The people hub: reconfiguração da rede urbana

UNIVERSIDADE LUSÍADA DO PORTO
THE PEOPLE HUB
Reconfiguração da Rede Urbana
Eduardo Junn Lee Pereira
Dissestação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Arquitectura
Orientada pelo Professor Francisco Peixoto Alves
Porto 2014
Commendation
The realization of this Masters disseration was only possible thanks to the colabora-
tion and contribution, directly or indirectly, of various peoples and institutions, of which i
would like to express words of gratitute and profound recognition in particular:
To Prof. Francisco Peixoto Alves, for his avalibility manifested to orient this work,
for the aid in defining the object of study, exigence of method and rigor, and for scientific
orientation, text revision, suggestions and trust into my final investigation.
I would like to thank my other professors of each year which aided in molding my
own individual understanding of architecture, where by I have learned different perspectives
from each, and benefed in their unique stregnths in teaching.
I send my gratitute to the scientific community that enabled me to carry out this in-
vestigation to further improve my knowledge and understanding of architecture and the built
environment.
Last but not least, I would like to thank my parents for the sacrifices and patience
they have endured during my formal education, as they were crucial for my progressions
throughout the course.
I
Figure Index
18
Fig. 1 Masdar City, Foster, N. (Consulted on the 14th of December 2014) Avalible
on “http://ad009cdnb.archdaily.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/1291656871-masdar.jpg”
22
Fig. 2 The Wanderer and his needs. Created by Author
24
Fig. 3 Ebenezer Howard, The Three Magnets in Garden Cities of Tomorrow. (Consulted on the 17th of December 2014) Avalible on “http://www.morrissociety.org/
worldwide/agregation.boos.fig.1.jpg”
27
Fig. 4 Sketches by Paul D.Spreiregen in Urban Design, AIA. (Consulted on the 11th
of December 2014) Avalible on “http://dalatarchi-trchoa.blogspot.pt/2014_06_01_archive.html”
29
Fig.5 Mccormick Tribune Campus Center, USA, OMA, 2003. (Consulted on the
5th of October 2013) Avalible on “https://ksacommunity.osu.edu/system/files/iit_diagram.jpg”
29
Fig. 6 Mccormick Tribune Campus Center, USA, OMA, Aerial Photo. (Consulted
on the 16th of December 2014) Avalible on “http://pixgood.com/mccormick-tribune-campus-center-plan.html”
31
Fig. 7 Narkomfin Building, Russia, OSA Group (Moise Ginzburg). (Consulted on the
6th of December 2014) Avalible on “http://www.opendemocracy.net/files/original.
jpg”
33
Fig. 8 Unite DºHabitation, Le Corbusier Aerial Photo. (Consulted on the 14th of
December 2014) Avalible on “http://aplust.net/blog/le_corbusier_p_jeanneret_unit_
dhabitation_hy_id_or_social_condenser0/”
33
Fig. 9 Unite D’Habitation, Le Corbusier Construction . (Consulted on the 7th of
November 2014) Avalible on “http://www.domusweb.it/content/dam/domusweb/en/
from-the-archive/2011/02/28/corbusier-s-cit-radieuse/big_326175_8165_LAVORATA2.jpg”
33
Fig. 10 Unite D’Habitation, Le Corbusier Axonometry. (Consulted on the 7th of
33
DeNovember 2014) Avalible on “http://www.cjbuildsllc.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/02-axo.jpg”
37
Fig. 11 Guide Psychogeographique de Paris, G.E. Debord, Bahaus (Consulted on the
12th of October 2013) Avalible on “http://www.macba.cat/uploads/20131213/3779.
jpg”
40
Fig. 12 National and Regional Location. Created by Author
40
Fig. 13 Castle of Santa Maria da Feira and historic center. Created by Author
42
Fig. 14 Regional Infrastructure and Proximities. Created by Author
42
Fig. 15 Populational Interests. Created by Author
44
Fig. 16 Automotive Flux. Created by Author
44
Fig. 17 Local Automotive Access. Created by Author
46
Fig. 18 Demographic Data of Santa Maria da Feira. Created by Author
48
Fig. 19 Annual Population vs. Activity Graph. Created by Author
50
Fig. 20 Social Condensation and Programatic Diversity is the Key for Developent.
Created by Author
52
Fig. 22 Aerial Dream Perspective . Created by Author
54
Fig. 23 PLA Plastic Maquette 1:200 Aerial Perspective . Created by Author
54
Fig. 24 PLA Plastic Maquette 1:200 Frontal Perspective . Created by Author
55
Fig. 25 PLA Plastic Maquette 1:200 Promenade Perspective . Created by Author
55
Fig. 26 PLA Plastic Maquette 1:200 Brige Perspective . Created by Author
55
Fig. 27 PLA Plastic Maquette 1:200 Square Perspective . Created by Author
56
Fig. 28 Montage View of Structure from Public Square. Created by Author
56
Fig. 29 Montage Street View. Created by Author
56
Fig. 30 Montage Interior View. Created by Author
57
Fig. 31 Maquette 1:1000 (Consulted on the 14th of December 2014) Avalible on
58
Fig. 32 Trojan Horse Metaphor. Created by Author
58
Fig. 33 Reconnecting the Old and Young in a new network. Created by Author
65
Fig. 34 Archigram No Stop City Reference in Santa Maria da Feira for a Need of
Communication. Created by Author
III
67
Fig. 36 From Top to Bottom: City Compeition, Temporary and Permanent Interventions, Satelites Integration, Re Integration of Districts, Stable Distribution of Program.
Created by Author
69
Fig. 37 Initial Sketches of Phases of Proposal, Installation of structure, Infrastructure,
and user. Created by Author
69
Fig. 38 Identified Blocks and Bridge Access Points. Created by Author
71
Fig. 39 Representation of Project Trojan as a Programatic Connector. Created by
Author
71
Fig. 40 Linework Rendering to Demonstrate Volumetric Density of structure. Created
by Author
71
Fig. 41 Interior Concept Drawing. Created by Author
73
Fig. 42 Programatic Flexibility and Volatility. Created by Author
73
Fig. 43 Sample of interior plan and use of infrastructure. Created by Author
74
Fig. 43 The needs of the Wanderer. Created by Author
75
Fig. 44 Structural Axonometry. Created by Author
75
Fig. 45 Pillar Plan and Identification of components. Created by Author
77
Fig. 46 Rendering Representation of Pillar system. Created by Author
77
Fig. 47 Le Corbusier Sketches from 5 Points of Architecture. (Consulted on the 23rd
of January 2014) Avalible on “http://media-cache-ec0.pinimg.com/736x/86/6f/96/
866f9675a417e3c930f7941197853d59.jpg”
79
Fig. 47 AT&T Performing Arts Center Dee + Charles Wyly Theate Exterior (Top),
Interior (Bottom). (Consulted on the 11th of November 2014) Avalible on “http://architype.org/project/att-performing-arts-center-dee-charles-wyly-theater-2issue_id768/”
79
Fig. 49 AT&T Performing Arts Center Dee + Charles Wyly Theate Diagrams. (Consulted on the 11th of November 2014) Avalible o“http://architype.org/project/att-performing-arts-center-dee-charles-wyly-theater-2issue_id768/”
81
Fig. 50 Archigram Instant City. (Consulted on the5th of March 2014) “http://archigram.westminster.ac.uk/project.php?id=11”
81
Fig. 51 SAI PlayGround by Moon Hoon. (Consulted on the 3rd of March 2014) Aval-
ible on “http://www.archdaily.com/510957/sai-playground-moon-hoon/
81
Fig. 52 World Health Organization Proposal, SANE Architects, Programatic and
Formal Diagram (Consulted on the 13th of December 2014) Avalible on: “http://www.
archdaily.com/577353/competition-entry-sane-designs-rubik-s-cube-inspired-extension-for-world-health-organization/”
81
Fig. 53 World Health Organization Proposal, SANE Architects. (Consulted on the
13th of December 2014) Avalible on: “http://www.archdaily.com/577353/competition-entry-sane-designs-rubik-s-cube-inspired-extension-for-world-health-organization/”
82
Fig. 54 World Health Organization Proposal, SANE Architects, Interior Render
. (Consulted on the 13th of December 2014) Avalible on: “http://www.archdaily.com/577353/competition-entry-sane-designs-rubik-s-cube-inspired-extension-for-world-health-organization/”
82
Fig. 55 World Health Organization Proposal, SANE Architects, Exterior Render
. (Consulted on the 13th of December 2014) Avalible on: “http://www.archdaily.com/577353/competition-entry-sane-designs-rubik-s-cube-inspired-extension-for-world-health-organization/”
V
Index
IX Resume
XI Abstract
XII Key Words
Introduction
CHAP. I Sustainable Urban Development & The Network Society
1. Anti-social Network: Social Isolation & Sparsity
2. The “Wanderer” and the Urban Network
3. Urban Network and Society
3.1. Urban Regeneration and Place
3.2. Social Condensers & Regeneration
4. Phenomenology and the Wanderer
4.1. Architecture and Phenomenology
4.2. Phenmenology and Density
4.3. Walkability and Proxemics
CHAP. II Projectual Execution of a People Hub, Density for Development
5. A New Paradigm: The Social Condesor
6. Santa Maria da Feira: Characterization and Analysis
6.1. Regional Characterization
6.2. Regional Analysis
7. Objectives and Actions
8. Strategy
9. Project Trojan: People Hub
Conclusion
Bibligoraphy
Attachments
VII
Resumo
Este documento desenvolve um estudo sbre o tema “os novos paradigmas e dinam-
icas de centros urbanos”. A necessidade de instalação do paradigma contemporaneo e centros históricos é explorado no meio construído. Durante a investigação foi feito um estudo
demográfico que abrange uma escala local e uma escala global e foram cruzados os conhecimentos com a actividade populacional e características programáticas ao longo do ano.
Um equadramento ao estudo da femonologia arquitectónica foi usado de forma a propor
uma solução para a necessidades dos indivíduos, de forma a que consigam usufruir de um
centro urbano em regeneração. Este quadramento baseia-se em demografia populacional,
densidade populacional, densidade urbana, densidade programática, mobilidade e acessibilidade a peões.
As dinamicas e o potencial de networking do condensador social no centro urbao
é estudado por uma perspectiva femonologista moderna que pode voltar a ser usada numa
sociedade pós moderna. Núcleos sociais pertencentes e exteriores a quarteirões são identificados e qualificados de forma a determinar uma solução arquitectónica que, aumenta, lia ou
reatribui programas existentes e actividades sociais. O problema da rede anti social no meio
urbano é identificado: a falta de interacções danifica a revitalização do centro urbano.
As oções arquitectónicas de sociedade em rede, densidade e interação, condensação
social e fragmentação são revisitadas de forma a entendar o potencial da femonologia arquitectónica na sociedade contemporanea.Concluímos que o desenho inclusivo de uma diversificada gama demográfica assim como, espaço flexível permitem soluções adptáveis aos
espaços em degradação. Instigando vitalidade urbana, através de uma abordagem económicamente sustentável, e através do uso da arquitectura como catalista de femonologia e interações sociais na sociedade contemporanea em rede.
IX
Abstract
This document elaborates a study following the theme of “the new paradigms and
dynamics of urban centers”. The need of the contemporary urban and social paradigm in
historic centers is explored in the in built environment. During the investigation a demographical study was carried out from a regional to local scale and cross referenced with
popoulational activity and programatic characteristics throughout the year. A framework for
the study of Architectural phenomenology is used to propose a solution for the needs for
individuals to thrive within a regenerating urban center. The framework is based on populational demographics, populational density, urban density, programatic density, mobility and
pedestrian accessibility.
The dynamics and networking potential of the social condensor in the urban center
is studied through the perspective of modernist phenomenological standpoint that can be
reapplied in a post modern society. Social hubs within and around urban blocks are identified and qualified to help determine an architectural solution to either enhance, connect or
reattribute exisiting programs and social activities. The problem of the anti social network in
the urban environment is identified: The lack of social interaction hinders the revitalization
of the urban center.
The Architectural notions of network society, density and interaction, social conden-
sation and fragmentation, are re-visited to understand the potential of architectural phenomenology in contemporary society. We are able to conclude that inclusive design in a diverse
age demographic as well as flexible space allow for adaptable solutions for degregating
space. Insitigating urban vitality, through an economically sustainable approach, using flexibile architecture as a catalyst of phenomenology and social interaction within the contemporary urban people network.
XI
Key Words
Urban Center; Density; Vitality; Social Interaction; Program
XIII
Introduction
The theme of “new paradigms of rehabilitation and dynamics of urban centers” al-
lows for the investigation to explore a contemporary solution of how to revitalize degregating urban centers with flexible and sustainable architecture. The idea of a single infrastructure to work as a catalyst to bring demographic and programatic equilibrium to urban centres
through the study of phenomenology, socio-economics, urban planning, infrastructure and
inclusive design.
The investigation adresses the issue that urban centres degenerate due to demograph-
ic imblanace due to programatic incompatability and dispersion. The demographic imbalance is the result of the lack of, outdated state, or variation of programs that individuals
interact in and around. After a study of the existing demographics, and programatic state of
an urban centre, can a proposal be made to improve accesibility, renovate/expand what exists volumetrically and spacially. This in turn leads to the study of phenomenology and how
architecture can aid in stimulating the socio economic status and vitality of an urban center.
The objectives of the investigation through the studies mentioned prior are as fol-
lows: to understand the phenomenon of dispersion and fragmentation of urban centres; understanding the architectonic reasons of the inability for urban or economic growth with
existing programs and activities in an urban center; understanding the potential of adaptable
architectonic interventions that can compliment, expand, or augment incompatible exisitng
program; and proposing an architectonic solution to better the exsiting status of social interaction and urban vitality.
The methodology of the investigation involves: the collection of demographical
data from municipal documentation online, analysis of the exising points of interest, annual activities, and populational flux; identification of the local populations fluctuations,
movements and accesibility by automobile or by foot; interviews were conducted of
15
16
residents and visitors alike to have a better understanding of the needs of ithe individual and the common issues that observers find; observations, photographs, drawings and
frequent visits of the chosen site area also aided for empirical and observational knowledge of the current culture and dynamic. Information analyzed and diagnosed by the class
were also reinterpreted for better understanding of the area of intervention and study.
The ideas used to form a criteria of objectives for a final solution are as follows: Ur-
ban regeneration as based on the writings by Parkinson M.; Phenomenology is understood as
an evolving term that, within this investigation, based on German philosopher Edmun Husserl as well as the works of Martin Heidegger, and defined through the study of an interview
conducted online with Kenneth Framption; the ideas of a network society as described by
Manuel Castells are also studied and referenced as it is determined to be a modern interpretation of the exisitng and potential future paradigm; The Social Condensor as a catalyst of
urban regeneration is also investigated through Le Corbusier’s Unité d’Habitation and the
Constructivist design methodology of the time; and finally, the ideas of individualism and
The Walkable City as written by Jeff Speck are used as a guideline of needs for the individual
in the urban center.
The formal structure of this investigation is organized in two chapters, the first entails
the theoretical investigation of the theme and ideas of urban regeneration, network society,
phenomenology, social condensation and interaction, and the wanderer. The second chapter
presents an analysis and diagnostic of the sampled historic urban centre known as Santa
Maria da Feira, Portugal. The analysis and diagnostic brings us towards a proposed solution
of a sustainable flexible infrastructure pillar that attaches in any space to augment, compliment, or expand exisiting buildings, programs and spaces that in turn would improve social
interaction and socio economic vitality through an affordable and adaptable architectural
intervention.
17
Figure 1: Masdar City, Foster, N.
18
CHAP. I Sustainable Urban Development & The Dense City.
1. Anti-social Network: Social Isolation & Sparsity:
By the end of the twenthieth century nearly half of the global population was living in
cities, and this figure is expected to rise to 60 per cent by 2030 (Giradet, 2004: 16). In many
developed countries already more than two-thirds live in cities. Urban growth and economic
growth are linked and research shows that city dwellers currently have higher consumption
rates than rural dwellers, linked to their higher spending power. High consumption levels and
concentration of people in cities allow for the ecological footprint and efficiency of many cities
to often be many times their own areas. Densification or Dispersion are two extreme urbanistic trends directly linked to the mood of society and its current goals. As the current urbanisation trend persists, considering how to reduce the environmental and social impacts of cities
is becoming ever more urgent. The sustainable condesend and compacted city like Foster’s
Masdar City (Figure 1) is believed to offer many opportunities to reduce some of these impacts
and develop sustainable communities with social, economic, and environmental objectives.
High population densities make services such as public transport, recycling and district
heating more viable. Dense and Compact cities supported by the provision of public transport effectively reduce car dependence and research shows a link between urban planning,
density and transport fuel consumption. According with Sassi (2006: 16) Overall energy
use per capita is reduced in compact cities where energy-efficient building forms, such as
terraces or flats, predominate. The proximity of buildings not only reduces the amount of
energy used, but also the extent and consequently the cost of infrastructure. District heating,
for instance, becomes viable above densities of 40 dwellings per hectare. Other services
such as recycling and community composting are also more economically viable at higher
development densities.
19
Dense Sustainable Cities in such a sense turn out to be more attractive
and viable for expected residents, increasing the marketability and value of property. High development density cities with varied program act as social magnets that have attributes be adopted to socially isolated and degregating cities.
Compacted cites and Dense cities not only can provide efficient living and work-
ing settlement configurations, but can also offer a high standard of living. Cities, with
their access to culture, leisure facilities, and employment (and their urban functional relationships), attract many people aspiring to a high quality of life. The prospect of employment also attract peoples with ambitions for work. Unemployment is a cause for
deprivation, stress and unhappiness. cities to have higher levels of unemployment, dispersion, poverty, graffiti, crime, ageing demographics, and ultimately a higher death rate
compared to rural areas. Ultimately leaving rural and historic areas at risk of degregation.
While city living can prove very attractive, especially to those with sufficient finan-
cial means to enjoy what cities can offer, others are priced out of affluent areas or city centres
lose out on its conviniences and pleasures. People feel threatened by the potential of anti social behaviour (regardless of how low this risk may be in some city situations), and retreat to
the outskirts and suburbs or even to the country side. This Sparsity and Isolation generates
a depressed city.
In depressed city neighbourhoods, buildings can be found to be degregated, businesses fail and comunities disintegrate. Pockets of life linger around a once common urban
centre and lack an interest in development, as the occupants have already nested and adapted into this degregading way of life - socially isolated, in a pod within their satelite city.
The lack of interaction hinders economic and social growth, and is directly proportional to
the lack of varied program required for higher standards of living.
20
People in emerging or remaining satelite cities are within high risk models of urban
life which can be reconnected and attracted to one another to allow for strong social and urban
communication. This aides in improving demographics and generate means for development
and expansion. Nevertheless, sparsity and isolation decreaseses variety and do not entertain
for sustainable and balanced lifestyle with a bland selection of activities and necessities.
Urban centres are constraints of density which act as a framework to offer higher
standards of living for the existing and potential population. The framework differes from
case to case but can be adapted to or adopt new urban paradigms. A change in the urban paradigm reacts with an change in the social paradigm, or social network. - A direct relationship
generating a social network between programs in the built environment and the people who
live in it. The social network is at risk of becoming severed with the lack of integrating sustainable and accesible public and private spaces.
To create sustainable cities, life has to brought back to the city, by rebalancing the
demographics, and not only for a priveledged few but to all social groups. Employment,
housing, education, culture and leisure facilitie should be made avalible and accesible to all.
Architecture can then contribute by creating a framework for an individual or community to
realise their ambitions within a viable society and space.
2. The “Wanderer” and the Urban Network
Viablitiy of space and society for the individual, is dependant on what is defined to
be the Wanderer within the current social and urban paradigm. Wandering is a constant process of finding shelter and leaving it, which disregards the intention of a spaces forms and
function. This disregard can result in lack of individual and communal interest in a space,
leading to its disconnection with the rest of the urban network. Thoughtful interventions of
space can ensure a bigger and better level of refuge and comfrot for the wanderer - moving
through different types of spaces ensures different levels of closing, happening, and intimacy
21
Figure 2: The Wanderer and his Needs
to aid in connecting and protecting the wanderer(s).
These spaces and societies at any scale are best seen as networks (and “networks”
of “networks”) rather than as bounded groups in hierarchial structures - such as a network
society. Recent technological advances and social trends have a great impact on individualized and/or isolated networks, also known as “networked individualism”. This networked
individualism functions within an urban interface. In generations past, people usually had
small, tight social networks—in rural areas or urban villages—where a few important family
members, close friends, neighbors, and community groups (churches and the like) constituted the safety net and support system for individuals.
This new world of networked individualism is oriented around looser, more frag-
mented networks that provide on-demand assitance.However, we find the wanderers needs
are basic: he is looking for protection from weather conditions, a place to cook, a resting
area, a place to meet other wanderers, a workshop (if he is using some kind of mechanical
vehicle, for example bike) and a shop to replenish his inventory. These ‘needs’ can be translated into urban solutions to help attract and integrate wanderers within the urban setting.
The networked individualistic paradigm requires that people find new social skills and
means to operate within it. They need to develop new strategies for handling challenges as they
arise. They must devote more time and energy to practicing the art of networking than their ancestors did in order to get their needs met. They can no longer passively let the ‘village’ take care of
them and protect them. They must actively network to leverage the human resources they need,
and they must actively manage the oportunities of active progressive within these networks.
The urban network must be updated in compete with its digital counterpart. The ur-
ban centre is the interface in which urban planning can help to generate a regenerative framework of functions and forms that help lubricate social interaction and lessen wandering.
23
Figure 3: Ebenezer Howard, The Three Magnets in Garden Cities of Tomorrow
3. Urban Network and Society
3.1. Urban Regeneration and Place
The role of the urban center as a network for the wanderer follows rebuilding the cit-
ies framework to allow for social interaction and development. The goal of an urban centre
would be to regenerate or itself in all areas whether economic, social, or political. These
elements must come to harmony in order for there to be development. Changes in urban
volumes, access and program directly influence the levels of each internal element. Urban
regeneration, in its city connection and rebuilding aspects, has been a response to the problems and new demands created by changes in contemporary economic, social and political
organization and is also dependant on social trends. (Figure 3)
“Urban Regeneration as an idea encapsulates both the perception of the city decline (in
local economies, in the use of land and buildings, in the quality of the environment and
social life) and the hope of renewal, reversing trends in order to find a new basis for economic growth and social wellbeing” (PARKINSON, M.1989: 69)
Rebuilding the city, clearing away obsolete buildings and vacant sites, reconnecting dead
zones, and producing new building forms and designs emobdy renewal and progress.
Economic change has been paralleled not only by the physical reshaping of the city.
It has been accompanied by an institutional restructuring, the product of internal pressure to
economic activity (the rise of new firms, new working practices and relationships designed to
exploit new market opportunities). Within the economic sphere, the transition from mechanical mass production technology in manufacturing (known as Fordist production processes)
to the more flexible and customer-sensitive processes enabled by technology has had a major
impact on the spatial and social relationships of many cities. Shopping/leisure complexes,
science/business parks and ‘intelligent officebuildings’ have thus tainted the landscapes of
‘Fordist’ production and are made redundant, while urban-regeneration policies promote the
25
imagery of a ‘post-fordist’ production and consumption.
These changes penetrate into the daily detail of people’s lives, transforming their
household economies and life opportunities, breaking up established patterns of life and
business relations on the one hand, and generating opportunities for new ones on the other.
So, too, the physical environment has changed around people and offices. With the new
urban trends, terraces where people once lived within the smoke, noise, and traffic of adjacent industry are now able to enjoy peaceful inactivity around them. Firms find themselves
isolated among abandoned factories, or vacant shop strips, a prey to theft or even worse,
bankruptcy. Competition arises between the neighbourhoods which have lost investment and
position (‘devalued places’) and those whcih are gaining them through the new production
and consumption relations (the ‘revalued’ places)
Over and above this competition for attention between satelites within a city, urban
regions themselves are positioned in competition with each other for economic opportunities in national, macro-regional and global space. The quality of cities, in terms of physical,
social, and cultural infrastructure and environmental assets has emerged in this competition
as of parallel importance to production factors in the built environment as is represented by
Kevin Lynch (Figure 4), and its underlying actions elaborated by Blakeley:
“It is argued that in this new world of interregional competition, the key players are urban
regions and their elites, able to capture investment opportunities and position their city on
the global economic stage” (BLAKELEY, 1989: 52)
Whereby Chestshire continues in stating that “If so, local institutional relations are a critical
ingredient to local economic success.” (CHESTSHIRE, P. 1990: 27).
26
Figure 4: Sketches by Paul D.Spreiregen in Urban Design, AIA.
27
3.2. Social Condensers & Regeneration
City Structures and relationships have been restructured during the 1960’s followed
the objective of transforming the spatial structure of the city comprehensively. Facilitating
industrial production through an efficient infrastrucutre, and effective environments within
which workforces could live, train, and get to work. An adaptation the contemporary social
trends and lifestyle. Unfortunately the 1980’s had seen, in contrast, the emergence and existiance of highly fragmented postmodern cities. The ‘new’ spatial patterns created by
these fragmented cities are very difficult to conceptualize and identify but can be approached
through alternative perspectives of Sociology and Architecture: Centrality, Differentiation,
Dispersal, and Fragmentation.
The major issue being that the many neighbourhoods of poverty and neglect and
others like them are existing in a fabric of territory of volatile differentiation; forgotten
monofunctional and multifunctional edifices in between one another. This trend has affected
most urban regions in ‘Western’ economies which present scale, densities and form are the
product of irrational industrial activity. The economies, social life, political relationships
and spatial organization of such cities have been broken up, fragmented, by various dimensions of restructuring. Unless well placed within new economic opportunities cities are left
in a sea of fragmented uncertainty. Effective urban regeneration in such areas requires great
sensitivity to the local particularity of activities in places. Flexibility and adaptability of
buildings play a key role in adressing this constraint and Social Condensation comes as an
answer towards the fragmented society:
“Low voltage activity and a weak consciousness would be focused through the circuits of
these “social condensers” into high-voltage catalysts of change, in the habits and attitudes
of the mass population” (COOKE, C. Russian Avant-Garde. 1990: 42)
The concept of the social condenser was developed through the theoretical and then
Figure 5: Mccormick Tribune Campus Center, USA, OMA, 2003
Figure 6: Mccormick Tribune Campus Center, USA, OMA, Aerial Photo
29
practical work of the Russian constructivists in the 1920s. Quoting artist Aleksei Gan,
‘the capitalist towns are staunch allies of counter-revolution’, architectural historian Catherine Cooke describes Gan’s belief that the existing design of cities did not allow the social
form of the revolution to flourish. Cooke continues to suggest ‘a logical implication’, that if
one were to design the right kind of space, this would promote the new kind of society: “if
a ‘misfitting’ environment can obstruct social change, a ‘fitting’: one can foster it. If spatial
organization can be a negative catalyst, it can also be a positive one” (COOKE, C. Russian
Avant-Garde. 1990: 38). Architect and theorist Moisei Ginzberg add’s on to this, stating that
it must not only ‘fit’, nor ‘revolutionize’, but also must ‘work’ materially. This is expemplified in flexible hybrid or social condensors , and is expressed in diagrams (Figure 5 and 6)
that depict an intersection and interaction of peoples due to intentional building programs.
This Constructivist design methodology was developed in designs for the Russian
Building Committe (Figure: A-F for Stroikom) and then realized in six schemes, including
the Narkomfin Communal House in Moscow, designed by Ginzburg with Milinis in 19281929. (Figure 7) In Victor Buchli’s ethnographic study of the Narkomfin, he outlines the
importance of generating a new socialist byt or daily life, domesticity, lifestyle or framework
for architectural design during this period.
He explains how the Union of Contemporary Architects (headed by Ginzburg)
“sought to address the issue by creating an entirely new rationalized architecture and material culture based on communist theories of industrialized production and on patterns of
consumption guided by socialist ethics.”
Buchli explains thathe Narkomfin was a ‘social condenser’ of the transitional type.
The accomodation that follows the Stroikom guidelines allowed for both preexisting bourgeois living patterns and communist units. The main distinction between the two was that
the former included kitchens and a family hearth, while the latter was primarily a sleeping
unit since cooking and eating occured in the communal block. This transitional type of ar-
Figure 7: Narkomfin Building, Russia, OSA Group (Moise Ginzburg)
31
chitecture allowed for spaces to adopt and adapt to the social needs of its users, flexibility of
program. Variety was not an expression of tolerance, but rather:
“Reflected the OSA belief that architecture had a transformative power, capable of ‘induc[ing] a particular form of social organization’,and that the intention was that the building would help ease those following bourgeois living patterns into adopting socialist one”
(Buchli, V. 2000 :162)
The idea of creating a new rationalized architecture that adapts to social needs
results in the objective of looking for new paradigms and approaches to architecture that
utilize social condensation and the understanding of contemporary lifestyles as a framework
to strengthen a society.
Le Corbusier in the 1940’s applied Narkomfin’s split-level type duplex apartments in
his Unité d’Habitation built between 1947-1953. Its intricate section of interlocking two-storey apartments with double height living spaces incorporated a rue intérieure every three
floors. The Unité also included 26 communal facilities: an internal street of shops, with a
laundry, post office, pharmacy, barbers, a hotel and restaurant, and a health centre on floors 7
and 8; and on the top floor, a kindergarden and nursery, leading to a garden on the roof, with
a swimming pool for children and a gymnasium. (Figure 8 to 10)
Both Ginzburg and Le Corbusier were advocates of the machine, but if for Le
Corbusier, technology’s role was to support capitalism and to make it more efficient and
rational. For the Russian constructivists (including Ginzburg) were based on socialist principles,and the radicalization of architecture through new industrialized forms and processes
was celebrated. Ginzburg criticized Le Corbusier’s designs, noting them as ‘poorly defined’
and ‘purely aesthetic’- hierarchial and functional. Ginzenberg adopted an ideal that architecture provoked revolution, whereas for Corbusier, architecture’s purpose was to take place of
revolution.
Figure 8: Unite DºHabitation, Le Corbusier Aerial Photo
Figure 9: Unite D’Habitation, Le Corbusier ConstructionFigure 10: Unite D’Habitation, Le Corbusier Axonometry
33
In light of this, the ideals of contemporary society is based on the theme of forming
a new paradigm for urban centres: Creating a spacial-temporal framework that is spacially varied, socially condenses, reconnects the city, and where the individual as well as the
community can sustainably function - Urban Regeneration. This new form of Urban communication between program and people results in a micro network of social hubs within
the city that can have a regional impact. The importance and needs of the invidual and his/
her influence on the community will act as the objectives for a strong architectural social
lubricant to be applied to a degregating society.
4. Phenomenology and the Wanderer
4.1. Archtecture and Phenomenology
Earliest records of phenomenology are traced back to Immanuel Kant but its present
application and understanding is shaped by the late 19th century German philosopher Edmun Husserl. Husserl describes the idea as a “science of phneoenon with the philosophical
goal of providing a transcendental ground for modern scientific inquiry.” This concern then
transitioned into Martin Heidegger’s “Building Dwelling Thinkig”, where the role of the
architect and place is highlighted. It provided a theoretical backing for architects (concered
with place and their relations) which criticized modernism. Architectural Phenomenology
has mutated into another variation of its phisolophy distinct from its original conceptions.
Today, it is a convoluted understanding of the term indicates an exploration of influence and
potential is necessary to understand new paradigms. The so-called “digital phenomenology”
evidently holds Hedeggerian rhetoric that announces a new nature of being for society, a
new hybrid ontology.
Understanding how society lives and experience space greately aids in deciding and
even predict (to an extent) the possibilities of a space over time. Phenomenology aids us in
understanding how different individuals, groups or even communities utilize, move, and interact in a determined space. By the post war era in the 60’s and 70’s there is a renewal in society of the importance of phenomenology where experience is neither entirely personal nor
universal. Certain experiences are shared within cultures, and people from different cultures
can experience the same building very differently, which makes one question the modernist
idea of an international or universal architecture. Phenomenology was a ‘historical movement’ that started as a radical critique of modernism from the point of view of experience
and understanding the greater world around the individual. Wittgenstein said: “There is no
such thing as phenomenology. There are phenomenological questions.”
Phenomenological questions can be a route to architecture to give a framework for
asking about our experiences of spaces, sound, texture, light, and smell. Remaning rationalists and modernists such as Corbusier, Aldo Rossi, Leon Krier followed a believed truth
where by you could only do cities from building typology and morphology- a grid pattern of
the city, pre dispositioned to function in a specific way. Le Corbusier proposed global applications for the individual, in his built urban and social machines. Leaving the individual to
be processed and limited to a self-centered and individualistic hierarchy.
“First of all there are ony phenomenological questions. The problem is that if you
base a discipline all on effects and experiences, then we have a pre-existing condition to
react to.” (FRAMPTON, K 2000: 33). Phenomenology is then used as a tool of justification
in architecture to better understand the issue in which the individual wanderer is being confronted with a modernization that has a life of its own. There is a great deal of late modern
architecture that is more or less indifferent of the experience of the subject. The transfixation
of the spectacle of architecture has generated a generation of observers entirely preoccpied
with the visual experience alone. The revival of the tool of phenomenology can aid in reconnecting places.
A place is the phenomenological experience of space. Norberg-Schulz “Phenome35
nology of Place”, defines space as a system of spaces and not necessarily the idea that the
larger part of built culture involves volumetric enclosure, as soon as you move inside from
the outside. As soon as you move from the inside to the outside, the boundries between
space and place are not so clear. Heidegger defines the term as “space endlessness”, without
boundry or continuous. This aphorism explains that boundries are not where things end but
where things begin - however, a place is not directly opposed or contrasted to space as an
enclosed volume.
Considering that once boundries are determined and places are established, their util-
ity is focused in nodes and within a modern cult of the “freestanding object” and icon. The culture ‘of the ground’, i.e. landscape, is increasingly important given the proliferation of buildings and places without any relationship with one another, (in all phenomenological senses
and contextual). Hence, landscape and mobility, as a critical discourse, has the potential of
tying the fragmented parts together. Place is the harmony between natural environment and
urban environment, where both interact- a man made imposition on the natural environment.
4.2. Phenomenology and Density
A place within density Can you still have a dense urban situation that has place?
Kenneth Frampton responds this question through Gregotti’s Aphorism: “The origin of architecture is not the primitive hut, but the making of ground, to establish a cosmic order amid
the surrounding chaos of nature.” and continues, “One has to mark the ground in order to
distinguish it from the wilderness. The grid marked across North America is a marking of
ground, a calibration (...) we can’t delimit our notion of space to size.” As long as a space
is accesible and contextually appropriate, any space can be a place as the human condition
determines it.
4.3. Walkability and Proxemics
Figure 11: Guide Psychogeographique de Paris, G.E. Debord, Bahaus
37
Dense urban centres and program of place acts as an aid for urban vitality to exist
in contemporary society. It is necessary to prevent and understand the proxemic character of
a local between places. This upholds the importance of interaction between different social
points of condensation within places of density, to improve interaction and urban development.
This type of interaction will come to define the ethos of the livelyhood and vitaliy of
the urban centre. Pedestrianism found in the theory of Walkability expains the requirements
and needs of the wanderer (or pedestrian) and how he or she interperates and measures up
a city. A place should provide leads to create connections within an urban network, memories and identies to help differentiate and guide the user. The path should be simulatenously
useful, safe, comforting, and entertaining, and should aid in reconnecting points of interest
for the individual to live, work, or play. The interaction of walking through the city can be is
interpreted as a psychological map in the human mind as represented in Figure 11.
A complicating premise for the majority of cities based on the automobile however,
threatens this pedestran network of places in dense urban centres. Many cities that invest in
the idea of walkability fail to understand the importance of identifying places that are within
the private domain, could offer comfort and interest for a public domain.
We find this trend applicable in a new generation known as the “walking genera-
tion”. Youth of our present which have recently graduated college/university and look for
a life within urban centres for their diverse lifestyle and engaging social and work opportunities. It is a generation which has less interest in cars and big investments, nor do they
need a hospital near home or a garden with a good school. They are looking for opportunity,
and allow for cities to invest in their demographic for a promising (and populous) future.
The lack of youth within an urban centre will result in its eventual degregation. Accesibility for this generation ask for urban amenities such as access to nature, bycicle tracks,
reduced trafic and public transport, and street life. No event or temporary cultural experience
will be enough to ensure a permanent investment within or for a urban centre with the absence and culture of the contemporary pedestrian and his/her needs in a place.
People are inherently sociable, and do so in groups and on personal levels and even
digitally on another urban network. Whereas in the digital world of architecture user interface deisgn is important for how the digital wanderer explores and experiences a phenomenon on the internet, architecture is also used aesthetically to guide its users through its
network. The idea of proxemics lays out the efficiency of the absolute distance from differnt
places - accesibility, safety, and design are elements in which are considered when creating
efficient proxemics within an urban network. In this case, proxemics is a theme that is explored by walkability to help determine if a city can be valued and utiltized by wanderers.
Many cities are based on infrastructures built on the idea of the use of the car. These
overpopulated and overused cities leave us ignoring the hundreds of historic nucleus’ of
the city with underused and underappreciated infrastructure. Potential places that need a
reconfiguration of their urban network and programatic volatility- viable for regeneration.
The Walkable City seeks to establish a vitality and efficiency through urban permeability or accessibility - Reconnecting the network of places in density to reconnect people.
39
Figure 12:National and Regional Location
sANTA mARIA DA FEIRA
portugal
Figure 13: Castle of Santa Maria da Feira and historic center.
CHAP. II Projectual Execution of a People Hub, Density for Development
5. Santa Maria da Feira: Characterization and Analysis
5.1. Regional Characterization
Located in area that allowed it to be a crossroads of various peoples. Ancient Roman
roadways connected Porto, Viseu, Lisbon and Braga and intersected the region, and was
used until the 19th century. In addition, pre-Roman remnants dots the territory.
Nomadic tribes began to settle in the vicinity of the castle and began to sell various
products (salt, implements, tools and agricultural products). This settlement soon became
known as the Terra de Santa Maria. The lands of Santa Maria included a vast territory that
included not only the municipality of Feira, but also Ovar, Vila Nova de Gaia, Vale de Cambra and São João da Madeira, among others.
Santa Maria da Feira is a heavily industrialized municipality and is respected for its
several cork transforming and shoe factories as well as its cultural festivities. Recognized for
its medieval castle which was the residence of Portugal’s first king, Afonso Henriques, for
a short period of time. The castle, located at the top of a hill, was of considerable strategic
importance during its time.
The castle of Santa Maria da Feira, the ex-libris of Feira, is a testament to the military
architecture of the Middle Ages. It is the fulcrum of the history of the region, and an important point in the Reconquerings.
Every year, in summer, a medieval festival takes place in Santa Maria da Feira - the
41
“Arguably, the historic
birthplace of Portugal”
- Tripadvisor review 2014
“A city divided, slow paced yet
stabalized - but growing old!”
- Local Survey & Interview, Glória F. Conceição Fonseca 2014
Figure 14: Regional Infrastructure and Proximities
22%
78%
Leave for work
stay at home
Figure 15: Populational Interests
10%
come for holiday
25%
work and live
Feira Medieval - during which the city goes back to the Middle Ages. Other programatic diversities have origined from the installations of large equipments such as the europarque and
imaginarius which have benfitted in bringing in social vitality as we as economoic interests
in the zone.
5.2. Regional Analysis
The application and guidelines of the Walkable City in the network society through
scale specific analysis (1:5000 to 1:10). Keeping aware of how the connections between
distant programs can be established.
North Western Coast of Portugal we find Santa Maria da Feira adjacent to Espin-
ho, with proximity to major cities such as Oporto, Espinho and Ovar. WIth the use of the
A29 and A1, there is a strong automotive connection between such cities. Given the fact
that Santa Maria da Feira belongs to the Area Metropolitana do Porto (AMP: Metropolitan
area of Porto). It’s relative proximity with the majoir city of Porto has a direct influence on
the dislocation of the residents of Santa Maria da Feira. Gentrification applies, where the
majority of economy and diversity of programs focus in Espinho and Oporto. (Figure 14)
Settled in the middle of the A1 highway adjacent to Espinho, between Aveiro and
Porto, a prime ‘stop’ between two larger and more viable cities. 48% of the local population
is distributed towards V.N. de Gaia, Porto, and São João da Madeira. 32% commute to furthur distanced towns such as Aveiro, and 11% to misc locations. 9% of the population use
public transport to commute to distances over 10km.
In terms of automotive fluctuation, driving is heavy with the use of the North-South High-
way, there exist heavy througout the week, where people displace up to 40 k.m. Because of this
distance, most decide to move to the larger cities instead of doing a long daily commute. (Figure 16)
43
48% 32% 11% 09%
Figure 16: Automotive Flux
Figure 17: Local automotive access
Proxemically speaking, the relative distance to cities surrounding Santa Ma-
ria da Feira are just on the edge of a 38 kilometers which has obliged the youth to disconnect from their old hometown for bigger and more attractive cities. The absolute distance of accessibility compared to most neighbouring cities is positively
quite short, as the town is located next to the highway. This access point gives an opportunity to an isolated city to re engage itself into the regional network. (Figure 17)
Transportation infrastructure in the district (that are no longer are to optimal func-
tion) requires residents and tourists to travel further distances in order to displace at a territorial scale. This has caused for a social trend of moving out of the home for work, study, or
play (and even live) in neighbouring cities because of the lack of infrastructure. An inabiliy
to have mobility causes a lack of distrubution of population. These infrastructures pull individuals out more than pumping back into this city. The old military airbase and existing train
line are key areas of degregation that may prove beneficial to increase populational distribution and mobility as it has a basis to work on, and large site area for future proposals related
to transportation and commerce.
The proximity of the district has long range infrastructure, such as the old train line Vouga,
as well as its active counterpart of the North South train line, work adjacet with the A1 highway,
allowing for easy migration in and out of the location. The ‘death’of the train station helps demonstrates the consequence for lack of attractivity of the terrain and is lack of diversity of program.
Automotive forms of transport such as busses or personal cars benefit from the intersection
of the A4 and A1.
In comparison with neighbouring cities of economic ad cultural prowess, Santa Ma-
ria da Feira finds itself as one of the larger areas of populous ranging inbetween Porto and
Aveiro’s populations. However, this population is at threat to an agining population, where
by its youth is emigrating and migrating at rates which are not compesated by imigration and
permanent residences.
45
municipal
pop.135,964
popUlation count
250
207,673
200
135,964
150
119,258
100
50
0
Santa Maria da Feira
Porto
Aveiro
Population (2012)
annual resident population growth
8%
116569
1991
15%
6%
15%
rate of aging
median age
of area:
20%
47.6
171314,64
135964
142762,2
2001
2011
& increasing!
2021
20%
Aimed (projected) growth 2021
Figure 18: Demographic
Data of Santa Maria da Feira.
A major growth of 15% from 1991 to 2001 (The largest growth in the Metropolitan
area of Porto) shows a promising ideal that there is a community of peoples who are established permanently in the area. (Figure 18) A decrease in growth rate in the past 10 years
has made evident on how the youunger population is leaving the zone. However, a projected
20% increase of population is idea to increase populational density and thus social condensation.
A relatively older median age of 47.6 Years compared to the national continental me-
dian age of 41.8 Years indicates that the agining population is already setting in which may
prove as an issue to attack in a municipal and local scale.
It is apparent that Santa Maria da Feira has a reasonable amount of activity with peaks,
however, it does not have a consistent populational density and activity which is the result of stronger competitive neighbouring cities. Vacant spaces and quiet dead spots are scattered throughout
the town, disconnected and isolated - used by some at some times, an inefficient use of space.
Programatic gaps between different zones of the city disable the directives of
its users, leaving them to displace to different cities in search of new program.
Dispite this, there is already a wealth of base to work with as seen with the large cul-
tural events. However, the lack of activity within the zone in other times of the year such as
the months of April and December demonstrate how ‘sleepy’ the town can get! These stagnant stages of activity and demographics are the result of the miscommunication between
different zones of the and lack of attractivity of the town.
The city could be like a giant social magnet, using its attractions and activity to em-
power local economy and devlopment. From minor infrastructure public spaces to larger
aglomerations of said infrastructure to create larger scale projects. Additionally, in order to
improve the equilibrium and programatic activity, proxemic gaps between programatic hotspots should be reconnected in order to establish a balanced city full of vitality.
47
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
na
ic
a
us
m
c
Dec
de
v
Nov
no
fe oct
ir
a
pt
ie aug
va
l
Oct
ed
fe
ir
a
m
in
ag
im
Figure 19: Annual Population vs. Activity Graph
Sept
se
Aug
ly
July
ju
ne
ar may
iu
s
Jun
ju
May
r
Apr
ap
ar
Mar
m
fe
b
Feb
fo
f
ga es
ce ta jan
ir da
as s
Jan
Generally speaking Santa Maria da Feira has many Strengths in which the proposal
takes advantage of: Firstly a close proximity to major highway connecting major cities such as
Espinho, Porto and Ovar allow for a lot of movement and interaction between towards those
cities. Secondly, A strong cultural and historical background is demonstrated by the medieval fair. This caracteristic attracts visitors and boosts local economy. Furthermore, there are
a few sparse networks and infraestructure for future developments exist to inject programatic
diversity. Culturally speaking, the younger generations are prepared for new oportunities and
are open to regenerative projects. Lastly, a strong and frequently visited historical center acts
as a social node in a regional scale - a social anchor that we can use to add on more attractions.
Weaknesses found are primarily based on the Lack of programatic diversity. Al-
though everyday programs such as cafes and public buildings exist, there is a lack of
contemporary programs to attract youth. These outdated programs such as commerce are
dominated by major city Cooperations. There is no evident economical or social competition.Volumetrically speaking, Incomplete blocks with degregated areas exist. Dispersed residential areas and major attraction sites such as library and castle cause a social dispersion. Stagnent populaton growth as observed in 2011 indicates the beggining
of the decay of the urban center. A further complication is that there are few annual
events that diversify activities that makes the zone less attractive. The lack of infrastructure to hold more events is also applicable, especially when there are many buildings
which are not occupied or are limited economically for future construction or progress.
The abundance of open degregated areas (especially next to the historical center) has
a fault in its urban and programatic density which opens up opportunities for future construction in accordance with the ‘P.D.M.’. Elaborating the existing programs and activities, such
as the medieval fair, may attract more tourism and economy for future developments such as
hotels and commerce. Such types of programatic densification’ would allow for more jobs
and activities to be produced for youth to be more enaged in. An oportunity to comply with
a youthful social trend: establishing a bike/pedestrian link between dispersed residential
49
SOCIAL CONDENSATION
&
programatic diversity
is the
Figure 20: Social Condensation and Programatic Diversity is the Key for Developent
areas and the urban center to promote ideas of permeability and concentrate populational
density, making the city more efficient. Lastly, The historical center has a strong cultural
baseline to develop and expand., and acts as a nodal point for pedestrians, making it a prime
target for intervention to replicate and augment this activity.
We find many threats that have be mentioned prior in the site area: There is an elderly
and unchanging population where by the youth are leaving the town, turning it into a decaying nest; Disconnected urban fragments may result in degragation and decay for the rest
of the city - a virus; The lack of programatic diversity may diminish the attractiveness and
economic power of the urban center in turn reducing the vitality. It is important to note that
the activity on the public streets of a city are used at different times of the day according with
age groups and background. However, it is determined that all space should be used by all
equally and is accessible to all. It has become apparent that a lot of areas are exclusively accesibile or spacially accepted as owned or used by specific groups or archetypes of peoples.
51
Fig. 22 Aerial
Dream Perspective
“PROGRAMATIC LAYERING UPON VACANT TERRAIN TO ENCOURAGE
DYNAMIC COEXISTENCE OFACTIVITIES AND TO GENERATE THROUGH THEIR
INTERFERENCE,UNPRECEDENTED EVENTS”
- CONTENT, MCGETRICK, BRENDAN; KOOLHAAS, REM,
6. A New Paradigm: The Social Condensing People hub
6.1. The Vision
A flexible and adaptable approach is undertaken for this proposal. An open space
infrastructure to enhance and expand the urban network not only volumetrically, but also
spacially. Introducing infrastructure for flexibility, to establish public and private spaces
of diverse program to attract visitors and future residents. The functional aspect behind
the project is its system of customized pillars that allow for easy plug n play style of
spacial planning which is layed out on a guideline for individuals to install and use. The
low cost aspect of the project would allow for easy economical accesibility, to respond to
immediate necessities such as an increase in the commercial/residential/industrial sector
to help bring equilibrium to urban functions. This in turn will enhance the attraction levels
of exisitng and potential nodal points, determined on population flux within the sectorial
scale.
Project Trojan is the result of the study of phenomenology, urban socio-econom-
ics and social politics in architecture and how a small infrastructure can act as an urban
catalyst for development and urban regeneration. This is the modus operandi that we have
today - the use of metaphors. We roll and install our Trojan cube configuration of pillars,
i.e. the vision, up to the gates of Santa Maria da Feira, but they wont allow it to enter.
Instead of doing something hostile, we roll up to the gates with something that is needed
and wanted. This Trojan is the vessel in which we enter into stagnant open urban spaces,
into the constraints of the project. At which point, the infrastructure and the user have the
ability to start interacting and considering what is potentially compatible to put inside that
vessel - instead of delivering spartans, we deliver maidens.
53
Fig. 23 PLA Plastic Maquette 1:200 Aerial Perspective
Fig. 24 PLA Plastic Maquette 1:200 Frontal Perspective
Fig. 25 PLA Plastic Maquette 1:200 Promenade
Perspective
Fig. 26 PLA Plastic Maquette 1:200 Brige Perspective
Fig. 27 PLA Plastic Maquette 1:200 Square Perspective
55
Fig. 28 Montage View of Structure from Public Square
Fig. 29 Montage Street View
Fig. 30 Montage Interior View
Fig. 31 Model 1:1000
57
Fig. 32 Trojan Horse Metaphor
Fig. 33 Reconnecting the Old and Young in a new network.
7. Objectives & Actions
The objectives and actions of the propsal are directly related to the themes
studied and analyzed in the thematic swot anaylsis (Attachment) From a City Objective towards a Building Objective that ranges from the 1:25000 scale to
scale 1:10 identified in the strategy panel (Attachment) and are as follows:
7.1. City Objectives: Network Society
1. Create a new social paradigm between existing space
1.1.A1: Create infrastructured space for varied events and program.
(installation of gas, fiber internet, water, sewage etc.)
1.1.A2: Introduce vertical element for potential visitng users.
1.1.A3: Reconsolidate urban fragments c d and f with new culture centers, transport centers, and flexible public space market flexibility for new investors, devel
opments, & tourism to improve economy.
1.2.A1: Requalify and reattribute urban block a, h, and g with social interactive
programs, shops, bistros, multi use space, gymnasium workshops and public garden open space.
1.2.A2: Construction of a new cultural and social nodal point to attract visitors, and empower local program restructure & redesign urban design to improve areas of social interaction & intersection
1.3.A1: Requalify and redesign roads: Rua Dr. Elisso de Castro, Rua dr. Santos carneiro, Rua da Fogaçeiras towards the east, and Dr. antonio C. Ferreira Soares.
1.3.A2: Renovate and restructure urban public and green spaces: these zones in
clude Largo Dr. Moreira, Largo Camoes, Alameda Roberto Vaz de Oliveira, and the zone around the Castle walls.
59
City Objective: Programatic Diversity
2. Inclusion of contemporary public programs in space and building form to aid with
increasing frequency of activity over distance to help consolidate blocks within the municipal area of santa maria da feira.
2.1.A1: Introduce permanent easy install infrastructure and temporary modules with varied programs for block a, b ,e, h.
2.1.A2: Requality requalify and reattribute urban block a, h, and g with social inter
active program such as commnuity kitchens, food market, cafeterias and Creches.
2.1.A3:Inclusion of zone specific program, zone method to further establish
identity and communication between a group of blocks. i.e. social zone, work zone, government zone green zone. intersecting or overlaying zone
2.2.A1: Increase density of cultural program in blocks A, B and the Piscinas 2.3.A1: Include dynamic cultural node with shoplex, exposition area, cafe, lounge proposing hybrid functions to improve city land use efficiency.
area, bikeshop, bike park
2.3.A2: Requalify and reprogram historic center with contemporary programs to assist cultural theme create new contemporary infrastructure to support
older historic buildings that require vitality and diversity. Augmenting
existing programs to be more attractive and efficient in terms of us
2.4.A1: Reinfrastructure historical and cultural nodal points such as the library and castle with interactive programs and technology to expand digital social network.
Block Objective: Social Condensation
3. Create a new form of interactive public space which invites peoples into its network
connecting peoples in the physical environment:
4.1.A1: Introduce interactive expositions, projections to help divert and arrange visitors and locals 4.1.A2: Redesign public urban space with seating areas, tech features, and
temporary exhibition space instalation of network infrastructure to promote a mixed digital/physical interaction that supports cultural museum.
4.2.A1: Introduce interactive expositions, projections to help divert and arrange 4.2.A2: Redesign public urban space with seating areas, tech features, and
visitors and locals temporary exhibition space
4.2.A3: Reintroduce charging stations, covered seating areas, and internet & mobile connectivity and redesign complimentary public/green space to improve overall ambience and comfort as well as to function as an add on augmented space
4.3.A1: Introduce interactive expositions, projections to help divert and arrange 4.3.A2: Redesign public urban space with seating areas, tech features, and
visitors and locals Temporary exhibition space
4.3.A3: Reintroduce charging stations, covered seating areas, and internet & mobile connectivity
Improving the general quality of the built environment and accessibility between
points of interests:
4.4.A1: Distinguish through texture and material different specified routes for pe
destrian and safe biking routes 4.4.A2: Increase dimension and augment of pedestrian path on Avenida de Doutor Belchior Cardoso Costa and Rua DoutorVitorinho de Sá and repositioning of carparks and automotive accessibility to increase pedestrian flux through historic center increasing interaction in this zone
4.5.A1:Relocation of Carpark Largo das Bailarinas to new Carpark Structure 4.5.A2: Creation of a ‘vertical carpark covered in vegetation off of Rua do
Carvalhao inclusion of programs and services that promote ideals of com
61
munity and coexistance, aiding in integrating the diverse local and visiting population.
4.6.A1: Infrastructure and temporary module planning atLargo das Bailarinas, Pisci
nas, Lago da Pena, Praça Professor Leão.
4.6.A2: Redesign public urban space with infrabox, seating areas, tech features, and temporary exhibition space.
Building Objective: Social Condensor and Connector
5. Implantation of a new cultural node as a ‘meeting and melting’ point to bring all the
cultural and identified popular nodes together:
5.1.A1: Inclusion of varied programs near public space: cyber cafe, bike parking, community kitchen, bistros, thematic pubs.
5.1.A2: Inclusion of varied programs near green space: bike parking, pubs, leisure areas, animal therapy/husbandry, fish farm.
5.1.A3: Inclusion of thematic public spaces to compliment surrounding program,
social/cultural/historic centers
6. Creation of a new infrastructure urban network in support for future developments, assisted by a new cohesive node w/ basic infrastructure (gas, wifi, internet, water, electricity,
zoning.):
6.1.A1: Implement above ground infrastructure into unconsolidated areas such as Avenida de Doutor Belchior Cardoso Costa, Rua Antonio Castro Corte Real
and the zone near the piscinas and lago da pena
7. Outline and highlight the cultural theme (as it has already a positive base and identity in
the town) and develop its success through add on facilities and more diverse activities
7.1.A1: Inclusion of medieval themed social programs such as pubs, cafes, and
resteraunts to increase activitydiversity and augment existing cultural
personality
>1:25000 > integrate
>1:5000 >consolidate
>1:1000 > connect
>1:500 > program
>1:200 > HYBRID ICON
>1:20
> URBAN infra
>1:10
> project trojan
Fig. 34 Archigram No Stop City Reference in Santa Maria da Feira for a Need of Communication
63
8. Strategy
In order to deterine a successfuul proposal that will have an impact on a macro and
micro scale, this investigation explores the possibilities and solutions from scale 1:25,000 to
1:10 and how they correlate with one another and interdependant. Each scale has a specific
type of intervention which has its own specific objectives and ideals with according refernces.
With reference to Archigram and their no stop city, the idea is to have a shock intervention.
A sudden development of a series of projects that work together for the greater goal - reconnecting Santa Maria da Feira into the Cloud Network of the district of Aveiro. The installation such strategies are with the intent that they work as catalysts for urban regeneration.
Project Trojan aims to generate experiences not found in any neighbouring towns. Helping
to increase the current state of demographics by attracting youth, using temporary programatic solutions to increase social activity
A new urban paradigm has called upon for an adaptable solution to revitalizing degregating centers.The call for new needs of contemporary program is imperative for the
survival of cities and towns that have potential. Where there is a loss of direction and disconnections between blocks,
Diversification of activity through program is an idea vital for the survival of a society. This
idea is enforced by increasing users urban permeability and mobility. Allowing exising
hotspots in a city to communicate and thrive together in this way is key.
Designing inclusively, the aim is to use aglomerations of Project Trojan to act as a contagion
on urban spaces acting as place of condesation, as well as a transistor between major hotspots in the city, reconnecting them -hence the importance of permeability and mobility.
Fig. 35 Macro Strategy for Military Airport and Transport Hub
65
The users wander through the urban network, confused. He is looking for protection from
wather conditions, a place to cook, a resting area, a place to meet other wanderers, a workshop (if he is using some kind of mechanical vehicle, for example bike) and a shop to replenish his inventory. Perhaps just a quick snack during his journey.
The mobile society is comprised of users which wander around a town. With this
‘urban trojan’, we can provide contemporary program to direct and attract these wanderers.
Adapting to the hierarchy of needs a wanderer may need and eventually turning the aglomeration into a hybrid structure adapting à la mode
.
1:25000 and 1:5000, the city and the Networked Society begins with a need
for a new method of access An abandoned military airport has allowed for the possibility of reutilizing it as a private as well as small class airport which has direct acess
to Santa Maria da Feira. This would increasethe potetntial of a business district and
tourism for Santa Maria da Feira, aiding in general economic growth and stability.
By bringing attention and accessibility to Santa Maria da Feira’s future changes in
its programatic paradigm and its varied cultural events, there is potential to expand the city
to compete with its neighbouring cities. An increase of attraction calls for a need of socio
economic competition. Given Santa Maria da Feira’s prime location fronting the intersection
of the A1 and the A41, as well as abundant government owned land, public companies may
find that the inclusion of a transport business hub in the indicated zone would improve accessibility as well as act as a(n (indicative) symbol for visitors to recognize the town from afar.
Formally speaking, the requalification of the military airport would allow for a new
dimension of mobility , low cost airplanes, private airplanes, as well as area for a new transport hub are all avalible oportunities . There exists a connecting road tranversally towards
Santa Maria da Feira which also conviniently intersects the major highways. A public transport system can also be implemented to and from the airport and the historic center.
Fig. 36 From Top to Bottom: City Compeition, Temporary and Permanent Interventions, Satelites
Integration, Re Integration of Districts, Stable Distribution of Program.
67
This mall class airport which has direct acess to Santa Maria da Feira. would increase
the potetntial of a business district and tourism for Santa Maria da Feira, aiding in general economic growth and stability for future expansions. The interventions of mentioned business
district and transport hubs allow for the possibility of creating a mobility looped city (Figure).
Given Santa Maria da Feira’s prime location fronting the intersection of the A1 and
the A41, as well as abundant government owned land, public companies may find that the
inclusion of a transport business hub in the indicated zone would improve accessibility as
well as act as an iconic symbol for visitors to recognize the town from afar. A combination
of varied districts promotes an increase of attraction of external population. By bringing
attention and accessibility to Santa Maria da Feira’s future changes in its programatic paradigm and its varied cultural events, there is potential to expand the city to compete with its
neighbouring cities. future expansion as identified in Figure show possible growth zones.
There is potential to expand the city to compete with its neighbouring cities. As seen
below, the major area of gentrification is the historic center, showing its influence. The nodals points function and fluctuate around the historic center (Attachment).From these nodal
points of social activity we suggest a loop link road that connects the nodal points laterally
as shown in the Satelite Integration figure.
1:1000 Connecting Programs and AugmentingSpace. A new bridge network
An infrastructured bridge network would be used adjacent to existing buildings where permitted to create public space within blocks as well as to help individual block s communicate
and compliment one another. A new pedestrian network is born that allows for easy pop up
installations of buildings to adapt to activities or needs.
Infrastructural bridges accompanied with pop-up programs allow for project trojan
to revitalize individual blocks, as well as reduce the distances that exist between social hotspots, allowing for a continuous celebration of the spaces within and around blocks. Hy-
Fig. 37 Initial Sketches of Phases of Proposal, Installation of structure, Infrastructure, and user
Fig. 38 Identified Blocks and Bridge Access Points
69
droponic gardens, pop up shops, start up offices are just some examples of contemporary
attractions that are proposed.
The use of a infrastructured prefabricated system of construction allows for afforda-
ble and easy to apply spacial solutions to adapt to the requirments of contemporary society.
In this case the augmentation of an urban square as well as an existing courthouse. Each
pillar has the potential to sustain 12m2 , or in other words, roughly 4 to 5 people.
Attaching to the backyards of enclosed or unconsolidated blocks. Any block with
more than 30% degregation or more than 60% unused land is considered At this scale, we
understand the connections that can be made with this bridge network. This is done to allow
for more streetlife as well as increase pedestrian permeability in and around the historic
center.
Each bridge follows the same modulation of 4m x 4m, Pavement around these ar-
eas are with 2.2 m x 2.2m poured concrete, which can be relayered with different materials. The Idea behind the bridges is to be easy to install and remove, to adapt and augment existing programs. For example, increasing office space, garages, archive space, etc.
Furthermore at this scale, the hotspots are determined within a sectorial scale, as well
as the potential directions and flux’s of pedestrians through the histroic center. Activities such
as Sports facilities, hospitals, a castle, green areas as well as small commerce can be found,
however there are stagnant zones that are out of scale and without purpose that can aid in
strengthening the urban network. The areas of intervention are then identified (Attachment)
as well as appropriate program that either expands, repurposes, or regenerates its closest program. These programs have the intention of creating a harmony of activites throughout the
day with reference to Le Corbusier and his works on movement and activity to define space.
Fig. 39 Representation of
Project Trojan as a Programatic Connector
Fig. 40 Linework Rendering to Demonstrate Volumetric Density of structure.
Fig. 41 Interior Concept Drawing
71
9. Project Trojan: People Hub
1:500 Permeability & Program in the Network Society, with reference to Sou
Fujimoto and his N-House as well as the ideas of Le Corbusier, is the idea of integrating the ambience and environment of the outside inside is one that can be explored when
coming up with an urban solution. The comfort of shelter, or illusion of it gives a sense of
security, allowing spaces to be more inviting that communicate better with its environment.
The structure itself ‘wraps’ around its urban environment: this symbiotic relationship
may be hostile, but is for the benefit of its neighbours. Project Trojan adapts its program to
enhance the existing courthouse for its future renovations and possible expansion. The proxemics of program zone allow for project trojan to act as a middle man ‘support’ building. The
suppor tcontinues as it acts as a safe place for pedestrians to weave through and gain public
acess around the exisitng empty square. The infrastructure and presence of peoples in the space
allows for it to be a more comfortable public alternative in between different areas of the city.
Due to its large area of intervention and agglomerated large scale, the collec-
tive infrastructure grosses to a size that combines with its neighbouring courthouse.
Appearing almost as a large solid block due to its dynamic perspectives (Figure 41).
This presence and size gives the building not only an iconic image, but allows for a diverse amount of collaborating programs with high usage due to its associating programs.
The curiosity of the form and its multiple entraces and maze like interior nat-
urally brings in curious individuals to explore and move throughout the structure - it is
through the presence and use within the structure, that space is defined. The volatility of
program within structures due to its flexibility and affordability can result in many unexpectant spaces and functions, however it is important to identify the variables that exist within the site to determine its effectiveness and functions in that context (Figure).
Fig. 41 Programatic Flexibility and Volatility.
Fig. 42 Sample of interior plan and use of infrastructure.
73
1:200 The City & The Wanderer A route in the walkable city is not an or-
dinary road. It has to be selected by someone because of some special characteristics. A wandering is a constant process of exiting the shelter and looking for another one. But how do we plan to determine various needs? By using
infrastructure toflexibilize space, adapting quickly and cost effectively for anyone.
Fig. 43 The needs of the Wanderer
By developing a building structure that blends the wandering process into the build-
ing. The structural grid is designed to make the building interior “flow outside” and re integrate and popularize space. The steel structural grid is then reorganized to create better functional disposal. The actual building is added as an urban augmentation, and not necessarily
a definitive building.
Recollection of water through pavements, hydroponic water system reutilizing ex-
isting water ways, hammocks, reading areas, sand pavements - a giant structure, an adult
playground, programatic volatility in a controlled environment. The Canvas roofs and trees
are providing some temporary shelter for wanderers who are not coming inside. (Figure)
(Attachment)
1:20 Contemporary Infrastructure A prefabricated fitting steel I beam system
would allow for easy and affordable installation of this seemingly temporary building that
can be permanent. Its flexibility in application and strength in numbers allow it to support
growth or densification of the grid building. Pillars are fitted with electrical plugs and water
Fig. 44 Structural Axonometry
Fig. 45 Pillar Plan and Identification of components
75
drainage & supply infrastructure when appropriate. Pillars are fitted with small security boxes for emergency or medical kits, general storage, or for tech related uses (e.x.Wireless Routers, Fiber cables, electric boxes, etc.) Beams made for solar panel fitting are also avalible.
Water tubing coupled with the easy sand pavement allows for an effective hydropon-
ic system, with an expelling mist and growth of plants. Each pillar allows for this system,
allowed it to be moved to different zones when needed. Water is recycled and purified naturally to appeal to sustainability trends. Electricity is also produced through the structure via
solar panels.
A new contemporary transportation system would aid in the communication be-
tween different sectors and districts, new electric mini automotive vehicles could be used
in various zones of santa maria da feira and in between towns. Charging stations would
then be required to facilitate the conversion to electric mobiles and tech. (Attachment)
The pillar base itself fucntions as a stool or resting point that has the ability to attach
conviniences such as bycicle parking, hand railing for children, plugs, or even lockers. The
dimensions of which are designed to the comfort and ergonomics of an adult. However,
differences in sand levels can appeal to different heighted peoples. It is important to note
that different areas have different pavements to enhance or diminish existing environmental
ambiances.
1:10 Trojan Pillar - A easy to install prefabricated HEM I beam system (heavy
duty support) allows for various load types. The extension of the foundation ,out of the surface allows it to be a studry support for attaching urban benches and other misc. complementary functions. Reinterpretation of the firstcolumn as a tribute to a new mfoundation of high
tech colums that can be applied anywhere. Mainting character of rigidity, predominance,
varied decorated joints. Such reticular design compliments most of the exisintg modernist
and historical buildings.
Fig. 46 Rendering Representation of Pillar system
Fig. 47 Le Corbusier Sketches from 5 Points of Architecture
77
The formal shape of the pillar system is referred to the layers and structure of clas-
sical columns which inherently are pleasing to the eye. and has great influence in modernist
methods of approach to construction .
9.1. Reference Projects
As a Theoretical Reference: The question of the Social Condesor conse-
quently has allowed for Le Corbusiers Unite D’Habitation and its theoretical basis to be a major conceptual reference.
The constructivist method of thought acco-
mapnied with communication of the building to the external environment and the
communication of the external environment to the internal. How the characteristics of public space can be brough into ‘interior’ space is also put into question in Corbusier’s works.
The functionality in construction terms as well as socially and programatically are
preset according to the needs of the individual or community which translated into project
trojans method of determining program.
The use of a prefabircated system was also adopted with a pillar system, which fur-
ther emphasises the investigation and reference to the russian constructivist avant-gard in
the beggning of the modernist era. This method of thinking is applicable in the constraints
of the site because of its intention of adaptablity, permeability, and community in density.
This fordist method of thinking allows for project trojan to be viable in the eco-
nomical constraints ppresent in the local and national economy. It would make project trojan a more economically viable solution with great social, economic, and cultural impact.
As an Architectonic and Formal reference: Architect Joshua Prince-Ramus pres-
entation of AT&T Performing Arts Center Dee + Charles Wyly Theate (Figure). This project
highlights the use of multi purpose space in a contemporary and borderline experimental
Fig. 48 AT&T Performing Arts Center Dee + Charles Wyly Theate
Exterior (Top), Interior (Bottom)
Fig. 49 AT&T Performing Arts Center Dee + Charles Wyly Theate Diagrams
79
context. Translating the idea of a mutable space in a low cost infrastructure has been proved
to be successful.
The idea behind this particular project overturned the conventional idea of a theater
(the original proposal program) into a mechanized changing theater that could include other
programs. This strategy transforms the building into one big “theater machine.” At the push
of a button, the theater can be transformed into a wide array of configurations including proscenium, thrust, and flat floor—freeing directors and scenic designers to choose the stage-audience configuration that fulfills their artistic desires.
Moreover, the performance chamber is intentionally made of materials that
are not precious in order to encourage alterations; the stage and auditorium surfaces can be cut, drilled, painted, welded, sawed, nailed, glued and stitched at limited cost.
As an Urban Reference: Archigram is referenced for its pop-up intentions and more
agressive approach to the revival and renawl of sleepy towns. The idea of a networked instant city is taken into consideration as a possible solution for urban regeneration. (Figure).
The idea of infiltrating particular locations in the urban network to reconnect or refill spaces
made the question of the impact of program captivating to further understand the potential
of the thoughtful design of space.
As an Aesthetic Reference: Both SAI Playground by Moon Hoon for its simple
method of construction and structural accuracy. The iconic building of the World Health
Organization (WHO) Headquarters complex in Geneva, Switzerland submitted by SANE
Architecture
which draws influuence from symbolic “inteligence, creativity, and per-
serverance” ideas. Cubic structures were used, each possessing various options for horizontal and vertical organization of space prioritizing diversity and easy reconfigurations.
The versatility of the architecture works to promote a dynamic work environment suited to
the future of the organization.
Fig. 50 Archigram No Stop City.
Fig. 50 SAI PlayGround by Moon Hoon
Fig. 52 World Health Organization Proposal, SANE
Architects, Programatic and Formal Diagram
Fig. 53 World Health Organization Proposal, SANE Architects
81
It is here that demonstrates how the structure aglomerated can create density and
have presence in space whilst still retaining an economic and flexible character. The ideas
of development and progress are also interpreted and expressed through the space, which
proves important when designing space, a space that communicates to its users, making it
more inclusive, appealing, and functional.
Fig. 54 World Health Organization Proposal, SANE Architects, Interior Render
Fig. 55 World Health Organization Proposal, SANE Architects, Exterior Perspective
83
Conclusion
The theme of “new paradigms of rehabilitation and dynamics of urban centers”
has allowed for the investigation to explore a contemporary solution of how to revitalize degregating urban centers with flexible and sustainable methods of architecture.
The idea of a single infrastructure to work as a catalyst can function. It brings demographic
and programatic equilibrium to urban centres and can be enforced by the study of the ideals
of phenomenology, socio-economics, urban planning, infrastructure and inclusive design.
Urban centres degenerate due to demographic imblanace due to programatic incom-
patability and dispersion. The demographic imbalance is the result of the lack of, outdated
state, or variation of programs that individuals interact in and around. This has phenomenon
of dispersion and fragmentation of urban centres. After a study of the existing demographics,
and programatic state of an urban centre.
The potential of adaptable architectonic interventions that can compliment, ex-
pand, or augment incompatible exisitng program; we arrive with a low cost infrasturctural proposal be made to improve accesibility, renovate/expand what exists volumetrically and spatially and adapts to contemporary technological and social trends/needs.
The methodology of the investigation through the collection of demograph-
ic data, SWOT Analysis, and Diagnostics allowed us to identify the major issue of urban fragmentation and its social implications. The social condensor appears as a volatile architectonic solution to act as a catalyst to solve the issues of urban degeneration.
Accompanied with the works and theories of Urban Regeneration by Parkinson , Phenomenology with Husserl, Heidegger, Frampton as well as Spatial theories of Le Corbusier, and
Jeff Speck’s Walkable City.
The theme and ideas of urban regeneration, network society, phenomenology, social
condensation and intreaction, and the wanderer were all imperative to aid conceive project
trojan.
The analysis and diagnostics demonstrate the constraints in which the space must
function, and the density of the urban centre acts as a architectonic constraint. The flexibility
of project trojan has brought us towards an adaptable solution that can be applied in multiple
contexts (and so happens to function efficiently in degregading historic centres), however is
thouught for locally, but can be acted upon globally.
85
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