Volume 4, No. 2, 1972 - Borneo Research Council

Volume 4, No. 2, 1972 - Borneo Research Council

BORNEO RESEARCH BULLETIN
Vol. 4. No. 2
Research Notes: These s h o u l d b e c o n c e r n e d w i t h a summary o f
r e s e a r c h on a p a r t i c u l a r s u b j e c t o r g e o g r a p h i c a l a r e a ; t h e
r e s u l t s of r e c e n t r e s e a r c h ; a review of t h e l i t e r a t u r e ; anal y s e s of s t a t e o f r e s e a r c h ; and s o f o r t h .
R e s e a r c h Notes
d i f f e r from o t h e r c o n t r i b u t i o n s i n t h a t t h e m a t e r i a l c o v e r e d
s h o u l d b e based on o r i g i n a l r e s e a r c h o r t h e u s e o f judgement,
e x p e r i e n c e and p e r s o n a l knowledge on t h e p a r t o f t h e a u t h o r
i n t h e preparation of t h e m a t e r i a l s o t h a t an o r i g i n a l conc l u s i o n is reached.
B r i e f Communications: These d i f f e r from t h e f o r e g o i n g i n t h a t
no o r l g i n a l c o n c l u s i o n s a r e drawn n o r a n y d a t a i n c l u d e d b a s e d
on o r i g i n a l r e s e a r c h .
They a l s o d i f f e r i n c o n s i s t i n g p r i m a r i l y
o f a s t a t e m e n t o f r e s e a r c h i n t e n t i o n s o r a sununary o f news,
e i t h e r d e r i v e d from p r i v a t e s o u r c e s o r sumrnarizied f r o m i t e m s
a p p e a r i n g i n 0 t h e r : p l a c e s t h a t may n o t b e r e a d i l y a c c e s s i b l e
t o t h e r e a d e r s o f t h e B u l l e t i n b u t which have an i n t e r e s t and
r e l e v a n c e f o r them.
They w i l l ' be i n c l u d e d w i t h t h e c o n t r i b u t o r ' s
name i n p a r e n t h e s e s f o l l o w i n g t h e i t e m t o i n d i c a t e t h e s o u r c e .
Summaries of news l o n g e r t h a n one o r two p a r a g r a p h s w i l l a p p e a r
w i t h t h e c o n t r i b u t o r ' s name u n d e r t h e t i t l e and p r e f a c e d by
"From. "
Bibliographic Section. A bibliography o f - r e c e n t publications
w i l l appear i n each i s s u e o f t h e B u l l e t i n , and, consequently,
r e p r i n t s o r o t h e r n o t i c e s o f r e c e n t p u b l i c a t i o n s would b e
g r a t e f u l l y r e c e i v e d by t h e E d i t o r .
6
Other I t e m s : P e r s o n a l news, b r i e f summaries o f r e s e a r c h
a c t i v i t i e s , r e c e n t p u b l i c a t i o n s , and o t h e r b r i e f i t e m s w i l l
appear without t h e source s p e c i f i c a l l y indicated.
The E d i t o r
u r g e s t h o s e c b n t r i b u t i n g s u c h news i t e m s t o s e n d them i n t h e
form and s t y l e i n which t h e c o n t r i b u t o r w i s h e s them t o a p p e a r
r a t h e r than leaving t h i s t o t h e d i s c r e t i o n of t h e E d i t o r .
A l l c o n t r i b u t i o n s s h o u l d be s e n t t o t h e E d i t o r , Borneo R e s e a r c h
B u l l e t i n , P h i l l i p s , Maine 04966, U.S.A.
STYLE FOR CONTRIBUTIONS
Please submit a l l c o n t r i b u t i o n s double spaced. Research Notes
and B r i e f Communications s h o u l d be l i m i t e d t o a p p r o x i m a t e l y
e i g h t double-spaced pages.
Footnotes a r e t o be avoided
wherever p o s s i b l e .
Bibliographies should be l i s t e d alphabeti c a l l y by a u t h o r a t t h e end o f c o n t r i b u t i o n s ; a u t h o r s h o u l d
a p p e a r on a s e p a r a t e l i n e , t h e n d a t e , t i t l e o f a r t i c l e , j o u r n a l ,
volume number, and p a g e s .
For books i n c l u d e p l a c e o f p u b l i c a t i o n
and f i n a l l y p u b l i s h e r .
R e f e r e n c e s i n ' t h e body o f c o n t r i b u t i o n s
s h o u l d be c i t e d by a u t h o r ' s l a s t name-; d a t e , and p a g e numbers
a s follows:
(Smith 1950:36-41).
For p u n c t u a t i o n a n d c a p i t a l i z a t i o n r e f e r t o Bibliographic Section.
December, 1972
N o t e s from t h e E d i t o r :
Contributions Received; Replies
t o Problems R a i s e d by t h e E d i t o r ; New P u b l i c a t i o n
Schedule.
.............................................
Research Notes
A Note on S e l a k o S o c i a l O r g a n i z a t i o n .
..................
.................................Wi
l l i a m M. S c h n e i d e r
Bajau Communities i n S o u t h e a s t e r n S u l a w e s i , I n d o n e s i a
A r l o Nimmo
J o s e p h i n e B o e n i s c h Burrough
Tayus i n Sabah
The Borneo O r a n g - u t a n
David Agee H o r r
.........................................
..............
...................
B r i e f Communications
......
N o t e s From t h e B r u n e i Museum...
P. M. S h a r i f f u d d i n
Museum News and R e s e a r c h Notes From B o r n e o . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.........,..............................Tom
Harrisson
C o n t e n t s o f Dr. F r i d o l i n U k u r ' s D i s s e r t a t i o n e n t i t l e d
Djawab Suku Dajak ( C h a l l e n g e R e s p o n s e - E t h n i c Dayaks)
.........................................F.
.L. Cooley
A c t i v i t i e s of t h e Agro Economic S u r v e y i n K a l l m a n t a n
...................................Wi
l l i L. Collier
D e l f t E t h n o g r a p h i c Museum: S p e c i a l Borneo E x h i b i t i o n ,
1973 ....................................Tom
Harrisson
News and Announcements
~ p p o i n t m d n t s i n t h e Department o f A n t h r o p o l o g y and
Sociology, Research School o f P a c i f i c S t u d i e s ,
Australian National University
C o n t e n t s L i s t o f Two F o r t h c o m i n g I s s u e s o f t h e
Societ Journal.....................................
A ~ a t a l o ; o f Programs i n S o u t h e a s t A s i a S t u d i e s . . . . . . .
.......................
Sabah
53
.
54
55
B b r n i o News
Book Reviews. A b s t r a c t s , and B j
....
C r a i n : 'The Lun Dayeh o f S a b a h ,, E a s t Ma
o f M a r r i a g e and S o c i a l Exchange ( ~ 0 5 ~
Han: A S t u d y of t h e O c c u p a t i o n a l P n t t e r r ~ sanu J O C J
aysia
I n t e r a c t i o n of O v e r s e a s C h i n e s e i n S R
(Abstract)..
Bibliography
CIJ
........
........
..........
Borneo R e s e a r c h C o u n c i ~
........
JIJ
lnforrnation
I n r ~ ~ ~ ~ k l64~ u r s
;It
.
-
Names mentioned i n t h e News S e c t i o n and o t h e r u n c r e d i t e d cont r i b u t i o n s w i l l b e c a p i t a l i z e d and u n d e r l i n e d .
The Borneo R e s e a r c h B u l l e t i n i s p u b l i s tled t w i c e y e a r l y (Junc
l l'lrasr
and December by t h e Borneo Rese .a r.c h. Ct~ ur -n _c i....
I.
a d d r e s s a l l i n q u i r i e s and c o n t r i o u r ~ o n s I U L 1 . u u lPl ch; ii li j111,:
n n to
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G. N. A p p e l l , E d i t o r , Borneo Research I
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Maine 04966, U.S.A.
.
.
NOTES FROM THE EDITOR
C o n t r i b u t i o n s R e c e i v e d . Without t h e many i n d i v i d u a l c o n t r i b u t i o n s made, i t would b e i m p o s s i b l e t o c o n t i n u e p u b l i s h i n g
t h e BRB. I would l i k e t o e x p r e s s my d e e p e s t a p p r e c i a t i o n and
t h a n k s t o t h e f o l l o w i n g i n d i v i d u a l s who have made s i g n i f i c a n t
c o n t r i b u t i o n s s i n c e t h e l a s t i s s u e o f t h e BRB: D. E. Brown;
J. Cobbe; W. L , C o l l i e r ; C. C r i s s w e l l ; 0. = r i n g ;
F. Dunn;
G e o r g i a - P a c i f i c Corp.; B. G. G r i j p s t r a ; R. P r i n g l e ; B. W.
S a n d i l a n d s ; W. M. S c h n e i d e r ; M. Singarimbun.
R e p l i e s t o P i* o b l e m s h
t h e Edi t o r . I n t h e l a s t i s s u e +
t h e BRB t jle E d i t o r
s e v e r a l problems w i t h r e g a r d t o
t h e p u b E a t jLon o f tble L\KU! p a r r l c u l a r l y w i t h r e g a r d t o f i n d i n g f u n d s t o conLlnue p m l c a t i o n , and a s k e d f o r g u i d a n c e from
t h e F e l l o w s and r e a d e r s . I would l i k e t o e x p r e s s my d e e p
a p p r e c i a t i o n t o t h o s e who have t a k e n t h e t i m e and t h o u g h t t o
w r i t e me t o o f f e r t h e i r s u p p o r t and g i v e h e l p f u l s u g g e s t i o n s :
F. L. Dunn; J . D. Freeman; Lord Medway; G. Rixhon; S. M o r r i s ;
3 . Rousseau;
; W. Schn e i d e r ; J. 0. S u t t e r ;
E. M. Unlenbc
New P u b l i o a t i o n a c n e a
i s i s s u e i. s t..n e l a s t one t h a t w i l l
be p u b l i s h e d on t h e o l d J u n e and December s c h e d u l e . S t a r t i n g
w i t h Volume 5, 1973, t h e BRB w i l l b e p u b l i s h e d i n A p r i l and
September e a c h y e a r . ~ h i s a n g ewas n e c e s s i t a t e d by a number
o f f a c t o r s , b u t p a r t i c u l a r l y b e c a u s e o f t h e l a r g e number o f
r e q u e s t s f r o m i n s t i t u t i o n a l s u b s c r i b e r s a s t o t h e s t a t u s of
t h e i r s u b s c r i l f t i o n . The d e l a y t i m e o f s i x months from t h e
s t a r t o f t h e y e a r t o t h e pub1 i c a t i o n of t h e f i r s t i s s u e f o r
t h a t y e a r a p p a r e n t l y was c a u s i n g some c o n f u s i o n i n t h e s e
quarters.
BORNEO RESEARCH
.
. was Eoundea i n 1908 and i t s memberThe Borneo R e s e a r c h Council
s h i p c o n s i s t s . o f F e l l o w s , an i n t e r n a t i o n a l group o f s c h o l a r s
who a r e p r o f e s s 2 u n a l l y engaged i n r e s e a r c h i n Borneo. The
o a l s o f t h e C o u n c i l a r e ( 1 ) t o promote s c i e n t i f i c r e s e a r c h i n
t h e s o c i a l , b i o l o g i c a l , and m e d i c a l s c l e n c e s i n Borneo; ( 2 ) t o
P e r m i t t h e r e s e a r c h community, i n t e r e s t e d Borneo government
d e p a r t m e n t s and o t h e r s t o k e e p a b r e a s t o f ongoing r e s e a r c h and
i t s r e s u l t s ; ( 3 ) t o s e r v e a s a v e h i c l e f o r drawing a t t e n t i o n
t o u r g e n t r e s e a r c h p r o b l e m s ; ( 4 ) t o c o o r d i n a t e t h e f l o w of
i n f o r m a t i o n on Borneo r e s e a r c h a r i s i n g from many d i v e r s e
s o u r c e s ; (5) t o d i s s e m i n a t e r a p i d l y tli e i n i t i ri l r e s u l t s o f
r e s e a r c h a c t i v i t y ; a n d ( 6 ) t o f a c i l i t is t e r e s e : i r c h by r e p o r t l n g on c u r r e n t c o n d i t i o n s . The f u n c t i o n s o f 1:he C o u n c i l a l s o
i n c l u d e p r o v i d i n g c o u n s e l and a s s i s t a r I c e t o rc: s e a r c h e n d e a v o r s ,
c o n s e r v a t i o n a c t i v i t i e s , and t h e p r d t- l. c a ~a u o l i c a t i o n o f
research r e s u l t s .
.
Support f o r t h e a c t i v i t i e s o f t h e Coul
s from s u b s c r i p t i o n s t o t h e Borneo R e s e a r c h B u l l e t i n , .----..jhip
f e e s , and
c o n t r i b u t i o n s . C o n t r i b u t i o n s have played a s i g n i f i c a n t p a r t
i n t h e s u p p o r t o f t h e C o u n c i l , and t h e y a r e a l w a y s welcome.
(Con t in^
R E S E A R C H
N O T E S
A NOTE ON SELAKO SOCIAL ORGANIZATION
Wi1,Liam M. S c h n e i d e r
U n i v e r s i t y o f Arkansas
The s o c i a l o r g a n i z a t i o n o f v i l l a g e s and l o n g - h o u s e c o m m u n i t i e s
was t h e f o c u s o f r e s e a r c h c a r r i e d o u t among t h e S e l a k o Dayaks
o f h L u n d u D i s t r i c t i n t h e F i r s t D i v i s i o n o f Sarawak. The f i e l d
s t u d y i n v o l v e d s i x t e e n months o f a c t u a l r e s i d e n c e among t h e
Selako c a r r i e d o u t over a p e r i o d o f twenty-one-months from t h e
end o f O c t o b e r , 1969, u n t i l m i d - J u l y , 1 9 7 1 . Some r e s e a r c h was
c o n d u c t e d a t t h e Sarawak Museum i n Kuching."
The p e r i o d o f
reference i n t h e following d e s c r i p t i o n is p r i o r t o the Japanese
O c c u p a t i o n which commenced i n 1942 u n l e s s o t h e r w i s e s t a t e d .
Most.of t h e s o c i a l s t r u c t u r e p r e s e n t e d r e m a i n s i m p o r t a n t t o d a y .
S e l a k o v i l l a g e s a r e composed o f from one t o t h r e e l a r g e l o n g h o u s e s ( f i v e t o t w e n t y d o o r s ) , s e v e r a l s m a l l e r l o n g - h o u s e s and
a number o f s i n g l e f a m i l y h o u s e s . R e s i d e n c e i n s i n g l e - f a m i l y
houses i s n o t simply a r e c e n t development e v i d e n c i n g t h e decay
of the long-house a s a s o c i a l i n s t i t u t i o n . I t i s r a t h e r a r e c u r r i n g p a r t o f t h e d o m e s t i c and p o l i t i c a l c y c l e o f t h e S e l a k o and
h a s been s u c h f o r a t l e a s t t h e p a s t c e n t u r y . From t h e p e r s p e c t i v e of the i n d i v i d u a l household a s i n g l e - f a m i l y d w e l l i n g i s a
t e m p o r a r y e x p e d i e n t , a h i a t u s between t h e d i s i n t e g r a t i o n o f a n
o l d l o n g - h o u s e and t h e b u i l d i n g o f a new d w e l l i n g o n t o a new
long-house.
S e l a k o have f o u r t y p e s of g r o u p s which s e r v e i m p o r t a n t s o c i a l
and r i t u a l f u n c t i o n s : t h e b i i k f a m i l y , a c o r p o r a t e g r o u p r e p r e s e n t e d a t any one p o i n t i n
by t h e h o u s e h o l d ; c o r p o r a t e
a m b i l i n e a g e s which h a v e r i g h t s i n some d r y r i c e l a n d ; t h e l o n g house which d u r i n g i t s l i f e s p a n o f a g e n e r a t i o n o r s o p e r f o r m s
i m p o r t a n t s o c i a l and r i t u a l f u n c t i o n s ; and t h e v i l l a g e , a
c o r p o r a t e u n i t c a r r y i n g o u t many i m p o r t a n t f u n c t i o n s . The
b i l a t e r a l k i n d r e d p r o v i d e s a p o o l o f p e r s o n s from which
r e l a t i v e l y impermanent t a s k g r o u p s a r e c o n s t a n t l y b e i n g drawn.
The b i i k f a m i l y ( s e e Freeman 1970 f o r a c o g n a t e g r o u p among t h e
1ban)
c o n c e p t u a l i z e d by S e l a k o a s a t h r e e - g e n e r a t i o n s t e m
family, h o l d i n g r i g h t s i n items o f p e r s o n a l p r o p e r t y such a s
j a r s , s p e c i a l s t r a i n s o f r i c e , j e w e l r y and f r u i t t r e e s , a s w e l l
a s household r i t u a l passed i n t h e female l i n e . M a r i t a l r e s i d e n c e
i s i n t h e o r y u x o r i l o c a l , and t h u s t h e b i i k f a m i l y i s t h e o r e t i c a l l y
m a t r i l i n e a l . However, v i r i l o c a l m a r r i a g e r e s i d e n c e i s n i t
uncommon among p o l i t i c a l l y a c t i v e f a m i l i e s . Only one m a r r i e d
c h i l d r e m a i n s p e r m a n e n t l y a member o f t h e b i i k f a m i l y - i n t o which
he o r s h e i s b o r n , and t h u s new b i i k f a m i l i e s a r e c o n t i n u a l l y
b e i n g c r e a t e d . The biik f a m i l y m
e subsistence u n i t of Selako
s o c i e t y and a l s o b e a r s most o f t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r c h i l d
rearing.
+ T h i s r e s e a r c h was s p o n s o r e d by t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f N o r t h C a r o l i n a
a t Chapel H i l l and t h e Sarawak Museum w i t h f u n d i n g p r o v i d e d by t h e
N a t i o n a l S c i e n c e F o u n d a t i o n , U.S.A.
A p a r t i c u l a r l o n g - h o u s e i s b e s t c o n c e i v e d from t h e u e r s u e c t i v e
which, i f h e i s o t h e r w i s e q u a l i f i e d by p e r s o n a l i t y , r e s u l t s i n
p o l i t i c a l p6Wef and t h e a c q u i s i t i o n o f o f f i c e . T h i s i s by n o
means a n economic a r i s t o c r a c y a s t h e r e i s l i t t l e d i s t i n c t i o n i n
l i f e s t y l e s among S e l a k o .
-
of t h e b i i k family ( a "perpetual" u n i t ) a s a temporary grouping
o f b i i k T i G i i l i e s l i n k e d by t i e s o f a f f i n i t y and c o n s a n g u i n i t y
in
g e n e r a t i o n . . However, t e m p o r a r y a s t h e l o n g - h o u s e may
.
be, i t p e r f o r m s many v i t a l community f u n c t i o n s . p a r t i c u l a r .
long-houses a r e ephemeral, b u t t h e long-house i n s t i t u t i o n i t s e l f i s c e n t r a l t o t h e s t r u c t u r e of t h e s o c i e t y .
~
~
The S e l a k o v i l l a g e i s a c o r p o r a t e u n i t which c a r r i e s o u t many p o -
l i t i c a l , r i t u a l , and t o d a y , economic f u n c t i o n s . V i l l a g e s e x e r c i s e
e x c l u s i v e r i g h t s t o a bounded a r e a o f v i r g i n and c l e a r e d l a n d .
C e r t a i n l a n d s ( t h e g r a v e y a r d , o t h e r r i t u a l s i t e s , and p a t h s ) a r e
h e l d by t h e v i l l a g e r a t h e r t h a n i n d i v i d u a l s , h o u s e h o l d s o r
a m b i l i n e a g e s . The wet r i c e l a n d and i t s i r r i g a t i o n works
which have r e c e n t l y been d e v e l o p e d w i t h M a l a y s i a n government,
a s s i s t a n c e , a r e owned by a c o r p o r a t i o n w h i c h i n membership and
leadership is v i r t u a l l y i d e n t i c a l with t h e v i l l a g e ( t h i s l a s t r e S e l a k o i n t e r a c t w i t h t h e Sarawak and Malayf e r s ' t o Kampong Pueh).
s i a n governments p r i m a r i l y t h r o u g h t h e v i l l a g e and i t s o f f i c e r s .
A long-house i s a p o l i t i c a l and r i t u a l u n i t a s w e l l a s a r e s i d e n t i a l u n i t . I t a l s o s e r v e s some economic f u n c t i o n s . Longhouses c o a l e s c e around a g r o u p o f c l o s e l y r e l a t e d h o u s e h o l d s i n
t h e p r o c e s s o f a c q u i r i n g p o l i t i c a l power and o f f i c e . T h i s
'
c o a l e s c e n c e i s a v i s i b l e e v i d e n c e and n e c e s s a r y p a r t o f t h e
a c q u i s i t i o n o f v i l l a g e power and o f f i c e . Each l o n e - h o u s e h a s
i t s t u h a rumah, "house e l d e r , " who s e t t l e s i n t e r n a i p r o b l e m s ,
r e p r e s e n t s l o n g - h o u s e i n v i l l a g e c o u n c i l s and i s t h e l o c a l
ritual authority.
.
The i d e n t i t y o f p a r t i c u l a r l o n g - h o u s e s a s s o c i a l u n i t s i s
e x p l i c i t l y marked i n r i t u a l t e r m s e v e r y t i m e a d o m e s t i c p i g i s
k i l l e d , a s w e l l a s i n t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n and c e l e b r a t i o n o f c e r t a i n
f e s t i v a l s . C a l e n d r i c a l f e s t i v a l s a r e c e l e b r a t e d by i n d i v i d u a l
households, b u t a l l t h e households w i t h i n a long-house c e l e b r a t e
a g i v e n f e a s t on t h e same d a y , a d a y e x p l i c i t l y s c h e d u l e d t o be
d i f f e r e n t from t h e f e z d a y o f o t h e r l o n g - h o u s e s i n t h e v i l l a g e .
Much t h e same i s t r u e o f l i f e - c y c l e f e s t i v a l s . Thus, i n 1970,
a l l the households ( t h r e e ) w i t h i n a s i n g l e long-house c e l e b r a t i n g t h e e a r - p i e r c i n g 5 o f p r e - p u b e s c e n t g i r l s c e l e b r a t e d on t h e
same day. O t h e r e a r - p i e r c i n g s w e r e c a r r i e d o u t on a d i f f e r e n t
d a t e i n a n ~ t h e r ~ l o n g - h o u s ien t h e same v i l l a g e .
Some a c t i v i t i e s t o do w i t h t h e c u l t i v a t i o n o f r i c e a r e c u s t o m a r i l y c a r r i e d o u t by c o o p e r a t i v e l a b o r u n i t s drawn from a number
of d i f f e r e n t h o u s e h o l d s . These u n i t s a r e u s u a l l y drawn f r o m
w i t h i n a s i n g l e long-house.
Only a few S e l a k o h o u s e h o l d s b e l o n g t o an e f f e c t i v e l a n d - h o l d i n g
a m b i l i n e a g e , b u t t h i s i n s t i t u t i o n i s o f economic and p o l i t i c a l
importance f o r a l l . A l l t h e d e s c e n d a n t s o f t h e p e r s o n who f i r s t
c l e a r s r i c e l a n d own i n common p r i o r u s e r i g h t s i n t h a t l a n d .
p r o v i d e d t h a t t h e l a n d i s n o t o t h e r w i s e d i s p o s e d o f by t h e
o r i g i n a l c l e a r e r , ' - o r d i v i d e d by m u t u a l agreement among h i s
heirs.
I n most c a s e s t h e l a n d i s s p l i t up. A few f a m i l i e s ,
however, have made a c o n s c i o u s e f f o r t o v e r s e v e r a l g e n e r a t i o n s
t o c l e a r a g r e a t d e a l o f new l a n d and t o k e e p t h i s l a n d i n t a c t
as an undivided resource. T h i s land i s t h u s a v a i l a b l e t o a l l
t h e d e s c e n d a n t s o f t h e o r i g i n a l c l e a r e r s , a n d , more i m p o r t a n t l y
f o r p o l i t i c a l purposes, provides a pool of secondary jungle
(much e a s i e r t o c l e a r t h a n p r i m a r y o r v i r g i n f o r e s t ) which
o t h e r s may p l a n t w i t h t h e p e r m i s s i o n o f t h o s e who c o n t r o l t h e
land, subject t o the p r i o r r i g h t s o f a c t u a l descendants of t h e
clearer. Control, o r r i g h t s of d i s p o s i t i o n of the land, r e s t s
i n t h e s e n i o r male i n t h e s e n i o r l i n e - o f d e s c e n t f r o m t h e
original clearer.
I t i s t h i s i n d i v i d i i a l who i n c r e a s e s t h e p o o l
o f l a n d e v e r y g e n e r a t i o n by c l e a r i n g new l a n d , c o n t r o l o v e r
which w i l l e v e n t u a l l y p a s s t o h i s e l d e s t s o n t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e
other ambilineage lands.
The r e s u l t o f t h i s p r o c e s s i s t o c r e a t e an h e r e d i t a r y , p o l i t i c a l
a r i s t o c r a c y of s o r t s . The key i n d i v i d u a l i n t h e a m b i l i n e a g e i s
e n a b l e d t o b u i l d up a g r e a t d e a l o f s o c i a l c r e d i t i n t h e v i l l a g e
I
There a r e e i g h t r i t u a l l y d e f i n e d v i l l a g e - w i d e o f f i c e s i n a
v i l l a g e ' w i t h a f u l l complement o f o f f i c e s . The b i n u a o r i n t e r n a l
c h i e f i s r i t u a l l y d e f i n e d a s t h e h i g h e s t o f f i c e r . He i s c h a r g e d
w i t h t h e management o f a l l v i l l a g e a c t i v i t i e s , o r g a n i z a t i o n and
direction of v i l l a g e cooperative labor p r o j e c t s , t h e sponsorship
of c e r t a i n i m p o r t a n t r i t u a l s , and i s , i n a v e r y l i m i t e d s e n s e ,
t h e v i l l a g e e x e c u t i v e . The number two p o s t i s t h e t u h a kam o n
c h a r g e d w i t h t h e s p i r i t u a l w e l l - b e i n g o f t h e vil1ag-e
1s t e
The number t h r e e p o s i t i o n i s t h e tuba
chief j u d i c i a l o f f i c e r .
b a i a t n who i s t h e p r i m a r y a c t o r and t h e d i r e c t o r i n t h e most
i m p o r t a n t S e l a k o c u r i n g , f u n e r a r y and p o l i t i c a l r i t e , a p e r f o r m a n c e , r e q u i r i n g t h e p a r t i c i p a t i o n o f most o f t h e v i l l a g e f o r
a p e r i o d o f t h i r t y - s i x h o u r s and i n v o l v i n g a v e r y d a n g e r o u s t r i p
t o t h e . s p i r i t w o r l d by t h e t u h a b a i a t n . Tuha l a u t c o n d u c t s t h e
r e l a t i o n s o f t h e v i l l a g e t o t h e S t a t e Government and i t s r e p f e s e n t a t i v e s . T h i s o f f i c e r i s t h e government t u a kampong and i n
actual f a c t is the senior o f f i c e r i n the v i l l a g e .
4.
1
The'four remaining v i l l a g e o f f i c e s a r e p r i m a r i l y o f r i t u a l
s i g n i f i c a n c e . The b i d a n i s t h e m i d w i f e . Tukan s u n a t i s t h e
r i t i u a l c i r c u m c i s o r =(ZFGally s u p a r i n c i s o r ) + a r
t h e b l a c k s m i t h and an a r a h uma c o n d u c t s r i t u d S i : h e
h e a l t h of t h e r i c e
!hk-
I
!
I
1
There a r e a p p r o x i m a t e l y t w e n t y S e l a k o v i l l a g e s i n Lundu D i s t r i c t
and i n t h e c o n t i g u o u s a r e a o f West K a l i m a n t a n ( v i l l a g e d e f i n e d
a s a r e s i d e n t i a l u n i t w i t h t u h a k a m p o F g ) . . Each V i l l a g e c o m p r i s e s
s e v e r a l s u b - u n i t s o f l o n g - h o u s e s o r t e l r i n c r e a s i n g l y common
modern e q u i v a l e n t , h a m l e t s , and a number o f s c a t t e r e d s i n g l e f a m i 3 y , h o u s e s . The Sarawak S e l a k o p o p u l a t i o n . n u m b e r e d 4207
a c c o r d i n g t o t h e 1970 government c e n s u s . The number o f I n s b n e s i a n
S e l a k o - i s p r o b a b l y on t h e same o r d e r .
The S e l a k o a r e s p l i t i n t o two " a d a t g r o u p s " w i t h s m a l l r i t u a l b u t
l a r g e p o l i t i c a l d i f f e r e n c e s . Each v i l l a g e c o m p r i s e s members of
b o t h g r o u p s b u t is t r a d i t i o n a l l y c o n t r o l l e d by one. These a r e
of small significance today b u t i n mythic times probably represented t h e p o l i t i c a l u n i t s i n a tenuous confederacy ( t h e r e were
a t one t i m e n i n e o f t h e s e g r o u p s ) .
I n r e c e n t y e a r s changes have occurred i n t h e s u b s i s t e n c e system
and t h e e x t e r n a l p o l i t i c a l c o n t e x t which h a v e had and w i l l c o n t i n u e t o have i m p o r t a n t e f f e c t s on S e l a k o s o c i e t y . The change.
from d r y r i c e t o c u l t i v a t i o n o f i r r i g a t e d w e t r i c e n e g a t e s t h e
rrrancc OT ~ J l c arnlllllneage. Lasf1 c r o p p l n g 1 5 e f f e c t i n g t h e
i t ) ' n ~ ~i l di t ~ n s i t yo f c e r t a i n s o c i a l t l e s : t h e h o u s e h o l d
n economic b n i t a p p e a r s t o be i n c ~ e a s i n gi n i m p o r t a n c e and
t h e e x t r a - h o u s e h o l d l i n k s embodied i n t r a d i t i o n a l c o o p e r a t i v e
l a b o r and i n l o n g - h o u s e g r o u p i n g s may be d e c r e a s i n g i n import a n c e . Hamlets o f s i n g l e f a m i l y d w e l l i n g s a r e r e p l a c i n g l o n g houses. T i e s t o s t a t e and n a t i o n a l government a r e a l s o
e x e r t i n g s t r u c t u r a l p r e s s u r e a t t h e v i l l a g e l e v e l . New s o c i a l
groups and r o l e s have a p p e a r e d : c o m m i t t e e s t o h a n d l e t h e
i r r i g a t e d r i c e scheme and o t h e r a g r i c u l t u r a l c o o p e r a t i v e s
under government s p o n s o r s h i p ; v i l l a g e - w i d e c o o p e r a t i v e l a b o r
b a t t a l i o n s ; committee c h a i r m e n ; s c h o o l t e a c h e r s ; p o l i c e m e n .
'
S i m u l t a n e o u s l y some t r a d i t i o n a l r o l e s and g r o u p s a r e b e i n g
drained of t h e i r importance.
The t u h a b a i a t n h a s c o m p e t i t i o n
from t h e government d r e s s e r .
I m p o r t a n t w i a l functions are
handled by government o f f i c i a l s r a t h e r t h a n w i t h i n t h e v i l l a g e .
School t e a c h e r s compete w i t h p a r e n t s f o r i n f l u e n c e o v e r c h i l d r e n .
1
I
B i b Z i o ra h :
Freeman, Derek, 1 9 7 0 , R e p o r t on t h e I b a n , London,
xZid%2s.
BAJAU COMMUNITIES IN SOUTHEASTERN SULAWESI, INDONESIA
H . A r l o Nimmo
C a l i f o r n i a S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , Hayward
C . A . S a t h e r r e p o r t s i n t h e Borneo R e s e a r c h B u l l e t i n ( J u n e ,
1971) t h e e x i s t e n c e o f B a j a u v i l l a g e s i n t h e L e s s e r Sunda
I s l a n d s , s p e c i f i c a l l y the i s l a n d of Roti. T h i s n o t e i s intended
t o add a d d i t i o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n on B a j a u communities o f t h a t
general area.
During my s e c o n d f i e l d t r i p among t h e Bajau o f s o u t h e r n S u l u
(1965-67), I w r o t e t o S i s t e r M. P a u l i n e Benden. o f t h e M e d i c a l
Mission S i s t e r s a t Makassar, t o i n q u i r e about t h e p o s s i b l e
existence of boat-dwelling people i n t h a t p a r t of Sulawesi.
She k i n d l y e x t e n d e d t h e i n q u i r y t o s t u d e n t s i n h e r h o s p i t a l
c l a s s e s and l e a r n e d t h a t b o a t - d w e l l i n g p e o p l e s , known l o c a l l y
a s Orang Badjo,*.clre found o f f t h e s o u t h e a s t e r n c o a s t o f
S u l a w e s i n e a r t h e i s l a n d s o f Butung, Bone, S a l a j a r , and Muna.
These b o a t - d w e l l e r s a r e p r i m a r i l y f i s h e r m e n who t r a d e t h e i r
f i s h f o r the a g r i c u l t u r a l produce of t h e land-dwelling peoples.
They speak a l a n g u a g e d i s t i n c t from t h a t o f t h e l a n d - d w e l l e r s ,
but they a r e f r e q u e n t l y b i l i n g u a l s i n c e t h e land languages
a r e t h e l i n g u a f r a n c a i n t h e a r e a s where t h e y a r e f o u n d . They
a r e g e n e r a l l y t a l l e r and b i g g e r t h a n t h e n e i g h b o r i n g S u l a w e s i
p e o p l e s , have d a r k e r s k i n ( p r o b a b l y s u n - d a r k e n e d ) , and t h e i r
h a i r i s f r e q u e n t l y "yellow o r a b i t red" (probably sun-bleached)
M a r r i a g e i s u s u a l l y endogamous, and t h e y h a v e low s t a t u s among
the land-dwellers.
Virtually a l l of t h i s b r i e f description
a l s o p e r t a i n s t o t h e boat-dwelling Bajau of southern Sulu.
S i s t e r Benden r e p o r t s two l o c a l s t o r i e s a b o u t t h e B a j a u which
a r e a l s o w i d e s p r e a d i n s o u t h e r n S u l u . The f i r s t c l a i m s t h a t
i f t h e b o a t - d w e l l e r s go t o l a n d , t h e y become i l l b e c a u s e t h e y
a r e accustomed t o l i v i n g o n l y on t h e s e a . The s e c o n d m a i n t a i n s
t h a t a s soon a s a Bajau i n f a n t i s b o r n , i t i s thrown i n t o t h e
s e a by i t s p a r e n t s .
I f the c h i l d f l o a t s , i t i s rescued; i f t h e
c h i l d s i n k s , i t i s a l l o w e d t o drown s i n c e i t would o t h e r w i s e
bring misfortune t o t h e family.
Both s t o r i e s a r e u n t r u e i n
S u l u , and I s u s p e c t a l s o i n S u l a w e s i . A l o c a l l e g e n d r e c o u n t e d
by S i s t e r Benden c l a i m s t h a t a l l t h e B a j a u o n c e l i v e d a t a p l a c e
c a l l e d B a d j o e n e a r Bone, b u t b e c a u s e o f a war i n t h a t a r e a t h e y
f l e d a l o n g t h e S ~ l a w e s ic o a s t s where t h e y a r e p r e s e n t l y f o u n d .
T h e i r name s t i l l r e f l e c t s t h e i r p l a c e o f o r i g i n .
These B a j a u c o m m u n i t i e s a r e c o n s i d e r a b l y n o r t h o f t h o s e r e p o r t e d
by S a t h e r , b u t a d d i t i o n a l knowledge o f t h e e t h n o g r a p h y o f t h e
i n t e r v e n i n g i s l a n d s may r e v e a l f u r t h e r l i n k s i n t h e c h a i n o f
Bajau d i s t r i b u t i o n throughout i n s u l a r S o u t h e a s t Asia.
TAMUS IN SABAH
b
J o s e p h i n e B o e n i s c h Burrough
Sabah h a s an i n t e r e s t i n g i n d i g e n o u s s y s t e m o f p e r i o d i c m a r k e t s ,
o r t a m u s , h e l d a t more o r l e s s r e g u l a r i n t e r v a l s , p a r t i c u l a r l y
a l o n g e w e s t c o a s t . Very l i t t l e work h a s b e e n done on t h e
h i s t o r y and modern a s p e c t s o f t h e s e tamus and I am c u r r e n t l y
engaged i n a r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t which d v e s p r o d u c i n g a map
showing where tamus a r e h e l d t o d a y and d e s c r i b i n g t h e d i f f e r e n t
t y p e s o f tamu t h a t a r e found i n Sabah. I n a d d i t i o n , w i t h t h e
h e l p o f local s c h o o l c h i l d r e n I h a v e c o n d u c t e d two s u r v e y s o f
t h e v e n d o r s a t T u a r a n and Kota Belud tamus. The d a t a o b t a i n e d
have s o f a r p r o v i d e d i n t e r e s t i n g i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e r a n g e o f
goods s o l d , t h e e t h n i c g r o u p s s e l l i n g a t t h e tamu, t h e d i s t a n c e
t h e v e n d o r s t r a v e l t o t h e tamu, how o f t e n t h e y m e t o s e l l a n d ,
f o r t h e Tuaran sample, t h e x e o f t r a n s p o r t used t o reach t h e
t h e d a y on which t h e v e n d o r r e a c h e s t h e
and t h e
s o u r c e o f t h e goods s o l d .
m,
=,
L i t e r a t u r e c o n c e r n i n g tamus
R e f e r e n c e s t o tamus i n t h e g e n e r a l l i t e r a t u r e on N o r t h Borneo
and Sabah a r e f e w n d f a r between and a s e a r c h i n t h e S t a t e
C e n t r a l A r c h i v e s h a s n o t p r o d u c e d a n y a d d i t i o n a l m a t e r i a l . Of
t h e r e f e r e n c e s c i t e d i n t h e a t t a c h e d b i b l i o g r a p h y , t h e works by
Evans, R u t t e r , and Glyn J o n e s h a v e p r o v e d t h e most u s e f u l .
Both Evans (1923:129-133) and R u t t e r (1929:132-134) g i v e
v a l u a b l e i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t t h e tamus a r o u n d T u a r a n and Kota
h a s a good a c c o u n t o f t h e
B e l u d , w h i l e Glyn J o n e s (1953:stamus a r o u n d Penampang.
Mapping t h e p r e s e n t d a y tamus
At t h e t i m e o f w r i t i n g , , I am s t i l l a w a i t i n g i n f o r m a t i o n - < b o u t
tamus i n t h e Ranau and Bandau D i s t r i c t s . However, t h e i n f o r m a t i o n
o b t a i n e d s o f a r shows a n i n t e r e s t i n g p a t t e r n . Tamus a r e most
common on t h e w e s t c o a s t , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n Kota &EifD i s t r i c t
which h a s 2 2 tamus. T h e r e a r e few tamus i n t h e i n t e r i o r and
none on t h e e a s t o a s t .
Types o f tamus
A. T r a d i t i o n a l Tamus:
1. Dusun-Ba-au tamus. T h e s e t r a d i t i o n a l ' tamus o r i g i n a t e d i n t h e
zone o f cu1:ure
c o n t a c t between t h e h i l l p e o p l e (Dusun) and
.
c o a s t a l t r i b e s (Baj a u , I l l a n u n , S u l u k )
The pagan Dusuntraded t h e i r tobacco, r o t a n , r i c e , p o u l t r y , and f r u i t s f o r t h e
f i s h , powdered s h e l l s ( u s e d when chewing b e t e l n u t ) , s a l t and
woven h e a d c l o t h s o f t h e I s l a m i c B a j a u and I l l a n u n . T r a d i n g t o o k
p l a c e on " n e u t r a l " ground. The n e u t r a l i t y o f t h e tamu g r o u n d
was e s t a b l i s h e d d u r i n g a n i n a u g u r a l ceremony a t w h m a n o a t h s t o n e , b a t u sum ah , was e r e c t e d and o a t h s , g u a r a n t e e i n g
were sworn by t h e t r i b a l c h i e f s and s e a l e d
peacefuma&*
w i t h t h e b l o o d o f a s a c r i f i c e ( u s u a l l y a b u f f a l o ) . The b i g g e s t
o f t h e s e Dusun-Bajau tamus was f o r m e r l y h e l d a t Tamu D a r a t
(8 m i l e s from Kota Be-n
t h e b a n k s o f t h e Tempassuk).
Other tamus o f t h i s t y p e w e r e h e l d a t Inobong, B e r u n g g i s and
~ i m b a n tgh e T u a r a n and Kota Belud tamus a r e c o n t e m p o r a r y
examples.
2. Tamus o f t h e Dusun-speaking p e o p l e s . A s e c o n d t y p e o f t r a d i t i o n a l tanu e v o l v e d f u r t h e r i n l a n d , where Dusun-speaking
~
o .o ~l e sfrom d i f f e r e n t k a m ~ o n n smet t o t r a d e . The h i l l Dusuns
r -e who t r a v e l l e d down t o t h e c o a i t t o t r a d e a t t h e l o w l a n d DusunBajau tamus would r e t u r n w i t h c o a s t a l p r o d u c e which t h e y
would t h e n t r a d e w i t h o t h e r h i l l Dusuns.
R u t t e r (1929:134)
g i v e s a s an example o f t h i s t y p e o f tamu t h e one a t G e r u n t i n g ,
which u s e d t o b e h e l d e v e r y 30 d a y s o n e b a n k s o f t h e
Koriyau R i v e r . Contemporary e x a m p l e s o f e x c l u s i v e l y Dusun
tamus a r e h e l d a t K i u l u a n d M i l e 28, Penampang-Sinsuron Road.
1
I
I
I
Over t h e y e a r s , c e r t a i n tamus became a s s o c i a t e d w i t h o t h e r a c t i v i t i e q s u c h a s cock-fight-orse
r a c i n g (now n o l o n g e r a
f e a t u r e a t T u a r a n t a m u ) , s e s s i o n s o f t h e N a t i v e C o u r t s , and
t h e r e g u l a r v i s i t s o f G o v e r n m e n t d r e s s e r s . Most o f t h e s e s u b s i d i a r y a c t i v i t i e s have now l a p s e d , t h o u g h c o c k - f i g h t i n g h o l d s
i t s own, and some tamus which h a v e d i e d o u t a s t r a d i n g e v e n t s
a r e s t i l l commemoEZZ3 a s r e g u l a r c o c k - f i g h t i n g s e s s i o n s , e . g .
Berunggis, Putatan.
~
-
I t i s d i f f i c u l t t o s a y which o f t h e two t y p e s o f tamu d e s c r i b e d
above i s t h e o l d e r . As tamus a r e f o u n d w h e r e v e r t h e r e a r e
Dusuns b u t n o t , w h e r e v e r
a r e B a j a u ( i . e . n o t a t a l l on t h e
e a s t c o a s t ) , it seems r e a s o n a b l e t o h y p o t h e s i z e t h a t t h i s
system o f m a r k e t s o r i g i n a t e d among t h e Dusun-speaking p e o p l e s ,
and i n d e e d t h e p r e s e n t d a y d i s t r i b u t i o n o f tamus i n Sabah
c o i n c i d e s c l d s e l y w i t h t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of Dusuns. However,
i t i s o b v i o u s t h a t tamus f l o u r i s h e d b e s t i n a r e a s o f Dusunc o a s t a l t r i b e c o n t a T T h e r e w e r e few ( i f any) tamus h e l d i n
Murut c o u n t r y .
I n 1922 R u t t e r w r o t e : " s t r a n g e l y enough n o
tamus a r e e v e r h e l d by t h e Muruts" ( p . 3 5 3 ) , b u t i n h i s l a t e r
b o o k ( 1 9 2 9 ) he q u o t e s a M r . L e a s e a s s a y i n g t h a t tamus w e r e
h e l d a t one t i m e i n t h e i n t e r i o r , e s p e c i a l l y a r o u m l u m b a n g .
u n a b l e t o v e r i f y t h i s , n o r have I been
To d a t e I have'b-n
a b l e t o l o c a t e Galumbang.
Many o f t h e t r a d i t i o n a l tamus s u r v i v e t o d a y , b u t w i t h modi f i c a t i o n s . I n t h e p a s t , tamus u s u a l l y seem t o have b e e n
h e l d a t i n t e r v a l s o f 5 , 1 0 , 20 o r 30 d a y s ( e . g . Sugud, Inobong,
Regular p a r t i c i p a n t s
Tamu D a r a t and Geruntong r e s p e c t i v e l y ) * *
i n t h e s e tanus k e p t t r a c k o f t h e number o f d a y s between e a c h
* Batu sumpah were a l s o e r e c t e d t o mark m e e t i n g p l a c e s on n e u trfiround
i n p a r t s o f t h e c o u n t r y where tamus were n o t
t r a d i t i o n a l , e.g. S a p u l o t .
(See ~ a r ~ i s s o n a n d ~ l a r r i s s o n
1971: 1 3 1 - 2 . )
** Evans (1923:130) n o t e d t h a t "up c o u n t r y m a r k e t s s u c h a s Tamu
D a r a t a r e h e l d once i n t w e n t y d a y s i n view o f t h e f a c t t h a t
some I n d o n e s i a n s have a week o f f i v e days" and " t h e m a r k e t s i n
t h e c o a s t a l r e g i o n s a r e h e l d e v e r y s e v e n d a y s , f o r t h e Mohammedans,
l i k e t h e C h r i s t i a n s , have a week o f t h a t number o f days."
However, t h i s i s n o t s t r i c t l y t r u e , a s c e r t a i n c o a s t a l tamus
( e . ~ . Tnanam, Mengxatal) a r e s t i l l h e l d e v e r y t e n d a y s .
tamu by u s i n g a temba o s ( R u t t e r c a l l s i t a tembuku), which i s
a t a n t a l l y w i d n y k n o t s t i e d i n i t a s t h e r e were d a y s
between s u c c e s s i v e tamus. Most o f t h e tamus h e l d i n modern
Sabah t a k e p l a c e a t =
r e g u l a r calend-tervals
(e .g. weekly,
o r once a month on a p a r t i c u l a r d a y ) ,
t h i s suggests t h a t
t h e r e h a s been an e f f o r t t o b r i n g t h e tamu d a t e s i n l i n e w i t h
t h e European c a l e n d a r . However, a m u c h r e i m p o r t a n t c h a n g e
i n t h e t r a d i t i o n a l tamus h a s b e e n t h e i n f i l t r a t i o n by C h i n e s e
t r a d e r s . C h i n e s e p-ly
began t o a t t e n d t h e Dusun-Bajau
tamus q u i t e e a r l y on. Evans m e n t i o n s t h e C h i n e s e t r a d e r s a t
Z T i m b o n g o b t a i n i n g t o b a c c o f r o m t h e Ranau Dusuns and e v e n t u q l l y e x p o r t i n g i t t o B r u n e i . Now C h i n e s e v e n d o r s a r e a f a m i l i a r
f e a t u r e a t most l o w l a n d tamus and a t some o f t h o s e f u r t h e r
i n l a n d which a r e e a s i l y a c c e s s i b l e ( e - g . Kundasang, Simpangan,
~pin2).
I
B. Government-sponsored Tamus:
1. Tamus i n t r o d u c e d i n t o new a r e a s . I n t h e l a s t t h i r t y y e a r s
o r s o , tamus h a v e been i n t r o d u c e d i n t o a r e a s where t h e s e m a r k e t s
a r e n o t m g e n o u s , e.g. Labuan. Lahad D a t u , B i n g k o r (Keningau
D i s t r i c t ) . These h a v e met w i t h v a r y i n g s u c c e s s . A s i g n i f i c a n t
p r o p o r t i o n o f v e n d o r s a t t h e s e n e w l y - e s t a b l i s h e d tamus a r e
C h i n e s e s e l l i n g m a n u f a c t u r e d goods.
I
!
l
2. Tamu B e s a r Tahunan. T h i s t y p e o f tamu i s h e l d a n n u a l l y i n
most D i s t r i c t s u n d e r t h e s p o n s o r s h i p m
e District Officer
w i t h f u n d s p r o v i d e d by t h e D i s t r i c t C o u n c i l . I t c a n b e s t be
d e s c r i b e d a s a c r o s s between a n a g r i c u l t u r a l f a i r and a c u l t u r a l
f e s t i v a l . V a r i o u s e x h i b i t i o n s a r e o r g a n i z e d by l o c a l and
government b o d i e s ; t h e r e a r e c o m p e t i t i o n s i n v o l v i n g l o c a l
dances, s k i l l i n blow-pipe s h o o t i n g o r b u f f a l o r i d i n g , s p o r t s ,
and many o t h e r e v e n t s .
The tamu s u r v e y s a t T u a r a n and Kota Belud
At T u a r a n a n i n e - q u e s t i o n q u e s t i o n n a i r e was u s e d and 230 v e n d o r s
( a p p r o x i m a t e l y 30% o f t h e v e n d o r s a t t h e tamu) were i n t e r v i e w e d
on 2 7 t h August 1972. The p r o c e s s o f i n t e r v i e w i n g was hampered
b e c a u s e a l t h o u g h t h e r e i s a n o f f i c i a l tamu g r o u n d a t T u a r a n ,
most v e n d o r s p r e f e r t o s e l l i n t h e m a r k e t f o r e c o u r t , and t h e r e
i s t h e r e f o r e a d r i f t o f p e o p l e t o w a r d s t h e c e n t e r o f town a s t h e
morning w e a r s o n . However, t h e s a m p l e i n t e r v i e w e d d o e s seem t o
be r e p r e s e n t a t i v e . A p r e l i m i n a r y s t u d y o f some o f t h e d a t a h a s
r e v e a l e d t h a t Dusun formed t h e l a r g e s t g r o u p s o f v e n d o r s ( 4 9 % ) ,
w h i l e a b o u t 29% were B a j a u , and 1 8 % w e r e C h i n e s e . Most o f t h e
v e n d o r s ( 7 2 % ) were women. Not s u r p r i s i n g l y , t h e f i s h and s h e l l f i s h v e n d o r s w e r e a l m o s t e x c l u s i v e l y B a j a u . F r u i t and v e g e t a b l e
v e n d o r s ( t h e l a r g e s t g r o u p o f v e n d o r s , f o r m i n g 85% o f t h e s a m p l e )
were p r e d o m i n a n t l y Dusun ( 6 7 % ) w i t h a s i g n i f i c a n t p r o p o r t i o n o f
C h i n e s e ( 2 7 % ) and o n l y a few B a j a u .
I n most o f t h e c a t e g o r i e s
o f goods s o l d , women p r e d o m i n a t e d a s v e n d o ~ s , e x c e n t i n t h e
s e l l i n g of tobacco, p o u l t r y ,
by i t i n e r a n t m e d i c i n e men).
and m e d i c i n e ( t h e l a t t e r b e i n g s o l d
The Kota Belud tamu i s a much l a r g e r weekly tamu, and on t h e day
September 1972) t h e r e w e n o u t 1 , 0 0 0 p e o p l e
of the survey
s e l l i n g goods. The tamu i s h e l d a b o u t one m i l e from t h e s h o p h o u s e s , and t h i s h a s e n c o u r a g e d p e o p l e from t h e town t o r u n
r e f r e s h m e n t s t a l l s and s t a l l s s t o c k e d w i t h s h o p goods a t t h e
tamu e v e r y week.
(m
-
A sample o f 716 v e n d o r s was i n t e r v i e w e d , u s i n g a s h o r t e r s i x -
q u e s t i o n q u e s t i o n n a i r e . Of t h i s s a m p l e , 46% were B a j a u , 26%
were Dusun, 1 6 % were C h i n e s e , and 9% were I l l a n u n . As a t
Tuaran, female v e n d o r s p r e d o m i n a t e d ( 6 2 % o f t h e t o t a l s a m p l e ) .
The v a r i e t y o f goods s o l d a t Kota Belud was much g r e a t e r t h a n a t
Tuaran. The l a r g e s t c a t e g o r y c o m p r i s e d f r u i t and v e g e t a b l e
vendors ( 1 5 % ) . b u t a l s o s i g n i f i c a n t were s e l l e r s o f t o b a c c o
and c i g a r e t t e w r a p p e r s ( 1 1 % ) , c a k e s and b i s c u i t s ( l o % ) , and
b e t e l n u t s w i t h t h e i r a c c o u t r e m e n t s ( i . e . s l a k e d l i m e and l e a f
w r a p p e r - - 9 % ) . Cakes were s o l d a l m o s t e x c l u s i v e l y by B a j a u
women, and a l t h o u g h most o f t h e t o b a c c o and c i g a r e t t e w r a p p e r
s e l l e r s were Dusun, a b o u t 20% were Bajau.
The C h i n e s e (who
came from a s f a r away a s T u a r a n and Kota K i n a b a l u D i s t r i c t )
were s e l l i n g c l o t h i n g and m a t e r i a l s and a l s o g e n e r a l goods, and
w i t h t h e B a j a u , were r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e r e f r e s h m e n t s t a l l s .
Adjacent t o t h e tamu ground i s a b u f f a l o m a r t . Not s u r p r i s e l y ,
a l l t h e b u f f a l o v e n d o r s were male, t h e m a j o r i t y b e i n g Dusun and
t h e r e m a i n d e r I l l a n u n and Bajau.
One o f t h e most i n t e r e s t i n g
groups a t t h e tamu was c o m p r i s e d o f i t i n e r a n t P a k i s t a n i men
( t h e r e were 1 0 F t h e tamu on t h e d a y o f t h e s u r v e y ) s e l l i n g
j e w e l r y and t r i n k e t s . A c o n s i d e r a b l e amount o f more d e t a i l e d a n a l y s i s r e m a i n s t o b e
done on ~ t h e r ~ d a tfrom
a
t h e T u a r a n and Kota Belud tamu s u r v e y s ,
and I hope t o p u b l i s h my f i n d i n g s i n t h e n e a r f u t u c
Bibliography: A l l i s t o n , C y r i l . 1961, I n t h e Shadow o f K i n a b a l u .
London; Cook, O s c a r , 1 9 2 4 , Borneo: The S t e a l e r o f H e a r t s ,
London; Evans, I . H. N., 1923, S t u d i e s i n R e l i g i o n , F o l k Lore
and Customs i n B r i t i s h North Borneo and t h e Malay P e n i n s u l a ,
Cambridge; Glyn-Jones, Monica, 1953, The Dusun o f t h e Penam a n g
P l a i n s i n North ~ b ; n e o , mimeographed, London; H a r r i s s o n , To:
and H a r r i s s o n , B a r b a r a , ,1971, The P r e h i s t o r o f S a b a h , Sabah
S o c i e t y J o u r n a l Monograph Vol. IV; Majimban: N. C . , 1 9 6 r
Inanam Tamu, Sabah S o c i e t y J o u r n a l No. 3:15; R u t t e r , Owen,
1922, B r i t i s h N o r t h Borneo, London; and R u t t e r , Owen, 1 9 2 9 ,
The Pagans o f North Borneo, London.
Between S e p t e m b e r , 1 9 6 7 , and November, 1 9 6 9 , my w i f e and I
undertook t h e f i r s t long-term s t u d y of w i l d orang-utans i n t h e
S e g a l i u d - L o k a n F o r e s t R e s e r v e i n Sabah. Our o v e r a l l s t u d y s i t e
was some 8 s q u a r e m i l e s of p r i m a r y j u n g l e on t h e Lokan R i v e r
n e a r P i n t a s i n . T h i s s t u d y was f u n d e d by t h e N a t i o n a l I n s t i t u t e s
o f Mental H e a l t h and was done i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h t h e Game
Branch o f t h e Sabah F o r e s t D e p a r t m e n t .
Over 1.200 h o u r s o f
o b s e r v a t i o n were made on some 27 o r a n g - u t a n s , b u t due t o t h e
d i s p e r s e d n a t u r e o f t h e s e a n i m a l s ' , most work was done on a few
animals i n a 1 1/2 square mile a r e a .
F o l l o w i n g t h i s i n i t i a l s t u d y , t h e p r o j e c t was r e l o c a t e d i n t h e
KutHi R e s e r v e i n E a s t e r n K a l i m a n t a n , I n d o n e s i a n Borneo, by Mr.
and Mrs. P e t e r S. Rodman,where t h e y c o n d u c t e d a s t u d y o f t h e
s y n e c o l o g y o f a l l h i g h e r p r i m a t e s p e c i e s i n l o w l a n d Borneo r a i n
forest.
I s p e n t t h r e e months i n t h e summer o f 1 9 7 1 t h e r e , and
o b s e r v a t i o n s on o r a n g s i n t h e K u t a i c o n f i r m t h e f i n d i n g s o f
t h e Sabah s t u d y .
General Behavior P a t t e r n . Orang-utans a r e p r i m a r i l y c r e a t u r e s
o f t h e lower j u n g l e c a n o p y . A l t h o u g h t h e y d o c l i m b h i g h i n
t h e t r e e s , most o f t h e i r t i m e i s s p e n t between 20 and 60 f e e t
o f f t h e ground where t h e r e a r e a l o t o f c o n t i n u o u s t r e e crowns.
T h i s i s n o t o n l y t h e p a r t o f t h e f o r e s t c a n o p y most a b u n d a n t
i n f o o d , b u t t r a v e l from t r e e t o t r e e i s e a s i e s t h e r e where
t r e e s a r e s m a l l and c l o s e t o g e t h e r .
We a l s o found t h a t o r a n g - u t a n s s p e n d a s u r p r i s i n g amount o f
t i m e on t h e ground.
S i n c e t h e i r f e e t a r e s o much l i k e h a n d s , i t
had been t h o u g h t t h a t o r a n g s n e v e r came t o t h e g r o u n d .
In f a c t .
t h e y o f t e n come t o t h e ground f o r w a t e r and t o e a t a wide
I have s e e n them come t o t h e g r o u n d and walk
v a r i e t y of foods.
f o r some d i s t a n c e when t h e r e were b r e a k s i n t h e f o r e s t canopy,
and when o r a n g s r e a l l y want t o g e t away from humans, t h e y come
t o t h e ground and r u n away i n t o t h e u n d e r g r o w t h o r i n t o a
swamp. T h i s l a t t e r happened t o u s s e v e r a l t i m e s - - t h o u g h a t
f i r s t I d i d not b e l i e v e t h e s e r e p o r t s myself.
Each n i g h t , w i l d o r a n g s make new n e s t s t o s l e e p i n . A l t h o u g h
j u v e n i l e s make t h e i r own n e s t s , t h e y l i k e t o s l e e p i n t h e i r
m o t h e r ' s n e s t , and we have s e e n huge f i g h t s between m o t h e r s
and j u v e n i l e s o v e r t h e i s s u e o f w h e t h e r t h e j u v e n i l e would b e
This n e s t construction
p e r m i t t e d t o s l e e p w i t h i t s mother.
i s very important, p a r t l y because i t allows t h e s e l a r g e animals
t o l i v e continuously i n the t r e e s , but a l s o because it gives
young i n f a n t s a p l a c e t o l e a v e t h e i r m o t h e r s and move a r o u n d
w i t h o u t c o n s t a n t l y c l i n g i n g t o h e r body.
./
THE BORNEO ORANG-UTAN
David Agee H o q r .
Brandeis University
The o r a n g - u t a n h a s been t h e most e n i g m a t i c o f t h e a p e s .
D e s p i t e o u r l o n g knowledge o f t h i s a n i m a l ' s e x i s t e n c e and i t s
l a r g e s i z e and s p e c t a c u l a r a p p e a r a n c e , v e r y l i t t l e h a s been
known o f i t s b e h a v i o r and s o c l a l o r g a n i z a t i o n i n t h e w i l d .
The t y p i c a l o r a n g - u t a n day i s o u t w a r d l y r e l a x e d . Orangs may
g e t up e a r l y , b u t o f t e n i t i s 8 o r 9 A.M. b e f o r e t h e o l d e r o n e s
leave the nest.
B r e a k f a s t i s f i r s t on t h e a g e n d a , t h e n a
p e r i o d o f r e s t a r o u n d mid-day.
In t h e afternoon orangs e i t h e r
r e t u r n t o e a t i n g what t h e y were f e e d i n g on i n t h e m o r n i n g , o r
t h e y b e g i n a s l o w amble t h r o u g h t h e c a n o p y , s n a c k i n g a s t h e y
go. A l e a f h e r e , a f l o w e r t h e r e , p e r h a p s a few t e r m i t e s o r
some bamboo s h o o t s , and by e v e n i n g t h e y n o r m a l l y have s e t t l e d
i n t o some l a r g e r food s o u r c e , e i t h e r a t r e e i n f r u i t o r p e r h a p s
some b a r k which t h e y gnaw o f f t h e t r e e l i m b s l i k e c o r n - o n - t h e cob. A s dusk f a l l s , a n e s t i s h u i l t , t h o u h j u v e n i l e o r a n g s .
~ S u a l 5 Yo r a n g s s l e e p
may c o n t i n u e t o f e e d a f t e r sundown.
t h r o u g h o u t t h e n i g h t , t h o u g h i n some i n s t a n c e s t h e y have been
A d u l t m a l e s and f e m a l e s assume t h e r a n g i n g p a t t e r n d e s c r i b e d
e a r l i e r , t h o u g h o l d a d u l t m a l e s abandon t h e wide r a n g i n g p a t t e r n
and l i v e i n much s m a l l e r a r e a s .
These a l s o spend i n c r e a s i n g
t i m e s on t h e g r o u n d a s t h e y l o s e t h e a g i l i t y r e q u i r e d t o k e e p
t h e i r large bulk i n the t r e e s .
o b s e r v e d t o move some d i s t a n c e t h r o u g h t h e t r e e s b e f o r e making
a new n e s t and b e d d i n g down. A l t h o u g h a d u l t m a l e s and a d u l t
f e m a l e s may form c o n s o r t p a i r s f o r s e v e r a l d a y s d u r i n g b r e e d i n g , a d u l t a n i m a l s a p p a r e n t l y n e v e r occupy t h e same n e s t .
S o c i a l B e h a v i o r and S o c i a l O r g a n i z a t i o n . O r a n g - u t a n s do n o t
l i v e i n l a r g e s o c i a l t r o o p s a s do most o t h e r h i g h e r p r i m a t e s .
T h e i r s e m i - s o l i t a r y e x i s t e n c e h a s o f t e n been d e s c r i b e d (Carp e n t e r , 1938; S c h a l l e r , 1 9 6 4 ; H a r r i s s o n , 1962; D a v e n p o r t 1 9 6 7 ;
and o t h e r s ) , b u t t h e t r u e n a t u r e o f t h e i r s o c i a l o r g a n i z a t i o n
h a s n e v e r been f u l l y u n d e r s t o o d l a r g e l y b e c a u s e o r a n g - u t a n s
a r e seldom found and a r e d i f f i c u l t t o f o l l o w i n t h e j u n g l e .
B a s i s of Orang-Utan S o c i a l O r g a n i z a t i o n . What m i g h t p r o d u c e
tThis u n u s u a l i s o l a t e d mode o t e x i s t e n c e i n o r a n g - u t a n s ? I t
i s p r o b a b l y l a r g e l y due t o t h e c h a r a c t e r o f t h e i r j u n g l e
h a b i t a t and t o t h e i r b r e e d i n g p a t t e r n .
Orang-utans a r e l a r g e l y
vegetarian.
The n u t r i t i o n a l l y i m p o r t a n t p a r t s o f t h e i r d i e t
a r e f r u i t s , b u t o r a n g s e a t a g r e a t amount o f l e a v e s , i n n e r
b a r k , and bamboo s h o o t s , a s w e l l a s o r c h i d s , t e r m i t e s and
o t h e r i n s e c t s , a n d e v e n d i r t f r o m t e r m i t e mounds.
No d i r e c t
e v i d e n c e o f e g g o r meat e a t i n g was s e e n i n t h e w i l d . Thus
some s p e i i e s o f p l a n t i s i n f r u i t i n n e a r l y any month, b u t
u s u a l l y t h e r e a r e no g r e a t q u a n t i t i e s o f f r u i t a v a i l a b l e a t
any g i v e n t i m e . The o t h e r d i e t i t e m s a r e e v e r y w h e r e a v a i l a b l e .throughout t h e year.
Since orang-utans a r e l a r g e animals,
t h e y can soon consume most o f t h e f r u i t i n a p a r t i c u l a r p l a c e ,
and bark and l e a v e s probably do n o t have a l l o f t h e n u t r i t i o n
required f o r survival.
:
From t h e Sabah s t u d y i t h a s b e e n p o s s i b l e t o d e r i v e a p i c t u r e
of t h e n a t u r e o f n o r m a l o r a n g - u t a n s o c i a l o r g a n i z a t i o n and
behavior i n t h e wild a s w e l l a s a p o s s i b l e explanation f o r t h e i r
r a t h e r unique s o c i a l system.
Population Units. Orang-utans a r e found i n t h r e e k i n d s of b a s i c ,
u n i t s which u s u a l l y f o r a g e i n d e p e n d e n t l y i n t h e j u n g l e , (1) The
only long-term s o c i a l u n i t i s t h e a d u l t female and h e r dependent
c h i l d r e n . As many a s two o f f s p r i n g may f o r a g e w i t h t h e i r m o t h e r ,
and s l i g h t l y o l d e r o f f s p r i n g may r e m a i n n e a r h e r . T h e s e f e m a l e o f f s p r i n g u n i t s l i v e i n more o r l e s s p e r m a n e n t a r e a s o f a b o u t
(2) Adult males forage a s s o l i t a r y
1/4 square mile i n s i z e .
i n d i v i d u a l s o v e r a much l a r g e r a r e a , p e r h a p s a s much a s two
m i l e s o r more.
(3) Juveniles of both sexes forage with i n c r e a s ing independence of t h e i r mothers, probably s t a r t i n g i n t h e i r
t h i r d y e a r . A l t l ~ o u g ht h i s i s m e r e l y a t r a n s i t i o n s t a g e t o
a d u l t p a t t e r n s * n o n e t h e l e s s t h e y d o form i n d e p e n d e n t p o p u l a t i o n
units.
A n o t h e r i m p o r t a n t a s p e c t i s t h e a b s e n c e o f any s e r i o u s n a t u r a l
predators f o r orang-utans.
Although clouded l e o p a r d s might
p r e y on i s o l a t e d j u v e n i l e s , n o p r e d a t o r s ( e x c e p t man) a r e a
major t h r e a t t o a d u l t orangs--even females w i t h b a b i e s .
Not o n l y do o r a n g s move a b o u t i n t h e s e s m a l l , i s o l a t e d u n i t s ,
b u t c o n t a c t s b e t w e e n t h e s e g r o u p s a r e i n f r e q u e n t . When o r a n g s
d o meet, v e r y o f t e n t h e y seem t o i g n o r e e a c h o t h e r , and c o n t a c t s
between o r a n g - u t a n u n i t s u s u a l l y l a s t from a few m i n u t e s t o
only a day o r so.
-!+-
1
For t h e f i r s t y e a r o f l i f e , o r a n g i n f a n t s c l i n g
Llfe C cle.
t o t e l r mother's bodies throughout t h e day, l e a v i n g h e r only
when i n s l e e p i n g . o e s t s o r when s h e i s r e s t i n g i n a l a r g e t r e e
c r o t c h . By t h e e n d o f t h e s e c o n d y e a r , young o r a n g s a r e
t a k i n g s o l i d food and moving away from t h e f e m a l e f o r i n c r e a s I n f a n t s of t h i s age a r e beginning t o
ing periods of time.
copy t h e i r m o t h e r ' s b e h a v i o r p a t t e r n s , gnd f o r e x a m p l e , may
In t h e i r
wave t i n y t w i g s a t an o b s e r v e r t o t h r e a t e n him.
t h i r d y e a r , young o r a n g s a r e s p e n d i n g a l o t o f t i m e away
from t h e i r m o t h e r s and can make t h e i r own s l e e p i n g n e s t s
though t h e y may s t i l l p r e f e r s l e e p i n g w i t h t h e i r m o t h e r s .
Juvenile females s t a y i n t h e v i c i n i t y of t h e i r mothers f o r
s e v e r a l y e a r s . They p r o b a b l y f i r s t b r e e d a b o u t a g e 7 y e a r s
and a t t h a t t i m e t h e y s e t up t h e i r own , m o t h e r - o f f s p r i n g u n i t
i n a conservative range, perhaps oveilapping t h a t of t h e i r
mother.
J u v e n i l e m a l e s a p p a r e n t l y r a n g e f u r t h e r away from t h e i r
m o t h e r s a t a n e a r l y a g e , s i n c e we f i n d s o l i t a r y j u v e n i l e
males i n t h e j u n g l e b u t seldom any n e a r t h e a d u l t m o t h e r s
except f o r b r l e f encounters.
t
I n view o f t h e a b o v e , o r a n g s o c i a l o r g a n i z a t i o n m i g h t e a s i l y b e
e x p l a i n e d a s f o l l o w s : I n o r d e r n o t t o overload t h e food s u p p l y ,
orangs disperse themselves i n t h e jungles.
Females c a r r y i n g
i n f a n t s o r t e n d i n g young j u v e n i l e s c a n b e s t s u r v i v e i f t h e y
d o n ' t h a v e t o move f a r . Young o r a n g s c o u l d a l s o b e s t l e a r n
t h e jungle i n a r e s t r i c t e d , f a m i l i a r a r e a . Apparently 1/4
s q u a r e m i l e c a n s u p p o r t a f e m a l e w i t h one o r two d e p e n d e n t s
f o r an i n d e f i n i t e p e r i o d o f t i m e .
A d u l t m a l e s a r e unencumbered
by young and c a n more e a s i l y move o v e r w i d e r a r e a s . T h i s means
t h a t t h e y compete w i t h f e m a l e s f o r f o o d o n l y f o r s h o r t p e r i o d s
o f t i m e , a n d t h u s t h e y do n o t o v e r l o a d h e r f o o d s u p p l y and f o r c e
h e r t o move o v e r w i d e r a r e a s . S i n c e t h e r e i s n o p r e d a t o r
t h r e a t , m a l e s d o n o t s e r v e any f u n c t i o n f o r f e m a l e s o t h e r t h a n
reproduction.
I f o r a n g s formed l a r g e g r o u p s , t h e y would have t o move o v e r
l a r g e a r e a s t o g e t enough f o o d .
I n f a c t , MacKinnon f o u n d
j u s t s u c h a s i t u a t i o n i n t h e Segama ( 1 9 7 1 ) . w h e r e o r a n g s
may have been crowded t o g e t h e r due t o l o g g i n g a c t i v i t i e s .
I
I
The o t h e r f a c t o r which c o n t r i , b u t e s t o o r a n g d i s p e r s a l i s ' /
t h e i r breeding pattern.
Orang-utan females b r e e d o n l y once
every 2 1/2 t o 3 years.
I f a male i s t o maiximize h i s b r e e d i n g p o t e n t i a l , h e i s b e s t a d v i s e d t o t r a v e l o v e r a s wide an
a r e a a s p o s s i b l e s o t h a t h e w i l l have t h e g r e a t e s t c h a n c e o f
b e i n g w i t h a f e m a l e when s h e i s s e x u a l l y r e c e p t i v e .
By moving
o v e r l a r g e d i s t a n c e s , t h e m a l e b r e e d s more f r e q u e n t l y t h a n i f
he s t a y e d w i t h one f e m a l e , a n d a l s o h e d o e s n o t o v e r l o a d t h e
female's food supply.
Since t h e g e n e r a l l o c a t i o n o f a female
i s p r e t t y p r e d i c t a b l e , m a l e s r a n g e t h r o u g h t h e j u n g l e and t o
announce t h e i r p r e s e n c e t h e y g i v e a l o u d b e l l o w i n g v o c a l i z a t i o n
u s i n g t h e i r t h r o a t s a c s a s r e s o n a t i n g chambers.
I f femalesy-
a r e r e c e p t i v e t h e y w i l l move t o w a r d s t h e s e s o u n d s .
I f they
a r e n o t i n t e r e s t e d , I have o b s e r v e d them t o move away from
t h e male.
I f m a l e s p e r s i s t . I have s e e n f e m a l e s t h r e a t e n
them away. S i n c e r e c e p t i v e f e m a l e s a r e s u c h a s c a r c e r e s o u r c e .
males compete f o r them, a n d t h i s h a s p r o b a b l y r e s u l t e d i n t h e
l a r g e s i z e , heavy b e a r d s , and b i g c h e e k f l a n g e s on t h e m a l e s '
faces.
I have o b s e r v e d m a l e s who w e r e w i t h f e m a l e s t h r e a t e n
away o t h e r m a l e s by b e l l o w i n g a t them and making l a r g e a g g r e s s ive displays.
MUSEUM NEWS AND RESEARCH NOTES FROM BORNEO
From Tom H a r r i s s o n
,
I
Bibliography:
Carpenter, C. R., 1938, A Survey of W i l d l i f e
C o n d i t i o n s i n A t j e h , N o r t h S u m a t r a , N e t h e r l a n d s Comm. I n t e r n a t .
Pro. 1 2 : l - 3 3 : D a v e n ~ o r t . R. K.. 1367. The O r a n g - u t a n i n S a b a h .. .
F o l i a p r i m a t : 5:247-263; i l a r r i i s o n , B . , 1 9 6 2 , 8 r a n g - u t a n ,
London, C o l l i n s ; MacKinnon, J . , 1 9 7 1 , The O r a n g - u t a n i n Sabah
Today, Or x 12:140-191; S c h a l l e r , G. C . , 1 9 6 1 , The O r a n g - u t a n
i n Sara*
Z o o l o g i c a , 46: 73-82.
B R I E F
The i n c r e a s i n g m o b i l i t y o f s t u d e n t s i s l e a d i n g t o p r o b l e m s i n
w e s t Borneo, and t h i s a r i s e s n o t o n l y f r o m t h e r e b e i n g t o o many
s t r a y , i m p e c u n i o u s h i p p i e s ( m o s t l y f r o m t h e U.S.A.) a p p e a r i n g
on t h e s c e n e , b u t a l s o from b e g i n n i n g s t u d e n t s who want a
"research" experience. Unless t h i s d i f f i c u l t problem is promptly
d e a l t w i t h a t t h e s o u r c e , i t c o u l d l e a d t o new u n d e s i r a b l e f i e l d
work r e s t r i c t i o n s , i n c l u d i n g i n B r u n e i .
T h e t r e c e n t news o f t h e S a b a h Museum i s t h a t M i c h a e l P i k e h a s
r e t i r e d a s C u r a t o r and Mr. J . Lee h a s t a k e n h i s p l a c e . Michael
Chong r e m a j n s A s s i s t a n t C u r a t o r . A s s i s t a n t C u r a t o r o f t h e
Sarawak Museum, Lucas C h i n , h a s j u s t c o m p l e t e d a w o r l d t o u r o f
museums, and he i s now b a c k on d u t y i n Kuching.
CONTENTS OF DR.
C O M M U N I C A T I O N S
FRIDOLIN UKUR'S DISSERTATION ENTITLED T A N T A N G - -
D J A WAB SUKU D A J A K
(CHALLENGE RESPONSE-ETHNI C DAYAKS)
R e p o r t e d and T r a n s l a t e d by F.
NOTES FROM THE BRUNEI MUSEUM
4
U r . U k u r ' s d i s s e r t a t i o n was p r e s e n t e d t o t h e F a c u l t y o f t h e
Higher T h e o l o g i c a l School (Sekolah T i n g g i Theologia) i n J a k a r t a
and was s u c c e s s f u l l y d e f e n d e d i n December, 1 9 7 1 . I t i s t h e
f i r s t d o c t o r l t e i n theology ever granted i n Indonesia.
The
a u t h o r i s a n o r d a i n e d m i n i s t e r o f t h e E v a n g e l i c a l Church o f
K a l i m a n t a n , and f o r more t h a n t e n y e a r s s e r v e d a s r e c t o r o f t h e
T h e o l o g i c a l Academy o f t h e K a l i m a n t a n C h u r c h i n B a n j a r m a s i n .
P. M. S h a r i f f u d d i n
Curator
1 ) Mr. David FlcL)ougnall, a g r a d u a t e s t u d e n t from O x f o r d , h a s
been s t u d y i n g t h e p r o b o s c i s monkey i n B r u n e i ' s mangrove swamps.
Two Oxford u n d e r g r a d s , Marc C o l l i n s and Andre N e i g h b o u r , have
a s s i s t e d McDougnall t h r o u g h t h e summer months.
Mr. David
A t t e n b o r o u g h , D i r e c t o r o f Programmes f o r t h e BBC, was i n
Brunei t o f i l m a program on t h e same monkey.
2) P r o f . Wolfgang F r a n k e o f t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f I-lamburg and
P r o f . Chen T i e n Fan o f t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f Malaya h a v e examined
a Chinese tombstone i n Brunei.
The t o m b s t o n e a p p e a r s t o d a t e
from t h e 1 2 t h ceriyury, and h e n c e i s v e r y o l d f o r S o u t h e a s t
Asia.
3) A p r i c e l i s t f o r t h e p u r c h a s e and m a i l i n g o f t h e v a r i o u s
p u b l i c a t i o n s o f t h e B r u n e i Museum, a s w e l l a s t h e B r u n e i
from t h e C u r a t o r , B r u n e i
4) P e r s o n s w i s h i n g t o d o r e s e a r c h i n B r u n e i s h o u l d n o t e t h a t
p e r m i s s i o n s h o u l d now b e a r r a n g e d a t t h e e m b a s s y - t o - e m b a s s y
(Great B r i t a i n ' s ) l e v e l .
5 ) L i m J o c k S e n g , A s s i s t a n t C u r a t o r gf ' t h e B r u n e i Museum, i s
i n England f o r a y e a r and a h a l f o f t r a i n i n g a t t h e B r i t i s h
Museum's e t h n o g r a p h i c s e c t i o n .
6) Awang J a y a b i n S a h a t h a s j u s t r e t u r n e d f r o m B r i t a i n where
he h a s c o m p l e t e d h i s t r a i n i n g a t Glasgow bluseum, S c o t l a n d ,
and t h e B r i t i s h Museum ( N a t u r a l H i s t o r y ) . Ile d i d h i s t r a i n i n g
i n e x h i b i t i o n and p r e s e r v a t i o n o f Animal L i f e .
L. Cooley
1
!
The s u b t i t l e i n t r a n s l a t i o n o f D r . U k u r ' s d i s s e r t a t i o n i s : "A
R e s e a r c h i n t o t h e F a c t o r s S u r r o u n d i n g t h e R e j e c t i o n and t h e
R e c e p t i o n o f t h e G o s p e l Amongst t h e E t h n i c D a j a k s w i t h i n t h e
Framework o f t h e H i s t o r y o f t h e Church i n K a l i m a n t a n :
1835-1945."
The c o n t e n t s o f t h e d i s s e r t a t i o n a r e a s f o l l o w s :
Forward
Dajak R e l i g i o n and S o c i e t
( a cultural-anthropologic~l a n a l y s i s )
I S e v e r a l N o t e s on Dajak R e l i g i o n and S o c i e t y
I1 Religious StructureI11 Social S t r u c t u r e
13
P a r t One:
21
27
52
P a r t Two:
I
I1
111
IV
The P e n e t r a t i o n o f t h e G o s p e l i n Kalimantan'-'
(a theological-historical research)
A Glance a t t h e S p r e a d o f t h e G o s p e l i n K a l i m a n t a n 8 5
The A t t i t u d e and Method o f E v a n g e l i z a t i o n
116
The N e g a t i v e R e a c t i o n o f t h e D a j a k s t o E v a n g e l i z ation
175
Elements Supporting t h e Acceptance of t h e Gospel 187
P a r t Thrce:
E t h n i c C h u r c h : 1;s S t r e n g t h s and Weaknesses
(a h i s t o r i c a l s t u d y f o r tlie f u l t i l l m e n t o i
t h e C h u r c h ' s c a l l i n g now and i n t h e f u t u r e )
235
I he S t r u g g l e o f a Young Church
I 1 S i g n s o f New L i f e
262
I11 Conversion a s t h e Victory of t h e S p i r i t
2 86
Conc J u d i n e Words
309
List of Abbreviations
Bibliography
Summary ( E n g l i s h )
Summary (German)
Propositions
Ngadju and o t h e r wood c a r v i n g s v e r y r e c e n t l y a c q u i r e d i n
S o u r a b a y a by a B e l g i a n d e a l e r , Mons. E m i l e D e l e t a i l l e o f
B r u s s e l s , and a l s o Myneer H. d e S i l v a o f t h e Hague. T h e s e
wood c a r v i n g s , m o s t l y i n b e l i a n ironwood and p r o b a b l y from an
a n c i e n t cave hoard, a r e o f g r e a t e s t i n t e r e s t f o r a f r e s h
l o o k a t B o r n e o ' s a r t t r a d i t i o n . Some o f them s u r p a s s a n y t h i n g
p r e v i o u s l y known from t,he w h o l e i s l a n d i n s c u l p t u r a l g r a c e .
i m a g i n a t i v e e x e c u t i o n and a n a l m o s t c o m i c a l l y f i e r c e f a n t a s y .
ACTIVITIES OF THE AGRO ECONOMIC SURVEY IN KALIMANTAN
From W i l l i a m L. C o l l i e r
During t h e summer o f 1972 Suhud T j a k r a Werdaja and W i l l i a m L.
C o l l i e r , o f t h e A g r i c u l t u r a l Development C o u n c i l , c o o p e r a t e d
w i t h f i v e s t a f f members and 15 s t u d e n t s from T a n d j u n g p u r a
U n i v e r s i t y i n P o n t i a n a k i n c a r r y i n g o u t r e s e a r c h on t h e p r o d..u.
c t i o n and m a r k e t i n g o f s m a l l h o l d e r s ' r u b b e r i n West
~ - Kalimantan. The S u r v e y a l s o s p o n s o r e d t h e same r e s e a r c h i n
S o u t h Kalimantan and I T . S u p a r d i , F a c u l t y o f A g r i c u l t u r e ,
U n i v e r s i t y o f Lambung Mangkurat i n B a n j a r m a s i n was t h e team
leader.
~
T h r e e r e p o r t s b a s e d on t h i s r e s e a r c h i n West K a l i m a n t a n a r e
as follows:
Suhud, T j a k r a Werdaja and H i d a j a t A r d i w i n a t a , 1 9 7 2 , P r o d u k s i
Dana T a t a n i a g a K a r e t Rakyat D i Kabupaten Sambas,
P r o p l n s l K a l i m a n t a n B a r a t , d r a f t , S u r v e y Agro Ekonomi.
S o e n t o r o and flendry A l b e r t Nahan, 1 9 7 2 , P r o d u k s i dan
T a t a n i a g a K a r e t Rakyat D i Kabupaten P o n t i a n a k , P r o p i n s i
Kalimantan B a r a t , d r a f t , S u r v e y Agro Ekonoml.
N u r u t , Anwar and Bonar S i r e g a r , 1 9 7 2 , P r o d u k s i Dan T a t a n i a a
~ a r e t ' n a k y a t D i Kabupaten Sanggau, P r o p i n s i ~ a l i m a n t a :
d r a f t , S u r v e y Agro Ekonomi.
w,
DELFT ETHNOGRAPHIC MUSEUM:
'.-
,!
T h e r e a r e a l s o f a s c i n a t i n g e a r l y p h o t o g r a p h s n o t a b l y from
F a t h e r T i l l e m a e x p l o r i n g t h e Apo Kayan a n d e l s e w h e r e i n t h e
century.
show i s b r o a d l y r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f most a s p e c t s o f
K a l i m a n t a n m a t e r i a l c u l t u r e . F o r S a r a w a k , t h e r e a r e some
n o t a b l e IGan t e x t i l e s (pua) a n d f i n e Kenyall-Kayan wood and
bead work which can e q u a l l y come from e i t h e r s i d e o f t h e
border.
F o r B r u n e i , t h e r e a r e two a s t o n i s h i n g l y o r n a t e g i a n t
" k e t t l e s , " l a v i s h l y s p r i n k l e d w i t h C h i n e s e - s t y l e d a n i m a l s and
t h o s e e v e r - p u z z l i n g "cowbodys"--horses ( n o t known i n B r u n e i
t h e n ) w i t h s o m b r e r o e d r i d e r s . The o r i g i n a n d d a t i n g o f t h e s e
u n d o u b t e d l y Brunei-made o b j e c t s r e m a i n s a m y s t e r y . We know
r a t h e r more on t h e m a n u f a c t u r e o f c a n n o n , which t h e s u l t a n a t e
c e r t a i n l y p i o n e e r e d f o r t h e a r e a w e l l b e f o r e F-lagellen's s h i p s
a r r i v e d ( i n 1 5 2 1 ) . U n f o r t u n a t e l y , t h e w o n d e r f u l a n d more
t a s t e f u l l y o r n a t e B r u n e i cannon a r e h a r d l y known i n Europe and
t h e one on d i s p l a y h e r e i s a r e l a t i v e l y p o o r f e l l o w . T h e r e
a r e a l s o some m o d e r a t e Flelanau f i g u r e s from t h e s o u t h w e s t
c o a s t . N o t h i n g a t a l l from Sabah.
B U ~t h e
BRB p e o p l e a r e s t r o n g l y . r e c o m m e n d e d t o v i s i t D e l f t t h i s y e a r .
t h e c a t a l o g , though a l s o only i n Dutch, w i l l be a c o l l e c t o r ' s
p i e c e i n i t s own r i g h t .
With t h e g e n e r o u s c o o p e r a t i o n o f Mons. U e l e t a i l l e a n d D e l f t I
am p r e p a r i n g a f u l l y i l l u s t r a t e d s e p a r a t e r e p o r t on t h e Ngadju
wood c a r v i n g s .
SPECIAL BORNEO EXHIBITION,1973
From Tom t l a r r i s s o n
From F e b r u a r y t h r o u g h 1 9 7 3 t h e newly expanded INDONESISCH
ETHNOGRAFISCH MUSEUM, D e l f t , H o l l a n d , i s mounting an i m p o r t a n t
e x h i b i t i o n of Borneo a r t , i n c l u d i n g many p i e c e s n o t p r e v i o u s l y
seen i n p u b l i c .
The D i r e c t o r , D r . J. van d e r Werf, a s k e d me
t o h e l p i n i d e n t i f i c a t i o n s and background d a t a f o r M a l a y s i a
and B r u n e i , though t h e main t h r u s t i s n a t u r a l l y from once
Dutch K a l i m a n t a n . D r . A V ~o f L e i d e n , who h a s done f i e l d work
i n t h e s o u t h e a s t , h a s w r i t t e n a sound i n t r o d u c t i o n t o an
e x c i t i n g c a t a l o g i n c l u d i n g r a r e o l d photographs. This i s a
p r e v i e w , a s s u r i n g t h o s e i n Europe i n l9.73 n o t t o m i s s t h e
Delft e f f o r t .
The Museum's own h i t h e r t o l i t t l e - k n o w n c o l l e c t i o n s were s t a r t e d
i n t h e p r e s e n t b u i l d i n g s , when i t was a c o l l e g e f o r s e n i o r
c o l o n i a l a d m i n i s t r a t i v e o f f i c e r s e s p e c i a l l y f o r I n d o n e s i a . But
t h e y have drawn on o t h e r Dutch, B e l g i a n and German museums o r
p r i v a t e c o l l e c t i o n s , i n c l u d i n g t h e v e r y remarkable s e r i e s o f
NEWS
A N D
A N N O U N C E M E N T S
APPOINTFIENTS IN TtlE DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY AND SOCIOLOGY,
RESEARCH SCHOOL OF PACIFIC STUDIES, AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
A p p l i c a t i o n s a r e i n v i t e d f o r a p p o i n t m e n t a t any o f t h e f o l l o w i n g
l e v e l s : S e n i o r , Fellow, Fellow, S e n i o r Research Fellow, -Research
Fellow.
The D e p a r t m e n t i s d e v o t e d e x c l u s i v e l y t o r e s e a r c h and
p o s t g r a d u a t e t r a i n i n g ; i t s c o n c e r n s a r e c e n t e r e d on t h e s t u d y
o f human b e h a v i o r , c u l t u r e and s o c i e t y , i n A b o r i g i n a l A u s t r a l i a ,
New Guinea a n d ' t h e I s l a n d s o f M e l a n e s i a a n d P o l y n e s i a , M a l a y s i a ,
I n d o n e s i a and S o u t h e a s t A s i a . A p p o i n t e e s w i l l b e f r e e t o c o n duct independent r e s e a r c h , with adequate f a c i l i t i e s f o r f i e l d
work, and w i l l a l s o b e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r s u p e r v i s i n g t h e s t u d i e s
and r e s e a r c h e s o f Ph.D. s t u d e n t s w i t h i n t h e D e p a r t m e n t .
The a c a d e m i c e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f t h e D e p a r t m e n t numbers t e n , w i t h
A s e c o n d C h a i r of
a d e q u a t e s u p p o r t i n g s t a f f and e q u i p m e n t .
Anthropology w i t h i n t h e Department was r e c e n t l y a d v e r t i s e d
and i t i s e n v i s a g e d t h a t t h e s u c c e s s f u l a p p l i c a n t w i l l h o l d
t h e Headship of t h e Department a l t e r n a t e l y , on a b i e n n i a l
b a s i s , w i t h P r o f e s s o r Derek Freeman, t h e p r e s e n t Head o f
Department.
A CATALOG OF PROGRAMS IN SOUTHEAST ASIAN STUDIES
The S o u t h e a s t A s i a R e g i o n a l C o u n c i l o f t h e A s s o c i a t i o n f o r
A s i a n S t u d i e s , 130 Lane H a l l , U n i v e r s i t y o f M i c h i g a n , Ann A r b o r ,
Michigan 48104, U.S.A.,
has published a booklet d e t a i l i n g
In
S o u t h e a s t A s i a n programs o f f e r e d by American u n i v e r s i t i e s .
a d d i t i o n t h e r e i s i n c l u d e d a l i s t o f f o r e i g n c e n t e r s engaged
i n Southeast Asian s t u d i e s .
A p p l i c a n t s a r e e x p e c t e d t o have a Ph.D. d e g r e e o r i t s e q u i v a l e n t , and t o have had r e s e a r c h e x p e r i e n c e [ i n one o r more o f
t h e a r e a s i n which t h e Department i s i n t e r e s t e d ) commensurate
w i t h t h e p o s i t i o n f o r which t h e y a r e a p p l y i n g . A p p l i c a n t s
should i n d i c a t e c l e a r l y t h e p o s i t i o n ( o r p o s i t i o n s ) f o r which
t h e y wish t o be c o n s i d e r e d .
B O R N E O
The s a l a r y of a S e n i o r F e l l o w i s d e t e r m i n e d w i t h i n t h e r a n g e
$11234 - $13172 p e r annum, and a F e l l o w w i t h i n t h e r a n g e $8166
$11217 p e r annum. S e n i o r F e l l o w s and F e l l o w s a r e a p p o i n t e d f o r
an i n i t i a l p e r i o d o f f i v e y e a r s , a f t e r which t h e y a r e n o r m a l l y
r e a p p o i n t e d t o r e t i r i n g age. A S e n i o r F e l l o w i s e n t i t l e d t o
one y e a r ' s s t u d y l e a v e on f u l l p a y , p l u s a c o n t r i b u t i o n t o w a r d s
t r a v e l and o t h e r e x p e n s e s , i n e v e r y s i x y e a r s o f s e r v i c e , and
a Fellow i n e v e r y s e v e n y e a r s .
-
The s a l a r y o f a S e n i o r R e s e a r c h F e l l o w i s d e t e r m i n e d w i t h i n t h e
r a n g e $10026 - $11964 p e r annum, and a R e s e a r c h F e l l o w w i t h i n
t h e r a n g e $6804
$9324 p e r annum. Appointment t o S e n i o r
Research F e l l o w s h i p s and R e s e a r c h F e l l o w s h i p s i s n o r m a l l y f o r
t h r e e y e a r s , e x t e n d a b l e t o a maximum o f f i v e y e a r s .
-
F u r t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n may be o b t a i n e d from C. G.. Plowman, Academic
R e g i s t r a r , P. 0; Box 4 , C a n b e r r a , ACT 2600, A u s t r a l i a .
NEWS
b
Kalimantan News
OMAR 0. HIDAJAT, Lembaga P u s a t P e n e l i t i a n P e r t a n i a n , Departmen
P e r t a n i a n , B a n j a r m a s i n , w r i t e s t h a t h i s I n s t i t u t e h a s a book
on t h e h i s t o r y o f t h e c i t y o f B a n j a r m a s i n i n I n d o n e s i a n and a
pamphlet e n t i t l e d " T i d a l Swamp R i c e C u l t u r e i n S o u t h Kalimantan."
BISHOP W. DEMARTEAU msf., B a n j a r m a s i n , w r i t e s t h a t h e h a s b e e n
w i t h d a t a on t h e h i s t o r y o f S o u t h K a l i m a n t a n .
h e l p i n g Mr.
JA'ACHMAD, Kepala K a n t o r Pembinaan Permuseuman, Departemen
P e n d i d i k a n Dan Kebudajaan P e r w a k i l a n P r o p i n s i , P o n t i a n a k ,
Kalimantan B a r a t , n o t e s t h a t h i s o f f i c e h a s p r e p a r e d a "Report
on a R e s e a r c h P r o j e c t : C o m p i l a t i o n o f E t h n o g r a p h i c , H i s t o r i c ,
and P r e h i s t o r i c D a t a from t h e Area i n West K a l i m a n t a n ; S e c t i o n I ,
Kapuas Melawi" ( 2 2 p a g e s , 1971) i n I n d o n e s i a n .
CONTENTS LIST OF TWO FORTHCOMING ISSUES
OF TllE S A B A H S O C I E T Y J O U R N A L
From P. A.
Burrough, E d i t o r
Sabah S o c i e t y J o u r n a l
Volume 5 , No. 3. (December 1 9 7 1 ) , w i l l c o n t a i n t h e f o l l o w i n g
a r t i c l e s : " ~ o t e s ' % n t h e N a t u r a l V e g e t a t i o n o f Kudat D i s t r i c t "
by J . E. D. Fox; "blurut and Lun Dayah B i r d Names" by J. Comber;
" E x t r a c t s from t h e D i a r y of E!r. G. C. Woolley" Forward by M.
P i k e ; "Murut and Dusun Graves i n Keningau D i s t r i c t " b y P. A .
Burrough; and "Two N a r r a t i v e s by G . C . Woolley and Owen
I t u t t e r " by F e r e n c X a v i e r W i t t i w i t h an I n t r o d u c t i o n by
J o s e p h i n e Boenisch Burrough.
Volume 5 , No. 4 (September 1972) w i l l c o n t a i n t h e f o l l o w i n g
a r t i c l e s : "Coal Mining a t S i l i m p o p o n 1906-1932" by K . J.
Goodlet; "Some P o i s o n o u s I n s e c t s o f Sabah and T h e i r C o n t r o l "
by J o r g e X . L. Leong; "The North Borneo . C h a r t e r e d Company's
A d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f t h e Bajau 1878-1909" bv James F. Warren;
" T r a d i t i o n a l Methods o f Dusun Rice C u l t i v a t i o n " By J o s e p h i n e
Boenisch Burrough and A l i k J a m i n ; "The A s c e n t o f Trusmadi by
0 . D . Acres; and "Notes on Place-Names and P e r s o n a l Names i n
t h e Song-Language o f t h e Timugon Muruts" by J. D. P r e n t i c e .
WILLIAM W. CONLEY, Chairman o f t h e Department o f M i s s i o n s and
Anthropology, St. Paul B i b l e College, B i b l e College, Minnesota
55375, w r i t e s t h a t h e and Mrs. Conley r e t u r n e d from a t h r e e
month v i s i t t o E a s t K a l i m a n t a n where f u r t h e r d a t a was g a t h e r e d
f o r h i s d i s s e r t a t i o n on t h e Kenyah p e o p l e and g o s p e l r e c e p t i v i t y .
He s p e n t t h e autumn a t t h e S c h o o l o f World M i s s i o n s , F u l l e r
Seminary, P a s a d e n a , w r i t i n g up h i s m a t e r i a l f o r h i s d i s s e r t a t i o n
H i s a d v i s o r i s an a n t h r o f o r a Doctor o f Missiology degree.
p o l o g i s t , Alan T i p p e t t . The Kenyah p e o p l e , w r i t e s C o n l e y ,
I n E a s t Kalimantan t h e
a r e now p r a c t i c a l l y 1 0 0 % C h r i s t i a n s .
e v a n g e l i z a t i o n p r o g r a m b e g a n a b o u t 1930.
STEPHANIE MORGAN i s c u r r e n t l y c a r r y i n g o u t r e s e a r c h f o r h e r
Ph.D. i n t h e Department o f A n t h r o p o l o g y , C o r n e l l U n i v e r s M y ,
i n t h e P u t u s s i b a u r e g i o n o f t h e Kapuas H u l u , K a l i m a n t a n B a r a t .
Her r e s e a r c h i s p r i m a r i l y f o c u s e d on t h e e f f o r t t o s h i f t s u c h
g r o u p s a s t h e Taman a n d Kantu t o i n d i v i d u a l h o u s i n g r a t h e r t h a n
l o n g - h o u s e s and t o w e t r i c e a g r i c u l t u r e .
She a l s o r e p o r t s t h a t
i n t h e f a r u p p e r r e a c h e s o f t h e r i v e r s y s t e m t h e Punan and Bukat
p e o p l e s a r e b e i n g e n c o u r a g e d t o move down r i v e r . Her c u r r e n t
a d d r e s s i s P u t u s s i b a u , Kalimantan B a r a t , Indonesia.
Volume 6 of t h e J o u r n a l i s p l a n n e d a s a monograph on K i n a b a l u
w i t h an I n t r o d u c t i o n by T. H a r r i s s o n and c o n t r i b u t i o n s by D. W.
McCredie, P. F. Cockburn, G . M i k e l , and J o s e p h i n e Boenisch
Burrough.
1
Sarawak
W. DONALD McTAGGART o f t h e Department o f Geography, A r i z o n a
S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , Tempe, A r i z o n a 85281, w r i t e s t h a t he h o p e s
t o be i n Kuching n e x t summer f o r a t h r e e month p r o j e c t w i t h
Chan Kok Eng (Geography, U n i v e r s i t y o f Malaya).
They s h a l l b e
l o o k i n g a t t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i v e and l e g a l r e s p o n s e t o c h a n g e s i n
p o p u l a t i o n numbers and d i s t r i b u t i o n .
J. P. ANDRIESSE w r i t e s t h a t he was a r e s i d e n t o f Sarawak from
1960 t o 1 9 7 1 and was employed a s S e n i o r O f f i c e r , S o i l S u r v e y ,
Department o f A g r i c u l t u r e , Kuching, Sarawak. He is p r e s e n t l y
engaged i n a d v i s o r y work and r e s e a r c h a c t i v i t i e s on t r o p i c a l
s o i l s w i t h t h e Royal T r o p i c a l I n s t i t u t e , and he i s c o n t i n u i n g
h i s s t u d i e s o f t h e s o i l s o f Sarawak a s p a r t o f h i s r e s e a r c h
program.
I n p a r t i c u l a r , he is d e a l i n g with s o i l genesis i n
t h e r e g i o n , and he h a s r e c e n t l y c o m p l e t e d a c o m p i l a t i o n o f
a l l s u r v e y work and s o i l r e s e a r c h done i n w e s t Sarawak d u r i n g
h i s s t a y t h e r e , which w i l l be p u b l i s h e d by t h e Government
1
P r i n t i n g O f f i c e i n Kuching.
Specifically? present research
a c t i v i t i e s a r e c o n c e n t r a t e d on t h e c l a y m i n e r a l o g y o f Sarawak
s o i l s and t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n and forms o f i r o n o x i d e s i n them.
P. A. BURROUGH r e p o r t s t h a t t h e r e c o n n a i s s a n c e s o i l s u r v e y o f
Sabah i s n e a r l y c o m p l e t e d and w i l l be p u b l i s h e d by H.M.S.O.,
London, i n l a t e 1973-74. The B u r r o u g h s p l a n t o b e l e a v i n g
Sabah i n J a n u a r y 1 9 7 3 t o r e t u r n t o B r i t a i n f o r a few months
b e f o r e D r . , Burrough t a k e s up a l e c t u r e s h i p i n S o i l S c i e n c e a t
t h e Department o f Geography, U n i v e r s i t y of New S o u t h Wales,
Australia.
IR. BOUWE G. GRIJPSTRA, a s o f J a n u a r y 1, 1973, w i l l have
r e t u r n e d t o t h e D e ~ a r t m e n to f R u r a l S o c i o l o e v o f t h e T r o ~ i c s
and S u b t r o p i c s , ~ ~ i i c u l t u r U
a ln i v e r s i t y , ~ e r k n s t r a a t25,'
Wageningen, N e t h e r l a n d s .
He f u r t h e r w r i t e s t h a t he i s i n t e r e s t e d t o communicate w i t h p e r s o n s h a v i n g t h e knowledge o f t h e
Bidayuh and r u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t p o l i c i e s i n Sarawak d u r i n g
various periods.
Brunei
BERNARD HEWITT, A c t i n g D i r e c t o r o f A g r i c u l t u r e , B r u n e i , h a s been
a c c e p t e d a s a Ph.D. c a n d i d a t e a t t h e D e p a r t m e n t o f S o u t h e a s t
Asian Sociology, U n i v e r s i t y o f H u l l , England; s u b j e c t : a g r i c u l t u r a l s y s t e m s i n B r u n e i . Mr. H e w i t t a l r e a d y h a s d e g r e e s i n
S c i e n c e and A r t s and was p r e v i o u s l y a l e c t u r e r i n s c i e n c e s u b See h i s
j e c t s a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f Malaya and Malawi ( A f r i c a ) .
r e c e n t p a p e r o n Borneo r i c e i n B r u n e i Museum J. 1971. 1972.
DR. J. D. FREEMAN h a s been a p p o i n t e d t o t h e C h a i r o f Anthropol o g y and t h e H e a d s h i p o f t h e Department o f A n t h r o p o l o g y and
S o c i o l o g y , I n s t i t u t e o f Advanced S t u d i e s , A u s t r a l i a n N a t i o n a l
University.
I n commensuration o f t h e C e n t e n n i a l a n n i v e r s a r y
o f t h e p u b l i c a B i o n i n 1872 o f C h a r l e s D a r w i n ' s The E x p r e s s i o n
of Emotions i n Man and Animal, J. D. Freeman o r g a n i z e d a
J o i n t Symposium o f t h e A n t h r o p o l o g y , P s y c h o l o g y and Zoology
S e c t i o n s o f t h e 4 4 t h ANZAAS C o n g r e s s . e n t i t l e d E t h o l o
and
t h e S t u d y of human B e h a v i o r .
Dr. Freeman's contributi:;
to
t h e Symposium was c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h e r e l e v a n c e o f e t h o l o g y t o
t h e study of c u l t u r a l behavior.
Then i n August D r . Freeman p r e s e n t e d a p a p e r on "The S i g n i f i c a n c e o f P r i m a r y Bonding f o r
P s y c h i a t r y and t h e B e h a v i o r a l S c i e n c e s " t o t h e Geigy C o n f e r e n c e
on P s y c h i a t r i c R e s e a r c h a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f Melbourne.
.-. . HARRTSSCIN
........----..renorts
- - r - - - - t- h~a- t- he i s now c o m ~ l e t i n ea monograph on
P r e h i s t o r i c Wood E x c a v a t e d a t Kota ~ a t u , ' ~ r u n eand
i
~1;ewhere
i n Borneo.
T h i s i s s c h e d u l e d t o b e p u b l i s h e d i n e a r l y 1973 a s
t h e s e c o n d B r u n e i Museum monograph ( t h e f i r s t was Don Brown's
The S o c i a l H i s t o r y of t h e ~ u l t a n a t e j . I t w i l l be t h e f i r s t
e v e r s e r l o u s s t u d y o f wood work a n d t i m b e r s g e n e r a l l y a s u s e d
i n t h e p r e - E u r o p e a n p e r i o d , i n t h e e a r l y i r o n and s t o n e a g e s .
m M
.
-
BOOK
M. B. HOOKER, F a c u l t y o f S o c i a l S c i e n c e s , U n i v e r s i t y of K e n t ,
C a n t e r b u r y , K e n t , E n g l a n d , w r i t e s : My i n t e r e s t s a r e p r i m a r i l y
i n t h e a d a t laws o f M a l a y s i a , i n c l u d i n g E a s t M a l a y s i a . On t h e
l a t t e r m v e p u b l i s h e d summaries o f j u d i c i a l d e c i s i o n s on
s o - c a l l e d 'Dyak a d a t ' .
(Hooker 1967:30-32, 64-66)
A lengthy
paper on t h e p o s i t i o n of Dyak a d a t i n t h e framework of c o u r t s
and l e g i s l a t u r e i n Sarawak i s i n r e p a r a t i o n f o r p u b l i c a t i o n
next year.
I a l s o hope t o c o n t i n u e r e s e a r c h i n t o Malay adat
laws i n E a s t M a l a y s i a i n t h e n e a r f u t u r e . Ref: Hooker, M. B.,
1967, A Sourcebook o f Adat. C h i n e s e Law and t h e H i s t o r y o f
Common Law i n t h e Malayan P e n i n s u l a , S i n g a p o r e : F a c u l t y o f
Law, U n i v e r s i t y o f Singapore."
.
I . M. SCOTT, S o i l S u r v e y D i v i s i o n , Department o f A g r i c u l t u r e ,
Kuching, Sarawak, w r i t e s t h a t h i s s p h e r e o f r e s e a r c h a t p r e s e n t
i s l a r g e l y t h e mapping and c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f s o k l s i n t h e
c e n t r a l l o w l a n d s o f Sarawak and t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p t o t h e p r e s e n t land use p a t t e r n s a n d t h e a g r i c u l t u r a l p o t e n t i a l of p r e s e n t
land-use p a t t e r n s t o t h e a g r i c u l t u r a l p o t e n t i a l of t h e a r e a .
~~-
R E V I E W S ,
&
A B S T R A C T S
B I B L I O G R A P H Y
DISSERTATION ABSTRACTS*
I
The Lun Dayeh of Sabah, E a s t M a l a y s i a :
and SociaZ Exchange
1
I
J a y Bouton C r a i n (Ph.D.
1
Aspects of ~ a r r i a i e
C o r n e l l U n i v e r s i t y 1970)
This study presents a preliminary d e s c r i p t i o n of the s o c i a l
s t r u c t u r e of one p o p u l a t i o n o f Lun Dayeh, a n i n d i g e n o u s p e o p l e
o f t h e h i g h l a n d s o f n o r t h - c e n t r a l Borneo.
The a u t h o r and h i s f a m i l y l i v e d i n a Lun Dayeh v i l l a g e on t h e
lower Mengalong R i v e r i n t h e s o u t h e r n - m o s t d i s t r i c t o f Sabah.
The a u t h o r employed t r a d i t i o n a l a n t h r o p o l o g i c a l f i e l d methods,
together with recording samples o f v e r b a l i n t e r a c t i o n i n s e l e c t e d s e t t i n g s . The m a j o r s t a t i s t i c a l d a t a a r e d e r i v e d from
a domestic family census of seven v i l l a g e s .
The exchange o f a f f e c t i o n , g r e e t i n g s , l a b o r , f o o d s t u f f s , and
o t h e r commodities i s a p e r v a s i v e f e a t u r e o f Lun Dayeh s o c i e t y .
Exchange, r e c i p r o c i t y , and m u t u a l a s s i s t a n c e r e f l e c t one o f
the b a s i c value assumptions o f t h e s o c i e t y - - t h a t working t o g e t h e r w i t h o t h e r s i s c l o s e l y r e l a t e d t o s p i r i t u a l and p h y s i c a l
h e a l t h . The a n a l y s i s o f t h i s e x c h a n g e i s a p p r o a c h e d t h r o u g h a : '
p r o c e s s u a l model o f s o c i a l s t r u c t u r e d e r i v e d f r o m E i s e n s t a d t ' s
concept of i n s t i t u t i o n a l p r o c e s s .
Exchangesoccur between n e i g h b o r s , c o g n a t e s , a f f i n e s , i n f o r m a l l y
between i n d i v i d u a l s , and more f o r m a l l y between c o r p o r a t e domest i c f a m i l i e s . Such e x c h a n g e s o c c u r i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h : 1 ) t h e
o r g a n i z a t i o n of l a b o r f o r t h e production of r i c e , c l e a r i n g of
l a n d , and t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f h o u s e s , 2 ) t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f
c o n j u g a l and a f f i n a l s t a t u s , and 3 ) d e a t h .
The s t u d y c o n c l u d e s t h a t t h e exchange o f goods and s e r v i c e s i n
Lun Dayeh s o c i e t y i s a c e n t r a l f e a t u r e o f a s y s t e m o f s o c i a l
r e l a t i o n s t h a t a l l o w s a wide r a n g e o f c h o i c e . I n t h i s s y s t e m
each family i s c o n t i n u a l l y a c r e d i t o r o r d e b t o r v i s - i - v i s o t h e r
f a m i l i e s , which a r e d e f i n e d f o r - c e r t a i n s o c i a l p u r p o s e s a s k i n s men o r a f f i n e s . The c r e d i t o r - d e b t o r r e l a t i o n s a r e i n i t i a t e d
and m a i n t a i n e d t h r o u g h a v a r i e t y o f e x c h a n g e s t h a t c e n t e r a r o u n d
t h e development4al c y c l e s o f f a m i l i e s and t h e s e a s o n a l p a t t e r n
of r i c e a g r i c u l t u r e . These e x c h a n g e s r e p r e s e n t t h e major
mechanisms f o r t h e c i r c u l a t i o n o f goods and s e r v i c e s and a r e
s e e n t o embody t h e h i g h e s t m o r a l e t h i c s o f t h e s o c i e t y .
Families d i f f e r e n t i a l l y p a r t i c i p a t e i n t h i s exchange system.
Those f a m i l i e s who, by v i r t u e o f t h e i r r e p u t a t i o n and w e a l t h ,
s p o n s o r t h e c e r e m o n i e s and a c t i v i t i e s t h r o u g h which t h e norms
a r e e x p r e s s e d f u n c t i o n i n t h e c a p a c i t y o f m o r a l b r o k e r s and
receive respect accordingly. This i s a matter of degree f o r
e v e r y f a m i l y s p o n s o r s some e x c h a n g e s . The m a r r i a g e f e a s t s and
a g r i c u l t u r a l even'rs o f "well-known" f a m i l i e s have,however,
some o f t h e c h a r a c t e r o f p r i v i l e g e c e r e m o n i e s . The p r e s t i g e
o r p r i v i l e g e a c c r u e d t h e s p o n s o r i n g f a m i l y i s n o t d e r i v e d from
d i s p l a y o f w e a l t h , b u t r a t h e r from h a v i n g p r o v i d e d t h e mass
performance o f s y m b o l i c a c t s which embody t h e v e r y e s s e n c e
of the s o c i a l structure.
( O r d e r No. 71-14,618, 423 p a g e s )
A Study of the Occupationat P a t t e r n s and S o c i a l I n t e r a c t i o n o f
Overseas Chinese i n Sabah, Malaysia
S i n Fong Han (Ph.D.
The U n i v e r s i t y o f i ~ i c h i g a n , 1971)
The p r e s e n t s t u d y i s an a t t e m p t t o e x p l o r e two r e l a t i v e l y n e glected y e t s i g n i f i c a n t a s p e c t s of Overseas Chinese communities-o c c u p a t i o n a l p a t t e r n s and i n t e r - s p e e c h g r o u p s o c i a l i n t e r a c t i o n ,
w i t h s p e c i a l r e f e r e n c e t o t h e C h i n e s e communities i n Sabah.
The s t u d y b e g i n s w i t h a b r i e f d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e h i s t o r y o f
C h i n e s e i m m i g r a t i o n i n t o Sabah. A t t e n t i o n i s g i v e n t o an e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e f a c t o r s t h a t p u s h e d t h e C h i n e s e a b r o a d and t h a t
p u l l e d them i n t o Sabah. The p r e s e n t o c c u p a t i o n a l p a t t e r n s o f
t h e s i x major C h i n e s e s p e e c h g r o u p s - C a n t o n e s e , Hakka, Hailam,
Hokkian, Henghua and T e o c h i u , a r e t h e n d e s c r i b e d a n d a n a l y z e d .
b a s e d p r i m a r i l y on t h e d a t a c o l l e c t e d from Kota K i n a b a l u ,
B e a u f o r t and Labuan. The n e x t p h a s e o f t h e s t u d y c o n c e n t r a t e s
on t h e a n a l y s i s o f t h e s e q u e n t i a l c h a n g e s i n t h e o c c u p a t i o n a l
p a t t e r n s of i n d i v i d u a l s p e e c h g r o u p s w i t h p a r t i c u l a r r e f e r e n c e
t o a n i n t e n s i v e c a s e s t u d y o f t h e C h i n e s e c o m m u n i t i e s i n Labuan
T h i s i s f o l l o w e d by a g e n e r a l s u r v e y o f s o c i a l i n t e r a c t i o n
between members o f d i f f e r e n t s p e e c h g r o u p s , p r i m a r i l y b a s e d
on t h e p a r a m e t e r s o f i n t e r - s p e e c h g r o u p m a r r i a g e and b u s i n e s s
partnership.
The k i n s h i p - o r i e n t e d i m m i g r a t i o n , t i g h t b u s i n e s s r i n g s , l a n g u a g e
b a r r i e r s , c u l t u r a l h e r i t a g e of mutual r e s p o n s i b i l i t y , s o c i a l
s o l i d ' a r i t y , and o v e r s e a s c o n d i t i o n s , have b e e n t h e m a j o r f a c t o r s
i n t h e development o f o c c u p a t i o n a l s p e c i a l i z a t i o n a l o n g s p e e c h
group l i n e s . E a r l y Sabah C h i n e s e s o c i e t y i s c h a r a c t e r i z e d by
v e r y l i m i t e d o c c u p a t i o n a l and s o c i a l m o b i l i t y .
Inter-speech
group r e l a t i o n s h i p s were c o n f i n e d m a i n l y t o economic i n t e r a c t i o n . S o c i a l i n t e r a c t i o n had been u n d e r t a k e n p r i m a r i l y w i t h i n
t h e i n d i v i d u a l speech group.
The a d v e n t of m o d e r n i z a t i o n and Western t e c h n o l o g y d u r i n g t h e
p o s t World War I 1 p e r i o d h a s had b o t h d i r e c t and i n d i r e c t
The a c c e s s i b i l i t y o f
impact on C h i n e s e o c c u p a t i o n a l p a t t e r n s .
Western e d u c a t i o n a p p e a r s t o have l e d t o a s t e a d y e x p a n s i o n o f
w h i t e - c o l l a r w o r k e r s , t e c h n i c i a n s , and p r o f e s s i o n a l p e r s o n n e l .
Western e d u c a t i o n h a s become one o f t h e most i m p o r t a n t a v e n u e s
I t has provided opporf o r j o b p l a c e m e n t and v e r t i c a l m o b i l i t y .
t u n i e s f o r t h o s e who w i s h t o b r e a k away f r o m t h e r i g i d occupational patterns.
The C h i n e s e r e a c t i o n s t o t h e W e s t e r n i m p a c t , however, have
d i f f e r e d from one s p e e c h group t o a n o t h e r . T h e s e d i f f e r e n c e s
a r e r e f l e c t e d i n p o s i t i v e a t t i t u d e s toward c h a n g e o r , on t h e
o t h e r hand, i n a d e l i b e r a t e p r e s e r v a t i o n o f c u s t o m a r y o c c u p a t i o n s .
Generally speaking, persons i n occupations of lower socioeconomic s t a n d i n s a r e more l i k e l y t o c h a n g e t h e i r t r a d i t i o n a l
occupations than p e r s o n s engaged i n o c c u p a t i o n s h o l d i n g h i g h e r
socio-economic s t a t u s .
The d i f f u s i o n o f Western f o r m s h a s a l s o h e l p e d t o i n c r e a s e
i n t e r - s p e e c h group m a r r i a g e between members o f t h e y o u n g e r
g e n e r a t i o n . The d e g r e e o f i n t e g r a t i o n h a s d i f f e r e d f r o m g n e
Persons with higher educational
s p e e c h group t o a n o t h e r .
a c h i e v e m e n t and who a r e engaged i n W e s t e r n - o r i e n t e d wagep a y i n g j o b s a r e more l i k e l y t o m a r r y a s p o u s e o f d i f f e r e n t
( C o n t i n u e d from p a g e 57) D i s s e r t a t i o n A b s t r a c t s I n t e r n a t i o n a l ,
U n i v e r s i t y M i c r o f i l m s , Ann A r b o r , Michigan 48106. U.S.A.
P o s i t i v e m i c r o f i l m s o f t h e d i s s e r t a t i o n s n o t e d may be o b t a i n e d
f o r US$4 and a x e r o g r a p h i c copy may b e p u r c h a s e d f o r US$10.
The BRB i s g r e a t l y i n d e b t e d t o Frank J. Shulman, o f t h e
u n i v e r s i t y of M i c h i g a n , who h a s p r o v i d e d t h e E d i t o r w i t h
copies of the a b s t r a c t s .
speech group t h a n t h o s e w i t h l o w e r e d u c a t i o n a l a c h i e v e m e n t and
t h o s e engaged i n t r a d i t i o n a l s h o p k e e p i n g e n t e r p r i s e s .
This study concludes:
( a ) t h a t b e c a u s e o f s p e e c h group 'occupational s p e c i a l i z a t i o n , d i v e r s i t y , n o t uniformity is t h e essent i a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of t h e Sabah C h i n e s e c o m m u n i t i e s , and ( b )
because of t h e impact o f Western t e c h n o l o g y and Western e d u c a t i o n , t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e g r a d u a l m o d e r n i z a t i o n o f Sabah s o c i e t y ,
t h e O v e r s e a s C h i n e s e s o c i e t y i s c h a n g i n g r a p i d l y from a s p e e c h group o r i e n t e d , f r a g m e n t a r y s o c i e t y t o a s o c i a l l y and c u l t u r a l l y
more i n t e g r a t e d s o c i e t y ; and from a n a s c r i b e d f o l k s o c i e t y t o
a n a c h i e v e d modern s o c i e t y .
( O r d e r No. 72-4891, 307 p a g e s ) !
B I B L I O G R A P H Y
Maxwell. A l l e n R., 1970, B r u n e i B i b l i o g r a p h y i n t h e JSBRAS
and JMBRAS. B r u n e i Museum J . 2:264-268.
Nevadomsk-eph-John
and A l i c e L i , 1 9 7 1 , The C h i n e s e i n
S o u t h e a s t A s i a : A S e l e c t e d and A n n o t a t e d B i b l i o g r a p h y
of P u b l i c a t i o n s i n Western Languages, 1960-1970.
h e r k e l e y , U. of C a l i f o r n i a P r e s s .
T h e s e s e s on S o u t h e a s t Asia P r e s e n t e d a t N o r t h e r n I l l i n o i s
University 1960-71: An A n n o t a t e d B i b l i o g r a p h y , 1972,
z
l
i
n
o
i
s
U . , DeKalb, I l l i n o i s .
Tiamson, A l f r e d o T., 1970, Mindanao-Sulu B i b l i o r a h Cont a i n i n g p u b l i s h e d , U n p u b l i s h e d ManuscriptsgandP c o r k s i n - p r o g r e s s , A P r e l i m a r y S u r v e y and W . E. R e t a n a ' s
b i b l i o g r a f i a d e Mindanao (1894).
Davao C i t y , Ateneo
De Davaon Index by p r o v i n c e and s u b j e c t b y p r o v i n c e .
Index g e n e r a l .
Noue 2s
K e i t h , Agnes Newton, 1 9 7 2 , Beloved E x i l e s . A t l a n t i c , L i t t l e Brown.
$7.9,5.
Ross, S h e i l a , 1 9 7 7 , The P e r f e c t C a r r i e r .
London, C o l l i n s .
S c h o e n d o e r f f e r , P i e r r e , 1971, F a r e w e l l t o t h e King.
Transl a t e d from t h e F r e n c h by Zan F i e l d i n g . B a n t a n Books
$1.25.
Brunei S h e l l P e t r o l e u m Co. L t d ,
Proiert:
.
- - --- .
n.d.,
-1 9- 7. 1- .Annual
- - ..- - - .R.-e n n r t .
Sinaut Agricultural
UNESCO, 1971, S o i l s and T r o p i c a l W e a t h e r i n g : A Symposium,
Bandung, I n d o n e s i a , Nov. 1969 1150 D D . . i l l u s . p a p e r
$7.50).
P a r i s , UNESCO. N a t u r a l . R e k b u i c e s R e s e a r c h 11.
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De S i l v a , G. S . , n . d . , Bornean E l e p h a n t :
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Sabah 1969. Borneo L i t e r a t u r e Bureau.
. , Notes on t h e S u l p h u r - c r e s t e d Cockatoo.
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( e d . ) , Laporan P e n y e l i d e k H u t a n , N e g e r i Sabah
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Medway. Lord. 1971. O b s e r v a t i o n s o f S o c i a l and P r e p r o d u c t i v e
~ i o l o ~ ~ t-h oe fBent-winged B a t M i n i o p t e r u s a u s t r a l i s i n
N o r t h e r n Borneo. J. Zool., Lonaon 165:261-273.
Thomuson. Max C . . 1 9 6 6 . - B i r d s from N o r t h Borneo. U. o f Kansas
- ~ u b i i c a t i o n ; , ~ u s e u mo f N a t u r a l H i s t o r y 17:377-433.
Botany
S t o n e , B. C.. 1 9 6 8 , S t u d i e s i n M a l e s i a n P a n d a n a c e a e .
8, Some
New and L i t t l e Known S e c t i o n s o f Pandanus.
Fed. Mus. J.
13:138-149.
-1968, S t u d i e s i n M a l e s i a n P a n d a n a c e a e . 9 , Taxonomic N o t e s
on Pandanus: S p e c i e s and Synonyms. Fed. Mus. J .
13:lSO-154.
-1969, S t u d i e s i n ~ a l e s i a nPandanaceae. 1 0 , F o u r New
M a l e s i a n S p e c i e s o f Pandanus and N o t e s on P . s a r a w a k e n s i s .
Fed. Mus. J. 14:127-136.
Conservation
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P r o j e c t i n Sabah. Malay. Nat. J. 24:50-77.
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Hepburn ( e d . ) , Laporan P e n y e l i d e k H u t a n , N e g e r i S a b a h
1969. Borneo L i t e r a t u r e Bureau.
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B., 1971,Conservation o f Nonhuman P r i m a t e s i n 1970.
P r i m a t e s i n Medicine Vol. 5. B a s e l , K a r g e l (U.S. d i s t r i v i , 100 pp. $ 6 . 7 0 ) .
b u t o r : P h i e b i g , White P l a i n s , N.Y.;
E t h n o g r a p h v and S o c i a L A n t h r o p o Z o g y
Brown. D. E . . 1971. The C o r o n a t i o n o f S u l t a n Muhammad J a m a l u l
lam, 1918. B r u n e i Museum J. 2:74-80.
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Sabah
S o c i e t v J . 5:83-97.
1 9 7 0 , t h e Mengalong Lun Dayeh Long-house.
C r a i n , J . B:,
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-1970, The Domestic F a m i l y and Long-house Among t h e Mengalong
Lun Dayeh. Sarawak Museum J. 18:186-192.
Deegan, J . , 1 9 7 0 , Some Lun Bawang S p i r i t C h a n t s . Sarawak
Museum J. 18:264-280.
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E x t r a i t d e l a r e v u e OBJECTS ET MONDES, Tome X I I , as‘& 1,
P -r i n t e m u s .
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C h i n e s e Law and t h e H i s t o r y o f Common Law i n t h e Malayan
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taw. U. o f S i n e a ~ o r e . 211 DD.
Hudson, j. M.. 1971; 5 o m e r ~ b s e r ; H t i o n s on Dance i n K a l i m a n t a n .
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J e n s e n , E r i k Henning, 1968/69, I b a n B e l i e f and B e h a v i o r .
D.Phi1. d i s s e r t a t i o n , Oxford U.
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Homme 1 2 : s - 2 8 .
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Maxwell, A l l e n R., 1969, Kedayan E t h n o - o r n i t h o l o g y .
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C e n t r a l Borneo.
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~ivers,
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from t h e K a t i n g a n Ngadju i n S o u t h Borneo. The Yearbook,
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u n d e r l y i n g t h e ~ n s t i t u t i o no f t h e ~ o k o hi n Malay C u l t u r e .
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S p e c i a l R e f e r e n c e t o H e a d - h u n t i n g R a i d s i n Borneo.
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our
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-. o f D i p t e r o c a r p s 1$68/69.
i n A. J. Hepburn (ed.), ~ a ~ o r a n - P e n y e l i d e k
Hutan, N e g e r i Sabah 1969. Borneo L i t e r a t u r e Bureau.
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~ S i l v i c u l t u r a l and Economic A s p e c t s o f R e l o g g i n g .
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n . a . , Some Notes on U l t r a b a s i c F o r e s t a t Lohan Near Ranau.
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Sabah 1969. Borneo L i t e r a t u r e Bureau.
Hepburn, A. J . , 1969, S t a t e o f Sabah Annual R e p o r t o f t h e
R e s e a r c h Branch oT t h e F o r e s t Department f o r t h e Year
1969. Kuching, Government P r i n t i n g O f f i c e $M10.00.
A P r e l i m i n a r y Note on S p e c i e s L i k e l y t o
P o l l a r d , J . F., n.d.,
be S u i t a b l e f o r P l a n t a t i o n s On Wet S i t e s . ~n A. J .
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1969. Borneo L i t e r a t u r e Bureau.
n.d.,Gum
Gum F o r e s t Reserve. In A,, J. Hepburn ( e d . ) ,
- Laporan P e n y e l i d e k Hutan, N e g e r i - S a b a h 1969, Borneo
L i t e r a t u r e Bureau.
Ulu Kukut P l a n t a t i o n 1966-69. In A . J. Hepburn ( e d . ) .
-n.d..
~ a p o r a nP e n y e l i d e k Hutan, N e g e r i Sabah 1969. Borneo
L i t e r a t u r e Bureau.
Review o f P l a n t a t i o n Work 1965-69 and a n O u t l i n e o f
-n.d.,t h e Programme
D u r i n g t h e P e r i o d 1970-75.
In A. J.
Hepburn ( e d . ) , Laporan P e n y e l i d e k H u t a n , N e ~ e r iSabah
1969. Borneo L i t e r a t u r e Bureau.
-
I
I
Thapa, R. S., n.d.,
N o t e s o n Some I n s e c t P e s t s o f L a r a n
In A . J. Hepburn
( A n t h o c e p h a l u s C h i n e n s i s ) , i n Sabah.
( e d . ) , Laporan P e n y e l i d e k Hutan, N e g e r i S a b a h 1969.
Borneo L i t e r a t u r e Bureau.
Ceograp h#
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Geographie:
Die G e o g r a p h i e i n d e r G r u n d l a g e n f o r s c h u n g
und'Rawnplanung d e r E n t w i c k l u n g s l Z n d e r und i h r e Behandlung
im U n t e r r i c h t . Der b i s h e r i g e B e i t r a g d e r G e o g r a p h i e z u
Fragen d e r raumlichen Umweltgestaltung.
Der Erdkundeun- t e r r i c h t , Sonderdruck, E r n s t K l e t t Verlag S t u t t g a r t .
pp. ,84-95.
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MA d i s s e r t a t i o n , UniBorneo D e p e n d e n c i e s , 17330-1878.
v e r s i t y o f Wisconson.
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A d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f t h e B a j a u , 1878-1909:
The P a c i f i c a t i o n
of a M a r i t i m e , Nomadic P e o p l e .
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S t u d i e s . S o u t h e a s t A s i a S e r i e s No. 22. Ohio U n i v e r s i t v
C e n t e r :or I n t e r n a t i o n a l S t u d i e s , - S o u t h e a s t A s i a program,
pp. x i v , 1 0 9 , Appendix.
$3.00.
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(Continued n e x t i s s u e )
THE BORNEO RESEARCH COUNCIL ( C o n t i n u e d f r o m p a g e 38)
FeZZowe o f t h e Borneo Research CounciZ
I
I
The p r i v i l e g e s o f F e l l o w i n c l u d e ( 1 ) p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n t h e
o r g a n i z a t i o n and a c t i v i t i e s o f t h e Council; (2) r i g h t t o
form c o m m i t t e e s o f F e l l o w s t o d e a l w i t h s p e c i a l r e s e a r c h p r o blems o r i n t e r e s t s ; ( 3 ) s u p p o r t o f t h e C o u n c i l ' s program o f
f u r t h e r i n g r e s e a r c h i n t h e s o c i a l , b i o l o g i c a l , and m e d i c a
s c i e n c e s i n Borneo; (4) s u b s c r i p t i o n t o t h e Borneo R e s e a r c h
Bulletin.
The F e l l o w s o f t h e C o u n c i l s e r v e a s a p o o l o f knowledge and
e x p e r t i s e on Borneo m a t t e r s w h i c h may b e drawn upon t o d e a l
w i t h s p e c i f i c p r o b l e m s b o t h i n t h e f i e l d o f r e s e a r c h and i n
t h e p r a c t i c a l a p p l i c a t i o n o f s c i e n t i f i c knowledge.
F e l l o w s h i p i n t h e C o u n c i l i s by i n v i t a t i o n , and e n q u i r i e s
a r e welcomed i n t h i s r e g a r d .