Grapple Yarder and Supersnorkel Handbook

Transcription

GRAPPLE YARDER
& SUPERSNORKEL
HANDBOOK
© 1998 Workers’ Compensation Board of British Columbia. All rights
reserved. The Workers’ Compensation Board of B.C. encourages the
copying, reproduction, and distribution of this document to promote
health and safety in the workplace, provided that the Workers’
Compensation Board of B.C. is acknowledged. However, no part of
this publication may be copied, reproduced, or distributed for profit
or other commercial enterprise or may be incorporated into any
other publication without written permission of the Workers’
Compensation Board of B.C.
Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Grapple yarder & supersnorkel handbook
Rev. ed.
“WorkSafe.”
Previously published 1992.
ISBN 0-7726-3457-2
1. Logging – British Columbia – Safety measures.
2. Logging – British Columbia – Machinery.
3. Forests and forestry – British Columbia – Safety
measures. 4. Forest machinery – British Columbia.
I. Workers’ Compensation Board of British Columbia.
SD387.S3G72 1998 363.11'963498 C98-960019-X
GRAPPLE
YARDER &
SUPERSNORKEL
HANDBOOK
Revised 1998
ABOUT THE WCB
The Workers’ Compensation Board (WCB) of B.C. is responsible for promoting health
and safety in the workplace. To this end, the WCB regulates minimum workplace
standards for running a healthy and safe operation.
The first priority of the WCB is to prevent on-the-job injury and disease. WCB officers
investigate serious workplace accidents and consult with contractors, supervisors, and
workers to help them comply with the Occupational Health and Safety Regulation. The
WCB also assigns officers to inspect worksites in B.C. to make sure they comply with
WCB requirements.
If a worker suffers a work-related injury or illness, the WCB provides fair compensation
that may include medical costs, loss of earnings, physical rehabilitation, and pensions.
If a worker is killed on the job, counselling and financial help are made available to the
victim’s family. For more information on requirements or eligibility for WCB coverage,
contact the WCB office nearest you.
WCB Prevention Information Line
Concerned about health and safety at work? The WCB Prevention Information Line can
answer your questions on workplace health and safety requirements, worker and
employer responsibilities, safety information, and reporting a workplace accident or
incident. The Prevention Information Line accepts anonymous calls.
Phone 604 276-3100 in the Lower Mainland or toll free 1 888 621-SAFE (7233).
To report after-hours and weekend accidents and emergencies, call
604 273-7711.
GRAPPLE YARDER & SUPERSNORKEL HANDBOOK
AT A GLANCE
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
Planning and Developing a Grapple Yarder Site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
Transporting Equipment to the Yarding Site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27
Grapple Yarding Work Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37
Grapple Yarder Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65
Grapple Yarder Hooktender, Spotter, or Backspar Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
77
Utility Worker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
89
Grapple Yarding in Winter Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
93
Grapple Yarder and Loader Inspections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Loading in Proximity to Grapple Yarders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Supersnorkel Yarder/Loader Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Supersnorkel Landing Worker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Radios and Verbal Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
First Aid and Emergency Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Control Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
WORKING SAFELY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Accidents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Supervision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
RESPONSIBILITIES FOR SAFETY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manager/Superintendent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Forestry Engineer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Supervisor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
FIRE PREVENTION AND CONTROL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CREW TRANSPORTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
PLANNING AND DEVELOPING A GRAPPLE YARDER SITE
ENGINEERING AND LAYOUT CONSIDERATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
HAUL ROAD LAYOUT AND CONSTRUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
PLANNING THE BACK END . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
TAILHOLD STUMPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
WEATHER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
LANDING AREAS FOR GRAPPLE YARDERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Building a Log Landing Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mobile Backspar Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
BACKSPAR ROADS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Positioning Equipment on Backspar Roads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
TRANSPORTING EQUIPMENT TO THE YARDING SITE
PLANNING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
OVERHEAD OBSTRUCTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Overhead Electrical Power Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Railway and Road Overpasses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Preventing Contact with Overhead Obstructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
LOADING EQUIPMENT ON THE LOWBED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MOVING EQUIPMENT TO THE UNLOADING SITE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SNUBBING, PULLING, OR PUSHING A LOWBED OR MACHINE . . . . . . . . . . . .
UNLOADING THE EQUIPMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
7
7
8
13
14
17
19
22
22
24
25
27
27
28
28
30
30
31
32
33
35
vii
GRAPPLE YARDING WORK PROCEDURES
YARDING THE LOGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Spotting the Grapple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Grapple Yarding Verbal Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Standing in the Clear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Working the Draws and Ridges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
GRAPPLE YARDER BACKSPARS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example 1 Backspar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example 4 Lift Tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tree Climbing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tree Topping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Twister Tiebacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
YARDING HAZARDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Swinging Chokers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Log Piles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Counterweight Clearances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Weather . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Night Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tailhold Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Deteriorated Topping or Gantry Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Dees, Thimbles, and Cable Clips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Splicing and Spooling Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Grapple Yarder Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Line Pulling of Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
COMMUNICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT AND CLOTHING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
HOUSEKEEPING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MAINTENANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
GUARDING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
GRAPPLE YARDER OPERATOR
RESPONSIBILITY FOR SAFETY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
TRANSPORTING THE GRAPPLE YARDER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
GRAPPLE YARDER HAZARDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Walking the Grapple Yarder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Culverts and Bridges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Overhead Obstructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Travelling Uphill and Downhill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Roads Covered with Debris or Snow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rock Protrusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
viii
37
37
38
40
41
41
42
43
45
46
47
47
48
49
51
51
52
52
53
53
53
54
55
56
59
60
61
62
62
62
63
63
65
65
66
67
67
67
68
69
70
70
RIGGING THE GRAPPLE YARDER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Guylines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Yarding Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Strawline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
HANGING BLOCKS AND STRAPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
GRAPPLE YARDER HOOKTENDER, SPOTTER, OR
BACKSPAR OPERATOR
YARDING HAZARDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Root Wads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saplings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Runaways and Siwashes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Steep Ground with Unbucked or Long Logs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Danger Trees on the Back Line or Side Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SAFE YARDING PROCEDURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Choking Logs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Notching Stumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hanging a Haulback Block and Strap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Undersized Haulback Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Carrying Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Walking on Metal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Preventing Slips and Falls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Splicing and Cutting Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chain Saws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Night Yarding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sitting on Mobile Backspars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Falling Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
OPERATING THE BACKSPAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Regular Maintenance of Mobile Backspar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Moving the Mobile Backspar (Hoe) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mobile Backspar Roads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Adverse Weather . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
UTILITY WORKER
COMMUNICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
INSPECTION OF GRAPPLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
COUNTERWEIGHT CLEARANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SECURING GUYLINES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
71
71
74
75
76
77
77
78
78
79
79
80
80
81
81
81
82
82
83
83
83
84
84
85
85
85
85
86
86
86
87
88
89
89
90
90
90
91
ix
GRAPPLE YARDING IN WINTER CONDITIONS
93
CO-ORDINATION OF YARDING AND FALLING ACTIVITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
LANDING SIZE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
WINTER HAZARDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Snow on Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
High Stumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Tree-Length Timber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Frozen Timber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Sliding Logs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Tailholds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Runaway Logs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Visibility during Snowfall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Slippery Road Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Hand Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Lunch Fires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
GRAPPLE YARDER AND LOADER INSPECTIONS
INSPECTION OF THE WORKSITE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
TOOLS FOR INSPECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
EVALUATION OF MACHINE SET-UP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
INSPECTION OF GRAPPLE YARDER AND LOADER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Boom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Drums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Counterweight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A-Frame and Mast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wire Rope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pendants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lattice Booms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Grapple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Machine Deck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Operator’s Cab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Turntable (Ring Gear) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Carriers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
INSPECTION OF CRAWLER BULLDOZER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
INSPECTION OF EXCAVATOR (BACK HOE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
INSPECTION OF VEHICLES EQUIPPED WITH AIR BRAKES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
LOADING IN PROXIMITY TO GRAPPLE YARDERS
LOADING HAZARDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Passing by Log Loaders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Equipment Clearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Machines Being Struck by Logs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Landing Crew in the Clear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
x
101
101
101
102
103
103
103
103
103
104
104
104
104
105
105
105
105
106
106
107
107
109
109
111
111
112
113
Dislodging Logs from the Pile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Loader Coming into Contact with Yarding Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hobo and Long Logs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Loading below the Yarding Quarter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
COMMUNICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
HOUSEKEEPING AND MAINTENANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SUPERSNORKEL YARDER/LOADER OPERATOR
DESCRIPTION OF SNORKEL BOOMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Snorkel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Long Snorkel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Supersnorkel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
PLANNING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
TRANSPORTING THE SUPERSNORKEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SUPERSNORKEL HAZARDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Walking the Supersnorkel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Improperly Constructed Sub-grades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Culverts and Bridges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Overhead Obstructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Steep Grades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Road Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Yarding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Overloading and Positioning of the Machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hobo Logs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Snorkel Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Loading Logs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cherry Picking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Handling Coils of Wire Rope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Threading of the Haulback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Four-Way Swivel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Compressed Air Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Counterweight Clearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Turnbuckle and Pin Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
DAILY SUPERSNORKEL CHECKLIST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
GUARDING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
COMMUNICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
HOUSEKEEPING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
TOOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Spooling Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Splicing Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hand Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
113
114
114
115
116
116
117
117
118
118
118
118
119
119
121
121
121
122
122
123
123
124
124
126
126
127
127
128
128
128
129
129
130
130
131
132
133
133
134
134
134
134
135
136
xi
SUPERSNORKEL LANDING WORKER
SAFE SUPERSNORKEL PROCEDURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bucking and Stamping Logs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Keeping in the Clear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Signalling the Truck into the Loading Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unloading the Trailer and Turning the Bunks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Installing Binders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Broken Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Greasing a Grapple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Crew Transportation Vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chain Saws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
RADIOS AND VERBAL SIGNALS
137
137
138
138
138
139
140
140
141
142
142
143
143
144
145
VHF RADIO WHISTLES AND UHF GRAPPLE YARDER RADIO EQUIPMENT . . 145
INTERFERENCE ON RADIO FREQUENCIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
RECOMMENDED VERBAL COMMANDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
FIRST AID AND EMERGENCY PROCEDURES
FIRST AID REQUIREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
EMERGENCY EVACUATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Emergency Transportation Vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Air Evacuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CREW TRANSPORTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CHECKING WORKER’S WELL-BEING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
OCCUPATIONAL FIRST AID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CONTROL PROCEDURES
NOTICE TO AIRMAN (NOTAM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
AVALANCHE CONTROL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
WEATHER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Logging Sensitive Areas during Heavy Rain Seasons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Logging Moist Areas before Freeze-Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Logging during Periods of Excessive Snow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Logging in Excessive Fog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Logging during Electrical Storms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Frost Boils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
TRAFFIC CONTROL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
DEFINITIONS
xii
147
147
148
148
148
149
149
151
153
153
153
153
154
154
154
154
155
155
155
157
INTRODUCTION
Injuries can be reduced when safe work practices are
followed by all workers, supervisors, and employers
in the forest industry.
To increase occupational health and safety awareness
in the forest industry, the Workers’ Compensation
Board (WCB) of British Columbia has produced the
Grapple Yarder and Supersnorkel Handbook as a guide to
safe and effective work procedures. Complying with
the WCB Occupational Health and Safety Regulation
and applying the safe work practices described in this
handbook can reduce injuries to forest workers.
The assistance of labour and management in
preparing this manual is gratefully acknowledged.
In addition, a sincere thanks to the forestry
committee, whose dedication made this manual
possible.
Introduction
1
WORKING SAFELY
Accidents
The main causes of accidents in forest operations are:
•
•
•
Lack of planning of the work that is to be done
Lack of adequate training
Lack of adequate supervision
Employers must address these causes in their
occupational health and safety program. An
important starting point in establishing such a
program is to develop safe work procedures for every
work activity. These procedures should be written so
workers and supervisors can refer to them from time
to time.
Planning
Planning is perhaps the most important step in
ensuring the work at any logging operation will be
carried out safely, effectively, and efficiently. Each
operation must be planned in advance of any work
being done. Such planning is necessary to ensure that
the work procedures are safe and adequate.
Training
New workers must be thoroughly trained in the safe
work procedures. All training should be documented
and reviewed at least annually and whenever there is
a change in the work procedures.
Supervision
Workers must have competent supervisors for three
reasons: first, to ensure that the safe work procedures
are followed; second, to instruct and guide workers in
circumstances of unusual hazards or dangers; third,
to identify the hazards in the work areas and ensure
that workers in these areas are informed about those
hazards and how to eliminate or control them.
2
Introduction
RESPONSIBILITIES FOR SAFETY
Manager/Superintendent
The manager/superintendent, as the most senior
representative of management in an operation, must
demonstrate the employer’s commitment to safety.
The manager/superintendent’s responsibilities for
safety include:
Introduction
•
Providing the safest workplace possible through
effective planning and taking into account any
unusual features or dangers of a particular
worksite
•
Ensuring that new workers arriving at a worksite
are competent and receive adequate training and
that follow-up job-training programs are
conducted and adequately maintained
•
Initiating, maintaining, and publicizing a
comprehensive occupational health and safety
program
•
Ensuring that first aid facilities and services are
adequate for the size of the operation and its
location
•
Ensuring that potentially serious near-miss
incidents are investigated
•
Ensuring that accidents resulting in serious injury
or death are investigated and reported to the
WCB
•
Knowing and enforcing the Occupational Health
and Safety Regulation and the employer’s safety
rules and policies
•
SETTING A GOOD EXAMPLE
3
Forestry Engineer
The engineer’s responsibilities for safety include:
•
Ensuring that logging plans are designed for safe
and effective operations
•
rules and policies
•
Identifying and informing workers and
supervisors of specific dangers in the workplace
•
Supervisor
The supervisor is responsible for yarding and loading
activities in a logging operation. Safety rules and
policies set by the employer must be relayed through
the supervisor to the workers.
The supervisor’s responsibilities for safety include:
4
•
•
•
Training new workers
•
Investigating accidents and incidents and taking
action to correct unsafe conditions or acts
•
rules and policies
•
Organizing and implementing an effective safety
program for work in the logging operation
•
Ensuring that personal protective clothing and
equipment are provided and used
•
Identifying and informing workers about specific
dangers in the workplace
•
Advising workers about an employee and family
assistance program where such programs are
available
•
Assisting in planning setting layouts
Ensuring that safe work procedures are
developed, carried out, and updated as required
Introduction
ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS
With respect to environmental concerns, loggers
must not compromise safety.
The terms for logging are written in the logging plan
and the silvaculture plan. If it is stipulated that
wildlife bird habitat trees are to be left and the firm
has agreed to log the area, the Occupational Health
and Safety Regulation must be complied with.
Danger trees along a fish creek must be treated the
same as in an open area. If they present a hazard to
workers, they must be removed.
When the logging plan is a partial cut, the falling plan
must include the removal of danger trees. The
brushing of standing “leave trees” must be minimized
to prevent overhead hazards (for example, broken
limbs, broken tops).
In areas where corridors of timber are left for wildlife
habitat, all danger trees that could reach the active
work area must be felled.
FIRE PREVENTION AND CONTROL
A comprehensive fire prevention and firefighting
program must be implemented to control fire
hazards.
Those delegated to firefighting duties must be
adequately trained and provided with specific written
work procedures. The work procedures must meet the
firefighting standards required by the Fire Services Act
and the Ministry of Forests’ course “Fundamentals of
Firefighting.”
Proper work procedures will include specific policies
concerning fire season, starting times, equipment
required, and the employer’s fire policy.
Introduction
5
CREW TRANSPORTATION
Vehicles used to transport workers must meet the
Occupational Health and Safety Regulation. These
vehicles must meet the safety standards set by the
Motor Vehicle Branch and be inspected on a regular
basis.
If an ambulance or emergency transportation vehicle
(ETV) is required, it must be maintained and regularly
inspected.
Marine craft used to transport workers must meet the
requirements of the Canadian Coast Guard.
6
Introduction
PLANNING AND DEVELOPING
A GRAPPLE YARDER SITE
ENGINEERING AND LAYOUT CONSIDERATIONS
A good logging plan, developed by competent
engineering and production staff, permits the various
operations to proceed safely, effectively, and
efficiently. A good falling plan must be included. This
plan would include removing danger trees and
saplings and altering cutlines to avoid natural
obstacles on the worksite. A good falling plan
complements grapple yarding and loading
operations.
Remember:
“PLAN THE WORK AND WORK THE PLAN.”
When grapple yarding sites are planned, two basic
operating rules of grapple yarding must be
remembered:
•
Maximize the operator’s vision of the felled and
bucked timber.
•
Maintain sufficient deflection so that the grapple
and lines remain suspended and the grapple
opens and closes easily.
Primary safety considerations must be based on these
basic operating rules. Safety and production is
enhanced when the following are part of the grapple
yarding plan:
•
•
Never yard straight downhill onto the machine.
•
Provide adequate room for loading trucks and
upgrading logs.
Planning and Developing a Grapple Yarder Site
A suitable log landing area must be selected in
which logs can be landed and/or windrowed.
7
HAUL ROAD LAYOUT AND CONSTRUCTION
The effectiveness of the logging
plan will be determined by the
location and construction of the
haul roads. The location of the
haul road determines the yarding
distances.
Improper road location.
Here are five common errors found in haul road
layout and construction:
1.
The road is located too close to the natural slope.
Build the road on the edge – not
close to the natural slope. This
eliminates the log coming off the
bank at cab level as well as the
operator having to swing the logs
to the side, blocking the roadway.
Proper location of road.
8
Narrow road without sub-grade bench.
2.
A narrow road does not have a proper sub-grade
bench.
An alternative yarding method must be used
when the width of the road and the bench of the
sub-grade do not permit maintaining a clearance
of 60 cm (2 ft.) between the counterweight of the
yarder and any obstacle around it. A three-quarter
bench is recommended for sub-grade. When the
road is not sufficiently cut and ballasted during
construction, there is a risk of the machine going
over the bank because of road edge failure, or the
complete grade might slough out.
9
3.
Roads dead-end before the operator sees the
yarding quarter. Since grapple yarder operators
should initiate most of the line movement, extend
the spur road so the operator can see the felled
and bucked timber.
Road ending — operator cannot see logs.
Operator can see felled and bucked timber.
10
4.
The steel spar setting does not accommodate
grapple yarding.
Many settings have been developed for steel spar
logging. Because of costs and time, many
employers do not change their layout work to
accommodate grapple yarding. Problems that
result are:
•
Excessive yarding distances, particularly in the
corners of the setting
•
Cutlines at the back end extend back behind the
face of a rock bluff, requiring the use of chokers to
reach logs behind the rock bluff
•
Inability to use the backspar machine because of
the height of the lower haul road cut bank
•
Humps in the middle of a setting that reduce
deflection and reduce the ability of the operator to
see clearly
Logs behind face of
rock bluff
Setting laid out for steel spar — cannot use mobile backspar on bottom road.
11
5. The grades are excessive.
Grapple yarders are mobile
and use the road as a
continuous landing area.
Because of their design,
grapple yarders have limits to
the angle at which they can be
positioned. Yarder
manufacturers commonly
recommend a maximum
angle of 12°, which is a 20
percent grade. Exceeding that
angle stresses the machine
beyond its design and also
affects the ergonomics of the
operator’s seat in relation to
foot and hand controls.
If the hill is too steep, the operator cannot keep control of
the machine.
The grade is excessive.
12
PLANNING THE BACK END
Planning the back end of a grapple yarding setting is
as important to safety and productivity as the quality
and location of the haul road. Planners must consider
the various ways in which the back end can be rigged,
examine the feasibility of rigging backspars, the
necessity to stump-rig, and the use of a crawler tractor
or hoe as a mobile backspar. Each setting will be
different; the goal is to maintain deflection and reduce
road change time.
If standing trees are to be used as backspars or if a lift
tree is required, the falling crew must be notified so
that they can adjust their falling plan accordingly.
Trees should be selected and marked ahead of time to
ensure that they are not felled and that no timber is
felled behind them if they are located on the back line.
If a standing tree used as a backspar is located in the
middle of a setting in which half of the logs will be
yarded either way, it may be necessary to top the tree
to prevent it from being blown down. The tree must
be topped or appropriate work procedures provided if
workers are going to be within reach of such a
backspar or lift tree when the lines are moving during
yarding operations. The crew must have the necessary
job skills to safely rig the tree. If those skills are not
available in the crew, the use of a standing tree as a
backspar must not be considered.
13
TAILHOLD STUMPS
When it is necessary to use stumps for tailholds,
maintaining adequate line deflection must be the
prime consideration. Stumps on the back line may
have inadequate root systems to withstand the stress
imposed on them when used as tailholds. Stumps
located on rock bluffs, on slides,
and along the edges of swamps
are often of poor quality.
Planners often fail to note that
there is nothing behind poor
quality stumps to which they can
be anchored with twisters. Once
a tailhold stump has been pulled,
it may mean the best choice
available for a tailhold has been
lost.
Each species of trees has a root
system that develops differently
because of changes in soil,
moisture, nutrients, depth, and
slope. Always suspect stumps
that are in poor locations or have
been damaged, as shown in the
pictures on pages 14–16.
Unsuitable tailhold stump — located on rock and slides.
Unsuitable tailhold stump — located on the edge of a swamp.
14
Unsuitable tailhold stump — located right at water level.
Unsuitable tailhold stump — a danger tree.
15
Unsuitable tailhold stump — only
shell wood or partially burned.
Unsuitable tailhold stump — disturbed by grade construction.
16
WEATHER
Planners of logging operations must consider the
impact of weather and the season on a logging
operation. Mistakes frequently made in planning
include the following:
•
Logging is done in sensitive areas that are prone
to erosion during heavy rain season.
Scarring the duff on the hillside causes erosion,
exposing workers to the danger of mud and rock
slides. Freeing backspar machines that have
become stuck may cause excessive silt through
run-off.
•
Moist areas are logged before freeze-up.
Backspar machines may become stuck. Yarding
activity and equipment movement cause
excessive site degradation. Haul roads soften up,
making log hauling difficult. Crew buses and
emergency transportation vehicles have difficulty
travelling on the roads.
•
Logging is done during periods of excessive snow,
making it more dangerous when walking on
felled and bucked timber.
Logs buried beneath the snow
may be missed, resulting in
the need for re-logging when
the snow is gone. Most guthooked or frozen logs will
break. Visibility is impaired,
making the movement of
machines and equipment
dangerous.
Snow-buried logs can swing toward workers.
17
•
Logging is done in excessive fog.
Crew cannot see the lay of the logs, thereby
increasing the danger of upending and swinging
logs. The haulback can dislodge logs, roots, and
stumps that the crew cannot see.
•
Logging is done during electrical storms.
If lightning strikes the lines or equipment, the
crew may be electrocuted.
Roots can ride the haulback and they cannot always be seen in foggy conditions.
18
LANDING AREAS FOR GRAPPLE YARDERS
The roadside is the most common log landing area for grapple yarders. The design of the
grapple yarders and engineering layout for the logging site can minimize the need to build
log landings. Whether the landing area is the road or a developed area, certain functions
must be accommodated.
In this typical set-up the grapple
yarder has yarded half of the
setting and is now turned around
to yard the other half. A log
loader has been moved in and
has begun loading out the logs
(see page 20). The loader
operator remains far enough
away from the yarder to
accommodate a safe bucking
area for his ground worker. A
broken mainline or log jillpoking into the pile cannot reach
the safe bucking area. Both the
grapple yarder operator and the
loader operator carefully
maintain 60 cm (2 ft.) of
clearance between their
machines’ counterweights and
all obstructions. Neither the
yarding nor the loading function
interfere with each other.
When the ground is too steep to
land the logs and build a pile on
A safe log decking area.
the side of the road, it is
necessary to land and deck the
logs on the road. Usually it is best to have the yarder start at the back of the setting and work
towards the front. Once all the wood has been yarded from the top side or the bottom side, a
loader is brought in to load out the wood and clear the roadway, so that the yarder can go
back in and yard the other side. If the yarder starts at the front of the setting and the
machine is blocked in, it is difficult for the crew to get to the machine, especially in the dark,
because they have to climb over a continuous log pile. In addition, it makes it difficult to
deliver fuel to the machine or repair it should it break down.
19
A well-organized safe log landing and loading area.
20
Difficult operator access — yarding and loading separated.
21
Building a Log Landing Area
When it is necessary to build a log landing area, it
must be large enough to:
•
•
Safely land the logs and build a stable pile
Accommodate a log loader if it is necessary to
work a loader alongside the yarder
•
Enable the log loader to
develop a secondary log
loading pile
•
Provide a safe bucking and
trimming area for the landing
worker
•
•
Provide safe tool storage
Ensure sufficient guyline
clearance
The log landing area must be free
of danger trees and saplings.
This log landing is free of danger trees and saplings.
Mobile Backspar Equipment
Hoes and crawler tractors adapted for backspar use
have distinct advantages over backspar trees and
stumps:
•
They are secure when properly positioned.
A backspar crawler tractor positioned correctly.
22
Backspar hoe properly positioned.
The logging area is split in half, with the backspar road in
the middle of the setting.
•
Crawler tractors and hoes
reduce the risk of injury when
pulling the strawline, packing
tailhold blocks, or notching
stumps.
•
They almost always ensure
suitable line deflection at the
back end, minimizing the
need to set chokers.
•
Crawler tractor backspars can
be used for pulling or
snubbing the grapple
yarder up or down steep
grades.
In order to make quick road
changes, backspar roads are
usually laid out and developed
ahead of time. Wherever
possible, haul roads are used as
backspar roads. A properly
developed backspar road
provides the production crew
with the ability to quickly move
the back end to improve line
deflection and operator vision
when yarding draws and ridges.
The yarder and mobile backspar are moved back and forth
to work around a draw and ridge.
23
BACKSPAR ROADS
Constructing a backspar road.
When backspar roads are built
ahead of time, it ensures that
yarding activities are not held up
because of manoeuvring a
crawler tractor or a hoe backspar
around a mud hole, large stump,
creek, or rock. It also requires
less operator skill to move a
machine on a developed
backspar road than it does
through and around felled and
bucked timber. The weight of the
haulback and the resistance
generated by short-term
siwashes can decrease the
manoeuvrability and stability of
the backspar machine. The grade
of the road, weather, and soil
conditions also affect the
planners’ choice of how the
backspar roads will be
developed. If the development of
the backspar road creates a mud
hole or a new watercourse that
the backspar machine cannot
cross, then the development of
such a road should not be
undertaken.
Some areas are so sensitive that
they can tolerate no more than
one pass of the machine. The use
of chunks and slabs as puncheon
reduces ground degradation.
Erosion of high-sensitivity slopes
can limit the ability of the area to
grow trees. The possibility of
silting fish or feeder streams
must be considered at the
planning stage and steps must be
taken to prevent such silting.
Cross-ditching of backspar roads
reduces erosion.
Poor reclamation on steep backspar road.
24
Positioning Equipment on Backspar Roads
Good backspar roads are easy for the hoe or crawler tractor to negotiate and enable the
operators to set the machines in a stable position. The machine must be able to sit in lead
with the yarder and be as near to level as possible. All of the felled and bucked timber
should be between the backspar machine and the yarder. The blades on the crawler tractors
and buckets on the hoes must be set on firm ground to ensure that the machine will not turn
over because of forces imposed on it during yarding operations.
The backspar crawler tractor is sitting at an incorrect yarding angle.
The crawler tractor is sitting level at the correct yarding angle.
25
Backspar hoe not at correct yarding angle — the operator is not in the clear.
Backspar in correct yarding position — stick at 90° or more.
26
TRANSPORTING EQUIPMENT
TO THE YARDING SITE
PLANNING
Lowbed units are engineered to specific design
principles based on these assumptions:
•
The unit will not be overloaded. For example, if its
rated capacity is 91,000 kg (200,000 lb.), it will not
be expected to transport 114,000 kg (250,000 lb.).
•
The tractor pulling the unit is within its power/
weight ratio and operated by a qualified operator.
•
The tractor and lowbed are properly maintained,
with particular emphasis on tires and brakes and
absence of cracks in the frame.
•
The lowbed will be treated as other trailers, not
thrown over the bank and yarded around by the
loader to avoid backing up.
•
The centre of gravity of the load is lowered as
much as possible to reduce racking (twisting) of
the frame.
The plan for the move must be based on the best
route. Bridges and culverts must be able to withstand
the load, with the road wide and solid enough to
handle the weight and length of the load. The best
route minimizes the need to travel adverse or steep
downhill grades. For those lengthy sections of
roadway over 10 percent grade the plan should make
provision for effective pulling, pushing, and snubbing
equipment. All equipment operators must be kept
aware of the time frame of the move so that the
snubbing equipment will be at the appropriate
locations.
Transporting Equipment to the Yarding Site
27
OVERHEAD OBSTRUCTIONS
Overhead Electrical Power Line
Every year, high-voltage
overhead power lines are
contacted by loader and yarder
booms while the machines are
being transported. Other power
line contacts have occurred as
the machine was being walked
under a low overhead power line
after being offloaded from the
lowbed. The operators had
forgotten to lower the boom or
did not confirm the height of the
line.
If any part of your machine
touches a live power line, then
anything in contact with the
machine will be energized for
some distance. This includes the
ground immediately below you.
When the electrical flow reaches
the ground, it spreads out like
ripples in a pool of water. The
voltage is highest at the point
where the electricity flow
reaches the ground; as it spreads
out, the voltage drops off.
The grapple yarder contacted a power line because the boom
was not lowered for travel. Never run from a machine that
makes contact with a power line. You are safer inside the
machine than on the ground. If you must make an
emergency escape, shuffle away, keeping your feet close
together.
If any part of your equipment makes contact with an
overhead power line, you are safer inside your
machine than on the ground. Do not touch or step
onto anything that will provide a path for the current
to flow to ground. It is the flow of current through you
that kills or burns. Only in an emergency such as a fire
should you abandon your machine if electrical contact
has been made.
A safe escape can be made by keeping both feel
together and making a short jump from your machine.
The goal is to ensure that your entire body clears the
machine and that you land on your feet without
stumbling. Stand still with your body clear of the
28
A worker contacting a power line with a lifting stick can be
electrocuted. Do not try to clear the line.
machine and keep your feet
together until someone turns the
power off. If you must move
away from the machine, hop or
shuffle away without moving
your feet more than a few
centimetres (a couple of inches)
at a time. Keeping your feet
together will ensure that you do
not straddle two zones with
different voltages that would
allow the electrical flow to take
advantage of a new path.
Never position any part of the yarder or loader closer
than the following limits of approach:
Over 750 V to 75 kV
Over 75 kV to 250 kV
Over 250 kV to 550 kV
3 m (10 ft.)
4.5 m (15 ft.)
6 m (20 ft.)
If a supervisor or operator is not
sure of the line voltage, the utility
company will advise by
telephone or will send a line
supervisor to the site to provide
the necessary guidance.
If the above limits of approach
cannot be maintained, then a
WCB form 30M33 must be
completed and submitted to the
utility company before the move.
Form 30M33 is available from
the WCB or utility companies.
A worker should never touch a truck in contact with a
power line — the worker can be electrocuted.
If contact with an electrical
conductor is made, do not try to
clear the fouled line by lifting it
off or over the machine by hand
or any other means, such as with
a stick. Never climb on or off the
machine while the machine is in
contact with an electrical
conductor – a person who
touches the lowbed or machine
and the ground at the same time
may be electrocuted.
29
Railway and Road Overpasses
The height of railway and road overpasses must be
known. Accidents have happened where supervisors
and operators have forgotten to add the height of the
lowbed in the overall height of the load, resulting in
the equipment hitting the overpass.
Overhead obstructions in the camp and log-dump
areas that are unfamiliar to the crew are frequently
contacted by the equipment. These include:
•
Low-voltage power lines and
phone lines in and around the
camp
•
•
•
Guylines for gin poles
•
Doors on service bays in
shops
Guylines for log dumps
Electric service lines for dryland sort lighting
The gantry is too high — the move was inadequately
planned and supervised.
Preventing Contact with Overhead Obstructions
Plan ahead to prevent contact with overhead
obstructions:
30
•
All overhead obstructions must have the height
plainly signed on each side of the obstruction.
•
The height of each machine, with the boom in its
lowest position, must be known.
•
New or altered equipment must be measured for
total height.
•
Drivers hauling a lowbed should stop as they
approach an overhead obstruction and proceed
on signal from a safety watcher.
LOADING EQUIPMENT ON THE LOWBED
Once the plan to move the equipment has been
communicated to the crew, the machine can be
loaded onto the lowbed. The ground where the
machine is loaded should be as flat and level as
possible — that means no uphill slope and definitely
no side slope to the grade. A slight downhill slope is
desirable for ease of loading.
Once the loading ramps have been lowered and
cushioned with proper blocking, the machine may be
walked onto the lowbed. The walking of the machine
onto the lowbed must be under the direction of a
qualified supervisor. A designated signaller must
direct the machine operator. This signaller must be in
clear view of the operator at all times. Each movement
of the machine is done on a signal from the
designated signaller. The machine must be properly
centred on the lowbed.
A proper method of loading a grapple yarder.
Once the yarder or loader is
properly centred on the lowbed,
the boom must be lowered in
order to lower the centre of
gravity. This reduces the sway
when turning around corners,
especially on roads with
improperly graded crowns. The
machine must be secured to the
lowbed with adequate
turnbuckles, cinches, or other
suitable rigging, and its parking
brakes must be set.
The grapple and boom of the
machine are secured to the
lowbed with the mainline or
straps. If the machine has a pin
mechanism to secure the upper
works of the grapple yarder, the
pin must be put in the locked
position.
The grapple yarder is boomed down and secured to the
lowbed.
31
MOVING EQUIPMENT TO THE UNLOADING SITE
Before the loaded lowbed is moved, the operator of
the lowbed and the driver of the pilot vehicle must
make a final check of the planned move, using these
questions as the checklist:
•
•
•
Are the radios working properly?
•
Has the snubbing equipment been provided at
the appropriate locations?
•
•
Is the unloading site suitable?
Have all the overhead obstructions been located?
Is the road of the intended route capable of
supporting the load?
Is there a possibility of adverse weather
conditions such as snow, rain, or ice?
Once under way, the pilot vehicle must drive at a
speed that respects the road conditions and the safe
operating speed of the lowbed tractor. Unauthorized
vehicles encountered en route must be notified of the
lowbed’s approach and told to clear the roadway.
Simply pulling off to the side of the road is not
acceptable, unless it is certain that there is enough
room for the wheels of the lowbed and tractor to
remain on the solid roadway and the lowbed driver is
notified of the location of the vehicle. If the
unauthorized vehicle does not stop, the move must be
halted until the vehicle is cleared. The pilot vehicle
operator must never assume that, because of road
width or familiarity with the area, an oncoming
vehicle can pass without incident.
32
SNUBBING, PULLING, OR PUSHING A LOWBED OR MACHINE
Accidents occur when the employer does not have a
well-planned procedure for assisting a lowbed or a
machine up or down a grade.
The decision to pull, push, or snub is normally left to
the supervisor of the move. The supervisor depends
on previous experience and advice from the grapple/
loader operator or lowbed tractor operator.
Problems arise when:
•
•
•
The supervisor’s experience is limited
•
There are poor operating or maintenance
procedures, resulting in deteriorated drive or
brake components of the lowbed or tractor
Shortcuts are taken to save time
The operators do not know the limitations of the
lowbed or equipment
Pressures placed on persons involved with the
equipment move may result in poor judgment being
used — especially if there are no standard moving
procedures. Information needed to make the best
decisions should be discussed with the operation’s
master mechanic and/or the equipment
manufacturer’s representative.
Push and pull trucks assisting lowbed on steeper grades.
33
For lowbeds and tractors, the supervisor and
equipment operators must have the following
information:
• Load capacity
•
•
•
•
Condition of the tires
•
•
Mechanical condition of tractor unit
Braking capacity at normal speeds
Braking capacity on downhill grades
Power and traction capability of tractor unit on
uphill grades
Effect of any modifications to the lowbed or
tractor unit
For wheeled and tracked machines, the supervisor
and equipment operators must have the following
information:
•
•
The ability of the machine to travel a road grade
Condition of the equipment, such as tracks, tires,
drive chains, and brakes
Snubbing equipment must have sufficient power and
traction to handle the expected load.
The supervisor and equipment operators should have
a clear understanding of the following:
34
•
What pull or push does a crawler tractor have on
a firmly packed gravel road?
•
What holding power does an off-highway truck
have when it is half-loaded and used to snub a
machine down a hill? Does tire wear and inflation
affect the holding power?
•
What is the pull capacity of a log truck with
trailer?
•
What is the push capacity of a log truck with
trailer?
•
If the road is frozen, or there is ice or snow, what
percent grade is maximum for push, pull, or snub
for crawler tractors or trucks?
This information should be provided in written form
to the supervisor of the move and the equipment
operator. The employer’s safe work procedures must
be strictly adhered to.
UNLOADING THE EQUIPMENT
Unloading the equipment is the reverse procedure of
loading and must be done under the direction of a
qualified supervisor. The following conditions for
unloading the equipment must be observed:
•
Choose a suitable site with little or no side slope.
There must be no uphill grade.
•
Set the parking and maxi brakes on the lowbed
and tractor unit.
•
Remove the tie-down rigging and place it where it
will not be run over or forgotten.
•
A designated signaller must direct the operator of
the machine. The signaller must be in clear view
of the operator at all times. Each movement of the
machine is done on the signal from the
designated signaller.
•
All unnecessary crew
transportation vehicles and
workers must be kept clear of
the unloading area so that the
signaller and operator are not
distracted.
The unloading area must provide
sufficient room to turn the
lowbed around without having to
back it into or over a bank,
through slash, or over saplings.
Lowbed trailers are frequently damaged by using this
method to turn around.
35
GRAPPLE YARDING WORK PROCEDURES
YARDING THE LOGS
The logs lying where the pile will be built must be
straightened out before other logs are piled on top.
This is most important in steep ground landings
where several roads will be yarded before the yarder
is moved. After straightening out the bottom logs the
operator continues to yard all the logs that can be
seen. While the operator is yarding the first few turns,
the hooktender and backspar operator conduct an
inspection of the rig-up. The following items are
checked in this inspection:
Grapple Yarding Work Procedures
•
The mobile backspar, backspar tree, or stumps
are stable.
•
All lines are free of siwashes and wraps and are
running clear in the block.
•
The guylines have remained in the notches and
the tailhold stumps are secure.
•
The yarder has maintained the 60 cm (2 ft.)
counterweight clearance.
•
The strawline end has been secured to the back
stop.
•
The mainline and the haulback are spooling
properly.
37
Spotting the Grapple
Once the operator has yarded all
these logs, the spotter or utility
worker then walks the yarding
road to spot or guide the grapple
onto the remaining logs. Hand
signals must not be used;
because of distance and limited
visibility, all communications
must be verbal. The crew must
use UHF hand-held radios coordinated to a specific frequency.
The use of a headset by the
operator is recommended to
ensure clear communications.
Stand in a safe position when talking a grapple onto a log.
The amount of radio spotting of
the grapple by the spotter is a
direct reflection of the quality of
planning and layout. Radio
spotting of logs is a much slower
process when compared to the
operator’s ability to see all the
logs. Safe grapple yarding is
directly proportional to the
operator seeing the logs and
having sufficient line deflection.
Slacking mainline.
Slacking haulback.
38
Both lines slackened.
The movement of the grapple is
no different than any other load
suspended from two points.
When you slack the front end
(the mainline), the grapple
travels toward the tailhold.
When you slack the back end
point of suspension (the
haulback), the grapple moves
toward the yarder. When both
lines are slackened at the same
rate, the grapple drops almost
straight down. The distance that
the grapple moves forward or
back depends on how high it is
suspended above the log.
Often the grapple will rotate and
miss the log as it is being slacked
down. When the grapple misses
the log, the spotter asks the
operator to tightline. The spotter
waits until the grapple is over the
log and then requests slack.
It is important to use appropriate
verbal signals consistently. The
following are suggested
commands.
Grapple missed log.
Grapple tightlined back on log.
39
Grapple Yarding Verbal Signals
TO INSTRUCT
OPERATOR TO:
SIGNALLER
SAYS:
Grapple log and go ahead
Close and go
Close grapple but not go
ahead
Close
Stop rigging
Stop
Open grapple
Open
Move empty grapple ahead
Ahead
Move empty grapple back
Back
Ahead on strawline
Ahead on the
strawline
Slack mainline
Mainline
Slack haulback
Haulback
Lower grapple
Down
Slack strawline
Slack strawline
Swing to operator’s left
Swing left
Swing to operator’s right
Swing right
Hold haulback and go ahead
on mainline
Tightline
If a choker is used to get a log that cannot be grappled,
the operator or hooktender must give an audible goahead signal before going ahead on the turn. The
audible signal must be loud enough to alert all workers
who may be affected by the log and rigging movement.
This reduces the potential for injury caused by the
operator receiving a command from an uncoordinated or overpowered transmitter. If there is
interference from another radio, yarding must cease.
Whether the operator visually positions the grapple on
a log or the log is grappled by radio spotting, the
grapple must be positioned close to the end of the log.
If the log is gut-hooked, the grapple should be
repositioned once the log is swung into lead.
Grappling the log close to the end minimizes log
breakage and reduces the hazard to the ground crew of
upending swinging logs and jill-poked logs in the
landing.
40
Standing in the Clear
Before giving the go-ahead
signal, the spotter must ensure
that he is well in the clear. “In the
clear” means to the side and back
behind the log and grapple.
Particular attention must be
given to the hazard of the
haulback side whip.
When yarding uphill the spotter
must always walk far enough
across the sidehill to be clear of
any logs and chunks that may be
dislodged by the turn.
In the clear as turn moves to landing.
Working the Draws and Ridges
The hooktender must move the tailholds and yarder
in lead with the draws and ridges in order to get the
best visibility for the operator and the greatest line
deflection. This reduces the need for spotting logs by
radio and minimizes damage to the logs. The hazard
of upending and swinging logs is reduced, enhancing
safety and productivity.
In areas where the tailhold
machines cannot move far
enough to get the correct lead, a
crawler tractor with one
dutchman block can be used.
The length of the dutchman line
can be adjusted to maintain the
desired line deflection as yarding
progresses toward the back end.
Crawler tractor with one dutchman block.
41
To reduce the danger of runaway
logs on settings in which the
uppermost part of the setting is
very steep, the back end of the
setting can be yarded uphill. This
will ensure the safety of the
landing crew and enable loading
activity to continue.
When the logs are landed, the
operator must maintain the
proper haulback tension to
control the log. When yarding on
flat ground or uphill, sufficient
slack should be maintained on
the haulback to enable the back
end of the log to be dragged as it
approaches the landing.
Splitting the logging setting by logging uphill and downhill.
GRAPPLE YARDER BACKSPARS
Backspars used for grapple yarders require a sound
tree supported with guylines and good anchors.
Backspars are not normally subject to heavy stresses
if properly positioned tailholds are used.
When a grapple yarder is operating, workers must not
be within a tree length of a backspar that is not guyed
or that is guyed but not topped.
Important factors in rigging backspars include the
following:
•
•
42
Use only sound, sturdy, and well-rooted trees.
Rig trees no higher than necessary to provide the
required lift.
Example 1 Backspar
This rigging arrangement has
proved to be the most practical
and will exert the least stress on
the backspar.
Running lines do not rub tree.
➜
Points to consider:
Downhill
•
With high-speed grapple
yarders, use at least two
guylines.
•
When only two guylines are
used to equally support the
backspar from the sides, the
haulback tailhold block
anchor location is most
important.
•
Both blocks on the backspar
must be hung in the
conventional manner with
both eyes of the strap in the
shackle or gooseneck.
•
Large straps choked with
guyline sleeve shackles may
be used to hang the blocks.
•
Choker straps must be of
sufficient size to support the
blocks.
Downhill yarding — guylines in front of tree.
43
To lessen the load on the
backspar and to provide equal
loading on both sides, ensure
that both the road line and
back line block tailholds are
placed well back.
•
Straps for the backspar blocks
must be choked in opposite
directions to prevent twisting
the tree under heavy loads.
•
To put equal strain on each
anchor, both road line and
back line anchor stumps must
be the same distance from the
backspar.
•
Straps must be checked
thoroughly before each use.
➜
•
Uphill
Uphill yarding — guylines behind tree.
44
Example 2 Backspar
This is similar to Example 1 except that no guylines
are used.
•
When guylines are not used, choose a sound,
sturdy, and well-rooted tree. Ensure that workers
are more than one tree length away from the
backspar when yarding operations are in
progress.
•
Tailhold blocks must be located so that equal side
stresses and a straight downloading are imposed
on the backspar. Blocks must be hung from both
eyes.
•
Choked straps may be used but should be one
size larger than the haulback.
•
The blocks should be hung in opposite directions
with a small bight in the strap.
•
Locate the road line and back line block anchors
well back and high enough to prevent a forward
force on the backspar.
Two blocks in tree — the two tailblocks spread so the running lines do not burn the tree.
45
Example 3 Backspar
This system uses one block at the top and one block at
the bottom of the tree. The rigging arrangement places
full loading on the guylines. The advantage of this
type of backspar is ease of road changes.
Workers using this method must consider the
following:
•
The top block is exposed to the greatest stress and
must be hung with a suitably sized strap. Use a
shackle to hang the block in the strap to prevent
the block from twisting and burning the line on
the shell of the block.
•
Two guylines must be used and located directly
behind the backspar with the spread between the
anchors no greater than 60°.
Two blocks and two guylines.
•
46
•
The guyline must be rigged
from opposite sides with as
little bight as possible in the
shackle.
•
The guylines must be equal to
or of greater strength than the
yarding lines.
•
The shackle pins are inserted
from the bottom and secured
with an appropriately sized
Molly Hogan.
The bottom block is usually hung in both eyes of
the strap and set in a suitable notch. A longer,
heavier strap choked with a guyline sleeve
shackle may be used to allow the block to lift for
clearing rocks and similar obstacles.
Example 4 Lift Tree
Another method of obtaining lift is to hang a block in
the bight of the haulback a short distance up the tree.
When the tree is not topped or guylines are not used,
workers must remain at least one tree length from the
backspar when logs are yarded.
One lift block — standing tree tied back.
•
The block used to support the
haulback must be hung from
both eyes of the strap.
•
A choker strap may be used.
It should be choked with only
a small bight in the strap.
•
Guylines need not be used if
the haulback block anchor is
located back far enough or
high enough to prevent excess
forward pull.
•
If the haulback block anchor cannot be located
directly behind the backspar, this arrangement
must not be used.
•
While logs are yarded from the base of the tree or
when guylines are not used, workers must be
more than one tree length from the lift tree.
Tree Climbing
A worker must use a safety belt and climbing spurs to
climb a tree. Maintain equipment in good order and
inspect it before each use. When climbing equipment
is in use, a duplicate set of climbing equipment must
be available for immediate use by a qualified worker
in an emergency. Use a climbing rope with a wire rope
core.
47
Tree Topping
When it is necessary to top trees, the following safe
work procedure is recommended:
•
When topping with a chain
saw, a safety device must be
used to prevent the top of the
tree from splitting. The safety
device shall be made of a
material that cannot be
severed by the chain saw.
•
Once the direction of the fall
has been determined, remove
sapwood with side notches.
•
Undercut must be onequarter to one-third of the
diameter of the tree.
•
Undercut must be cleaned
out.
•
Backcut is slightly above the
undercut and horizontal.
The proper sequence of cutting to top a spar tree.
48
Twister Tiebacks
Always use a solid stump as an anchor, even if it is
slightly out of lead or farther away from the spar.
If solid stumps are not available, tie doubtful guyline
anchor stumps back with one or more twisters.
Alternatively, tie back to one or more stumps by
wrapping the guyline end around the stump.
Points to consider:
•
Contact the operator when installing or removing
a twister.
•
Use a strong green sapling or sturdy limb of
sufficient strength, diameter, and length for the
twister pole.
•
Locate the twister line close to the top of the
stump. Place the twister line close to the roots if
there is a concern about the roots pulling out.
•
Longer twister lines require additional twister
poles to take up the slack and prevent line
damage.
•
When applying twister poles, use caution to
prevent the stick from releasing and causing
injury to workers.
•
While tightening, and when the final tensioning is
complete, ensure that twister poles are locked
securely.
•
Never release a twister by cutting the twister pole
with an axe or power saw.
•
If installed properly, twisters only have to be
wrapped three to four times.
Twisters positioned incorrectly.
Extra care must be taken if only one worker is doing
this job. It is recommended that two workers install
and remove twisters.
Twisters correctly positioned.
If more than one twister is required, apply as many as
necessary, ensuring that they are kept in lead with the
pull of the line.
49
Additional tiebacks for haulback tailhold.
Properly notched
guyline stump.
Improperly notched.
Improperly notched.
Improperly notched.
50
YARDING HAZARDS
Yarding downhill must be done at an angle to the
grade so that runaway logs and debris cannot slide
into the landing. During downhill yarding on steep
slopes, logs are more difficult to control, thereby
increasing the danger of runaway logs and jill-pokes
into the tracks, carrier, and cab windows.
Siwashed lines are common in
logging and potentially
dangerous. A line that clears as a
log is being landed may cause the
log to move further ahead than
expected and strike the machine.
Hobo logs may move
independently and create a
hazard. Hobos, saplings, loose
chunks, or loose logs must be
dealt with before the log reaches
the landing.
Runaway logs are extremely hazardous.
Swinging Chokers
Lack of adequate line deflection sometimes requires
the use of a choker to yard logs that are close to the
tailblocks. Often the choker is left on when grapple
yarding is taking place. The hazard of a loose choker
swinging overhead endangers the operator and
ground workers during yarding operations and road
changes. When not in use, the choker must be
removed.
51
Log Piles
Landings of inadequate size
make landing of logs difficult
and dangerous. In tight landings,
logs must still be swung and
manipulated, but it may be
difficult to maintain the
minimum counterweight
clearance.
All log piles must be maintained
in a stable condition.
Unstable log piles make landing logs hazardous.
Counterweight Clearances
The operator of the yarder must
know the location of workers
and other equipment or
machinery. As a safety measure,
a minimum clearance of 60 cm
(2 ft.) between the counterweight
of the yarder and any other
obstacle must be maintained.
Minimum counterweight clearance must be 60 cm (2 ft.).
52
Weather
Good visibility is important for both safety and
production. When fog or snow restricts visibility so
that the grapple, logs, or the back of the pile are not
clearly visible, yarding must be stopped because
runaway, upending, or swinging logs cannot be seen.
When ice- or snow-covered logs prevent building a
stable and secure pile, yarding must stop until the pile
is broken down.
Night Operations
Powerful lighting systems used for night operations
produce strong contrasts of light and dark, making
walking in the felled and bucked area very hazardous.
In order for the operator to see ground crews, they
must wear hi-vis clothing with reflective strips. The
machine must be equipped with side lights. Hand
signals must not be used during night operations;
only audible or verbal radio signals must be used.
All night yarding operations must have written
supplementary instructions to adequately deal with
additional hazards and procedures, including mancheck, backspar operation, and maintenance of
lighting systems.
Tailhold Blocks
Wire-rope manufacturers’ recommended ratio used to
determine the correct sheave to line size is 30:1, where
each centimetre (or inch) of line diameter requires
30 centimetres (or inches) of sheave diameter. The
actual industry standard is 20:1. This ratio permits
smaller blocks to be used but it does cause premature
line wear.
53
Single block with line crossed and burning.
A single block is often used
where there is a two-person crew
as the hooktender is alone.
Although a single block is easier
for one worker, there is the
disadvantage of severe linewrap; the haulback must make a
sharper bend around the sheave,
which generates heat, causing
drying of the lubricant and
premature wear.
A two-block system is more work for the hooktender
but line-wrap is greatly reduced, increasing line life
(see page 76).
The use of a backspar crawler tractor or hoe has
simplified the back end in that larger or double
sheaves can be used.
Deteriorated Topping or Gantry Lines
Topping or gantry lines are critical components and
should be replaced annually. These lines must be
inspected regularly for wear and wire core
lubrication. All line changes and inspections must be
recorded in a line book.
The core is dry with broken wires — this line must be replaced.
54
Dees, Thimbles, and Cable Clips
Mainline dee connectors must be
inspected twice per day. To
inspect for excessive line wear at
the dee connector, slide the dee
to expose the line.
Mainline dee connector fails — the end will slip into the
landing.
Correct.
Incorrect.
Commonly overlooked rigging considerations:
•
Eye of topping line tailhold should have a steel
thimble at the pin.
•
Incorrect installation of wedge-type socket
tailholds. Remember that the pull must be in
direct line with the pin.
•
Cable clips are easy to install incorrectly. The
cable clip saddle must be installed on the live line.
Remember:
“NEVER PUT A SADDLE ON A DEAD HORSE.”
Correct.
Incorrect.
55
Splicing and Spooling Line
The operator must not operate the machine and spool
lines simultaneously. Proper spooling tools are to be
used. Makeshift spooling tools such as a hammer or
axe must not be used.
If a hammer is to be used to cut or splice a line, it must
be a soft hammer identified by a small “S” stamped
on one of the side faces. With use, these hammers
become mushroomed and pieces may chip off. Such
chips have been known to cause eye injury to workers
up to 6 m (20 ft.) away. Hammers with mushroomed
heads must be replaced. Cutting tools should be sharp
and of proper hardness. Eye protection must be worn
during any cutting procedure. Maintain the proper tip
profile on Marlin spikes.
Do not spool lines by hand — jaggers can catch the gloves.
56
Proper tip.
Tip shaped wrong — can slip and puncture hands.
57
Do not use mushroomed hammers. Eye protection must be worn.
58
Windows
Cab windows are intended to protect the operator
from the natural elements and must be replaced if
missing. Visibility is affected by dirty glazing and by
glare caused by sunlight on “spider webbing” in
cracked or broken glazing. Windows must be kept
clean and must be replaced if cracked. Blinds may be
installed to reduce the sun’s glare.
Too much glare through a cracked window, resulting in poor visibility.
59
Grapple Yarder Access
When greasing pins and sheaves at the top of the
gantry, the worker should wear a safety belt attached
to a lifeline or anchor. Or a ring, cage, or other
guardrail can be installed to prevent falling.
All access ladders must be securely fastened. Broken
or damaged ladders must be repaired or replaced.
When a machine is behind the log pile, getting into
and out of the machine can be dangerous. If it is
necessary for the operator to walk logs to get to the
machine, caulk boots must be worn. If the log pile is
unstable with crossed or hazardous logs, the log pile
must not be used for access; an alternative route must
be chosen.
A person-check system must be in place when the
worker is alone (see page 149).
No anti-slip decking or handrails creates hazards. A fall protection system must be used if a worker
is working over 3 m (10 ft.).
60
Line Pulling of Trees
Line pulling of trees requires written supplementary
instructions. Because of the hazards involved, all
workers must have the procedures reviewed with
them before pulling trees over.
An effective method of pulling trees over is the use of
a “bat wing” or equivalent. The apparatus is placed
behind the tree to be pulled. A faller places
appropriate falling cuts, then the tree is pulled over.
No worker is required to climb the tree to apply a
pulling line.
Bat wing.
A bat wing may be used to pull trees over.
61
COMMUNICATIONS
Radios used on grapple yarders must have the
frequency co-ordinated, be within power limits, and
be registered with the WCB. Verbal and audible
signals acceptable to the WCB must be used on all
grapple yarders.
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT AND CLOTHING
Operators are required to wear appropriate personal
protective equipment and clothing:
•
•
Leg and eye protection when using a chain saw
•
Hearing protection when operating chain saws
and noisy machines
•
•
Substantial footwear that gives ankle support
•
Caulk boots when chasing the turns and walking
logs
•
Hard hat and hi-vis vest when out of the
operator’s cab
Eye protection when cutting wire rope with wire
axe, guillotine, hydraulic cutter, or abrasive wheel
Gloves when handling wire rope or other steel
objects
HOUSEKEEPING
Housekeeping is a visual indicator of work and safety
attitudes of both supervisors and workers. A clean
machine makes it easier to spot oil leaks and cracked
or damaged parts. Oil spills and loose tools and parts
create tripping and slipping hazards. In the event of a
machine tipping, loose tools or parts in the cab act as
projectiles and could cause injury.
62
MAINTENANCE
Vapours, gases, and other contaminants enter the cab
through floor openings and from air exhaust valves.
Contaminants include dust from brake lining and
clutch plates, engine exhaust, oil mist, and methyl
hydrate vapours.
The machine must be shut off during servicing. The
only exception is a specific mechanical test or check
that requires the machine be kept running. Before
leaving the cab, ground the grapple, slack running
lines, and apply maxi-brakes.
GUARDING
Friction drives, gears, shafts, and belts accessible to
workers must be guarded. Cab guarding must meet
the standards in the WCB publication Standards for
Operator Protective Structures (OPS) G600. To prevent
slips and falls, install guardrails and anti-slip material
on the deck.
63
GRAPPLE YARDER OPERATOR
RESPONSIBILITY FOR SAFETY
A grapple yarder operator’s responsibilities for safety
include:
Grapple Yarder Operator
•
Knowing and enforcing the employer’s safety
rules and policies
•
and Safety Regulation
•
Ensuring that the log pile is maintained in a safe
and stable condition
•
Ensuring that other workers and the loading
machine are in the clear before logs are moved
•
Ensuring that a minimum 60 cm (2 ft.) clearance
between counterweight and obstacles is
maintained
•
•
•
Not swinging logs or grapple over workers
•
•
Wearing personal protective equipment and
clothing
•
Ensuring that yarding radios function properly
Ensuring that the grapple yarder is maintained in
a safe operating condition in accordance with
manufacturer’s specifications
65
TRANSPORTING THE GRAPPLE YARDER
The grapple yarder should be facing the lowbed when
walking onto it. All movements must be under
direction of a signaller, usually the lowbed tractor
operator or supervisor. Many of the new grapple
yarders are hydraulically driven. The power required
to drive the hydraulic system may cause the engine to
stall at peak hydraulic demand. An engine stall may
occur if the engine RPM is reduced to control travel
speed as the grapple yarder is about to “break over”
walking up the lowbed ramp. To prevent such a stall,
full engine RPM must be maintained and travel speed
controlled with the hydraulic valve. When loaded for
transport, the grapple must be grounded on the deck
or grappled onto a hold-down strap and the boom
lowered. While travelling, the grapple yarder must be
tied down onto the lowbed. The increased height
while on the lowbed calls for extra caution when
passing under power lines. Unloading procedures
must be under the direction of a qualified signaller or
supervisor.
The grapple must be grounded (tied) to the lowbed to prevent it from sliding off.
66
GRAPPLE YARDER HAZARDS
Walking the Grapple Yarder
On established roads there are
fewer hazards, provided the road
is of sufficient width. Hazards do
develop on newly constructed
haul roads. Often roads or spur
roads are constructed barely
wide enough for the tracks. The
operator is then forced to “walk”
off centre of the road to the
uphill side, with the tracks or
tires close to or in the ditch. In
that position, the machine can
tip sideways.
When the road is too narrow, the grapple yarder can be off
centre, resulting in sideways tipping.
Roads not adequately benched or
built with loose side-cast
material could give way under
the weight and vibration of the
grapple yarder.
Culverts and Bridges
Metal, plastic, and log culverts, if not adequately
bedded, can shift and collapse. The yarder must not
be turned when it is over a culvert. Plugged culverts
can wash out under the road surface and collapse.
Bridges must be inspected periodically to ensure that
the structure is capable of withstanding the load.
Bridges must be inspected to ensure they can support the loads imposed upon them.
67
Overhead Obstructions
A hazard while moving the
yarder is power line contacts.
Watch for low power lines in camp areas — have a spotter to
direct travel.
When passing under power lines, the boom must be
lowered.
68
Travelling Uphill and Downhill
The machine is facing uphill; the boom swings around,
breaking the swing shaft; the brakes do not hold.
The grapple yarder should face
uphill with the boom turned to
the uphill side to ensure that the
boom does not flop back. The
strawline should be used to
secure the grapple. Having the
machine and grapple facing
downhill changes the centre of
gravity, increasing the risk of
tipping forward. When on a
steep grade, the grapple yarder
must be pushed, pulled, or
snubbed. Rigging and lines must
be matched in strength to the
equipment used for snubbing.
If the yarder is driven
hydraulically, do not pull faster
than the designed travel speed.
The machine is facing downhill at a
20% grade and travelling. When the
brakes are applied, the machine
nosedives.
The grade is too steep; the brakes
lock up and the machine runs away
since no snubbing vehicle is hooked
up.
69
Roads Covered with Debris or Snow
When travelling on debris-covered roads, jill-pokes
are common, resulting in air lines being broken and
tracks derailed. When roads are covered with ice or
snow, it is difficult to determine the stability of the
road; the road edge may not be visible, or there can be
poor traction. Keep the road clear, and be aware of
loss of traction from ice buildup between the
grousers.
Rock Protrusions
Rock protrusions are common on poorly built and
poorly maintained roads. These protrusions can cause
severe vibration, bounce, and jarring. Such severe
movements cause equipment damage and loss of
control by the operator.
Walking over road protrusions causes severe shake and can adversely affect the operator.
70
RIGGING THE GRAPPLE YARDER
Guylines
Grapple yarders are
manufactured with at least one
guyline. The manufacturer
requires that the guylines be
used. The manufacturer’s
specifications must be followed.
Yarding without a guyline is
contrary to the manufacturer’s
specifications and increases the
chance of tipping the grapple
yarder.
A grapple yarder with a single guyline out of lead can be
pulled over.
A grapple yarder severely out of lead of the two guylines
can be pulled over.
71
The guyline stumps must be
properly notched and, when
required, tied back with twisters
or a wrap of the guyline. The
hooktender must inspect the
stumps daily to ensure that they
are secure.
The stump is improperly notched and the guyline bight is
the wrong way.
Stumps are properly notched and the bight is the right way;
the stump is tied back with one wrap on the front stump.
72
If a crawler tractor is used for a
guyline tailhold it must be kept
in lead with the blade down and
brakes set. The operator must
not sit on the machine while
yarding is in progress.
The grapple yarder operator
must ensure that guylines are
kept in proper lead to share the
stresses equally. Failure to
monitor the lead of the guylines
can result in pulled tailholds,
broken guylines and equipment,
road damage, and serious injury.
The guylines are out of lead, causing stump pull and
machine rocking.
The guyline tailholds must be
changed as the yarder moves so
that they are kept in lead with the
yarding lines.
These guylines are in proper lead.
73
Yarding Lines
There are two yarding line arrangements on grapple
yarders. One has opening and closing mainlines and a
haulback. The other has a single mainline, a small
opening tagline, and a haulback. The grapple on both
is hung from a carriage, which rides on the bight of
the haulback.
The critical wear points of the yarding lines are at the
terminals of the lines.
Daily inspections must be made where the mainline
and opening lines pass through the plates. The knob
and line must be pushed through so a proper
inspection can be done. The area where the knob rests
against the end plate must be watched closely because
the knob wears a groove in the plate. When the wear
becomes excessive, it crooks the line and reduces the
line capacity. In extreme cases, the edge of the hole in
the plate cuts the line off when it is under load.
Haulback
A typical tag-equipped grapple yarder.
Mainline
Topping line
Scab block
Guylines
Tagline
Grapple
Carriage
Strawline
Haulback
Excavator rigged as a backspar.
74
If a mainline terminal fails, the line whips toward the
yarder, endangering workers. The top and bottom
sections of the haulback run close together on a
grapple yarder. The wrapping-up of the haulback can
be minimized by using a steel swivel hung to separate
the top and bottom of the haulback. Two tailhold
stumps also achieve the same purpose when stump
rigging is used.
Strawline
When it is necessary to use the strawline for rig-ups,
the crew must be taught to pull the strawline properly.
The workers’ arms and legs must do the work, not
their backs.
Improper.
Proper.
Improper strawline pulling.
75
HANGING BLOCKS AND STRAPS
It is recommended that two
stumps be used for tailholds to
reduce the risk of pulling a
stump and to minimize
wrapping of the haulback. The
stumps must be properly
notched and, when necessary,
tied back with twisters. The
block is to be hung from both
eyes of the strap. Do not choke
the stump with a strap. If the
strap is wrapped around the
stump, do not cross the wraps.
Ensure that the eyes are in lead
with the direction of pull.
If a tree is used as a tailhold, the
tree must be tied back,
regardless of species or size.
Blocks properly hung on tailholds; one stump is tied back.
Block hung on a standing tree is tied back.
76
GRAPPLE YARDER HOOKTENDER,
SPOTTER, OR BACKSPAR OPERATOR
The hooktender’s responsibilities for safety include:
•
rules and policies
•
•
Ensuring that only trained and authorized
workers operate machinery — including chain
saws
•
Inspecting the worksite for hazards and taking
action to eliminate or control them
•
Reporting to the supervisor all accidents
involving injury to workers and any serious
near-misses
•
Ensuring that equipment is kept in safe operating
condition
•
Referring to the employer any worker who is
physically or mentally unfit to do the job
•
Taking corrective action on reported unsafe
conditions and acts
•
Using safe work procedures to deal with the
hazards encountered
•
Ensuring that landings are organized and kept
clear of unnecessary debris
•
Wearing appropriate personal protective
equipment and clothing
•
•
Grapple Yarder Hooktender, Spotter, or Backspar Operator
77
YARDING HAZARDS
If workers must enter the area made hazardous by
yarding, they must notify the operator of the yarder.
Root Wads
While working around root wads, workers should
stay away from rear and low sides. Workers must
always string lines from the uphill side and place
them on top of the root wad to avoid siwashes. Root
wads are inherently unstable.
Do not walk below root wads.
78
Saplings
When yarding past saplings,
workers must be alert because
the lines or grapple can throw
debris. The hazard of thrown
saplings can be controlled by
establishing proper falling policy
and procedures before yarding
activities begin.
Keep all lines clear of siwashes and watch for thrown debris.
Runaways and Siwashes
The spotter must be aware of the
position of the lines at all times
and be alert to the dangers that
lines can create:
•
Runaway logs can be
dislodged by the haulback.
•
Haulback can hook logs
after the turn is landed.
•
Siwashes can occur during
yarding after road changes
because the lines are not
strung straight. Strawline
should be placed on top of
stumps, gun barrels, and root
wads.
Lines running over gunbarrel logs can cause them to move.
79
Steep Ground with Unbucked or Long Logs
Unstable logs, rocks, and trees can be dislodged when
the work is on steep ground. Partially bucked or treelength timber can cause additional hazards. When
working with tree-length timber, workers should
always take that extra step to get in the clear.
Do not stand too close to logs being yarded – get in the clear.
Danger Trees on the Back Line or Side Lines
If a danger tree is leaning into the felled and bucked
area, the hooktender must arrange for it to be felled
before yarding activities begin. If the danger tree
leans into the timber, workers must be warned to stay
clear. Do not use danger trees as tailhold stumps.
80
SAFE YARDING PROCEDURES
Communications
Communications in grapple yarding is vital to safe
production. Radios must transmit and receive clearly.
When talking into the microphone, be sure that the
voice volume is constant. Words must be clearly
spoken. Use as few words as possible. Radio
equipment must be tested and kept clean and dry. It
must be recharged at the end of each shift. When
using a choker, workers must use standard high-lead
whistle signals.
Choking Logs
When the choker is to be set, the lines must be
slackened. Once the choker is set, move into the clear.
When the choker is used, the grapple must be grounded.
81
Notching Stumps
When stumps serve as anchors,
the stumps must be notched as
low to the ground as possible, to
a proper depth and lead to
prevent slabbing. On flared
stumps, do not cut off the roots.
When using a chain saw, leg,
hearing, and eye protection must
be worn. The stump must be
brushed out to prevent kickback.
Wear leg protective devices as well as hand, eye, and
hearing protection when using a chain saw.
Hanging a Haulback Block and Strap
With your back turned to the yarder, place the righthand or high-side eye in the gooseneck, then place the
left-hand eye in the gooseneck. This will allow the
block to hang upright with no haulback twisting or
burning of the block shell.
The block is hanging upright. All standing trees used for tailholds must be tied back.
82
Undersized Haulback Block
Incorrect.
Correct industry standard.
When blocks are undersized for
the size of line, the following will
occur:
•
•
•
•
Line chaffing
Excessive line wear
Line breakage
Block wear
The industry standard for
calculating the proper block size
is to multiply the line diameter
by 20 and use the corresponding
sheave size. Manufacturers
recommend multiplying the line
diameter by 30.
14" block with 1" line
20" block with 1" line
Carrying Blocks
Proper lifting techniques should be used when lifting
heavy objects. “Save the back; use the legs.” Carry the
block on the uphill shoulder with the Molly Hogans
away from the face. Walk on the ground or stable logs.
Choose a clear path. If you fall, throw the block clear.
Walking on Metal
Extreme caution must be used when walking on metal
with caulked boots because of the slipping hazard.
Use hand-holds. Do not jump off machines at any
time but climb down properly and with care. Deck
access areas must have non-slip material installed.
83
Preventing Slips and Falls
To prevent slipping and falling,
workers must be alert to:
•
Loose bark when sap is
running
•
•
Frozen logs
Walking on old or burnt logs
Keep caulked boots in good
condition.
Keep caulked boots in good condition and watch for loose
bark.
Splicing and Cutting Lines
Hazards encountered when
splicing or cutting lines include:
•
Eye injuries from flying
particles
•
•
Punctures from Marlin spikes
Being struck by strand ends
when splicing
Eye protection, sharp tools, and
professional work methods can
prevent serious injury.
Wear proper personal protective equipment when splicing.
84
Chain Saws
When handling a chain saw,
ensure good footing and keep a
firm grip on the saw with both
hands. Avoid kickback by
knowing where the bar tip is at
all times. Remove limbs and
chunks that could contribute to a
kickback. When walking, ensure
that the chain is stopped. Use the
saw at night only when adequate
lighting is available. Wear all
required protective clothing and
equipment. There must be no
smoking when fuelling the saw.
Wear leg protective devices as well as hand, eye, and
hearing protection when using a chain saw.
Night Yarding
When night yarding is done:
•
Use a personal light attached to your chest or
hard hat to leave your hands free
•
Wear a hi-vis vest and put hi-vis tape on the hard
hat
•
Remain in one position when yarding lights swing
away to land logs
Sitting on Mobile Backspars
Workers must not be on a mobile backspar while
yarding is in progress. Serious injury can occur as a
result of:
•
•
•
Sudden, violent jarring of the mobile backspar
Lines breaking
Backspar machine being pulled over
Falling Trees
Trees must be felled by a qualified faller. The danger
of serious injury or death to untrained workers felling
trees is extreme.
85
OPERATING THE BACKSPAR
Regular Maintenance of Mobile Backspar
A regular maintenance schedule for a mobile
backspar should include:
•
•
•
Checking coolant level
Checking engine and hydraulic system oil level
Lubricating boom pins and blocks
A visual check of the backspar should be done when
carrying out regular maintenance.
Moving the Mobile Backspar (Hoe)
The operator must ensure that the guarding package
meets the appropriate WCB guarding standard. When
a hoe is equipped with a seat belt, it must be used. The
hoe must have the stick at more than 90° and be in
lead with the grapple yarder. If the hoe is not in lead
on solid ground and the stick is less than 90°, the
machine can be overturned. When the hoe is
changing roads, communication with the operator of
the yarder is critical. Safe work procedures include
ensuring that the haulback is slack and that no
siwashes develop as the machine is moved.
The machine should be moved with the operator
facing the grapple yarder. Do not try to move long
distances without putting the stick down and
tightlining the haulback over any obstacles.
Haulback being tightened.
86
Safe work practices for the
operator include never moving
the hoe while yarding is taking
place or without first informing
the grapple yarding operator. No
one may stand on or sit in the
hoe while yarding takes place.
The operator must always keep a
sharp lookout for hoe stability.
No maintenance or service work
is to be done while yarding takes
place.
Do not sit or stand on the hoe while yarding takes place.
Mobile Backspar Roads
The operator of the mobile backspar (hoe) must be
aware of danger trees, leaning saplings, jill-pokes, and
rock protrusions that occur on backspar trails. To
overcome these hazards, the operator must ensure
that hazardous danger trees and leaning saplings are
removed. Avoid pushing them over or backing into
them. Check the trail before the start of each shift to
assess potential hazards.
Do not position the mobile
backspar machine on rock, steep
hills, or slide areas because the
stability of the machine in those
instances is poor. When
operating a mobile backspar,
60 cm (2 ft.) clearance must be
maintained between the
counterweight and any obstacle.
Remove all hazardous danger trees.
87
Adverse Weather
The hazards to the mobile backspar operator from
adverse weather include wind, icy tracks, heavy rain,
or yarding at night with limited visibility. Workers
must dress for the adverse weather conditions. High
winds may require workers to leave the area made
hazardous by blown-down trees. When working
under adverse weather conditions, take extra time to
ensure personal safety.
Working near standing timber in high winds is hazardous.
88
UTILITY WORKER
The utility worker’s responsibilities for safety include:
Utility Worker
•
Wearing appropriate personal protective
equipment and clothing
•
•
Knowing and enforcing the safe work procedures
•
•
Reporting to the supervisor all accidents
involving injury and serious near-misses
•
rules and policies
89
COMMUNICATIONS
It is important to establish proper communications
with the hooktender and yarder operator. When a
radio is used, the volume and squelch must be
adjusted to give a clear message. When talking into
the microphone, the utility worker should keep the
voice volume constant, speak clearly, and use as few
words as possible.
INSPECTION OF GRAPPLE
The utility worker must keep ready items such as
chokers, yo-yo lines, choker lines, hand tools, and all
other equipment needed on the grapple yarder. A
twice-daily check of the yarding grapple for cracks
and signs of wear is a priority job for the utility
worker.
COUNTERWEIGHT CLEARANCE
The utility worker must monitor that the 60 cm (2 ft.)
clearance between the counterweight and other
obstacles is maintained at all times. The utility worker
must notify the yarder operator when entering the
operator’s work area. Notification must be by radio or
visual contact.
Workers must notify the operator prior to intruding in the
work circle.
90
Utility Worker
SECURING GUYLINES
Guylines must be anchored on the stump so that the
grapple yarder moves away from the direction of the
bight. When hanging or releasing a guyline, stand on
the back or clean side of the bight and place the
guyline shackle so that it can be taken off safely — that
is, stand on the end or eye side of line. Make sure
workers are in the clear before going ahead on the
strawline or guyline. The use of a small block
(“Tommy Moore”) is recommended to string guylines
with the strawline.
Properly notched
guyline stump.
Improperly notched.
Improperly notched.
Improperly notched.
Tommy Moore strawline block.
Utility Worker
91
Loading grapple.
Loading grapple.
Yarding grapple.
92
Utility Worker
GRAPPLE YARDING IN WINTER CONDITIONS
Many areas of British Columbia experience heavy
snow during the winter months. Felled and bucked
timber is often buried overnight by a snowfall.
CO-ORDINATION OF YARDING AND FALLING ACTIVITIES
Many firms prefer to keep a limited amount of felled
and bucked timber ahead of the grapple yarding. In
this way, they can grapple yard one or two days
behind the fallers.
Supervisors must ensure that falling and bucking do
not conflict with grapple yarding activities. A
minimum distance of two tree lengths must be
maintained between the tree being felled and any
other worker. Falling and bucking activities must not
be conducted above an active grapple yarding site nor
should grapple yarding take place above fallers if
there is a hazard of runaway logs or trees.
Proper co-ordination can
eliminate the problem of fallers
being isolated behind the
grapple yarder without
transportation. If this is not
possible, place one crew vehicle
behind the grapple yarder and
one in front.
Falling within two tree lengths of grapple yarding activity or
any other worker is prohibited.
Grapple Yarding in Winter Conditions
93
Vehicle parked on the open access side of log pile for emergency use.
94
LANDING SIZE
Landings or landing areas must be built of a size
and construction to accommodate yarding,
manufacturing, and loading of logs. The work in
landings must be co-ordinated to ensure that all
machinery and workers can perform their duties
without risk of injury.
In areas where the wood is being skidded from the
yarder to a central landing, safe work practices must
be maintained. When the skidder or crawler tractor is
hooking up a drag at the yarder, the yarder operator
must not operate the machine until the skidder or
crawler tractor is clear of the landing area.
A skidder can remove logs from the grapple yarder for processing in a less hazardous area.
WINTER HAZARDS
Snow on Trees
Grapple yarding workers often work along the edge of
standing timber which may be heavily laden with
snow. Workers must always be aware of the danger of
branches breaking off, clumps of snow coming down,
or the weight of snow on danger trees causing them to
fall out of the standing timber.
95
High Stumps
Unless fallers shovel out around
the base of felled trees, rigging
crews are faced with the hazard
of high stumps. High stumps can
result in upending logs and
hang-ups.
High stumps in snow can cause serious hazards.
Rigging crews must always be
prepared for a log hanging up on
a high stump and upending.
Snow conditions may prevent
the faller from bucking all the
timber. Spotters must be alert to
these dangers.
Tree-Length Timber
Some firms prefer to yard timber tree-length and
manufacture it when it reaches the landing. Treelength timber can cause many hazards to rigging
crews. Tree-length timber in the grapple or choker has
more chance of hanging up and upending, as well as
breaking and sliding down the hill. The hooktender or
spotter must be sure they are well in the clear before
giving the go-ahead signal. In rough terrain where
timber is buried in snow, the hooktender or spotter
must be above and behind the turn to avoid upending
logs.
Frozen Timber
Crews logging frozen timber, especially unbucked
logs, must be aware of several hazards.
Logs frozen in the snow will have a tendency to break
and may run away when freed by the grapple or
choker. Also, logs can upend. Upending logs can
throw broken ends and tops, endangering the
hooktender or spotter.
Walking on frozen timber is dangerous. Use extreme
caution and make sure caulks are in good shape. To
prevent snow buildup between the caulks, workers
should wear rubber-soled caulk boots.
96
Sliding Logs
Winter conditions make logs slippery and even on
what may appear to be a slope good for windrowing, a
hazard of runaway logs can exist. A log placed by the
grapple or choker may inadvertently slide from the
windrow after the grapple has been opened or the
choker has been undone. The grapple yarder operator
should ensure that the log is firmly set in the pile
before opening the grapple or allowing the chaser to
go in and undo the choker. The hooktender or spotter
must always be aware of logs sliding from the
windrow pile back down the hill.
Tailholds
Crews must use extra care when selecting tailholds in
winter. When using stumps, shovel out to the base of
the stump to determine its stability. If tailhold
stability is questionable and no alternative stumps are
available, use tiebacks to prevent the stump from
being pulled out.
Choose sound, sturdy trees for tailholds when stumps
are not available. Tie back all standing trees used as
tailholds. Check for danger trees and overhead
hazards, heavy clumps of snow on branches, and
broken tops or branches. Danger trees must not be
used for tailholds.
97
Runaway Logs
The danger of runaway logs is greater on steep
ground. The roadline where logs are yarded will have
created a toboggan-like chute. Once a log slips from
the windrow pile, or out of the grapple or choker, it
will take off down the chute. Its direction may change
at any time if redirected by a stump or other debris.
The crew must get well in the clear to avoid being in
the path of runaway logs.
The hooktender or spotter can be seriously injured when loose logs are dislodged from the pile.
98
Visibility during Snowfall
Depth perception is affected during snowfall. Rigging
crews find it difficult to determine the distance from
the lines. Stand back, behind the turn and in the clear,
before giving the go-ahead signal or when the turn is
moving.
Slippery Road Conditions
Winter conditions can make logging roads dangerous
for machine operations and workers travelling on the
roads. Track-mounted machines must have good
grousers with ice lugs on their tracks to prevent
slipping. Rubber-tired grapple yarders must be
chained up to ensure traction. This equipment must
be snubbed or pulled by a suitable machine when
moving on sloped roads.
Crew transportation vehicles must be maintained in
top mechanical condition. A four-wheel drive vehicle
equipped with chains is the best choice. If the vehicle
does not have four-wheel drive, chains must be used
whenever road conditions are slippery.
When driving on freshly plowed roads, vehicle
drivers should be aware of soft shoulders that appear
to be part of the road bed.
Extra care must be used when driving on snow-covered roads.
99
Hand Tools
When temperatures are below freezing, hand tools
may become more brittle. Bits and pieces of steel
flying from a hammer or wire cutter are common.
Loggers must check the condition of these tools on a
regular basis and always wear eye protection when
cutting line. Tools must be stored properly to prevent
them from being buried in snow.
Lunch Fires
When a lunch fire is being built, keep it away from
chain saws, oils, and gasoline. Keep vehicles and
machines well away from the fire. The fire must be on
the downwind side of the landing. Gasoline must not
be used to start lunch fires.
Gasoline must never be used to start a fire.
100
GRAPPLE YARDER AND LOADER
INSPECTIONS
INSPECTION OF THE WORKSITE
Regular and documented inspections must be
done on equipment used in yarding and loading.
Inspections must be conducted by qualified workers
and at appropriate intervals.
Inspections must be initiated:
•
•
By the requirements of the manufacturer
•
In accordance with the Occupational Health and
Safety Regulation
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Coveralls
In accordance with recognized industry
standards
TOOLS FOR INSPECTION
Grapple Yarder and Loader Inspections
Gloves
Flashlight
Wire brush – use eye protection
Cable and sheave gauge
Pocket knife
Tire pressure gauge
Tape measure
101
EVALUATION OF MACHINE SET-UP
The first step is to verify that the configuration of the
machine is in compliance with the manufacturer’s
specifications. The actual configuration affects the
lifting capacity.
The following should be checked:
102
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Ground conditions
•
Lattice boom (damaged chords/lattice members,
twisted boom)
•
Hydraulic boom (survey for bending, sway, and
droop)
•
All firefighting equipment in place and
operational
•
Grooving, gouging, or excessive shoulder wear of
sheaves
•
•
Bushings, bearings, and pins, for excessive wear
•
Grapple chains and rubber stoppers
Operating on “rubber” or outriggers
Levelling of log loader and grapple yarder
Proximity of other equipment
Workers in the active logging hazard area
Swinging hazards of counterweights and logs
Communications system (such as radio, hand
signals)
All wire rope and connections, such as wedge
sockets, for proper size and installation
INSPECTION OF GRAPPLE YARDER AND LOADER
Boom
Check for the following:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Bending
•
Bulges, creases, or waviness of the plates in the
boom
•
Hydraulic leaks (for example, creeping of
hydraulic cylinders)
•
Access ladders
Sway
Fairlead and sheave assemblies
Cracks around the hinge pins
Tailholds for pendant and topping lines
Rust (check for signs of cracks)
Light assemblies
Flaking or cracked paint (could be signs of
overload)
Drums
Check the general condition of the drums and the
spooling of the lines. Check the dead end of the wire
rope at the drum.
Counterweight
Inspect all hardware, including brackets and pins
used to attach the counterweight. Check for cracks,
breaks, and other signs of damage. Ensure that the
loader or yarder is equipped with the original
counterweights supplied by the manufacturer and
that they contain the correct number of weights.
A-Frame and Mast
Inspect the frame and mast for bent or distorted
members. Check for cracks at or near welds.
103
Wire Rope
Inspect wire rope and other forms of rigging in
accordance with the Occupational Health and Safety
Regulation.
Note: Non-rotating wire rope must not be used for
boom hoist reeving or for standing ropes.
Pendants
Boom pendants must withstand large forces, not only
from the weight of the boom and the load, but
particularly from shock and vibration when the load
is picked up. Inspect pendants for broken wires, as
well as rust and corrosion, particularly at the fittings.
Ensure that pendants are matched pairs. Inspect
sockets for signs of corrosion, rust, and broken wires.
Bails
Inspect the bail structure, paying particular attention
to welds. Examine each sheave for groove
smoothness, broken or chipped flanges, cracks in
hubs, and out-of-round conditions as well as groove
depth, width, and contour. Use a gauge to make sure
the contour of the groove is correct.
Lattice Booms
When inspecting lattice booms, remember that
tubular booms (high-tensile strength) are very
sensitive to minor damage, while mild steel booms
(angle iron) will tolerate more damage.
All structural members of the boom must be
examined for defects. Check particularly for the
following:
104
•
Cords,which must be straight and free of kinks,
bends, or cracks
•
Lattice members, which must be in place and free
from bends, kinks, cracks, and broken welds
•
•
•
Welds, for cracks and corrosion
Boom section and fittings, for cracks
Heel boom section, particularly anchoring pins
and weld cracks in the lugs
Grapple
Wear points on the grapple develop where the
mainline and opening lines pass through the dees.
The knob and line must be pushed out for daily
inspection. A groove can be worn where the knob
rests and can cut off the line. Excessive wear at hinge
points must be repaired.
Machine Deck
Guards
All exposed gears, drive belts, pulleys, clutches, and
brakes must be guarded.
Cab Guarding
Cab guarding must conform to the Occupational
Health and Safety Regulation.
Clutches
All bands and clutch plates must meet manufacturer’s
specifications. Check for dirt and grease accumulation
and loose tools that could be caught in the clutches.
Operator’s Cab
The following must be checked:
•
All controls must have their functions clearly
identified.
•
Log books and maintenance manual must be
available for inspection history.
•
Windshields must be clean, free of cracks, hazing,
discoloration, and frosting.
•
Boom stops and other safety devices must be
operational.
Turntable (Ring Gear)
The ring gear must be examined carefully for cracks.
Paint cracking may indicate a structural crack.
105
Carriers
Rubber-tired Carrier
Inspect tires for cuts, tears, breaks, and proper
inflation. Brake lines must be in good condition and
brakes adjusted properly.
Outrigger Assemblies
• Check the outriggers to be sure that neither the
beams nor the cylinders are distorted.
•
•
Ensure that welds are not cracked.
•
•
Cylinders must hold.
Beams and cylinder jacks must extend and retract
smoothly.
Check outrigger floats for distortion and cracking.
Crawler Carrier
Check the following:
•
•
Track and chain adjustment
•
•
Track shoes for cracks
The condition of drive sprockets, idlers, support
rollers, track pins, keepers, and all welds
Cleanliness of tracks, which must be kept clean,
especially in freezing weather
Note: All air and hydraulic lines must be in good
condition and guarded at locations where they
may be damaged.
INSPECTION OF CRAWLER BULLDOZER
Crawler bulldozers should be inspected regularly.
106
•
ROPS certification sticker is in place on the
canopy. The canopy has no cracks or unidentified
attachments.
•
•
•
Seat belts are installed and used.
All cab guards are in place.
All running gear is properly maintained; tracks,
rollers, track plates, fairleads, and catlines have
no signs of excessive wear.
•
Exhaust system has noise control and does not
leak exhaust gases.
•
Hydraulic lines do not leak and are adequately
protected.
•
Brakes are in good repair and the quick release on
the winch line is operative.
•
•
The backspar assembly is not deteriorated.
•
Tracks are clean, especially in freezing weather.
Firefighting equipment is installed and
operational.
INSPECTION OF EXCAVATOR (BACK HOE)
Excavators (back hoes) should be inspected regularly.
•
All cab guards are in place and the escape
opening is operational.
•
Firefighting equipment is installed and
operational.
•
Running gear is in good condition and the swivel
points on the bucket and boom are not worn.
•
All hydraulic and air lines are in good condition
and guarded, with no leaks.
•
•
•
•
No loose material in the cab.
•
The seat belt is in good condition and used.
Windows are not cracked.
Seat is in good condition.
Tracks are kept clean, especially in freezing
weather.
INSPECTION OF VEHICLES EQUIPPED WITH AIR BRAKES
All vehicles equipped with air brakes must have the
following equipment checked before being put into
service and on a daily basis:
•
•
Headlights: high and low
Rearview mirrors
107
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
108
Horn
Windshield
Windshield wipers
Door handles
Windows and handles
Exhaust system
Air compressor
Air lines and connections
Brake chambers
Air tanks
Air gauges
Dump valve
Air governors
Emergency brake
Booster protection valve
Brake drums
Brake lining
Brake rod travel
Steering
Low-air warning device
Housekeeping
Wheels and tires
Wheel nuts and studs
First aid kit
Fire extinguisher
Fire tools and hoses
Belts
Engine coolant
Oil levels
Alternator performance
LOADING IN PROXIMITY TO
GRAPPLE YARDERS
LOADING HAZARDS
When the loader is loading from the active grapple
yarder log pile, several precautions must be taken:
•
Minimum 60 cm (2 ft.) clearance between loader
counterweight and all obstructions such as log
pile, banks, and other equipment must be
maintained.
•
The landing worker and the chaser must stay out
of the active log landing and loading area at all
times.
•
Loader operators must avoid swinging the boom
or snorkel into grapple yarder lines. Inadvertent
movement of the lines when struck by a loader
may result in injury to the hooktender or spotter
who may be setting a choker or spotting
the grapple.
A well-planned log landing.
Loading in Proximity to Grapple Yarders
109
•
On steep downhill yarding, the loading must not
take place below the yarding road.
•
When loading from the high side, the log loader
must be positioned so that logs will not slip out of
the windrow pile and strike the log loader.
Congested log landings are extremely hazardous for workers.
•
Good communications must
exist between machine
operators and ground crew.
•
To avoid swinging the loader
under the lines to grab logs,
the setting should be yarded
from the front to the back. It is
preferable to keep the logs on
the haul road side as this
makes the logs always
available to the loader.
Landing workers must stay in the clear.
110
Passing by Log Loaders
If you are driving a vehicle, stay well back and in the
clear and give the loader operator time to complete
the operation. Do not surprise the operator by driving
right up to his loader.
Equipment Clearance
A common mistake is failing to maintain a 60 cm
(2 ft.) clearance between the counterweight of the
loader and any obstacle around it, such as another
machine, a log pile, or high side bank. Too often an
operator moving the machine to accommodate
yarding or loading inadvertently eliminates this
clearance.
Operators must always ensure that they maintain the
minimum clearance after every machine move.
Workers must notify the operator any time they enter
the loading machine work circle.
Adequate clearance — 60 cm (2 ft.) — must be maintained at all times.
111
Machines Being Struck by Logs
Operators of yarders and loaders must position their
machines so that they do not endanger one another
while handling logs. It is essential for the operators to
have effective communication with each other. When
they don’t, serious accidents may happen, such as:
•
Jill-poked logs or logs that slip
from a yarder striking a
loader
•
A loader swinging a log into a
yarder
•
A loader dislodging a log from
the pile and striking a yarder
Loading too close.
A log slips out of the grapple yarder and hits the loader.
112
Landing Crew in the Clear
The duties of the landing crew (chasers, second
loaders, buckers) include tasks that place them in
close proximity to machines.
For example, a landing worker bucking logs for the
loader operator may also have to unhook chokers for
the grapple yarder.
All landing crew must perform their duties without
putting themselves at risk. Workers who go in to undo
chokers or to hook up the strawline must make their
intentions known to both the loader and grapple
yarder operators. They must not go into the
hazardous area until the operator signals it is safe to
do so.
The landing workers must be visible to both machine
operators at all times.
Dislodging Logs from the Pile
Loader operators must not
remove logs from the bottom of a
windrow pile. By removing logs
from the bottom of the log pile,
upper logs can be dislodged.
These loose logs may strike the
workers or log loader. Loader
operators must pick up the top
logs first.
Picking up logs from the bottom of the pile can dislodge
other logs.
113
Loader Coming into Contact with Yarding Lines
When loading close to the
grapple yarder, rigging crews
have been injured when a loader
operator has swung the snorkel
or boom into the lines.
The loader operator must be
cautious when grabbing logs
near the lines. When the turn is
being brought in, the operator
must wait until the log has been
landed. If it has been choked, the
loader operator must give the
chaser plenty of time to get in
and out of the hazardous area.
If the loader catches grapple lines, the grapple swings and
hits the spotter.
Hobo and Long Logs
When yarding is done off steep
side hills, landing workers must
be aware of logs riding on top of
a log or grapple and running
down into the landing. The same
is true of other debris such as
rocks or root wads.
On settings where there is steep,
broken ground, it is difficult to
buck logs and there is a greater
chance of finding full-length
timber. As well, some firms may
yard all timber at full length.
Hobo chunks can ride logs into the landing.
114
Whether yarding is done uphill
or downhill, long logs are more
difficult to land. When logging is
done uphill and the landing area
is too small, the loader may be
required to hold a log from
running back down the hill.
Landings must be large enough
to handle the length of logs being
yarded.
Insufficient landing area.
Loading below the Yarding Quarter
No loading is to take place where
there is a danger of runaway
logs, rolling rocks, debris, or
hobo logs entering the landing.
All workers must move to an
area where they will not be at
risk.
Because of falling debris, loaders move out while yarding
takes place.
115
COMMUNICATIONS
Effective communications when loading around
grapple yarders will prevent many injuries.
All workers must be familiar with all signals used in
yarding and logging.
Before backing up, the truck driver must give two
horn blasts to notify workers of this movement.
Driver unaware of landing worker and backs up over him.
HOUSEKEEPING AND MAINTENANCE
It is the responsibility of each worker to ensure that
their work area is free of hazards.
Oily decks, broken guards, broken guardrails, broken
ladders, and cracked glass must be repaired. The
loader operator must keep the landing area clear of
bucked-off chunks and limbs.
Landing workers must keep all their tools out of the
area in which the machines can move or where logs
are placed.
116
SUPERSNORKEL
YARDER/LOADER OPERATOR
The supersnorkel yarder/loader operator’s
responsibilities for safety include:
Supersnorkel Yarder/Loader Operator
•
policy and rules
•
•
Ensuring that the machine is maintained in a safe
operating condition in accordance with the
manufacturer’s specifications
•
Ensuring that at least 60 cm (2 ft.) of clearance is
maintained between the loader counterweight
and any obstacle in the area
•
Ensuring that the grapple or logs are not elevated
or swung over workers
•
Ensuring that all workers are in the clear before
moving logs
•
•
clothing
•
117
DESCRIPTION OF SNORKEL BOOMS
Snorkel
A wooden or steel boom extension mounted on a
loader to increase the grapple’s reach for loading logs.
Long Snorkel
A steel boom extension, either one piece or
telescoping up to 24 m (80 ft.), to increase reach for
loading and yarding purposes with the snorkel
supported by substantial guyline structures.
Supersnorkel
A steel boom extension of more than one section
mounted on a loader to increase its reach up to 36 m
(120 ft.) for yarding purposes.
A supersnorkel looks like the mast rigging of a tall
ship positioned horizontally.
Four-section supersnorkel.
118
The following are the most common supersnorkel
configurations in use. All measurements are for the
snorkel sections only. For the total distance from the
centre pin to the end of the snorkel, add
approximately 18 m (59 ft.). The industry standard
length of the snorkel section is 36 m (120 ft.). This can
be made up by the following combinations:
•
•
•
Three 12 m (40 ft.) sections
Four 9 m (30 ft.) sections
Two 18 m (60 ft.) sections, either telescopic or
folding
PLANNING
Planning is crucial to a safe supersnorkel operation.
Detailed plans must be developed for:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Transporting the supersnorkel
Walking the supersnorkel
Road building
Width of right-of-way
The tree-falling plan
Log-loading procedures
TRANSPORTING THE SUPERSNORKEL
Supersnorkels are modified loaders but differ in the
boom structure, length of boom, and weight. There
must be written supplementary instructions dealing
with transporting the supersnorkel.
Before the machine is transported, it must be decided
what snorkel length will be retained. For a short move
of 2–3 km (up to 2 miles) on a relatively straight road,
the complete snorkel may be left on, provided the
boom is facing to the rear. That helps the truck driver
avoid potential snorkel damage during transport.
Where the move is for greater distances or there are
tight corners or switchbacks, the snorkel must be
shortened (down-rigged). Should pushing, pulling, or
snubbing equipment be used, no more than two
sections of the snorkel are permitted.
119
The machine should be facing the lowbed when
walking it onto the lowbed. All movements must be
under direction of a qualified signaller. Some of the
newer loaders are hydraulically driven. The power to
drive the hydraulic system may cause the engine to
stall at peak hydraulic demand. An engine stall may
occur if the engine RPM is reduced to control travel
speed as the machine is about to “break over” walking
up the lowbed ramp. To prevent this stall, engine
RPM must be maintained and travel speed controlled
with the hydraulic valve. When loaded for transport,
the grapple must be grounded on the deck or grappled
onto an anchor strap. During transport, the machine
must be tied down to the lowbed. The increased
height, while it is on the lowbed, calls for extra
caution when passing under power lines. (See page 28
for what to do if contact is made.) The unloading
procedure should be under the direction of a qualified
signaller or supervisor. The boom should be facing
the rear of the lowbed.
Boom not lowered, resulting in power line contact.
120
SUPERSNORKEL HAZARDS
Walking the Supersnorkel
Often spur roads are constructed
barely wide enough for the
tracks. In such cases, the
operator is forced to travel off
centre to the uphill side with
tracks close to or in the ditch.
This can result in the
supersnorkel tipping
sideways.
Machine is travelling uphill; the road is too narrow and the
machine tips to the right.
Improperly Constructed Sub-grades
Roads not adequately benched or
built with loose side-cast
material can give way under the
weight of the supersnorkel or its
vibrations.
Road is half-benched; machine tips downhill.
121
Culverts and Bridges
Metal, plastic, and log culverts, if
not adequately bedded, can shift
or collapse. Plugged culverts can
collapse when washed out under
the road surface. All bridges
must be inspected periodically to
ensure that the structure is
capable of withstanding the load.
Bridge inadequate for supersnorkel.
Overhead Obstructions
Overhead obstructions in the
camp and log-dump area
frequently contacted by the
equipment include:
Contact with low power lines in camp — no spotter.
•
Low-voltage power lines and
telephone lines in and around
the camp
•
•
•
Guylines for gin poles
•
Doors on service bays in
shops
Guylines for log dumps
Electric service lines for dryland sort lighting
If there is contact with an electrical conductor, do not
try to clear the fouled line by lifting it off or over the
machine by hand or any other means, such as with a
stick. Never climb on or off the machine while it is in
contact with an electrical conductor. A worker
touching the energized lowbed or supersnorkel and
the ground at the same time can be electrocuted (see
page 28).
122
Steep Grades
Steep grade of 23% — the towing strap is too small, the strap
fails, and the supersnorkel runs away.
When walking the supersnorkel
uphill, it should face uphill with
the boom turned slightly to the
downhill side to avoid the
snorkel or lines contacting
stumps, trees, and chunks. The
snorkel boom should be lowered
to near horizontal. Because of the
extra length and weight of the
snorkel, any severe bounce or
sudden movement may cause
loss of control. On steep grades,
the supersnorkel should be
pushed, pulled, or snubbed.
Rigging and lines must be
matched to the equipment used
for snubbing. Facing downhill
changes the centre of gravity and
may cause the machine to tip
forward. Don’t tow hydraulically
driven machines faster than their
designed travel speed.
Travelling down a 20% grade — brakes applied and the
machine nose-dives.
Road Hazards
Road protrusions cause severe shaking.
When the supersnorkel is
travelling on debris-covered
roads, jill-pokes are common,
causing broken air lines and
derailed tracks. Ice and snow
make it difficult to determine the
stability of the road or to see the
edge of the road, and ice and
snow reduces traction. Road
protrusions, common on roads
that are poorly built or
maintained, cause severe
vibration, bounce, and jarring,
which can cause damage and
loss of control.
123
Yarding
Some operations have the operator working by
themselves with no other worker to assist them. This
practice must be discouraged because of the high risk
of injury to the operator. If the firm must operate in
this manner, a comprehensive written worker
well-being check system has to be in place.
When a landing worker is on-site, a location where
logs can be safely limbed and bucked must be
determined before yarding or loading operations
begin.
Overloading and Positioning of the Machine
By rocking the machine to move a large log the machine will tip forward.
Supersnorkels are modified loaders and therefore
have no guylines. When yarding logs, extra
precautions must be taken and often a great deal of
experience must be used to get the logs safely to the
landing.
On steep ground, the practice of yarding straight
down to the machine is very dangerous and must be
avoided. Yarding should be at an angle to the grade so
that any runaway logs, root wads, or rocks do not hit
the machine.
124
Trying to haul back a long log causes the snorkel to fail.
The grapple holding line on the
machine acts as a haulback but,
because of mechanical and
structural limitations, it is not
capable of withstanding the
same stresses as on a normal
yarder. The limited holding
ability prohibits the yarding of
large or tree-length logs straight
down to the machine or holding
a runaway log. Excessive
tightlining of the line will cause
the snorkel to fail.
The length and the ability to
swing 360° requires continued
operator alertness in steep
ground where standing timber,
snags, rock bluffs, and cut banks
could interfere. As with any
yarder, this machine is subject to
jill-pokes into the cab, tracks, or
tires.
A high stump on the bank is hit and causes the supersnorkel
to fail.
For a worker to be in the clear, a
minimum safe working distance
is 20 m (66 ft.) past the end of the
snorkel. A grapple can be cast
beyond the end of the snorkel
and, if a boom stick is grappled,
it could upend or swing.
When yarding is done parallel to
the tracks, the drive sprocket
should be away from the pull to
give extra counterweight.
Rocking the machine to obtain
extra pulling power places all the
weight on the front one-third of
the track or front outrigger jacks.
If the machine is close to the road
edge, the edge could give way,
causing the machine to tip over.
Small turnout bank gives way.
125
Hobo Logs
Small hobo log upends into landing.
Hobo logs or chunks must be dropped or shaken off
before the log being yarded reaches the landing. The
hobo logs or chunks can upend or swing and are not
under the control of the operator.
Snorkel Failure
Erratic side casting or continued abrupt swing
changes will shock-load snorkel components and
result in premature failure of the snorkel. This shockloading will wear or stretch the side stay guys and
reduce the required stability. Supersnorkels are
designed to operate on near-level grade. When
yarding on steep grade, the uphill side stay guys are
subjected to additional stress. After such a yarding
situation, a complete snorkel inspection must be
conducted.
126
Loading Logs
Written supplementary instructions for loading
operations are required when a supersnorkel is used
as a loader. Loading logs with a full-length
supersnorkel is not recommended.
Down-rigging the snorkel is required when changing
from a yarding to a loading configuration. A
maximum of two sections or 24 m (80 ft.) of snorkel
should be used when loading.
The remaining sections and
rigging should be removed.
Grappling in front of truck — log upends into truck.
If loading is done with a fulllength supersnorkel, the holding
line snorkel block must not be
attached past the end of the
second section. It is
recommended that all workers
remain outside the snorkel’s
reach, including the logging
truck driver.
Windows
Window glazing protects the
operator from the natural
elements. Glare from direct
sunlight striking “spider
webbing” of cracked or broken
glazing can restrict the operator’s
vision. Cracked windows must
be replaced as soon as possible.
Cracked windows reduce vision.
127
Cherry Picking
In a well-planned operation, yarding is done before
the logging truck arrives. If cherry picking is to be
done with a full-length snorkel, the holding line
snorkel block must not be past the second section and
the grapple not cast out beyond the front bunk of the
logging truck. Logs that are likely to upend or swing
into the tractor must not be grappled. Move the truck
ahead to access those logs.
Handling Coils of Wire Rope
New wire rope is cut with a cutoff saw, which leaves a very
sharp square edge. Coils of wire
rope are tied with mechanic’s
wire or twine to keep the coil
tight and circular. When the last
tie is released, the end of the wire
rope will spring out with enough
force to injure workers. Control
the loose end.
New coil of wire rope — loose ends hit landing worker.
Threading of the Haulback
The haulback running along the snorkel is supported
by either fixed eyes or small blocks. This prevents the
haulback from becoming tangled with yarded logs,
eliminates operator distraction, contains broken lines,
or stops the broken end should a line fail.
128
Four-Way Swivel
Gooseneck or attachment failure
occurs when lubrication applied
on the snorkel block gooseneck
wears off. The solution is to
install a four-way swivel that has
grease fittings, or nipples, for
lubricating. Properly
maintained, the apparatus will
give years of trouble-free service.
Snorkel blocks not on a
lubricated swivel require a safety
strap.
Regular snorkel block
Four-way swivel with grease fittings
The regular snorkel block shows signs of severe wear; the
four-way swivel is easily lubricated.
Compressed Air Systems
Cabs that are not sealed will permit engine exhaust
gases, hot oil fumes, and dust from brakes and clutch
plates to enter the cab.
Compressed air systems that are not adequately
drained, are not periodically flushed, or have poorly
maintained compressors and filters will blow
compressor oil and water into the cab from the valve
exhaust port. Oil mist is very irritating and results in
sneezing, irritation of the eyes, and discomfort of the
nose, throat, and lungs. In winter months, methyl
hydrate in air systems can cause serious health effects
if the vapours are inhaled. All of those contaminants
can be eliminated by sealing the cab and by adding
exhaust lines from the air valves to lead the
contaminants outside the cab.
129
Counterweight Clearance
Swinging mobile equipment
must maintain at least 60 cm
(2 ft.) of clearance between the
counterweight and any obstacles
such as logs, cut banks, or other
machinery.
Adequate clearance — 60 cm (2 ft.) — must be maintained
at all times.
Workers must wear the following personal protective
equipment and clothing:
•
•
Gloves when handling wire rope
•
•
Leg protective devices when using a chain saw
•
Safety headgear
Hearing protection when using chain saws or
around machines with high noise levels
Eye protection when cutting wire rope and
operating chain saws
The log loader operator is required to wear substantial
footwear that gives ankle support. This is not required
so much for operating the machine but for support
when climbing up and around the machine and
performing other tasks around the landing such as
changing lines and servicing the machine. When
walking logs, workers must wear caulked boots.
130
INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE
A weekly inspection of all snorkel components must
be made. Critical lines such as guylines, topping lines,
and gantry lines must be maintained according to the
manufacturer’s specifications. These lines should be
replaced annually — or sooner if damage has
occurred. Periodic inspection must be made of the
line’s core for wear and lubrication. The line should
be removed from service if the core is dry. All line
changes and inspections should be recorded in a line
log book.
When service or maintenance work is conducted, the
machine must be shut down except when a specific
test or service procedure requires it to be running. The
grapple should be grounded and brakes set. Ladders,
stairs, guards, and guardrails that are damaged must
be replaced or repaired immediately.
Snorkel block
Grapple
Holding guys
Guyline
2nd A-frame
Safety guy
1st A-frame
1st outrigger
Back brace
Outriggers Inside guyline
Outside guyline
18 m (58 ft.)
36 m (120 ft.)
74 m (244 ft.)
20 m (66 ft.)
Supersnorkel.
131
Turnbuckle and Pin Inspection
Turnbuckles with a bent
threaded shaft will fracture
internally and fail. Bent or
damaged turnbuckles must be
replaced and removed from
service before further yarding or
loading takes place. The number
of turnbuckles can be reduced if
matched snorkel and guyline
lengths are used.
Standard is pin with cotter pin
Other Choices
Washer and
Molly or
cotter pin
Nut and
Molly or
cotter pin
Pin only and
Molly or
cotter pin
Nut and cotter pin used for centre pin only
Thimble
The safety guyline should not be
over-tensioned because it pulls
the snorkel sections out of lead.
Vertical pins used to secure side
guylines to A-frame outriggers
must be installed from the
bottom with the securing device
on the top side of the flange. If
installed from the top, the pins
work against gravity and wear
through the Molly Hogan or
cotter pin with eventual loss of
that guyline.
Example:
2nd A-frame outrigger
connection
• Pins installed
from bottom
• Standard is to use
cotter pin only
Other choices are:
1. Molly only
2. Washer and cotter pin or molly
3. Nut and Molly
Outrigger connections.
132
DAILY SUPERSNORKEL CHECKLIST
•
Check snorkel block and related pivot points and
safety strap.
•
Working from the block toward the machine,
check for cracks, worn pins, and missing cotter
pins. Check all guylines for wear.
•
When checking guylines, take special care to
check for broken strands right at the pressed
ferrules. Also check eye thimbles.
•
Check all uprights and outriggers for cracks,
especially at pin connections.
•
Check for cracks or spreading of cheek plates at
all pivot points.
•
•
•
Check and grease main hinge point.
•
Check snorkel alignment and safety guyline
tension.
•
Recommended guyline replacement:
– Every 8 months replace top, safety, and holding
guylines.
– Every 12 months replace side guylines.
– Replace safety guylines and A-frame lines when
they show wear, broken thimbles, or
crystallizing.
•
Remove and replace immediately all worn or
defective items.
Check all anchor points on the boom.
When guylines are replaced, check after a few
turns to ensure that the ferrules were pressed
tight and are not pulling apart.
GUARDING
All rotating parts such as friction and gear drives
accessible to workers must be guarded. Cab guarding
must comply with the WCB publication Standards for
Operator Protective Structures (OPS) G600.
133
COMMUNICATIONS
When the operator cannot see logs because of uneven
ground or roadside berms, a radio is required for the
second loader/spotter to spot logs. A radio with a
registered frequency must be used. Only approved
verbal signals must be used. The landing worker must
be outside the reach of the snorkel.
HOUSEKEEPING
Loose tools and parts located in the cab are a slipping
and tripping hazard. Should a rollover occur, those
tools and parts increase the likelihood of serious
injury to the operator in the cab.
TOOLS
Spooling Tools
Spooling of lines requires the use
of proper spooling tools. Do not
use hands, feet, an axe, or a
hammer.
Line spooling tools.
134
Splicing Tools
Occasionally Marlin spike tips
break off. If they are not filed to
the proper shape, it is difficult to
hold the spike in the wire rope
lay when splicing. When struck
with a hammer, the spike will
kick out and can injure a
worker’s hand or leg.
A wire rope axe should be soft
steel, have a coarse bevel, and be
sharp. When using any cutting
tools such as a wire axe,
hydraulic cutter, or powered
abrasive wheel, the worker must
wear eye protection.
Proper tip
Tip shaped wrong – can slip
and puncture hands
Line-cutting tools.
135
Hand Tools
If a hammer is to be used to cut wire rope, it must be a
soft hammer identified by a small “S” stamped on one
of the side faces. With use, these hammers become
mushroomed and pieces may chip off. Such chips
have been known to cause eye injury to workers up to
6 m (20 ft.) away. Workers in close proximity to the
cutting operation who are not wearing eye protection
must turn their back to the cutting. Hammers with
mushroomed heads must be replaced.
Do not stand too close when wire cutting is taking place.
136
SUPERSNORKEL LANDING WORKER
The landing worker’s responsibilities for safety
include:
Supersnorkel Landing Worker
•
policy and rules
•
•
•
Knowing and following correct work procedures
•
•
Controlling vehicular traffic through the landing
•
Ensuring that the minimum clearance of 60 cm
(2 ft.) is kept between the counterweights and
other obstacles in the immediate area
•
Reporting any unsafe act or condition to a
supervisor
•
•
•
Maintaining good housekeeping in the landing
•
Standing in a safe location visible to equipment
operators
clothing
Keeping tools in serviceable condition
137
SAFE SUPERSNORKEL PROCEDURES
Communications
The landing worker is under the direction of
the loader operator. Communications with the
supersnorkel operator and a clear understanding of
the yarding and loading process are important. The
landing worker must be alert to changes in yarding
and loading conditions, anticipate machine moves,
and at all times be in the clear of the supersnorkel
and logs.
Bucking and Stamping Logs
Before any yarding or loading
activities begin, the landing
worker and the supersnorkel
operator must discuss and agree
upon a safe location for bucking
and limbing.
A safe location must be decided upon for bucking before
loading starts.
Trimming and stamping
sometimes require the landing
worker to work on log piles. Log
piles must be maintained in a
stable condition. If the log pile is
unstable, the landing worker
must not work on it.
No bucking in unstable log piles.
138
Keeping in the Clear
While yarding and loading is in
progress, all bucking and
stamping tools and supplies
must be outside the reach of the
snorkel. The practice
of keeping saws and stamp
hammers on the supersnorkel
must be discouraged.
No adjustments, maintenance,
or work are to be performed on
the logging truck or trailer while
loading is in progress.
Landing worker must stay in the clear at all times.
Keep clear while loading logs.
139
All workers must be alert for
trees, saplings, danger trees, root
wads, and rocks that could be
struck by the supersnorkel
because of its extra length.
Hazards not cleared from yarding area.
Signalling the Truck into the Loading Area
Logging trucks must not back up to the loader until
signalled to do so by the supersnorkel operator.
Before backing up, the truck driver must give two
horn blasts to notify workers of this movement.
Unloading the Trailer and Turning the Bunks
The landing worker must be in view of the driver, on
the driver’s side by the front bumper, while the truck
is being backed to the loader.
Only when the trailer is lifted off the truck, lowered to
the ground, and picked up again, is the landing
worker to proceed to the back of the truck to hook up
the trailer. When guiding the reach into the trailer
hitch, use the hand-holds mounted on the reach. If the
trailer reach misses the hitch, the landing worker
must let go of the trailer reach until the loader
operator has grounded the trailer.
The hand used for dropping the latch on highway
trucks or for dropping the pin on off-highway trucks
must be kept well away from the hitch or funnel
during the hookup stage. Accident investigations
have shown that crushed and broken hands were the
result of being too close or in the wrong position when
hookup occurred.
140
The landing worker must stand
in the clear when the grapple is
unhooked from the trailer lifting
strap.
Keep hands clear of trailer reach and hitch.
Turning the bunks should be
done from the ground. If that is
not possible, a truck driver with
appropriate footwear will be
required to climb on the truck to
turn the bunks. To avoid
slipping, a landing worker
wearing caulked boots must not
climb on the steel bunk, trailer
reach, or truck frame.
Installing Binders
A loaded truck is allowed to travel a short distance
from the loader without binders or cinches in order to
be in a better position for their application. Before
moving ahead, three short blasts of the truck horn
must be given. The truck may be moved only if such
movement does not endanger workers.
The landing workers are prohibited from climbing on
the load of a log transporter to stamp logs or cut log
ends. Bucking, limbing, and stamping must be done
on the ground.
Do not walk on steel with caulk boots.
141
Broken Lines
If the haulback were to fail at the grapple after a log
has been released, the broken end could travel 40 m
(130 ft.) past the end of the snorkel.
Keep well clear as the line can break.
Greasing a Grapple
Ensure that the grapple is
grounded when operations have
ceased. When greasing the
grapple, ensure that the grapple
is lying on the ground in a stable
position and the yarding line
brakes are set.
Grapples must always be completely grounded before they
are lubricated.
142
Crew Transportation Vehicle
Crew transportation is usually the responsibility of
the equipment operators, but often the landing
worker is required to park and move it. In logging, the
standard practice is to park the crew transportation
vehicle (crummy) in a safe, accessible location facing
camp. In the event of an emergency, the vehicle is
ready for immediate use.
Chain Saws
Chain saws must be serviced and
maintained by qualified workers.
Broken or missing clutch or
muffler guards must be replaced.
Chain brakes are required for all
chain saws.
Factory-installed chain brakes
must not be removed. Oil and
fuel mixtures must meet
manufacturer’s specifications.
The saw chain should be
properly tensioned and
maintained.
Have firm footing and use personal protective equipment.
•
Kickbacks happen in a
fraction of a second, faster
than human reaction.
•
Two hands must be on the
saw at all times.
•
Stand to one side and not
directly behind the chain.
•
•
Watch for side bind.
•
•
Use a stable stance with the feet wide apart.
Know where the bar tip is at all times. Avoid
touching the top half of the tip to anything to
prevent a kickback.
Buck from the uphill side.
143
Everyone working near mobile
equipment must wear highvisibility apparel. The minimum
requirement is a hi-vis vest and
red or orange safety headgear.
144
RADIOS AND VERBAL SIGNALS
VHF RADIO WHISTLES AND UHF
GRAPPLE YARDER RADIO EQUIPMENT
To ensure that radio equipment, used to replace hand
signals, provides reliable, non-ambiguous,
uninterrupted signals, the radio equipment must
meet the current WCB requirements.
WCB officers inspecting workplaces where grapple
yarders are used will ensure the following:
1.
All necessary documentation must be available at
the workplace, either in an office located on the
workplace or in the grapple yarder, including:
• Industry Canada radio licence for the current
year. Licences expire on April 1 of each year.
• Confirmation letter from the WCB, which
states:
– Company name, address, division, and
contact person
– Geographical co-ordinates and area name
– Assigned frequency and tones
– Manufacturer and model of radios
– Company radio identifier and co-ordinating
agency radio code and number
– Transmitter power output
If this documentation is not available or is out of
date, the officer will issue an order requiring the
frequency to be licensed and co-ordinated.
Transmitters must be removed from service until
they are licensed and co-ordinated. If this
documentation has been misplaced, confirm the
co-ordination by calling the Engineering Section
radio frequency co-ordinator at 604 276-5112 .
2.
Radios and Verbal Signals
Radio signalling devices, either hand-held
transmitters or equipment-mounted radios used
in logging operations, must be clearly marked
with the name of the manufacturer, serial
number, assigned operating frequency, and
specified tone frequency.
145
3.
Radio signalling devices must have the following:
• Power limits of
– Grapple yarder radios – 1⁄4 watt
– High-lead radio whistles – 1⁄2 watt
• Permanently enabled tone-encoded squelch
• Only one frequency per radio. Where multi-
channel radios are used, the selection switch
shall be disabled so that only an authorized
person can change the operating frequency.
INTERFERENCE ON RADIO FREQUENCIES
Radio signals replace audible signals for the
movement of equipment in logging. Interference by
other radios on the same frequency can seriously
endanger workers. If radio interference is
encountered on a frequency co-ordinated by the
WCB, use of the affected equipment must be
discontinued until the interference is controlled.
Contact the WCB frequency co-ordinator at
604 276-5112 to report interference.
RECOMMENDED VERBAL COMMANDS
TO INSTRUCT
OPERATOR TO:
SIGNALLER
SAYS:
Grapple log and go ahead
Close grapple but not go
ahead
Stop rigging
Open grapple
Move empty grapple ahead
Move empty grapple back
Ahead on strawline
Close and go
Slack mainline
Slack haulback
Lower grapple
Slack strawline
Swing to operator’s left
Swing to operator’s right
Hold haulback and go
ahead on mainline
146
Close
Stop
Open
Ahead
Back
Ahead on the
strawline
Mainline
Haulback
Down
Slack strawline
Swing left
Swing right
Tightline
Radios and Verbal Signals
FIRST AID AND EMERGENCY PROCEDURES
FIRST AID REQUIREMENTS
Grapple yarder operations require supplementary
first aid supplies and services because of the rugged
terrain and long distances from central first aid
services.
The first aid services and equipment specified in Part
33 of the Occupational Health and Safety Regulation
are the minimum an employer must supply and make
readily accessible to workers during working hours.
Table 1 on page 33-11 of the Regulation sets out the
first aid requirements for “A” hazard industries more
than 20 minutes surface travel time to hospital. Note
that a work location with two or more workers that is
more than 20 minutes surface travel time from central
first aid is considered a separate workplace. It must
have the first aid services, equipment, and supplies
specified in the Regulation.
In addition, some remote workplaces (more than two
hours surface travel time to hospital) may have
lodging for workers provided by the employer at or
near the workplace. In such remote workplaces, the
first aid service and equipment required in Table 1 of
the Regulation must be based on the total number of
workers, both on and off shift.
At a minimum, grapple yarding crews require at least
one worker trained to Level 1 certification with a
transportation endorsement. A Level 1 first aid kit
(which includes three blankets) must be provided.
First Aid and Emergency Procedures
147
EMERGENCY EVACUATION
Emergency Transportation Vehicle
An emergency transportation vehicle (ETV) must be
provided if there are six or more workers. The ETV
must be capable of transporting an injured worker to
medical assistance and must be capable of travelling
on the existing roads. The ETV must be maintained
and inspected regularly. A record of vehicle
maintenance must be kept, and the operator’s licence
must be adequate for the vehicle used.
Air Evacuation
In some places, air transport may be the primary or
only means of transporting an injured worker to
medical assistance. If you do rely on air transport, the
employer must make prior arrangements with an air
service company, with aircraft capable of carrying a
stretcher patient. The air service company must be
kept up-to-date on the location of the operations. In
case air evacuation is required, the following
equipment is needed:
•
•
Spine board capable of fitting into helicopter.
•
Properly constructed helicopter pads readily
accessible to the work area. The pads must be
clearly marked and identified so the pilots can see
them. Occupational first aid attendants must
know the location of the heli-pads.
On-site radio communication with central first
aid.
If the weather restricts the use of aircraft, an
alternative written procedure for the care and
transportation of injured workers must be
established, where practicable.
148
CREW TRANSPORTATION
All vehicles and vessels used to transport workers
must meet the current Occupational Health and
Safety Regulation and Coast Guard requirements.
The number of workers transported in specific
vehicles will require a competent and fully licensed
driver meeting all requirements of the Motor Vehicle
Act.
•
•
Seat belts, where installed, must be used.
•
Where the material is flammable or otherwise
harmful to workers, the storage compartment
must have an approved firewall separating it from
the crew compartment.
All tools, equipment, and rigging must be kept in
a separate compartment to protect workers.
These vehicles must meet current safety standards
and be inspected on a regular basis.
CHECKING WORKER’S WELL-BEING
The employer must provide a means of periodically
checking the well-being of a worker, where the worker
is employed under conditions that present a
significant hazard of disabling injury, and when the
worker might not be able to secure assistance in the
event of injury or other misfortune.
All jobs in logging are sufficiently hazardous to
require checking a worker’s well-being. Checks must
be made at such intervals and by such means as are
appropriate to the nature, hazard, and circumstances
of the employment.
It is the employer’s responsibility to provide a
procedure and to ensure that the procedure is
followed. This procedure must be in writing and must
list in detail the intervals between checks, the
responsibilities of each worker, and procedures to
follow if workers cannot be contacted.
Visual checks are preferred, but audible checks are
acceptable. In both cases, the well-being of the worker
must be determined.
149
Merely providing a worker with radio or telephone
communication to call for assistance in the event of
injury is not sufficient, as the nature of the injury or
other circumstances may prevent the worker from
calling.
Radio or telephone checks are acceptable if the
checker is directed to call the worker at
predetermined intervals and confirm the worker’s
well-being. This should be logged in writing by the
checker — for example, a log book with times that can
be checked off.
It is not expected that a check system will provide the
security afforded by working in pairs. It is possible
that an injury could occur shortly after a check. Any
checking interval is, therefore, a compromise. The
risk to the worker and the circumstances of the
situation will determine the exact intervals; however,
the following can be used as guidelines:
•
Twice a day (such as morning and afternoon)
would be the minimum number of checks
allowable for any logging job and may be
acceptable for relatively low-risk jobs, such as
engineering, forestry, or supervisory personnel
(provided they are not using power equipment),
or a worker ditching with a back hoe.
•
Checks must be made at least every hour for users
of power equipment where a substantial risk
exists, such as riggers, crawler tractors, hydraulic
evacuators pioneering right-of-way, skidders
working off-road, or road graders.
•
Checks must be made at least every half hour for
workers using chain saws and in jobs where
hypothermia may be a factor.
As part of the requirements, a check at the end of the
work day must also be included.
150
OCCUPATIONAL FIRST AID
First aid procedures keep the injured person
breathing and the bleeding controlled until medical
help arrives.
When necessary, remove yourself and the injured
person from any further threat of injury. Change the
person’s position only if necessary in order to
administer survival techniques. Keep the injured
person warm. Move the injured person only if
necessary.
Follow these essentials of occupational first aid:
•
After making sure that there is no danger to
yourself or further danger to the patient,
determine level of consciousness.
•
Make sure that breathing is present and adequate.
If breathing is absent, administer mouth-tomouth resuscitation with a pocket mask.
•
Check for pulse. If no pulse can be detected, begin
CPR at once and continue until medical
assistance is obtained or until the pulse returns.
•
Check to see whether bleeding is present. If so,
apply pressure over the wound to stop the blood
flow. Apply a pressure dressing.
•
Get help as soon as possible.
151
CONTROL PROCEDURES
This chapter describes the following control
procedures:
•
•
•
•
Notice to Airman (NOTAM)
Avalanche control
Weather
Traffic control
NOTICE TO AIRMAN
(NOTAM)
Where suspended cables may create a hazard to
aircraft, the employer must notify NAV Canada and a
NOTAM will be issued to all aircraft operators that
would use the area made hazardous by suspended
cables or other activities.
AVALANCHE CONTROL
Where logging will be affected by avalanches,
planners must institute effective controls and follow
WCB Guidelines for Avalanche Control .
WEATHER
Planners must calculate the impact of weather and the
season on the operation. Cold, snowy, and excessively
wet weather have the most impact on development
plans, but the impact of these factors decreases as the
planning efforts increase.
Control Procedures
153
Logging Sensitive Areas
during Heavy Rain Seasons
•
Scarring of the duff on the hillsides causes
extreme site degradation through erosion.
•
Workers may be exposed to the hazards of mud
and rock slides.
•
Establish rainfall shutdown criteria.
•
Yarding activity and equipment movement cause
excessive site degradation.
•
Haul roads get punched out, making log hauling
difficult.
•
Crew buses and emergency transportation
vehicles cannot negotiate the roads.
•
Logs buried beneath the snow are sometimes
missed, resulting in the need for re-logging when
the snow is gone.
•
Gut-hooked logs and logs frozen in the snow
often break.
•
Hazards of walking in the felled and bucked
timber, impaired visibility, and the hazards of
moving equipment increase.
•
Crew cannot see the lay of the logs, increasing the
hazard of upending and swinging logs.
•
The haulback dislodges logs, roots, and stumps
that the crew cannot see.
Logging Moist Areas
before Freeze-Up
Logging during Periods of
Excessive Snow
Logging in Excessive Fog
154
Control Procedures
Logging during
Electrical Storms
•
If lightning strikes the lines or equipment, the
crew is exposed to the hazard of electrocution.
•
Frost boils on the road can cause machines that
are being moved to become stuck or roll over. The
road condition will deteriorate in a very short
time.
Frost Boils
TRAFFIC CONTROL
Where active logging takes place adjacent to or over
travelled roadways, effective traffic control
procedures and equipment must conform to current
applicable regulations, such as:
Control Procedures
•
The Occupational Health and Safety Regulation
and safe work procedures
•
•
Requirements of the Ministry of Forests
•
Company operational rules and procedures
The Ministry of Transportation and Highways’
Manual of Standard Traffic Signs
155
DEFINITIONS
A
Adverse grade
The uphill travel or grade on a road.
A-frame
A steel or A-shaped structure used to secure and support
guylines on a snorkel or to elevate yarding lines.
Air track
An air-propelled, track-mounted rock drill.
Anchor
Any stump, tree, deadman, or rock to which a skyline, guyline,
or rigging blocks are secured.
Anchor log
A log buried in the ground used to secure an anchor. Also
called a “deadman.”
Anchor pin
A steel rod with an eye or threaded end sometimes grouted or
wedged into a rock hole, used as an anchor.
Anchor tree
A tree used as a skyline or tailblock anchor.
B
Babbitt
An alloy composed of several soft metals, used to secure a
device to a wire rope end to form a terminal.
Back bead
The choker on the butt rigging farthest from the yarder.
Back corner
A location where the tailblock on the haulback side turns the
haulback around the corner.
Back end
The farthest point away from a landing or yarder in a setting;
usually refers to the tailblocks. The farthest active logging area
away from camp. The end of a road system.
Back guy
The guyline opposite to the pull and lead of the mainline. It
takes most of the pull.
Back line
That part of the haulback between the home tree and the
corner block.
Backspar
A tree rigged at the back end of the work area to provide lift for
yarding lines, used primarily in skyline applications. Must be
rigged with guylines. Also called a “tail spar.”
Back stop
Operator-guarding package mounted on the boom or house
works of a grapple yarder.
Definitions
157
Bald-headed
Outhauled without chokers; refers to butt rigging.
Ballast
Rock or gravel hauled in on a sub-grade for roadbuilding.
Bar
Carries the cutting chain on a chain saw.
Barrel swivel
A swivelling device in the butt rigging.
Bead
A choker.
Beehive
When a strand of a line under tension breaks and is pushed
back, it takes the shape of a beehive.
Bell
The component that slides on the choker cable between the
two knobs. When a worker chokes a log, the bell secures the
knob.
Belly
A sag in any line.
Bight
The hazardous zone contained within lines, either slack or
under tension. The area made hazardous when slack cable is
tensioned. An unintentional bend or deviation in the line
caused by trees, stumps, or other obstacles preventing the line
from running straight.
Bind (bound)
Compression created in a falling or bucking cut due to uneven
terrain or contact pressure from other trees or logs.
Binder
A wire rope placed around the load on a log truck or rail car
and secured by a cinch to prevent spillage of logs. Also called a
“wrapper.”
Birdcage
Twisting of wire rope causing several strands to separate from
the others, creating a cage-like effect.
Blaze
To mark a tree with an axe for layout identification.
Block
A metal case, enclosing one or more sheaves, provided with a
hook, swivel, or gooseneck for attachment to an object and
used to change the wire rope‘s direction.
Block purchase
Use of one or more blocks for mechanical advantage.
Blowdown
A stand of trees blown down by wind. Also called “wind
throw.”
Bluff
An abrupt rise of rock on the terrain.
Boom
Steel projection on mobile equipment to which a snorkel or
lead blocks are attached to gain height or distance. In loading,
logs are heeled on it.
158
Definitions
Boom hoistline
The line used to hold, raise, and lower the boom of a yarding
crane. Also called a “gantry line” or “topping line.”
Boom lights
Lights mounted on a grapple yarder boom for night yarding.
Boom stop
Horizontal projection on the gantry to limit the distance the
boom is allowed to be brought back.
Branch road
A haul road into a logging area.
Breaking strength
The point of failure of wire rope or chain.
Bridle
A method of choking a log from opposite sides by using two
chokers. A method of securing a line to two anchors with a
block and strap.
Brow log
Log placed parallel to a road or track to protect equipment
during loading and unloading at load outs and log dumps. It
takes the bump of logs accidentally dropped or swung out of
control.
Brush
Any type of undergrowth.
Brush out
To clear an area of limbs, saplings, and debris.
Buck
To saw felled trees into log lengths. To cut.
Bucker
Worker who saws felled trees.
Buckle
To bend under strain.
Buckle guy
Guyline attached at midpoint of a yarding spar to prevent
bending.
Buckskin log
A log that has no bark.
Bug
A signalling device, carried on a belt, used to transmit signals
to a yarder.
Bulkhead
Heavy barrier between the cab and load to protect the driver of
a log truck.
Bull block
A high-lead block used on wooden spars for the mainline.
Bull gang
Workers who erect and rig the home spar. Also called the
“rig-up crew.”
Bull hook
A heavy hook on the butt rigging to which chokers are
attached. Also called a “butt hook.”
Bundle strap
Wire rope clamped around log loads (bundles) to contain the
logs for transport by water.
Definitions
159
Bunk
Heavy steel frame or cradle assembly containing two stakes —
on logging trucks, rail cars, or at dryland sort yards — on which
logs are placed for bundling and sorting. To place logs on the
bunk when loading.
Bunk log
Any log resting on the bunk.
Burl
A half-spherical growth on a tree.
Burn
A burnt-over area of timber or slash.
Burr
A rough edge or mushroom effect on the striking surface of a
hammer, wedge, or chisel.
Butt
The large end of a log. Usually refers to large end of the first
log felled.
Butt hook
A heavy hook on the butt rigging to which chokers are
attached. Also called a “bull hook.”
Butt rigging
A system of swivels, chain-like links, shackles, and bull hooks
that connect the haulback and mainline and to which chokers
are fastened.
C
Cable clip
A U-bolt cable connector.
Cable cutter
A hydraulic, mechanical (guillotine), or powered abrasive
wheel tool for cutting wire rope.
Cable logging
A yarding system employing winches, blocks, and cables.
Carriage
A wheeled device that rides on a skyline, used for hauling
logs.
Cat-face
A scarred tree trunk with no bark on it, caused by internal rot
or damage.
Cat’s-paw
A simple, non-slipping knot used on fibre or wire rope, where
the line is run through an eye and looped back on itself to
make a quick connection.
Caulks
Short spikes driven or screwed into the soles of boots to
prevent slipping while a person is walking on wood or logs.
Chain saw
A gas-operated power saw.
Change roads
To move rigging and running lines in order to yard logs
progressively from the next unlogged area in the felled and
bucked timber.
160
Definitions
Chase
To unhook chokers at the landing.
Chaser
A worker who unhooks chokers at the landing. Also called the
“landing worker.”
Cherry picker
A log loader that loads roadside logs left by the roadbuilders.
Choke
To pass a line or choker around a log or other object and pull it
tight.
Choker
Any line used to choke a log or object. A noose of wire rope
used to choke a log to be yarded.
Choker line
The short piece of line that closes a grapple.
Choker setter
A rigging crew member who sets chokers under the direction
of a rigging slinger.
Chunk out
To remove log chunks, branches, and debris from a landing or
work area.
Cinch
A cantilever-type line-tightening device used to tighten
binders on a logging truck.
Clearcut
The cleared area after all trees and saplings of a logging area
are felled, bucked, and removed.
Clevis
The portion of any fastening device, usually a terminal,
provided with holes at right angles through which a pin can be
placed. A chain end or rope eye is placed in the “U” and
secured by the pin.
Climbing equipment
Irons with sharp spurs, strapped to the legs at the ankle and
below the knee, and a heavy, leather safety belt with a wirecored manila rope. Used by riggers to climb trees in order to
top and rig them. The buckle sections are reinforced with a
nylon backing.
Clinometer
A hand-held instrument for measuring angles of a slope.
Closing line
Line used to close the grapple. Also known as the “mainline.”
One of two mainlines on some grapple yarders.
Coil
A rolled-up length of wire rope.
Cold deck
A pile of yarded logs left for later transportation.
Come-along
A small, manually operated winch.
Core
The centre strand of a wire rope that maintains the rope’s
round shape. Usually the core is wire rope, but it can be fibre
rope.
Definitions
161
Corner
The corner formed by the side and back lines of a setting.
Corner block
A block used to guide the haulback line at the back end of a
yarding area; used to change the direction of the haulback.
Also called “tailblock.”
Corridor
A narrow felled area used for skidding or yarding in selective
logging.
Counterweight
Weight added to the back of any mobile equipment to increase
lifting capacity.
Counterweight
clearance
The distance from the counterweight to any stationary object.
Crib (cribbing)
A log lattice built to support the end of a bridge, road grade, or
equipment.
Crummy
A vehicle used to transport crew to and from the woods.
Cutting bar
A grooved bar on a chain saw that carries the chain.
Cut-up
A tree or log left standing or suspended with the falling or
bucking cuts not completed.
Cycle
Chain of events or time for rigging to return to the same
position.
D
Dangerous tree
Any tree that is hazardous to workers because of location or
lean; physical damage; overhead hazards; deterioration of
limbs, stem, or root system; or a combination of these. Also
known as a “danger tree” and formerly as a “snag.”
Deadman
A log, pipe, or other apparatus buried in the ground, used as
an anchor. Also called an “anchor log.”
Deck
To store logs. A pile of yarded logs.
Dee
A D-shaped steel item used to connect a wire rope eye or
shackle to a knob-type line terminal.
Deflection
The sag in the ground profile. The amount of sag in a line
measured at midspan, expressed as a percentage of the
horizontal span length.
Dog
A pawl used as a stop on a ratchet wheel. Also chain saw dog,
located on the chain saw body; these dogs are pointed teeth
against which pressure is applied so that the teeth dig into the
tree or log to aid in cutting.
162
Definitions
Dog it
To stop movement, to secure a machine winch or other
equipment, to apply brakes, or to not initiate any action. To
perform an action at the slowest pace.
Dog leg
An angle away from a straight line; crooked.
Donkey doctor
A heavy-duty mechanic.
Donkey puncher
A spar operator.
Drag
Ground skidding term for a turn of logs. Application of slight
pressure on drive frictions to maintain minimal line tension.
Drum
Reel, spool, or winch for holding wire rope.
Dump
Area where logs are off-loaded on land or into water.
Dutchman
A block arrangement used to alter the lateral placement of a
line or pull the bight of a line to assist in landing logs. A flat
area produced when the two horizontal cuts of an undercut do
not meet at a point.
E
Elastic limit
The tension limit of wire rope whereby it will return to its
original length after tension is released.
Engineer
A registered professional engineer who lays out settings and
road systems for a logging operation. The operator of a yarder.
Extension
A line added to another line to increase its length. A 75 m
(250 ft.) piece of strawline.
Eye
A loop at the end of a wire or fibre rope, spliced or press-fitted.
Eye splice
A loop formed by turning the rope back on itself, interweaving
the strands to secure an eye.
F
Fairlead
A permanently mounted, swivelling roller or sheave
arrangement used to permit reeling in a cable from any
direction. The area between the two front quarter guylines.
Fall
To cut down trees in a predetermined and controlled manner.
Fall block
A long, narrow block with a thick shell, a small sheave at one
end, and a gooseneck at the other. It is used in north and south
bend systems to add mechanical advantage for lifting the turn
to the skyline.
Definitions
163
Faller
A worker whose primary purpose is to fell trees and buck
them to length for yarding.
Farmer’s eye
An eye splice formed by unravelling three strands of wire
rope, forming a loop, then rewrapping the strands together to
form a fast, temporary eye. Also called a “Flemish eye” or
“Flemish splice.”
Favourable grade
The downhill slope of a road.
Felled and bucked
Timber that is felled and bucked, ready for yarding.
Feller-buncher
Mobile equipment designed to hold, cut, and then pile the
trees for yarding or skidding.
Ferrule
A metal sleeve or collar, babbitted or pressed to the ends of
wire rope to make a terminal knob.
Final drive
The last reduction assembly on any drive train before the tire
or track.
Finger link
A substantial temporary connector used to secure pass chains
or line-stringing equipment that must be disconnected when
under tension. Also called a “pelican hook.”
Fire break
An unfelled stand of timber between two clearcut areas, left to
slow the progress of a fire. Also called a “leave strip.”
Fire guard
A narrow clearing to bare soil around the perimeter of a fire to
prevent it from spreading.
Fire watch
A worker that remains at a logging site for approximately two
hours at the end of the day to watch for possible fires caused
by the logging activities. Also called a “spark chaser.”
Fleet angle
The angle formed by a line drawn from the centre of a sheave
to the centre of the reeving drum and the centre of the same
sheave and the right or left side of the reeving drum.
Flemish eye,
Flemish splice
An eye splice formed by unravelling three strands of wire
rope, forming a loop, then rewrapping the strands together to
form a fast, temporary eye. Also called a “farmer’s eye.”
Flying chokers
On the grapple rigging, yarding with a choker.
FOPS
Falling object protective structure for mobile equipment.
Protects the mobile equipment operator from falling objects.
Four-way swivel
A universal-type joint used for hanging blocks on a machine to
eliminate wear of block components.
164
Definitions
Friction blocks
Blocks or pads used to apply friction to a drum to transmit
rotating energy. Uses the same principle as brake shoes.
Frictions
Any friction block and drum drive assembly.
Front end
The logging area closest to the yarder.
G
Gantry
The large framework structure mounted on a swing machine
that gives lift and mechanical advantage to the main reeving
system for the boom. In some cases the boom is secured
directly to it.
Gantry line
crane. Also called a “topping line” or “boom hoistline.”
Gooseneck
The yoke of a block.
Grade
The quality of a log. A roadbed. The slope of a road.
Grapple
A hinged mechanism capable of being opened and closed to
grip logs during yarding and loading.
Grapple leg
Either of two main legs of a grapple.
Grapple skidder
A skidder fitted with a grapple rather than chokers to hold and
handle logs.
Grapple yarder
A three-drum machine used to yard logs with a grapple. These
machines are usually swing-type yarders.
Grapple yarding
Yarding logs with a grapple.
Green timber
The uncut forest.
Ground
The terrain on which a logging operation is carried on. To
place rigging or grapple on the ground.
Ground-lead
Yarding with no lift for the rigging or logs.
Grouser
The gripping attachment on any crawler track.
Guillotine
A piston-type line cutter.
Gut-hook
To grapple or choke a log in the middle.
Guyline
A wire rope from a yarding spar fastened to an anchor, used to
raise and/or secure the spar in a vertical position.
Definitions
165
H
Handyman
A worker that is skilled at and performs various jobs as the
need arises.
Hang a block
To place a block in position when rigging up.
Hang strap
A wire rope strap choked onto a spar, used to support a jack
strap.
Hang the rigging
To rig up an A-frame, head spar, or backspar.
Hang-up
Logs stuck behind a stump or other obstacle when yarding.
Rigging fouled in some manner so as to prevent logging.
Haulback
The line used to outhaul the rigging or grapple.
Haulback block
A block through which the haulback runs.
Haulback drum
The winch drum on a yarder that holds the haulback.
Haywire
Any unsafe or slipshod work procedure. Another name for
“strawline.”
Head spar
The spar to which logs are yarded. Also called the “home
spar.”
Heel
Lift a log so that the end closest to the machine rests up
against the underside of the boom.
Heel boom
A loading boom against which the end of the log being loaded
bears and is steadied as it is lifted and swung into position.
Highball
To go ahead fast. To do anything at a hurried pace.
High-lead
A cable logging system using a spar to obtain lift for yarding
logs.
Hobo
An unchoked log that is carried to the landing by the choked
turn.
Hoe chucking
Moving of logs to a landing or road system by a hydraulic
grapple loader.
Holding line
One of the lines that is used to position or open a loading
grapple and is attached to the top of the grapple.
Home spar
The spar to which logs are yarded. Also called the “head spar.”
Hooktender
The worker in charge of a yarding side. Also called the
“hooker.”
Hot loading
Loading out logs as they are landed by the yarder.
166
Definitions
I
Inhaul cycle
Ahead on the mainline. Mainline coming in to the landing.
Bringing in a turn of logs.
Interlock yarder
A device that incorporates a means of coupling the mainline
and haulback drums so as to maintain a consistent tension on
the two lines while yarding without the application of foot
brakes by the operator.
Intermediate
support tree
A tree or trees used to elevate skylines in a multispan system.
J
Jack
A hanger device used to support a skyline.
Jack strap
A strap used to support a jack.
Jackpot
Unstable logs criss-crossed or difficult to break free. Trees tied
together or leaning into one another that create a hazard for
fallers.
Jagger
A broken wire that juts out of a wire rope.
Jill-poke
A log that has been driven out of a pile, creating a hazard.
Also, a log driven into position between two anchor stumps,
used to increase the stumps’ stability and holding power.
Juicer
A hydraulic loader.
K
Kink
A sharp bend in a wire rope.
Knob
A ferrule attached to the terminal end of a line by babbitt,
wedges, or hydraulic pressure.
L
Land
To place or drop logs in a landing during yarding operations.
Landing
The area where logs are landed by a yarder. Logs are also
sorted and prepared for transport by the loader in this area.
Landing bucker
A worker who bucks logs at a landing.
Landing worker
A worker who bucks, limbs, and trims log ends, unhooks
chokers, and assists in hooking up trailers to log trucks. Also
called the “chaser.”
Definitions
167
Lang lay
A type of wire rope.
Lay
The type or shape and frequency of spiral in a wire rope. The
position of a log in a pile, on a load, or in the felled and bucked
logs.
Layout
A logging plan that includes settings and road systems.
Lead
The direction in which the lines run out from the yarder. The
amount of lift above ground that the running lines have at the
yarder, for example, high-lead or ground-lead. The alignment
of sheaves and winches.
Lead block
A block used to change the direction of a line pull.
Lean (leaner)
The angle at which a tree naturally stands. Can be referred to
as heavy or slight.
Leave strip
An unfelled stand of timber left on purpose. Sometimes called
a “fire break.”
Leg
Half of the jaws of a grapple. The portion that grips the log.
Lift tree
A tree used for the purpose of elevating running lines. The
lines must run through tailhold block(s) located so as to
minimize stress on the lift tree. The lift and tailhold
arrangement must be rigged and located so that if it were to be
pulled over, workers would not be endangered. It is used
mainly in high-lead or grapple yarding applications.
Light plant
A generator unit on a loader or grapple yarder that supplies
power to boom-mounted lights for night loading and yarding.
Limb
To cut branches off trees or logs.
Line
Wire rope. A survey line. A setting boundary. A verbal stop
signal when line is being pulled by hand.
Line change
Changing the rigging from one yarding road to another.
Line horse
Line storage winch, usually mounted on a truck carrier, used
to transfer lines.
Line pulling
Felling of a tree against its lean by securing a line, placing
falling cuts, and pulling the tree over. This procedure is
sometimes required at lake or river edges.
Load
To load logs. A load of logs. The stress placed on a wire rope or
piece of equipment. To place explosives for blasting.
168
Definitions
Loader
Any machine used for loading logs.
Log
The cut-to-length sections of felled trees.
Log deck
A pile of yarded logs.
Log dump
A central unloading area for loads of logs.
Logger
A worker employed in the production phase of the logging
industry.
Logging
All or any part of turning trees into logs and transporting them
to an unloading area.
Long butt
The short section cut off the butt end of a felled tree in order to
remove cull or excessive sweep.
Long snorkel
One-piece wood or steel boom extension mounted on a loader
to increase distance that logs can be reached for yarding and
loading purposes.
Long splice
A splice, approximately 18 m (60 ft.) long, used to join a
broken line. It easily passes through blocks because it does not
increase line diameter.
M
Mainline
The yarding line(s) on a grapple yarder. The main hoisting line
on a loader, used to lift logs.
Marlin spike
A steel, spike-shaped tool that tapers to a flat point, used in
splicing wire rope.
Mat
A log or lumber-type block placed under the foot of a
hydraulic jack to increase surface area, give extra height, and
compensate for ground irregularities for stability. Also called a
“pad.”
Mobile backspar
A crawler tractor or hydraulic excavator with a fairlead or
short spar mounted on it, used to hang tailblocks.
Molly Hogan
A single strand from a wire rope rolled into a circle with six
wraps, used in most pin shackles in place of a cotter pin. Also
used as a temporary method of connecting the eyes of two
lines.
Monkey wrench
To repair a machine or piece of equipment. A pipe wrench.
Mousing
Wrapping the opening of a load hook to prevent dislodgment
of the load.
Definitions
169
Muck stick
A hand shovel.
Multispan
A skyline with one or more intermediate supports.
N
Necktie
A choker.
North bend
A yarding method where the mainline passes through a fall
block, then connects to the carriage. This configuration allows
side blocking and gives extra block purchase for lift.
Notch
A wedge-shaped piece cut out of a stump to prevent a guyline
or block strap from lifting off.
O
Off-highway
A log truck used exclusively on logging roads and not legal for
use on a public highway because of weight, width, and rigging
restrictions.
Old growth
Virgin timber.
On-the-fly
Doing any activity while in motion on mobile equipment, for
example, eating lunch while driving a pickup.
Opening line
A line used to open a grapple.
Operation
A logging operation.
OPS
Operator protective structure for mobile equipment. Protects
the mobile equipment operator from falling objects and if the
machine rolls over.
Oregon block
A stump instead of a block used to change direction of a line.
Outhaul
When the grapple is travelling out empty.
Outhaul cycle
Moving the butt rigging, carriage, or grapple away from the
spar tree.
Out of lead
When sheaves are out of alignment or lines will not spool
properly onto a winch.
Outriggers
On mobile equipment, the hydraulic side jacks used to
increase width for stability.
Overburden
The top layer of earth, usually over rock.
170
Definitions
P
Pad
A log or lumber-type block placed under the foot of a
hydraulic jack to increase surface area, give extra height, and
compensate for ground irregularities for stability. Also called a
“mat.”
Parbuckle
A method of locating and setting a choker to overcome a
yarding difficulty. Dumping a log truck by having the load in
the bight of a pair of lines, picking the lines up to force the load
sideways and slide off the truck.
Pass chain
A chain with an open hook at one end and a ring at the other,
used to grip wire rope that is to be pulled. Also called a
“rigging chain.”
Pawl
The stopping device in a ratchet system. Also called a “dog.”
Peeler
A large log without defects, suitable for making plywood.
Pee-wee
A small-diameter, merchantable log.
Pelican hook
A substantial temporary connector used to secure pass chains
or line-stringing equipment that must be disconnected when
under tension. Also called a “finger link.”
Pendant lines
Straight pull support lines for a boom. Always in pairs, these
lines do not go through sheaves, but terminate at a babbitted
knob and dee.
Pile
A pile of logs.
Pimpline
Small-diameter line less than 6 mm (1⁄4 in.), used in steep
terrain to string strawline.
Pioneering
The first stage of roadbuilding with mobile equipment, in
which felled logs, vegetation, and top soil layers are removed.
Pipe
A steel spar.
Plennar
An island of clearcut within the forest. The cutting around the
edges of these islands is extended after regeneration has been
established.
Pocket rot
Rot that can be located at any point in the length of a tree or
log.
Powder
Explosives.
Power saw
A motor-powered chain saw.
Definitions
171
Preloaded trailer
Log truck trailer left at a landing to be loaded. The trailer is
then hauled at a later time.
Pressed
Wire rope eyes or knobs secured to the line by crimping either
directly or with a metal sleeve. These pressed-on connections
replace an eye splice.
Pulaski tool
An axe-like tool with an axe head on one side and a mattock
blade on the other.
Pull rigging
The work done by a rigging slinger.
Pump can
A 20 L (5 gal.) water can with an attached, hand-operated
pump, used to extinguish small fires.
Purchase
The mechanical advantage gained when rope passes over a
sheave. Varies with amount of sheave contacted.
Purchase block
A block used in rigging to obtain greater pull on a line.
Push
Any supervisor or boss.
Q
Quarry
A rock pit.
Quarter
The work area of a faller. The area that a guyline supports, for
example, back quarter.
R
Radio whistles
A transmitter/receiver signalling system used by workers for
yarding operations.
Raise a tree
To stand up a spar. Also called to “raise the pipe,” when
referring to a steel spar.
Raising guy
One of the two guylines on a mobile spar used to raise the
spar.
Ram
A hydraulic cylinder.
Ratchet
Usually a circular, toothed device combined with a pawl, used
to secure a winch when under tension.
Reef
To pull hard.
Reeve
To thread a line through several blocks or a carriage.
Reeving drum
Any winch or drum used for pulling in wire rope. Normally
the topping line drum.
172
Definitions
Reeving line
Any line pulled in by a reeving drum.
Reload
Central location where log loads are transferred from one
mode of transport to another.
Relog
To log a setting again because it was not logged clean enough
the first time.
Rhubarb
The brush and debris at roadsides. A term used for the
roadside when you accidentally drive off the road.
Rigging
Lines, blocks, chokers, and all gear used in cable logging
systems. Performing rigging jobs.
Rigging chain
A chain with an open hook at one end and a ring at the other,
used to grip wire rope that is to be pulled. Also called a “pass
chain.”
Rigging crew
Workers who set chokers.
Rigging slinger
The supervisor who directs the choker setters as to which logs
are to be choked.
Right-of-way
A clearing made through the woods, through which a road is
built. Usually 20 – 30 m (66 – 100 ft.) wide.
Rig up
To fit a machine with required rigging. To string lines and
hang blocks once a yarder is in position.
Rig-up crew
Workers who erect and rig the home spar. Also called the “bull
gang.”
Riparian zone
Timber left standing on lake and river banks to give shade and
protection.
Road
The haul road. An area the width of a choker on both sides of
the mainline from the yarder to the back end.
Road protrusion
Any lump or protruding rock left in a road surface after it has
been graded.
Rock bolt
A steel rod placed in drill hole in rock to be used as a line
anchor.
Roll
Placing a choker on a log in such a way as to cause the log to
roll to free a hang-up.
Root wad
The torn-up mass of dirt and rock caught in the root system of
an uprooted tree.
ROPS
Rollover protective structure for mobile equipment. Protects
the mobile equipment operator if the machine rolls over.
Definitions
173
Running line
A moving wire rope in logging operations.
S
Saddle
A support that the snorkel rests on, located approximately 3 m
(10 ft.) from the snorkel pocket. The liveline support section of
a wire rope clip.
Safe working load
The maximum safe load a wire rope can withstand for an
extended period of time. Usually 1/5 of its breaking strength.
Safety factor
The reduction from the breaking strength of a line to the safe
working load, for example, 5:1.
Safety strap
A short piece of wire rope secured to a block or other rigging to
prevent the block or rigging from falling into the work area
due to a connection failure.
Sag
See “deflection.” The vertical droop in the bight of a line.
Sapling
An immature tree that is not normally harvested.
Scab block
A block hung between the butt rigging and bight of the
haulback to give extra lifting capacity.
Scab strap
A short piece of line or chain that secures the scab block to the
butt rigging.
Schoolmarm
A tree whose stem branches into two. The area of this tree
where the two main stems join.
Scrub
Poor, unmerchantable timber.
Second growth
Young timber that grows after the mature timber is removed.
Second loader
A worker who assists a loader operator in loading a log truck.
Selective logging
Logging an area taking out only specific types of trees, leaving
the rest standing.
Set
To place a choker around a log.
Setting
The area logged by one yarder.
Shackle
A clevis or U-shaped, heavy steel device fitted with a pull-out
or screw pin, used to secure rigging or lines together.
Sheave
The grooved wheel or pulley of a block that wire rope runs
over.
Shell
The outer framework of a block.
174
Definitions
Shotgun
Rigging outhaul by gravity.
Show
A logging operation.
Shutdown
A work stoppage for any reason. To shut off a machine.
Side
A logging unit, including the workers that are rigging and
yarding.
Sidewinder
A tree that is pushed over to the side. A type of boom boat.
Signals
Audible, hand, or verbal signals used to direct the movement
of logs or equipment.
Siwash
An unintentional bight in a line caused by stumps or other
objects, preventing the line from running straight. A line not
running in a straight line by being bent around a tree, stump,
or rock.
Skid
The act of moving logs with a skidder or crawler tractor. Logs
placed under equipment or structures to allow moving them.
Skidder
Rubber-tired piece of mobile equipment designed and used
for yarding logs.
Skidding line
The main haulage line from a carriage to which chokers are
attached.
Skid road
The path or trail a skidder or crawler tractor uses to move logs
on. Also called a “skid trail.”
Skins
Tires used on mobile equipment.
Skyline
The line on a yarder that supplies lift for blocks, rigging,
carriage, and logs.
Slackline
A skyline yarding system where the skyline can be tensioned
at the operator’s discretion.
Slash
Debris left on the ground after logging is complete.
Slash burn
A prescribed burning of slash and debris left by logging
operations.
Slip hitch
A means of freeing or moving a log too tight to pass a choker
under by placing the choker on part of the log butt.
Snare
A choker.
Snatch block
A block that can be opened on one side to receive the bight of a
rope.
Definitions
175
Snipe
To bevel the leading edge of a skid log so it will not hang up.
Snorkel
A wooden or steel boom extension mounted on equipment to
increase the distance that logs can be reached for yarding or
loading.
Snorkel cap
The steel cap fitted on the farthest end of the snorkel to which
the snorkel block and guyline(s) are fastened.
Snorkel pocket
The support and holdfast for the machine end of the snorkel.
Snub
To lower anything. To assist one machine down a hill by
holding it back with another that is connected by a line.
Soft hammer
A hammer made of mild steel marked with an “S,” used for
cutting line.
Spark arrester
A screen or baffle device placed over the end of an exhaust
pipe to reduce the number of sparks given off.
Spark chaser
A worker that remains at a logging site for approximately two
hours at the end of the day to watch for possible fires caused
by the logging activities. Also called a “fire watch.”
Spike
A railroad-type spike used to secure wire rope when splicing.
Spike bar
A sturdy, steel pry bar used to extract spikes from a log or
stump.
Spike it
To stop or hold it.
Spike top
A tree with a dead top, usually without branches.
Splice
To join ends of rope by interweaving strands.
Spool
A drum to hold cable. To wind wire rope smoothly on a winch.
Spooling iron
A tool used for spooling line onto a winch so that hands are
not placed directly onto the line.
Spreader
A short piece of line or chain between the haulback eye and
the butt rigging or grapple; used to separate the haulback eye
from the carriage.
Spur road
A short or new road off a branch road.
Square lead
Right angles to the yarding machine.
Stagged pants
Work pants with the cuffs cut off to prevent limbs from
catching the cuffs and tripping the worker.
176
Definitions
Stamp
The identification/code mark embedded into a log end that
indicates the setting it came from.
Stamp hammer
The hammer used to place a stamp.
Stand
An area of timber.
Stillson wrench
A pipe wrench.
Strand
One of six spiral groups of wires in a wire rope. To break one
or more strands.
Strap
A short piece of wire rope with an eye in each end, used to
hold blocks.
Strawline
A small-diameter wire rope used in rigging up or moving
larger lines or blocks.
String line
To pull a line by hand in preparation for yarding.
Strip
To remove lines, blocks, and other rigging from a spar.
Stub
An extension to another line. A very short spur road.
Stump rig
To hang blocks on stumps at the back end.
Sub-grade
The roadbed onto which the finished road is laid after the first
pioneering.
Supersnorkel
A steel boom extension of two or more sections mounted on a
loader to increase the distance that logs can be reached for
yarding purposes (36 m [120 ft.]).
Swaged line
Wire rope that has been reduced one size in diameter by a
pounding action to replace the same nominal-sized rope but
have a greater strength. This rope appears to be normal rope
that is evenly worn.
Swamp out
To clean out.
Swapline
A procedure where the position of the mainline and haulback
are exchanged.
Swing
To haul or yard logs from one landing to another.
Swinging
To haul or transfer logs from one landing to another.
Swing tree
A spar to which logs are yarded for temporary storage, then
swung to another landing.
Swing yarder
Any yarder that swings on a turntable, as opposed to a
stationary spar yarder.
Definitions
177
Switchback
A sharp turn in a road constructed on very steep grade.
Swivel
A line connector that allows torsional energy to be removed
from lines by pivoting freely.
T
Tag
The joining of two or more chokers end to end for extended
reach.
Tagline
A line used to position or open a loading grapple.
Tailblock
A block used to guide the haulback line at the back end of a
yarding area; used to change the direction of the haulback.
Also called a “corner block.”
Tailhold
The point of anchor of the skyline. A stump or tree used to
secure back line blocks.
Tail spar
A tree rigged at the back end to provide lift for a skyline or
yarding line. Also called a “backspar.”
Terminal
The end of a rope or chain provided with an eye or attaching
device.
Thimble
A formed or cast steel fitting placed in the eye of a rope to
retain the round shape, give support, and protect it from wear
on the pin.
Thread
To reeve a line through blocks or carriage.
Tie back
To use a twister.
Tightline
To obtain maximum lift on yarding lines by holding one line
back and pulling on another. To take the sag out of a line.
Timber hitch
A type of knot used for twisters.
Tommy Moore
A small block with a wide throat, usually used with the
strawline as a lead block.
Tongs
A hinged set of hooks used for picking up or pulling logs.
Topping line
crane. Also called a “gantry line” or “boom hoistline.”
Tree jack
A device used to support the skyline or maintain the skyline in
an elevated position at a backspar.
Tree paint
Spray paint that will stick to wet bark and wood for the
purpose of identification.
178
Definitions
Tree plate
A J-shaped plate spiked to a spar tree to prevent cutting of the
wood by wire rope at the point where guylines and straps are
hung.
Tree shoe
A device used to support a skyline on a backspar.
Tuck
To pass one strand under another in splicing.
Turn
One or more logs that are yarded to the landing at one time.
Turnbuckle
A line-tightening device with a rod at either end, one with a
right-hand and one with a left-hand thread.
Turnout
A wide spot on the side of a road, built to allow two vehicles to
pass.
Twister
A line that supports a tailhold stump or tree that does not
appear to be strong enough. This is done by connecting the
tailhold to another stump or tree opposite by wrapping the
two with a line. This line is then tightened by placing a piece of
large-diameter limb between the wrappings and twisting them
together.
U
Undercut
The first cut made, when falling or bucking, which forms a
notch.
Upend
Swapping of wire rope ends on a yarder or loader to distribute
wear. To cause a log to flip end for end, either intentionally or
inadvertently by coming in contact with a stationary object.
Utility worker
Worker on a yarding side that does numerous jobs under the
direction of the hooktender and yarder operator.
W
Waist line
The portion of haulback between the two haulback blocks.
Whistle
A radio transmitter signalling device, used to communicate
line movement or requirements to a machine operator in the
yarding of logs.
Widow maker
A loose limb or broken top, or anything loose in a tree that
may fall on a worker.
Winch
A powered drum onto which line is pulled. A machine having
one or more winches used for yarding or hoisting.
Definitions
179
Windrow
A pile of logs that has been landed, usually on a road. Also, to
place logs in such a pile.
Windfall
A tree felled by wind. See “wind throw.”
Wind throw
A stand of trees blown down by wind. Also called
“blowdown.”
Wire axe
A tool used to cut wire rope or wire rope strands.
Wrap
One turn of a line around a winch or stump.
Wrapper
Wire rope placed around the load on a logging truck or rail car
and secured by a cinch to prevent spillage of logs. Also called a
“binder.”
Y
Yarder
A machine that pulls in logs.
Yarding crane
A crane-type machine engineered and rigged to yard logs.
Also called a “grapple yarder.”
Yo-yo line
A short piece of line that runs through the carriage to open a
grapple.
180
Definitions
2.5M (R10/98)
PRINTED IN CANADA
BK59

Grapple Yarder and Supersnorkel Handbook

Transcription

Similar documents

ROOT RAKE - Paladin Attachments

2016 Paul Bunyan ShowSM Loader Competition Saturday, October

517 Track Skidder

Preschool Deluxe Action Train Table with Lid

CXL2-500 LOG SET

log grapples

MODEL 3040XP2 FIREWOOD PROCESSOR

FOR SALE - nefpexpo.net

Development of an Improved Grapple Carriage Control System