Henry Moseley (1887 -1915)

Henry Moseley (1887 -1915):
centenary
t
off the
th birth
bi th off X-ray
X
spectroscopy and the modern
form of the periodic table
Russell Egdell
Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford
and
Trinity College ,Oxford
Philosophical
Phil
hi l M
Magazine
i JJuly
l 1914
Volume 27 Pages 703-713
1
Are the shallow core nd electrons involved in covalent
bonding
g in ZnO, CdO and HgO?
g
The answer is given by O-K shell X-ray emission spectroscopy
e-
h
Conduction band
EF
h
O 2p valence band
Shallow core d state
?
O 1s core level
+
Tony Orchard
C
Core
h
hole
l d
decay iis governed
db
by a strict
t i t di
dipole
l selection
l ti rule
l which
hi h only
l allows
ll
on-site
it
decay from O 2p states into the O 1s core hole.
Thus O K shell
Th
h ll XES probes
b th
the O 2
2p partial
ti l d
density
it off states.
t t
Shallow metal core states only appear in oxygen K shell XES if they mix with O 2p
states.
x5
O 2p
ZnO
Zn 3d
x5 O 2p
x5
C dO
C d 4d
x5
O 2p H gO
520
0.14
Hg 5d5/2
0 12
0.12
Hg 5d
0.10
0 08
0.08
Hg 5d3/2
0.06
Zn 3d
0 04
0.04
Cd 4d
0.02
14
15
16
17
18
19
Kevin Smith
formerly
y Dept.
p
Physics at Boston
University - now
head of Chemistry
at Auckland
Atomic binding energy / eV
The shallow core nd intensity in O K shell XES is a direct
measure of the extent of mixing of shallow core nd states
with O 2p states. These results explain the unique
structure of HgO and why CdO has an indirect bandgap
H g 5d
515
C
Corrected
M nd/ O 2
2p intensitty ratio
O K shell XES of ZnO, CdO and HgO
525
P hoton energy / eV
530
Physical
Ph
i lR
Review
i
B 2003 68 165104/1-10
165104/1 10
Chemical Physics Letters 2004 399 98-101
Physical Review B 2005 71 235109
The definitive
biography
g p y of
Moseley was written
by John Heilbron,
former student of
Th
Thomas
Kuhn.
K h
H
Henry
M
Moseley
l iin th
the T
Trinity-Balliol
i it B lli l llaboratory
b t
circa
i
1909
1909.
This is reputed to be the only known photograph of Moseley
in a laboratoryy environment.
He appears to be holding an X-ray tube, but did not start work
in this area until 1912.
Royal Society of Chemistry Historic Landmark Plaque
Royal Society of Chemistry
National Landmark Plaque
outside the Clarendon
Laboratory, Oxford. This
was the first new-style RSC
“blue plaque” in Oxford.
Joseph Nordgren,
ex student of Nobel Laureate Kai
Siegbahn and past Chairman of
the Nobel Committee for Physics.
Joseph gave a lecture on Moseley
on 24th September 2007
at the RSC unveiling ceremony.
The late Harold Hankins CBE, F.R. Eng. was the first Vice
Chancellor of UMIST.
His son Nick Hankins is a lecturer in Engineering at LMH
John Richardson is Chairman of the Western Front Association
Ch hi and
Cheshire
dL
Lancashire
hi B
Branch
h and
d a WFA M
Membership
b hi T
Trustee
t
6
Henry Moseley FRS
1801-1872
Clergyman, Naval Architect and Professor of
Mathematics and Astronomy, UCL
John Gwyn Jeffreys FRS
1809 - 1885
Solicitor and expert on molluscs
Henry Nottidge Moseley FRS
1844-1891
Linacre Professor of Anatomy, Oxford
Amabel Gwyn Jeffreys
Betty Moseley
1883-1899
Margery Moseley
1884-1952
Alfred AT Ludlow-Hewitt
1884-1979
Author of
“Breeding Cows for Milk”
Henry
y Gwyn
y
Jeffreys Moseley
1887-1915
Henry C Ludlow-Hewitt Thomas NM Ludlow-Hewitt
1912 - ?
1921 -?
Henry Moseley’s
Moseley s Education
1896 – 1901
Summer Fields School, Oxford.
1901 – 1906
King’s Scholar, Eton.
1905
Applies for Science Scholarship at Balliol.
The only science scholarship has been
promised to Julian Huxley.
Rejects offer of Commoner place at Balliol.
Balliol
Offered Millard Science Scholarship at Trinity.
Family home at
48 Woodstock Road
“I was off course d
delighted
li ht d with
ith th
the news and
d very
content to go to Trinity”
(in letter to his mother, 15th December 1905)
“Any scholarship was better than none”
(in letter to Harold Hartley at Balliol)
1906 – 1910
Millard Scholar at Trinity.
HGJM in 1906
Moseley s entry in
Moseley’s
the College register
October 6th 1906
Moseley took a first in Mathematical
Moderations and then decided to study
Physics rather than Chemistry.
Trinity had no Physics tutor –
only D. H. Nagel, a Chemist to guide
him.
hi
Most of his tutorials were farmed out to
Idwal Griffiths
Griffiths, a lecturer and later
Fellow of St. John’s.
Moseley’s Tutor D.H. Nagel
The Oxford University Alembic Club Circa 1909
1907
1910
Moseley is second from right in back row
10
1907 Bow 1st Torpid 10st 9lb
1909 Stroke 2nd Eight 10st 8½lbs
1908 Stroke 2nd Eight 10st 7½ lb
1910 Stroke 2nd Torpid 11st 7lb
The 1910 2nd Torpid Crew
A.J. L. Carey (far right back
row) later became well
known as the author Joyce
Carey.
L.R. E. Schmidt (seated 2nd
from right) was son of one
of the directors of Krupps of
Essen
E. L. Beale ( middle in back row) was killed in action at Longavesnes on 22 March 1918.
V. C. Downes (seated far right) died at St Omer on 18 October 1914, of wounds received in action.
E. H. Shears (cox, on ground to front) was killed in action at Boesinghe on 4 July 1917.
Albrecht Graf von Bernstorff (seated far left)
left), a German Rhodes Scholar
Scholar, served as a diplomat in
London in the years between the wars and was a vocal opponent of the Nazis during their rise to
power. He was executed in Lehrterstrasse prison in 1945.
Moseley’s “failure” in Schools
* July 1910
Awarded a 2nd class degree in Physics and not the 1st he had
been expecting
expecting. In 1910 there were eight 2nd class honours
degrees in Physics in the University but no 1st.
Only one other honours degree in Physics had ever
been awarded to a Trinityy student and that was in 1887.
* September 1910
Takes up Demonstratorship in Physics at University of
Manchester working
g under Ernest Rutherford ((Nobel
Laureate in Chemistry 1908). Annual salary £125.
“My dear Mother,
T elementary
Two
l
t
papers today,
t d
nott a greatt success. I was fighting
fi hti inefficiently
i ffi i tl
against time. The heat is overpowering, and an owl squawked all night in the garden and
kept me awake. -----”
((in letter to his mother 17th June 1910))
“Dear Professor Rutherford,
Thankyou for your letter informing me of my appointment. It will be a great
pleasure to work in your laboratory and after my failure in “schools” I consider myself very
lucky to have got the opening which I covet. -----”
13
(in letter to Ernest Rutherford, 17th July 1910)
Manchester Physics Department 1912
Chadwick
Darwin
Schuster
Geiger
Moseleyy
Rutherford
Marsden
Geiger and Chadwick in the Great War
Geiger returned to Germany in the autumn of 1912.
James Chadwick arrived in Germany in the autumn of
1913 to work with Geiger
Geiger was called to the front as an artillery officer on the
outbreak of war in 1914
Chadwick was held as prisoner of war in the stable blocks
off Ruhleben
R hl b Racecourse
R
ffrom llate
t 1914 until
til the
th end
d off
the war
Rudimentary supplies of chemicals and apparatus were
allowed into the PoW camp from mid 1915 onward
through the agency of Geiger.
Chadwick studied reaction between Mg metal and CO on
exposure to light.
Both survived the war and Chadwick went on to discover
the neutron.
Manchester September 1910 – October 1912
Demonstrator at University of Manchester. Finds teaching irksome and technical
support limited. Also finds working on radioactivity mundane and repetitive.
“Remaking the apparatus took a long time as the Laboratory Assistant spent his
time mending Rutherford’s motorcar”. (in letter to his mother, December 1910)
“Then there is a miserable lecture to Gas Engineers that I have been bullied into
giving next term” (in letter to his sister Margery, December 1911)
“Today I was surprised to find a sad blunder in Rutherford’s latest paper --- I fear
all his calculations are wrong, but when I demonstrated it to him he
acknowledged his error, and declared that even if the calculations no longer did fit
th theory
the
th
h is
he
i sure the
th theory
th
i right
is
i ht allll the
th same.””
(in letter to his mother, October 1912)
Butt works
B
orks on  decay
deca of radi
radium,
m leading to a “radi
“radium
m batter
battery”” capable of
producing a potential of 150,000V – the highest ever achieved at that time.
H.G.J.
H
G J Moseley
Moseley, The Attainment of High Potentials by the Use of Radium
Proceedings of the Royal Society 1913 87A 471-476
1901
1917
1908
1914
1915
1915
1922
1901
W.C. Rőntgen
Awarded the first Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on X-rays in 1895.
1906
G.C. Barkla
X-rays emitted from different elemental targets have different
penetrating powers through metal foils.
foils Discovery of K and L rays
rays.
1909
E. Rutherford
Backscattering of alpha particles from gold in the Geiger-Marsden
experiment leads to the concept of the atomic nucleus and eventual
development of the Bohr-Rutherford model of the atom
1912 M. von Laue
Discovery of interference patterns when X-rays are transmitted
g a crystal
y
through
1912
Moseley and Darwin begin their studies of X-rays, shortly after
the Braggs. Moseley explains Laue diffraction using the concept
of interference at meeting in Manchester on 1st November 1912
1912 W.L. Bragg
W.H. Bragg
Laurence Bragg explains Laue diffraction using Bragg equation at
meeting in Cambridge on 11th November 1912. Paper introducing
the Bragg equation published in 1913
1913
First draft of paper introducing the Bohr model of the hydrogen
atom discussed with Rutherford (and Moseley) at Manchester.
N. Bohr
18th November 1912
Moseley tells his mother he is building apparatus to study X-rays
17th January 1913
Braggs report reflection of X-rays from mica crystal in letter to Nature
21st January 1913
Moseley and Darwin also report reflection of X-rays in letter to Nature
30th March 1913
WH Bragg tells Rutherford that sharp emission lines are observed at
special angles in emission from Pt target. This enables Moseley and
Darwin to find the sharp “characteristic“
characteristic emission lines which they had
initially missed.
17th April 1913
The Braggs submit paper to Proc. Roy Soc. Published 1st July 1913
25th May 1913
Rutherford communicates paper from Darwin and Moseley to Phil. Mag.
Published July 2013.
“Darwin and I are now trying to hustle a paper into the Phil. Mag. by the end of June ---- we have
got Rutherford to coerce them. Bragg got in ahead of us --- and so the credit all belongs to him”
L tt from
Letter
f
Moseley
M
l to
t his
hi mother
th 18th May
M 1913
“Rutherford asked William to delay for a while the publication of his results so that Rutherford’s
young men could repeat their experiments and announce the spectra also. My father acceded but
always felt it was not quite reasonable”
18
Words of W.L. Bragg as quoted by John Jenkin in his biography of the Braggs
“Moseley was without exception or exaggeration the
most brilliant man --- and the hardest worker I have
ever met. There were of course no regular meals, and
work often went on for most of the night. Indeed one of
Moseley’s
y expertises
p
was the knowledge
g of where one
could get a meal in Manchester at 3 o’clock in the
morning”.
Quotation from Charles Galton Darwin
(Grandson of Charles Darwin and first to calculate the
fine structure constant using Dirac
Dirac’s
s model)
model).
h (r )  
d
  dV(r )  d
2


4  dr  dr
Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 1913 88 428-438, (submitted 7th April 1913)
Philosophical Magazine 1913 26-XIV 216-232
Communicated by Rutherford 25th May 1913
22
H.G.J.
H
G J Moseley
Moseley, The High Frequency Spectra of the Elements
Elements.
Philosophical Magazine 1913 XCIII-26 1024-1034
Moseley was now employing a photographic method of measuring the X-ray spectra and working on his own.
*November 1913 – June 1914
Moves back to Oxford with no paid position, presumably angling for the Chair in
Physics which will become vacant in 1915 upon the retirement of Clifton.
Borrows apparatus including a Gaede pump from the Trinity/Balliol Laboratory to
complete his X-ray work in the “Electrical Laboratory”
(now the Townsend Building of the Clarendon).
26
“My formula  = (1/22 – 1/32) 0 (N-sn)2 for the L
rays turns out to be triumphant, a great piece of
luck as I published it on the slenderest evidence- I take it that the formula means that the second ring
is a 2h/2 ring . What the formula means physically
I cannot imagine----imagine
Sketch in Moseley’s
letter to Darwin
I am going to look for an M series (1/32 – 1/42)----It might interest you if you have any spare time to
work out the properties of an atom (with 3 rings)”
(in letter to C.G. Darwin, 1st February 1914)
M-type X-rays were subsequently discovered by
M. Siegbahn.
27
Philosophical Magazine 1914 27 703-713
Moseley’s Law
Moseley s original plot of atomic number
Moseley’s
against square roots of frequencies of K and
L X-ray emission lines. This plot established
most of the modern form of the periodic table.
Gaps correspond to elements 43 , 61 and 75
(Tc, Pm and Re)
are clearly identified.
Between 66 and 72 there is some confusion
as to the numbering of the elements.
Moseley’s
Moseley
s Law is that X-ray frequencies are
given by:
A  0  (N-b)2
where N is the atomic number and b is a
screening constant – equal to around 1 for Ktype X-rays and about 7
7.4
4 for L-type X-rays
X-rays.
A is given by (1/12 – 1/22) = 3/4 for K-type Xrays and (1/22 – 1/32) = 5/36 for L-type Xrays.
0 is the Rydberg constant of atomic spectra.
Putting the later lanthanides in order
Th lanthanides
The
l th id as appearing
i iin “Hi
“High
hF
Frequency S
Spectra
t off th
the El
Elements
t P
Partt II”
Philosophical Magazine 1914, Volume 27 Pages 703-713
Putting the later lanthanides in order
72
Cassiopeium
Lutecium
Celtium (Ct?)
?
71
Aldebarium
Ytterbium
Lutecium
Lutecium
70
Thulium II
Thulium II
Neoytterbium (Ny)
Neoytterbium (Ny)
69
Thulium I
Thulium I
Thulium
Thulium
68
Erbium
Erbium
Erbium
Erbium
67
Dysprosium
Dysprosium
Holmium
Holmium?
66
Holmium
Holmium
Dysprosium
Dysprosium
65
Terbium
Terbium
Terbium
Terbium
64
Gadolinium
Gadolinium
Gadolinium
Gadolinium
Letter to W. H.
Bragg
27th May 1914
Letter to Urbain July
18th 1914 (sent from
Vancouver) after
finding Ct is a
mixture of Lu and
Ny
Letter to Georg von
2ndd Phil. Mag paper
Hevesey 20th March
April 1914.
1914.
72 and 71 named as
72 and 71 named as
claimed by Georges
claimed by Carl
Urbain
Auer von Welsbach
Based
ased o
of study o
of cchemically
e ca y isolated
so ated sa
sample
pe
No sample available
X-ray line visible as an impurity in erbium sample from Crookes
32
Result of analysis of five of Urbain’s samples of neoytterbium, lutecium and
celtium, as indicated.
All the samples were mixtures of what would now be called ytterbium and
lutetium
Henry Moseley June 1914 – October 1914
Travels to British Association for Advancement of Science Meeting in Australia
via Canada to present his results with travel grant of £100
£100.
Applies for Poynting Professorship of Physics at Birmingham on 8th October
1914 and receives strong letters of support from
Rutherford, W.H. Bragg and Townsend.
But the chair has been put on hold with the outbreak of the Great War on
28th July 1914.
“Mr. H. Moseley’s experimental work on X-ray spectra has attracted the
greatest interest and admiration on account not only
g
y of the value of the results
but on the rigour and brilliance of the methods”
Testimonial Letter from W.H. Bragg, June 1914
“The results of these difficult investigations are of fundamental importance and
have already exercised a strong influence on our ideas of the structure of
atoms.”
Testimonial Letter from E. Rutherford, June 1914
34
Moseley’s Military Career
* October 1914
Commissioned as 2nd Lieutenant
in Royal Engineers on 10th October
* December 1914 Applies to be transferred to
Royal Flying Corp but is over the
weight
eight limit of 10st 7lb
7lb.Tries
Tries and fails
to lose weight but in any case all
transfers out of the New Army are
forbidden by Kitchener in January
1915
* February 1915
Attached to 13th Infantry
Division and becomes a
Communications Officer of
38th Brigade
* June 1915
Posted to Gallipoli via Egypt as
part of the British Mediterranean
p
Expeditionary Force.
35
The Gallipoli Campaign – Plan A
The Ottoman Empire
p entered the Great War in November 1914,, cutting
g existing
g
supply lines to Russia and the Eastern Front.
Churchill’s Plan A was to ease stalemate on the Eastern Front by sending a Royal
Navyy fleet through
g the Dardanelles, securing
g the capitulation
p
of Constantinople
p by
y
threatening the city with bombardment from gunships and finally re-opening the
Black Sea supply lines to the Russian port of Sevastopol.
Plan A
37
Plan B - ANZAC
April 1915 – July 1915
The Anzac operation aimed
to capture high ground
inland from the eponymous
Cove and bombard the
Turkish forts along the
Narrows from this position.
But stalemate developed
with allied forces failing to
penetrate much more than a
mile inland from the cove.
Chunuk Bair
Plan C -The Anzac Breakout August
g
1915
The Anzac enclave
April-August 1915
The Suvla plan
Frontt lines
F
li
b f
before
the
th
Turkish counter offensive
Moseley in Gallipoli
* 9th July 1915
Lands at Helles and gains combat experience.
Withdraws to Lemnos in build up to the
“August Offensive”.
* 6th August 1915
Lands at Anzac Cove as part of the reserves in
support of the “Anzac Breakout”. The main
objective is to capture Chanuk bair on the
Sari Bair Ridge which dominates the peninsula
* 9th August 1915
Moseley’s brigade under command of
A.H. Baldwin finds itself the on “the
F
Farm”
” 300 yards
d away from
f
their
th i objective
bj ti off the
th
front line trenches occupied by Allanson’s
Gurkha Brigade on “Hill Q”. Allied forces
nonetheless briefly occupy Chanuk Bair and the
Hill Q saddle which overlook “The Narrows”.
Mustafa Kemel
* 10th August 1915 Baldwin’s brigade of 3,000 men overrun and
obliterated by a force of 6,000
6 000 Turks who swept
over Chanuk Bair led by Brigade Commander
Mustafa Kemel (later Kemel Ataturk).
Moseley was fatally shot.
“The Farm” from Chunuk Bair
Part of transcript (probably
by his mother) of account of
actions on “The Farm “
written by G.G. Chadwick
(machine gunner in
Baldwin’s brigade) dated
14th Aug 1915.
Archive for History of Quantum
Physics (deposited in the libraries of
the University of California,
Berkeley), p. 4.
“ The hill on our right was higher than ours and extended further back, there
was a deep mullah between the two hills. The Turks manned the hill and
pumped lead into us from our right rear. This was my first experience of
enemy fire without cover, and it was very unpleasant, most like a hailstorm
only very much worse. They were not 300 yards from us. The General fell
shot through
g the heart. Our signalling
g
g officer Moseleyy was killed and Balser
(Brigadier Major) wounded in the arm. I saw the situation was pretty
hopeless ---“
Gallipoli – the outcome
Following the Turkish counteroffensive on 10th
August 1915,
1915 stalemate was re
re-established.
established
Eventually the Anzac enclave was evacuated in
December 1915 and Helles in January 1916.
Between April 1915 and January 1916 around
1,000,000 Allied and Ottoman troops were
involved in the Gallipoli campaign
campaign.
Total casualties were estimated at over 500,000,
including
g those who died or were evacuated due to
illness (usually dysentery).
Overall the campaign
p g cost 87,000 Ottoman dead
and 43,000 Allied dead.
Of the 153 volunteers from Trinity College killed in
World War I, 15 died in the Gallipoli campaign.
Ernest Rutherford, Nobel Laureate in Chemistry 1908
“Moseleyy was one of the best of the yyoung
gp
people
p I ever had,, and
his death is a severe loss to science “
“It is a national tragedy that our military organisation at the start of
the war was so inelastic as to be unable
unable, with a few
exceptions, to utilise the scientific services of our men, except as
combatants in the firing line. Our regret for the untimely
death of Moseley is all the more poignant because we recognise
that his services would have been more useful for his country in the
fields of scientific endeavour, rather than by the exposure to the
chances of a Turkish bullet.”
bullet.
Robert Andrews Millikan, Nobel Laureate in Physics 1923
“In
In a research which is destined to rank as one of the dozen most
brilliant in conception, skilful in execution and illuminating in results
in the history of science a young man of twenty-six years old threw
open the windows through which we could glimpse the sub-atomic
world with a definiteness and certainty never dreamed of before. Had
the European War had no other result than the snuffing out of this
young life
life, that alone would make it one of the most hideous and
irreparable crimes in history.”
43
Would Moseley have won the
Nobel Prize in Physics or Chemistry?
Svante August Arrhenius (Nobel Laureate in Chemistry 1903) was
one of the most influential members of the Nobel Committees for
Ph i and
Physics
d Ch
Chemistry
i t att th
the start
t t off th
the 20th century.
t
He nominated Moseley for the 1916 Prizes in both Chemistry and
Physics but Moseley was killed before the Committees could
consider the nominations.
The prize can be awarded posthumously but only if the
C
Committee
itt h
has completed
l t d itits d
deliberations
lib ti
b
before
f
th
the d
death.
th
Sources: Joseph Nordgren and Cecilia Jarlskog,
both former chairs of the Committee for Nobel Prizes in Physics.
Joseph Nordgren reckons Arrhenius always got his way
The onlyy other Swedish Nobel Laureate in the Physical
y
Sciences at the time
was Nils Gustaf Dalén who won the Physics Prize in 1912 for ”for his invention
of automatic regulators for use in conjunction with gas accumulators for
illuminating lighthouses and buoys”.
He was blinded in an acetylene explosion in 1912 and could not attend the
Nobel award ceremony. In 1922 he patented the design for the AGA cooker
(AGA = Svenska Aktiebolaget Gasaccumulator)
Would Moseley have won the Nobel Prize in Physics?
The 1924 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Manne
Siegbahn “for his discoveries and research in the field of X-ray
spectroscopy”.
In the Presentation Speech the Chairman of the Committee for
Nobel Prizes in Physics Professor A. Gullstrand,, states that:
Manne Siegbahn
“As the atomic number has proved to distinguish the elements
better than the atomic weight, it has now attained the very
greatest importance for atomic physics of the present day.
Moseley fell at the Dardanelles before he could be awarded the
prize, but his researches had directed attention to the merits of
Barkla, who consequently in 1917 was proposed for the Nobel
Prize, which was awarded to him without delay.”
No Physics Prize was awarded in 1916 – the only year when a
Physics Prize was not awarded during the1914-1918 war.
Kai M. Siegbahn
Nobel Prize in
Physics1981
Barkla received a single (and late!) nomination for the Nobel
Prize in Physics – from Rutherford.
Rutherford Technically the nomination
was only valid for the 1918 prize, but Barkla was awarded the
45
1917 prize.
Moseley’s Scientific Legacy
* His work was critical in development of the Bohr model of the
atom and the subsequent development of quantum mechanics
leading to currently accepted models for the structure
of atoms, molecules and solids. This underpins almost all
chemistry and physics.
"You
You see actually the Rutherford work [the nuclear atom] was
not taken seriously. We cannot understand today, but it was
not taken seriously at all. There was no mention of it any place.
The great change came from Moseley." (Niels Bohr 1962)
* Established the concept of atomic number leading the modern
form of the periodic table. Paved the way for the discovery of
seven new elements unknown in 1914
1914.
* Established the experimental technique of X-ray emission
spectroscopy as a means of chemical analysis. This technique
and the related techniques of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
(XPS), core level electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS)
and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) still continue to be
very important to this day
day.
46
The modern periodic table
Gaps in Moseley’s compilation
Further elements unknown
in 1914
Artificial radioactive
trans-uranic elements
1917 Protactinium Pa (91) 1923 Hafnium Hf (72)
1937 T
Technetium
h ti
T
Tc (43)
1939 F
Francium
i
F
Fr (87)
1945 Promethium Pm (61)
1925 Rhenium Re (75)
1940 A
Astatine
t ti At (85)
The controversy surrounding element 72
1907
Georges Urbain claims to have isolated “celtium” from samples of ytterbia
and publishes results in 1911. He presumes it is a rare earth.
1914
Moseley
M
l di
discovers that
th t Urbain’s
U b i ’ sample
l off celtium
lti
iis a mixture
i t
off llutecium
t i
and neoytterbium
1920
Urbain continues to hanker after celtium as a rare earth and working with
Dauvillier claims to observe X-ray lines characteristic of the element. No one
else – including Manne Siegbahn - can see the lines.
1923
Following suggestions from Bohr and others that element 72 is in the
zirconium group Dirk Coster (Danish) and Georges von Hevesey
(Hungarian) find X-ray lines of element 72 in many samples of the mineral
zircon from Norwegian geological museums. They proposed to name the
new element
l
th
hafnium
f i
after
ft the
th Latin
L ti fform for
f Copenhagen
C
h
where
h
th
they work.
k
1923
“We adhere to the original word Celtium given to it by Urbain as a
representative of the great French Nation which was loyal to us
throughout the war. We do not accept the name that was given it by
the Danes who only pocketed the spoils of war.”
W.P. Wynne writing an editorial in Chemical News
1924
Chemically pure sample of Hf metal obtained by van Arkel and de Boer
48
The naming of element 43
1909
Masatka Ogawa claimed to have isolated element beneath Mn in periodic
table and proposed to call it Nipponium. He may have isolated Re.
1924
Bosanquet and Keeley claim to have observed X-ray lines characteristic
of element 43 and proposed that it should be called Moseleyum. Support
for the proposal appears in both Nature and Science Magazine. But discovery
off the
th element
l
t is
i nott substantiated.
b t ti t d
1936
Carlo Perrier and Emilio Segre working in Palermo find X-ray lines
characteristic of element 43 in scrap Mo material from Ernest Lawrence’s
Lawrence s
cyclotron and propose to name the element Panormium after the classical name
of Palermo – Panormus.
1937
H
Hamer
f
from
Pittb h mounts
Pittburgh
t another
th campaign
i to
t name element
l
t 43 Moseleyum
M
l
1947
Element 43 named Technetium after the Greek τεχνητός = artificial.
The idea that no element was named after an individual until the transuranics emerged is wrong.
Samarium was named after its extraction from the Russian mineral Samarskite .
Samarskite itself was named in recognition of Vasili Samarski-Bykhovets - who as chief of staff of
the Russian Corps of Mining Engineers allowed German mineralogists Gustav and Heinrich Rose
to study mineral samples from the Urals.
X-ray
X
ray spectroscopy 100 years on
Portable hand held X-ray
fluorescence (aka X-ray
emission) instruments are
now used routinely by mining
surveyors, scrap metal
dealers etc. etc.
The Curiosity Mars Probe incorporates two
different X-ray emission spectrometers: the
APXS alpha particle excited X-ray
spectrometer mounted on the end of a robotic
arm and the ChemMin X-ray analyser which
measures both powder diffraction and X-ray
emission of powder samples using a cobalt X
Xray tube.
50
X-ray
y spectroscopy
y 100 y
years on
X-rays from a synchrotron undulator beamline
are used to eject the inner electrons.
Most recent work with
soft X-rayy XES is
based on grating
monochromators with
design principles
defined by Ulrich
Gelius and Joseph
Nordgren
51
X-ray
y emission spectrometers
2007
1913
X-ray emission
beamline at the
ALS synchrotron,
Berkeley,
California
52
Some frontiers in X-ray spectroscopy
Measurement of photon-in photon-out resonant
inelastic X-ray scattering spectra with energy
resolution less than the core hole lifetime when
photon energy is close to core threshold. Spectra
are 3d-3d excitations in MnO measured on Spring
8 with 100 meV energy resolution.
Review of Scientific Instruments 83, 013116 (2012)
Atomically resolved core shell energy loss spectra
off SrTiO
S TiO3(001) measured
d in
i Jeol
J l JEM-ARM200F
JEM ARM200F
aberration corrected analytical electron microscope.
Temporal resolution approaching the femto
second timescale using 4th generation X-ray light
sources. Figure shows emission spectra of Al in
different charge states measured on LCLS
Nature 482 59 (2012). SM Vinko, JS Wark et al.
54
"Those heroes that shed their blood and lost their lives... you are now lying in the
soil of a friendlyy country.
y Therefore rest in p
peace. There is no difference between
the Johnnies and the Mehmets to us where they lie side by side here in this country
of ours... You, the mothers who sent their sons from far away countries wipe away
your tears. Your sons are now lying in our bosom and are in peace. Having lost
their lives on this land they have become our sons as well."
Words of Kemel Ataturk read by Atilay Ersan - the Minister Counsellor of Turkey to
the UK - on the occasion of the RSC plaque unveiling ceremony on 24/09/2007.