The digestive system – Apparatus digestorius

The digestive system – Apparatus digestorius
Cavitas oris
1. Fill in the blanks in the following text.
palate, salivary glands, incisors, ingestion, soft palate, mastication, molars, hard palate, oral, uvula,
canines, saliva,
Digestion begins in the mouth, also called the ________ cavity. The primary functions of the mouth are
concerned with the intake or ____________ of food, with chewing or ______________ and swallowing.
There are 32 teeth in a complete adult set, including ___________ and ___________ to bite food and
_____________ for grinding. The ___________ is the roof of the mouth: the anterior portion (__________
___________) is formed by bone and the posterior part (_____________ _____________) is made of soft
tissue. The fleshy _____________, used in speech production, hangs from the soft palate. In the process
of chewing the tongue, lips, cheeks, palate also help to break up the food and mix it with ___________,
the digestive juice moistens the food and begins the digestion of starch. The ___________
_____________ secrete saliva into the mouth and are considered to be accessory organs of digestion.
2. Identify the parts of the oral cavity by a number from the picture.
͟
dens caninus
͟
dens incisivus primus (centralis)
͟
dens incisivus secundus (lateralis)
͟
dens molaris tertius (sapientiae)
͟
dentes molares (primus et secundus)
͟
dentes praemolares (primus et secundus)
͟
fauces
͟
gingiva
͟
labium inferius
͟
labium superius
͟
lingua
͟
palatum durum
͟
palatum molle
͟
tonsilla palatina
͟
uvula
͟
vestibulum oris
3. Fill in the blanks in the text with the given terms.
foramen, dentin, pulp, crown, permanent, neck, cement, deciduous, roots, enamel,
Each tooth consists of a ____________, which projects above the gum; one or more ___________
embedded in the alveolus; and a_______________, which stretches between the crown and the root.
Each tooth also contains a cavity filled with ____________, richly supplied with blood vessels and nerves
that enter the cavity through a small aperture or ______________ at the apex of each root. The solid
inner part of the tooth consists of ______________, ___________ covers the exposed part of the crown,
and ______________ covers the surface of the root. Two sets of teeth appear at different periods of life:
the 20 primary or ____________ teeth appear during infancy, the 32 secondary or _____________ teeth
during childhood and early adulthood.
4. Identify the parts of a tooth by a number from the picture.
͟
corona dentis
͟
cervix/collum dentis
͟
radix dentis
͟
enamelum
͟
dentinum
͟
cavitas dentis, pulpa dentis
͟
canalis radicis dentis
͟
gingiva
͟
periodontium
͟
cementum
͟
foramen apicis dentis
Lingua
5. Fill in the blanks in the text with the given terms.
mastication, dorsum, foliate, frenulum, tonsil,lingua, sulcus medianus, apex, papillae, filiform,
fungiform, vallate, glossa, radix, sulcus terminalis,
The tongue (L.,__________; Gk,____________), situated in the floor of the mouth. The tongue is
important in taste,_____________ , swallowing, and speech. It is composed chiefly of skeletal muscle,
is partly covered by mucous membrane, and presents a tip (________) and margin,__________ ,
inferior surface, and root (_____________). The tip, or apex, usually rests against the incisors and
continues on each side into the margin. The dorsum extends from the oral cavity into the oropharynx.
A V-shaped groove, the_________________, runs laterally and anteriorward from a small pit, the
foramen cecum. The sulcus terminalis is the boundary between (1) the oral part, or anterior two thirds,
and the pharyngeal part, or posterior third, of the tongue.
The oral part of the dorsum may show a shallow median groove
(_________________). The mucosa has numerous minute lingual
___________: the ___________ papillae, the narrowest and most
numerous; (2) the ____________ papillae, with rounded heads (like
mushrooms) and containing taste buds; (3) the _____________
papillae, about a dozen large projections arranged in a V-shaped row
in front of the sulcus terminalis and containing numerous taste
buds; and the __________ papillae, inconstant grooves and ridges
at the margin posteriorly. Lymphatic follicles in the submucosa are
collectively known as the lingual ____________. The inferior surface
of the tongue is connected to the floor of the mouth by the
__________.
6. Identify the parts of the tongue in the picture.
͟
apex linguae
͟
papillae foliatae
͟
sulcus medianus
͟
corpus linguae
͟
papillae fungiformes
͟
sulcus terminalis
͟
foramen caecum
͟
papillae vallatae
͟
tonsilla lingualis
͟
papillae filiformes
͟
radix linguae
͟
tonsilla palatina
7. Identify the parts of the digestive system in the picture.
͟
͟
͟
͟
͟
͟
͟
͟
͟
͟
͟
͟
͟
͟
͟
͟
͟
͟
͟
͟
͟
anus
͟
͟
appendix vermiformis
͟
͟
caecum
͟
͟
canalis analis
͟
͟
cavitas oris propria
8. Fill in the blanks in each test with the given terms.
cavitas oris
colon ascendens
colon descendens
colon sigmoideum
colon transversum
duodenum
gaster (ventriculus)
glandula parotis
glandula sublingualis
glandula submandibularis
glandulae salivariae majores
hepar
ileum
intestinum crassum
intestinum tenue
jejunum
oesophagus
pancreas
pars laryngea pharyngis
pars oralis pharyngis
pharynx
͟
rectum
rima oris
vesica biliaris (fellea)
vestibulum oris
From the mouth to the stomach
peristalsis, pylorus, intestine,pharynx, esophagus, shincter, cardia, pepsin
Portions of moistened food are moved from the oral cavity toward the ____________ where
swallowing reflexes push it into the ____________. ______________moves the food through the
esophagus and into the stomach. At its distal end, where it joins the stomach, the esophagus has
muscle tissue that contracts to keep stomach contents from refluxing. This lower esophageal
___________(LES) is also called the cardiac sphincter‖ because it lies above the stomach‘s __________,
the region around its upper opening. In the stomach food is further broken down as it is churned and
mixed with secretions containing the enzyme ___________ and powerful hydrochloric acid (HCl), both
of which break down proteins. The partially digested food then passes through the lower portion of
the stomach, the ____________and then into the_________________.
The Small Intestine
jejunum, villi, duodenum, ileum,
Food leaving the stomach enters the_______________, the first portion of the small intestine.
Duodenum is from the Latin duodeni, meaning ―twelve each‖, referring to its length. As food
continues through the ____________ and ______________, the remaining sections of the small
intestine, digestion is completed. The digestive substances active in the small intestine include
enzymes from the intestine itself and products from accessory organs that secrete into the duodenum.
The digested nutrients, as well as water, minerals, and vitamins are absorbed into the circulation, aided
by small projections in the lining of the small intestine called ___________. Each villus has blood
capillaries to absorb nutrients into the blood stream and lymphatic capillaries, or lacteals, to absorb
small molecules of digested fats into the lymph.
The Large Intestine
colon, sigmoid, rectum, ascending, transverse, descending, faeces, anus, cecum, appendix,
Any food that has not been digested, along with water and digestive juices, passes into the large
intestine. This part of the digestive tract begins in the lower right region of the abdomen with a small
pouch, the ____________, to which the ____________is attached. The large intestine continues as the
_____________, a name that is often used to mean the large intestine. The colon travels upward along
the right side of the abdomen as the _____________ colon, crosses below the stomach as the
_____________ colon, then continues down the left side of the abdomen as the _____________colon.
As food is pushed through the colon, water is reabsorbed and stool or _____________is formed. This
waste material passes into the S-shaped _____________colon and is stored in the ____________ until
eliminated through the ___________.
The Accessory Organs
hepatic, liver, cholecyst, pancreas,salivary, bile,
The _____________ glands, which secrete into the mouth, are the first accessory organs to act on
food. They secrete an enzyme (salivary amylase) that begins the digestion of starch. The remainder of
the accessory organs is in the abdomen and secrete into the duodenum. The_________ is a large gland
with many functions. A major part of its activity is to process blood brought to it by a special circulatory
pathway called the__________ portal system. The liver‘s role in digestion is the secretion of
____________, which emulsifies fats (breaks them down into smaller units). The gallbladder
(______________) stores bile until it is needed in digestion. The common hepatic duct from the liver
and the cystic duct from the gallbladder merge to form the common bile duct, which empties into the
duodenum. The _______________ produces a mixture of digestive enzymes that is delivered into the
duodenum through the pancreatic duct. It also secretes large amounts of bicarbonate, which
neutralizes the strong stomach acid.
9.Identify the parts in the picture.
͟
et v. lienalis (splenica)
͟ caput pancreatis
͟ cauda pancreatis
͟ corpus pancreatis
͟ diaphragma
͟ ductus choledochus (biliaris)
͟ ductus cysticus
͟ ductus hepaticus communis
͟ ductus pancreaticus
͟ duodenum
͟ lien (splen)
͟ lobus hepatis dexter
͟ pancreas
͟ vesica biliaris (fellea)
Exercises
1. Give the latin term.
1st part of small intestine
___________________
lining of abdominal wall
___________________
membrane between small intestine
____________________
lymphoid tissue at the back of tongue
____________________
wavelike contraction of an organ’s walls
____________________
last part of large intestine
____________________
salivary gland under the lower jaw
____________________
gallbladder
_____________________
the largest gland of the body
_____________________
tiny projections of the wall of the small intestine
_________________
stool
______________________
partaining to the lip
______________________
pertaining to the tongue
______________________
2.Form adjectives.
ileum
__________________
hepar
__________________
pancreas
omentum
__________________
mesenterium __________________
duodenum
__________________
abdomen
__________________
colon
__________________
splen
__________________
cysta
__________________
lien
__________________
peritoneum
__________________
gaster
__________________
appendix
__________________
__________________
3. Match the pairs.
Latin
omentum
peritoneum
mesenterium
papilla
ventriculus
jejunum
duodenum
ileum
colon
cardia
pylorus
English
Latin
a) nipple-like projection
b) 1st part of small intestine
c) membrane hanging from stomach
d) large intestine
e) 3rd part of small intestine
f) upper opening of stomach
g) membrane lining abdominal wall
h) 2nd part of small intestine
i) lower opening of stomach
j) membrane between small intestin
k) stomach
5
caecum
dens
fel
ductus bilifer
glandula
lingua
rectum
saliva
uvula
ventriculus
vesica biliaris
Greek
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)
k)
glossgastrodontsialstaphylcholecystcholangicholeproctadentyphl-
4.Name the inflammation of the parts.
rectum
___________________
caecum
pharynx
___________________
appendix vermiformis ___________________
ventriculus
___________________
vesica fellea
___________________
intestinum tenue
___________________
ductus bilifer
___________________
intestinum crassum
___________________
glandula salivaria
___________________
___________________
5. Fill in the blanks with the given terms
nausea, vomitus, borborygmus, haematemesis, gastroenteritis, anaemia,diarrhoea, exsiccosis,
dehydratatio, gastrorrhagia, perforatio, dyspnoea,melaena, anorexia, ulcus ventriculi, syncope,
_______________ is a catchall term for infection or irritation of the digestive tract, particularly the stomach
and intestine. Major symptoms include (feeling sick)__________ and (throwing up from the stomach)
______________, (loose and frequent stool)______________, and abdominal cramps. These symptoms are
sometimes also accompanied by fever and overall weakness. Gastroenteritis typically lasts about three days.
Adults usually recover without problem, but children, the elderly, and anyone with an underlying disease are
more vulnerable to complications such as (loosing too much water) ___________________.
Patients with _________________ (bleeding of stomach) often present with _______________ (vomiting
blood), coffee ground vomiting, ______________ (black stool) , maroon stool, or hematochezia if the
hemorrhage is severe. Patients may also present with complications of ____________ (low level of red cells),
including chest pain, _______________ (loss of consciousness), fatigue and shortness of breath or
________________.
6. Match the pairs and tranlsate the suffixes.
Term
glossodynia
sialadenectomia
palatoschisis
stenosis pylori
hepatomegalia
oesophagomalacia
cholelithiasis
cholecystectomia
sigmoidoproctostomia
duodenoscopia
gastrorrhagia
haematemesis
diarrhoea
oesophagectasia
gastropexia
paracentesis
abdominalis
cholecystorrhaphia
Definition
Suffixum
a) enlargement of liver
b) narrowing of lower opening of
stomach
c) endoscopy of the 1st part of small
intestine
d) bleeding of the stomach
e) surgical removal of salivary gland
f) loose and frequent stool
g) fissure of the palate
h) vomiting blood
i) surgical suture of gall bladder
j) pain in the tongue
k) softening of the gullet
l) stone formation in the gall bladder
m) formation of a passage between
sigmoid colon and rectum
n) removal of gall bladder
o) puncture of the abdominal cavity
p) surgical fixation of the stomach
-odynia
-ectomia
q) widening of the gullet
-rrhaphia
6
-schisis
-stenosis
-megalia
-malacia
-lithiasis
-ectomia
-stomia
-scopia
-rrhagia
-emesis
-rrhoea
-ectasia
-pexia
-centesis
Meaning
7. What do these terms mean?
gingivostomatitis ulcerosa
______________
rectoscopia
________________
cheilitis
______________
colitis ulcerosa
________________
odontolithiasis
______________
hepatopexia
________________
sialorrhoea
________________
resectio ventriculi
________________
pharyngospasmus
________________
herpes labialis
_________________
oesophagectasia
________________
hypaciditas
_________________
appendectomia
________________
anaciditas/achlorhydria
__________________
8.What are these drug types used for?
antacidum
______________
emeticum
________________
antidiarrhoicum
______________
digestivum/stomachicum
________________
antiemeticum
______________
cholagogum
________________
laxativum
________________
obstipans
________________
9. True-false?
Duodenum is the middle part of small intestine.
_____ ________________________
Ptyalismus is excess bile secretion.
_____ ________________________
Icterus is jaundice in other terms.
_____ ________________________
Ductus cysticus is the duct of the gall bladder.
_____ ________________________
Colic is a crampy abdominal pain.
_____ ________________________
10. Odd one out.
caput - fundus - corpus - cauda
______________________
diarrhoea - peristaltica - nausea - vomitus
______________________
caecum - colon - rectum - lien
______________________
pancreas - hepar - villi - glandulae salivariae
______________________
gingiva - pylorus - palatum - dens incisivus
______________________
7
11. Match the pairs
Latin
flatus
eructation
foetor oris
borborygmus
pruritus
regurgitation, reflux
faeces
chymus
fistula
diverticulum
nausea
melaena
obstipation
icterus
cirrhosis
diarrhoea
meteorismus
neoplasma
English
a) food mass in the intestine
b) abnormal passage between two hollow organs
c) itching
d) bowel gas
e) stool
f) bad smell of the mouth
g) liver disease in which liver becomes tawny and shrinks
h) pouch in the abdominal wall
i) abdominal gurgle
j) burping
k) backflow of digestive juice
l) slow bowel movement
m) jaundice
n) tumour
o) feeling that one is about to vomit
p) black bloody stool
q) frequent loose stool
r) bloatednes
8
12. Case studies
Case Study 1: Cholecystectomy
G.L., a 42-year-old obese Caucasian woman, entered the hospital with nausea and vomiting, flatulence
and eructatio n, a fever of 100.5°F, and continuous right upper quadrant and subscapular pain.
Examination on admission showed rebound tenderness in the RUQ with a positive Murphy sign. Her
skin, nails, and conjunctivae were yellowish, and she complained of frequent clay-colored stools. Her
leukocyte count was 16,000. An ERCP and ultrasound of the abdomen suggested many small stones in
her gallbladder and possibly the common bile duct. Her diagnosis was cholecystitis with cholelithiasis.
A laparoscopic cholecystectomy was attempted, with an intraoperative cholangiogram and common
bile duct exploration. Because of G.L.’s size and some unexpected bleeding, visualization was difficult
and the procedure was converted to an open approach. Small stones and granular sludge were
irrigated from her common duct, and the gallbladder was removed. She had a T-tube inserted into the
duct for bile drainage; this tube was removed on the second postoperative day. She had an NG tube in
place before and during the surgery, which was also removed on day two. She was discharged on the
fifth postoperative day with a prescription for prn pain medication and a low-fat diet.
Case Study 2: Colonoscopy With Biopsy
S.M., a 24-year-old man, had a recent history of lower abdominal pain with frequent loose mucoid
stools. He described symptoms of occasional dysphagia, dyspepsia, nausea, and aphthous ulcers of
his tongue and buccal mucosa. A previous barium enema showed some irregularities in the sigmoid
and rectal segments of his large bowel. Stool samples for culture, ova, and parasites were negative.
His tentative diagnosis was irritable bowel syndrome. He followed a lactose-free, low-residue diet
and took Imodium to reduce intestinal motility. His gastroenterologist recommended a colonoscopy.
After a 2-day regimen of soft to clear liquid diet, laxatives, and an enema the morning of the
procedure, he reported to the endoscopy unit. He was transported to the procedure room. ECG
electrodes, a pulse oximeter sensor, and a blood pressure cuff were applied for monitoring, and an IV
was inserted in S.M.’s right arm. An IV bolus of Demerol and a bolus of Versed were given, and S.M.
was positioned on his left side. The colonoscope was gently inserted through the anal sphincter and
advanced proximally. S.M. was instructed to take a deep breath when the scope approached the
splenic flexure and the hepatic flexure to facilitate comfortable passage. The physician was able to
advance past the ileocecal valve, examining the entire length of the colon. Ulcerated granulomatous
lesions were seen throughout the colon, with a concentration in the sigmoid segment. Many biopsy
specimens were taken. The mucosa of the distal ileum was normal. Pathology examination of the
biopsy samples was expected to establish a diagnosis of IBD.
9
Vocabula
Latin
English
Definition
Clinical stem
Example
(circum)vallatus 3
vallate
surrounded by a depression
anus, i, m.
anus
an-
anal
apex of tongue
lower opening of alimentary
canal
tip of the tongue
apex linguae
appendix vermiformis
vermiform appendix
end part of caecum
appendic-
appendicitis
caecum, i, n.
caecum
1st part of large intestine
typhl-
typhlectasia
cardia, ae, f
cardia
upper opening of the
stomach
narrow, tail-like end of
pancreas
tail
cavitas oris propria
oral cavity proper
inner part of oral cavity
cavum/cavitas oris
oral cavity
stomat-
stomatitis
cementum, i, n.
cement
covering of the root
cervix dentis
cervix
neck of teeth
colon ascendens
ascending colon
upward part
colon descendens
descending colon
downward part
colon sigmoideum
sigmoid colon
S-like colon
sigmoid-
sigmoidostomia
colon transversum
transverse colon
horizontal
corona dentis
corona
crown
corpus ventriculi
corpus
body of stomach
dens caninus
canine tooth
eye tooth
dens deciduus
deciduous
milk tooth
dens incisivus
incisor
front teeth
dens molaris
molar
back tooth
dens permanens
permanent teeth
adult teeth
dens praemolaris
premolar
before the molars
odont-
dentalis 2,
odontologia
cholangi-
cholangiographi
a
cauda pancreatis
cauda, ae, f.
dens, dentis, m.
tooth
dorsum linguae
dorsum
upper part of tongue
ductus bilifer
bile duct
ducts conveying bile
ductus choledochus
common bile duct
ductus cysticus
cystic duct
ductus hepaticus
hepatic duct
ductus pancreaticus
pamcreatic duct
duodenum, i,n.
1st part of small intestine
duoden-
duodenoscopia
fel, fellis n / bilis, is f
bile
chole-
felleus 3,
cholelith
gingiv-
gingivostomatitis
filiformis 2
filiform
thread-like
foliatus 3
foliate
leaf-like
fundus ventriculi
fundus
base of the stomach
fungiformis 2
fungiform
mushroom-like
gingiva, ae, f
gingiva
gum
glandula parotidea
parotid gland
salivary gland near the ear
glandula sublingualis
sublingual gland
salivary gland under the
tongue
10
Latin
English
Definition
glandula
submandibularis
glandula, ae, f
submandibular
gland
under the mandible
Clinical stem
Example
gland
aden-
adenomalacia
glandulae salivariae
salivary glands
glands producing saliva
sialaden-
sialadenitis
liver
hepat-
hepatomegalia
3rd part of small intestine
ile-
ileocaecalis 2
intestinum crassum/
colon, coli n
intestinum tenue
large intestine
col-, colon-
colitis
small intestine
enter-
enteritis
isthmus faucium
narrow part of throat
jejunum, i, n
2nd part of small intestine
jejun-
jejunostomia
labium, ii, n.
lip
cheil-
lingua, ae, f.
tongue
gloss-
labialis 2,
cheilitis
glossitis
lobus hepatis
lobe of the liver
mandibula, ae f
lower jaw
gnath-, geni-
m. genioglossus
maxilla, ae f
upper jaw
gnath-
gnathoschisis
membrane between small
intestines
gullet
mesenteri-
mesentericus 3
oesophag-
oesophagitis
oment-
omentalis 2
palatum durum
membrane hanging from the
stomach
hard palate
palatum molle
soft palate
roof of the oral cavity
palat-
palatoschisis
pancreas, -atis, n.
accessory gland of digestion
pancreat-
pancreatitis
papilla, ae f
nipple-shaped protuberance
peritone-
peritonealis 2
pharyng-
pharyngitis
pylor(us)-
transpyloricus
proct-
rectalis 2,
proctitis
sial-
sialolith
hepar, hepatis, n.
ileum, i, n.
ileum
mesenterium, ii, n.
mesentery
oesophagus, i, m.
oesophagus
omentum
omentum
palatum, palati n
palate
pars laryngea
pharyngis
pars oralis pharyngis
laryngopharynx
laryngeal part of pharynx
oropharynx
oral part of pharynx
peritoneum, i, n.
peritoneum
pharynx, pharyngis f
pharynx
membrane lining the
abdominal cavity
throat
porta hepatis
gate of liver
pylorus, i, m
lower opening of stomach
radix linguae
root of tongue
rectum, i, n.
last part of large intestine
rima oris
opening of mouth
saliva, ae, f.
spit
tonsilla lingualis
lingual tonsil
tonsilla pharyngea
pharyngeal tonsil
uvula, ae f
small extension of soft palate
vena portae
portal vein
ventriculus, -i m
stomach
gastr-
gastritis
vesica fellea, vesica
biliaris
vestibulum oris
gall bladder
cholecyst-
outer part of oral cavity
vestibul-
cholecystectomi
a
vestibularis
11
uvul-,staphyl-
Clinical terms
Latin term
achalasia
anorexia
appendicitis
ascites
caries
cholecystitis
choledocholithiasis
cholelithiasis
cirrhosis
diarrhoea
diverticulosis
dysenteria
dyspepsia
dysphagia
enterocolitis
eructation
fistula
flatulence
flatus
halitosis
gastritis
gastroptosis
gastrorrhage
hernia diaphragmatica
inguinal hernia
hypacidity
acidity
icterus
ileus
laparoscopia
melaena
nausea, ae f
haemorrhoidal node
constipation
oesophagectasia
oesophagospasmus
pancreatitis, -itidis f
perforation
peritonitis
pharyngospasmus
ruptura lienis
peptic ulcer
vomitus, emesis
Definition
inability of the oesophageal sphincter to relax
loss of apetite
inflammation of the appendix
collection of fluid in the abdominal cavity
tooth decay
inflammation of gall bladder
stone formation in the common bile duct
stone formation in the gall bladder
liver disease in which the liver becomes tawni and shrinks
frequent and loose stool
formation of pouches in the abdominal wall
infection of the intestine causing bloody diarrhoea
digestion disorder
difficulty in swallowing
inflammation of the small and large intestines
belching
abnormal connection between two hollow organs
having gas in the GI tract
intestinal gas
bad breath
inflammation of the stomach
downward displacement of the stomach
bleeding of the stomach
herniation of the diaphragm
herniation of the groin
low level of gastric acid
excess gastric acid production
jaundice
obstruction of intestine
endoscopic examination through the abdominal wall
black bloody stool
feeling that one is about to vomit
piles,
slow bowel movement
dilation of the gullet
cramp of the muscles of the gullet
inflammation of the pancreas
creation or development of a hole in an organ
inflammation of the peritoneum
cramp of the throat
rupture of the spleen
a lesion in the mucus membrane of the upper GI tract caused by gastric
juice
vomiting, throwing up from the stomach
12