the benefit of humanity.
Weird sex: the underappreciated diversity of sexual reproduction
Theme issue compiled and edited by Duur Aanen, Madeleine Beekman and Hanna Kokko
• Supporting outstanding science
• Fostering international and global cooperation
• Education and public engagement
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Weird sex: the underappreciated diversity of sexual reproduction
• Providing scientific advice for policy
0962-8436(20161019)371:1706
ISBN: 978-1-78252-218-8
ISSN 0962-8436
The Royal Society Registered Charity No 207043
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