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PDF of part 6 - Biodiversity Advisor
748 S % 19 (2006) Vegetation Atlas of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland 18 Ladislav Mucina, Michael C. Rutherford and Leslie W. Powrie with contributions by Anthony G. Rebelo, Kelson G.T. Camp, Mervyn C. Lötter, David B. Hoare, Charles Boucher, George J. Bredenkamp, Jan H.J. Vlok, Doug I.W. Euston-Brown, Norbert Jürgens, P. Johann du Preez, Annelise le Roux, Ute Schmiedel, C. Robert Scott-Shaw, Noel van Rooyen, Linda Dobson, Anthony R. Palmer, Coert J. Geldenhuys, J. Wendy Lloyd , Bertie van der Merwe, Hugo Bezuidenhout, Frances Siebert, Stefan J. Siebert, Peter S. Goodman, Pieter J.D. Winter, Nick Helme, Jacobus H.L. Smit, Philip G. Desmet, Michele Pfab, Bruce McKenzie, Robert J. Scholes, John C. Manning, Erich van Wyk, Nick Zambatis, Richard G. Lechmere-Oertel, Holger C. Eckhardt, J.-Wouter Lubbinge, Wayne S. Matthews, David J. McDonald, Walter J. Smit, Ronald G. Bennett, Zuziwe Jonas, Amanda T. Lombard, Willem de Frey, Riaan Robesson, Carl Oellermann, André Grobler, Adriaan van Niekerk, Johannes H. van der Merwe K. Phillips Table of Contents Introduction 750 Reference 750 Index Map 750 Legend 752 Atlas section 760 749 S % 19 (2006) Introduction The core of this book is the vegetation map of the region which is the culmination of many years of work by many people. 18° 22° The vegetation units described become far more useful when they are made spatially explicit and the dimensions, distribution and shapes of each vegetation unit cannot adequately be described by text alone. Also the relationships between adjacent vegetation types as well as interdispersion patterns become clear through the device of the maps presented in this atlas. The atlas is presented here as a systematic series of A4 maps. These depict 435 of the vegetation types of our subcontinental region. Not depicted in this edition is AZm 1 Cape Kelp Beds that is described in the text. The map of the vegetation types of the subantarctic Marion and Prince Edward Islands is to be found in Chapter 15. The mapping in this chapter corresponds closely to the large 1:1 000 000 map sheets of Mucina et al. (2005) and is also printed at this convenient scale. In this atlas a grey outline to polygons has been added to help differentiation between adjacent vegetation units. The A4 map pages include an area of overlap at the edges with the maps on overleaf pages and contain navigational arrows to adjacent sections of the map. The series of maps is preceded by an index map to page numbers of the maps of the atlas, followed by the legend to the vegetation types with colours and codes of the vegetation types. Given the large number of colours required for the atlas, the codes provide the definitive identity of vegetation types. For convenience this legend is reprinted as a separate booklet in a sleeve within the back cover of the book. Geographical names as approved by the South African Geographical Names Council are as gazetted before 1 January 2005. A compact disc (CD) containing the electronic shape files of the map is placed in a sleeve within the front cover of the book. This CD also contains the software ArcReader suitable for viewing the map on computer. This is a particularly valuable and effective means of zooming in to view very small polygons and intricately divided vegetation types that are difficult to see on the printed maps. Some attributes are displayed when clicking on a polygon in the electronic map. These are Code used in the book, Name of the vegetation type, Conservation target, Percent of the vegetation type that is protected, Percent of the vegetation type that is unaltered, Conservation status and Protection status of the vegetation type, Area in square kilometres of the vegetation type, Area in square kilometres of the specific polygon, Code without space used on the map, Sort order (using numbers for biome, bioregion and vegetation type), Codes and names for biome, group and bioregion, and IDs for vegetation type, biome, group and bioregion used for linking data tables. 20° ORN TROPIC OF CAPRIC 24° NAMI BIA 781 780 26° 28° 772 UPING 773 774 NORTHER 30° 765 766 767 32° The maps of biomes and bioregions at much less detailed scales are to be found in Chapter 3. AT Credits of work done are detailed in the individual major chapters (Chapters 4 to 14) and are therefore not repeated here. WESTERN CAP LA OC 34° 761 CAPE TOWN IC Mucina, L., Rutherford, M.C. & Powrie, L.W. (eds) 2005. Vegetation Map of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland, 1:1 000 000 scale sheet maps. South African National Biodivesity Institute, Pretoria. 760 NT Reference EA N 16° 750 Vegetation Atlas of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland 18° 20° S % 19 (2006) 22° 24° 26° 28° 30° 32° ZIMBABWE 22° BOT SWANA MOZAMBI QUE LIMPOPO 787 788 789 POLOKWANE 24° NELSPRUIT PRETORIA 782 783 784 GAUTENG MAFIKENG NORTH-WEST 785 JOHANNESBURG 786 MBABANE MPUMALANGA 26° SWAZI LAND FREE STATE GTON 28° 775 KIMBERLEY 776 778 777 779 KWAZULU-NATAL BLOEMFONTEIN MASERU PIETERMARITZBURG LESOT HO RN CAPE DURBAN 30° 768 769 770 771 790 EASTERN CAPE 32° N BHISHO PE A E C 763 764 O 762 EAST LONDON PORT ELIZABETH GEORGE IN D 0 22° 24° 26° 28° IA N 34° 100 30° 200 300 km 32° Vegetation Atlas of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland 751 S % 19 (2006) Legend to the Vegetation Units and Topographical Features Protected area boundary National road Alber's Equal Area Projection Standard Parallels 20°S and 30°S Central Meridian specific to each page Main road National boundary Provincial boundary Secondary road 1:1,000,000 Dams, Lagoons, Lakes Railway Urban area / Settlement River 0 10 20 30 40 50 FYNBOS BIOME 100 150 Km FFs 22 South Rooiberg Sandstone Fynbos FFs 23 North Swartberg Sandstone Fynbos Sandstone Fynbos FFs 24 South Swartberg Sandstone Fynbos FFs 1 Bokkeveld Sandstone Fynbos FFs 25 North Kammanassie Sandstone Fynbos FFs 2 Graafwater Sandstone Fynbos FFs 26 South Kammanassie Sandstone Fynbos FFs 3 Olifants Sandstone Fynbos FFs 27 Kouga Sandstone Fynbos FFs 4 Cederberg Sandstone Fynbos FFs 28 Kouga Grassy Sandstone Fynbos FFs 5 Winterhoek Sandstone Fynbos FFs 29 Algoa Sandstone Fynbos FFs 6 Piketberg Sandstone Fynbos FFs 30 Western Altimontane Sandstone Fynbos FFs 7 North Hex Sandstone Fynbos FFs 31 Swartberg Altimontane Sandstone Fynbos FFs 8 South Hex Sandstone Fynbos FFs 9 Peninsula Sandstone Fynbos FFs 10 Hawequas Sandstone Fynbos FFq 1 Stinkfonteinberge Quartzite Fynbos FFs 11 Kogelberg Sandstone Fynbos FFq 2 Swartruggens Quartzite Fynbos FFs 12 Overberg Sandstone Fynbos FFq 3 Matjiesfontein Quartzite Fynbos FFs 13 North Sonderend Sandstone Fynbos FFq 4 Breede Quartzite Fynbos FFs 14 South Sonderend Sandstone Fynbos FFq 5 Grootrivier Quartzite Fynbos FFs 15 North Langeberg Sandstone Fynbos FFq 6 Suurberg Quartzite Fynbos FFs 16 South Langeberg Sandstone Fynbos FFs 17 Potberg Sandstone Fynbos FFs 18 North Outeniqua Sandstone Fynbos FFd 1 Namaqualand Sand Fynbos FFs 19 South Outeniqua Sandstone Fynbos FFd 2 Leipoldtville Sand Fynbos FFs 20 Tsitsikamma Sandstone Fynbos FFd 3 Hopefield Sand Fynbos FFs 21 North Rooiberg Sandstone Fynbos FFd 4 Atlantis Sand Fynbos 752 Vegetation Atlas of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland Quartzite Fynbos Sand Fynbos S % 19 (2006) Granite Fynbos FFd 5 Cape Flats Sand Fynbos FFd 6 Hangklip Sand Fynbos FFg 1 Kamiesberg Granite Fynbos FFd 7 Agulhas Sand Fynbos FFg 2 Boland Granite Fynbos FFd 8 Breede Sand Fynbos FFg 3 Peninsula Granite Fynbos FFd 9 Albertinia Sand Fynbos FFg 4 Robertson Granite Fynbos FFd 10 Knysna Sand Fynbos FFg 5 Garden Route Granite Fynbos FFd 11 Southern Cape Dune Fynbos Silcrete Fynbos Shale Fynbos FFc 1 Swellendam Silcrete Fynbos FFh 1 Kouebokkeveld Shale Fynbos FFh 2 Matjiesfontein Shale Fynbos FFh 3 Swartberg Shale Fynbos FFf 1 Elim Ferricrete Fynbos FFh 4 Breede Shale Fynbos FFf 2 Potberg Ferricrete Fynbos FFh 5 Cape Winelands Shale Fynbos FFh 6 Elgin Shale Fynbos FFh 7 Greyton Shale Fynbos FFl 1 Agulhas Limestone Fynbos FFh 8 Montagu Shale Fynbos FFl 2 De Hoop Limestone Fynbos FFh 9 Garden Route Shale Fynbos FFl 3 Canca Limestone Fynbos FFh 10 Suurberg Shale Fynbos Ferricrete Fynbos Limestone Fynbos Shale Renosterveld Shale Band Vegetation FRs 1 Vanrhynsdorp Shale Renosterveld FFb 1 Northern Inland Shale Band Vegetation FRs 2 Nieuwoudtville Shale Renosterveld FFb 2 Western Coastal Shale Band Vegetation FRs 3 Roggeveld Shale Renosterveld FFb 3 Central Inland Shale Band Vegetation FRs 4 Ceres Shale Renosterveld FFb 4 Central Coastal Shale Band Vegetation FRs 5 Central Mountain Shale Renosterveld FFb 5 Eastern Inland Shale Band Vegetation FRs 6 Matjiesfontein Shale Renosterveld FFb 6 Eastern Coastal Shale Band Vegetation FRs 7 Montagu Shale Renosterveld FRs 8 Breede Shale Renosterveld FRs 9 Swartland Shale Renosterveld Conglomerate Fynbos FFt 1 Kango Conglomerate Fynbos FRs 10 Peninsula Shale Renosterveld FFt 2 Loerie Conglomerate Fynbos FRs 11 Western Rûens Shale Renosterveld FRs 12 Central Rûens Shale Renosterveld FRs 13 Eastern Rûens Shale Renosterveld Alluvium Fynbos FFa 1 Kouebokkeveld Alluvium Fynbos FRs 14 Mossel Bay Shale Renosterveld FFa 2 Breede Alluvium Fynbos FRs 15 Swartberg Shale Renosterveld FFa 3 Swartland Alluvium Fynbos FFa 4 Lourensford Alluvium Fynbos Vegetation Atlas of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland 753 S % 19 (2006) FRs 16 Uniondale Shale Renosterveld FRs 17 Langkloof Shale Renosterveld FRs 18 Baviaanskloof Shale Renosterveld FRs 19 Humansdorp Shale Renosterveld Granite Renosterveld SUCCULENT KAROO BIOME Richtersveld Bioregion Bioregion SKr 1 Central Richtersveld Mountain Shrubland SKr 2 Upper Annisvlakte Succulent Shrubland SKr 3 Goariep Mountain Succulent Shrubland FRg 1 Namaqualand Granite Renosterveld SKr 4 Lekkersing Succulent Shrubland FRg 2 Swartland Granite Renosterveld SKr 5 Vyftienmyl se Berge Succulent Shrubland FRg 3 Robertson Granite Renosterveld SKr 6 Stinkfonteinberge Eastern Apron Shrubland SKr 7 Northern Richtersveld Scorpionstailveld SKr 8 Rosyntjieberg Succulent Shrubland Dolerite Renosterveld FRd 1 Nieuwoudtville-Roggeveld Dolerite Renosterveld SKr 9 Tatasberg Mountain Succulent Shrubland FRd 2 Hantam Plateau Dolerite Renosterveld SKr 10 Die Plate Succulent Shrubland SKr 11 Rooiberg Quartz Vygieveld SKr 12 Kosiesberg Succulent Shrubland Alluvium Renosterveld FRa 1 Breede Alluvium Renosterveld SKr 13 Southern Richtersveld Scorpionstailveld FRa 2 Swartland Alluvium Renosterveld SKr 14 Southern Richtersveld Inselberg Shrubland SKr 15 Anenous Plateau Shrubland SKr 16 Umdaus Mountains Succulent Shrubland Silcrete Renosterveld FRc 1 Swartland Silcrete Renosterveld SKr 17 Eenriet Plains Succulent Shrubland FRc 2 Rûens Silcrete Renosterveld SKr 18 Bushmanland Inselberg Shrubland SKr 19 Aggeneys Gravel Vygieveld Limestone Renosterveld FRl 1 Kango Limestone Renosterveld Western Strandveld 754 Namaqualand Hardeveld Bioregion SKn 1 Namaqualand Klipkoppe Shrubland SKn 2 Namaqualand Shale Shrubland FS 1 Lambert's Bay Strandveld SKn 3 Namaqualand Blomveld FS 2 Saldanha Granite Strandveld SKn 4 Namaqualand Heuweltjieveld FS 3 Saldanha Flats Strandveld SKn 5 Platbakkies Succulent Shrubland FS 4 Saldanha Limestone Strandveld SKn 6 Kamiesberg Mountains Shrubland FS 5 Langebaan Dune Strandveld FS 6 Cape Flats Dune Strandveld FS 7 Overberg Dune Strandveld SKs 1 Richtersveld Coastal Duneveld FS 8 Blombos Strandveld SKs 2 Northern Richtersveld Yellow Duneveld FS 9 Groot Brak Dune Strandveld SKs 3 Southern Richtersveld Yellow Duneveld SKs 4 Richtersveld Sandy Coastal Scorpionstailveld SKs 5 Richtersveld Red Duneveld Vegetation Atlas of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland Namaqualand Sandveld Bioregion S % 19 (2006) SKs 6 Oograbies Plains Sandy Grassland SKv 13 Prince Albert Succulent Karoo SKs 7 Namaqualand Strandveld SKv 14 Steytlerville Karoo SKs 8 Namaqualand Coastal Duneveld SKs 9 Namaqualand Inland Duneveld SKs 10 Riethuis-Wallekraal Quartz Vygieveld SKs 11 Namaqualand Arid Grassland SKs 12 Namaqualand Spinescent Grassland SKs 13 Klawer Sandy Shrubland Knersvlakte Bioregion DESERT BIOME Namib Desert Bioregion Dn 1 Alexander Bay Coastal Duneveld Dn 2 Namib Lichen Fields Dn 3 Western Gariep Plains Desert SKk 1 Northern Knersvlakte Vygieveld Dn 4 Western Gariep Lowland Desert SKk 2 Central Knersvlakte Vygieveld Dn 5 Western Gariep Hills Desert SKk 3 Knersvlakte Quartz Vygieveld SKk 4 Knersvlakte Shale Vygieveld SKk 5 Vanrhynsdorp Gannabosveld Dg 1 Noms Mountain Desert SKk 6 Knersvlakte Dolomite Vygieveld Dg 2 Richtersberg Mountain Desert SKk 7 Citrusdal Vygieveld Dg 3 Richtersveld Sheet Wash Desert SKk 8 Piketberg Quartz Succulent Shrubland Dg 4 Kwaggarug Mountain Desert Dg 5 Kahams Mountain Desert Dg 6 Helskloof Canyon Desert Trans-Escarpment Succulent Karoo Bioregion Gariep Desert Bioregion SKt 1 Western Bushmanland Klipveld Dg 7 Northern Nababiepsberge Mountain Desert SKt 2 Hantam Karoo Dg 8 Southern Nababiepsberge Mountain Desert SKt 3 Roggeveld Karoo Dg 9 Eastern Gariep Plains Desert Dg 10 Eastern Gariep Rocky Desert Rainshadow Valley Karoo Bioregion SKv 1 Doringrivier Quartzite Karoo SKv 2 Swartruggens Quartzite Karoo SKv 3 Agter-Sederberg Shrubland SKv 4 Tanqua Escarpment Shrubland SKv 5 Tanqua Karoo NKb 1 Lower Gariep Broken Veld SKv 6 Koedoesberge-Moordenaars Karoo NKb 2 Blouputs Karroid Thornveld SKv 7 Robertson Karoo NKb 3 Bushmanland Arid Grassland SKv 8 Western Little Karoo NKb 4 Bushmanland Sandy Grassland SKv 9 Western Gwarrieveld NKb 5 Kalahari Karroid Shrubland SKv 10 Little Karoo Quartz Vygieveld NKb 6 Bushmanland Basin Shrubland SKv 11 Eastern Little Karoo SKv 12 Willowmore Gwarrieveld NAMA-KAROO BIOME Bushmanland Bioregion Vegetation Atlas of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland 755 S % 19 (2006) Upper Karoo Bioregion Gh 10 Vaal-Vet Sandy Grassland NKu 1 Western Upper Karoo Gh 11 Vredefort Dome Granite Grassland NKu 2 Upper Karoo Hardeveld Gh 12 Vaal Reefs Dolomite Sinkhole Woodland NKu 3 Northern Upper Karoo Gh 13 Klerksdorp Thornveld NKu 4 Eastern Upper Karoo Gh 14 Western Highveld Sandy Grassland Gh 15 Carletonville Dolomite Grassland Lower Karoo Bioregion Gamka Karoo NKl 2 Eastern Lower Karoo Gm 1 Zastron Moist Grassland NKl 3 Lower Karoo Gwarrieveld Gm 2 Senqu Montane Shrubland NKl 4 Albany Broken Veld Gm 3 Eastern Free State Clay Grassland Gm 4 Eastern Free State Sandy Grassland Gm 5 Basotho Montane Shrubland Gm 6 Frankfort Highveld Grassland Gm 7 Northern Free State Shrubland Gm 8 Soweto Highveld Grassland GRASSLAND BIOME Drakensberg Grassland Bioregion Gd 1 Amathole Montane Grassland Gm 9 Tsakane Clay Grassland Gd 2 Amathole Mistbelt Grassland Gm 10 Egoli Granite Grassland Gd 3 Stormberg Plateau Grassland Gm 11 Rand Highveld Grassland Gd 4 Southern Drakensberg Highland Grassland Gm 12 Eastern Highveld Grassland Gd 5 Northern Drakensberg Highland Grassland Gm 13 Amersfoort Highveld Clay Grassland Gd 6 Drakensberg-Amathole Afromontane Fynbos Gm 14 Wakkerstroom Montane Grassland Gd 7 uKhahlamba Basalt Grassland Gm 15 Paulpietersburg Moist Grassland Gd 8 Lesotho Highland Basalt Grassland Gm 16 KaNgwane Montane Grassland Gd 9 Western Lesotho Basalt Shrubland Gm 17 Barberton Montane Grassland Gd 10 Drakensberg Afroalpine Heathland Gm 18 Lydenburg Montane Grassland Gm 19 Sekhukhune Montane Grassland Gm 20 Leolo Summit Sourveld Dry Highveld Grassland Bioregion 756 Mesic Highveld Grassland Bioregion NKl 1 Gh 1 Karoo Escarpment Grassland Gm 21 Lydenburg Thornveld Gh 2 Aliwal North Dry Grassland Gm 22 Northern Escarpment Dolomite Grassland Gh 3 Xhariep Karroid Grassland Gm 23 Northern Escarpment Quartzite Sourveld Gh 4 Besemkaree Koppies Shrubland Gm 24 Northern Escarpment Afromontane Fynbos Gh 5 Bloemfontein Dry Grassland Gm 25 Woodbush Granite Grassland Gh 6 Central Free State Grassland Gm 26 Wolkberg Dolomite Grassland Gh 7 Winburg Grassy Shrubland Gm 27 Strydpoort Summit Sourveld Gh 8 Bloemfontein Karroid Shrubland Gm 28 Soutpansberg Summit Sourveld Gh 9 Western Free State Clay Grassland Gm 29 Waterberg-Magaliesberg Summit Sourveld Vegetation Atlas of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland S % 19 (2006) Sub-Escarpment Grassland Bioregion SVcb 14 Loskop Thornveld Gs 1 Northern Zululand Mistbelt Grassland SVcb 15 Springbokvlakte Thornveld Gs 2 Ithala Quartzite Sourveld SVcb 16 Western Sandy Bushveld Gs 3 Low Escarpment Moist Grassland SVcb 17 Waterberg Mountain Bushveld Gs 4 Northern KwaZulu-Natal Moist Grassland SVcb 18 Roodeberg Bushveld Gs 5 Northern KwaZulu-Natal Shrubland SVcb 19 Limpopo Sweet Bushveld Gs 6 KwaZulu-Natal Highland Thornveld SVcb 20 Makhado Sweet Bushveld Gs 7 Income Sandy Grassland SVcb 21 Soutpansberg Mountain Bushveld Gs 8 Mooi River Highland Grassland SVcb 22 VhaVenda Miombo Gs 9 Midlands Mistbelt Grassland SVcb 23 Polokwane Plateau Bushveld Gs 10 Drakensberg Foothill Moist Grassland SVcb 24 Mamabolo Mountain Bushveld Gs 11 Southern KwaZulu-Natal Moist Grassland SVcb 25 Poung Dolomite Mountain Bushveld Gs 12 East Griqualand Grassland SVcb 26 Ohrigstad Mountain Bushveld Gs 13 Mabela Sandy Grassland SVcb 27 Sekhukhune Plains Bushveld Gs 14 Mthatha Moist Grassland SVcb 28 Sekhukhune Mountain Bushveld Gs 15 Tsomo Grassland Gs 16 Queenstown Thornveld Gs 17 Tarkastad Montane Shrubland SVmp 1 Musina Mopane Bushveld Gs 18 Bedford Dry Grassland SVmp 2 Limpopo Ridge Bushveld Mopane Bioregion SVmp 3 Cathedral Mopane Bushveld SVmp 4 Mopane Basalt Shrubland SAVANNA BIOME SVmp 5 Tsende Mopaneveld SVmp 6 Lowveld Rugged Mopaneveld Central Bushveld Bioregion SVmp 7 Phalaborwa-Timbavati Mopaneveld SVcb 1 Dwaalboom Thornveld SVmp 8 Mopane Gabbro Shrubland SVcb 2 Madikwe Dolomite Bushveld SVcb 3 Zeerust Thornveld SVcb 4 Dwarsberg-Swartruggens Mountain Bushveld SVl 1 Makuleke Sandy Bushveld SVcb 5 Pilanesberg Mountain Bushveld SVl 2 Nwambyia-Pumbe Sandy Bushveld SVcb 6 Marikana Thornveld SVl 3 Granite Lowveld SVcb 7 Norite Koppies Bushveld SVl 4 Delagoa Lowveld SVcb 8 Moot Plains Bushveld SVl 5 Tshokwane-Hlane Basalt Lowveld SVcb 9 Gold Reef Mountain Bushveld SVl 6 Gabbro Grassy Bushveld SVcb 10 Gauteng Shale Mountain Bushveld SVl 7 Gravelotte Rocky Bushveld SVcb 11 Andesite Mountain Bushveld SVl 8 Tzaneen Sour Bushveld SVcb 12 Central Sandy Bushveld SVl 9 Legogote Sour Bushveld SVcb 13 Loskop Mountain Bushveld SVl 10 Pretoriuskop Sour Bushveld Lowveld Bioregion Vegetation Atlas of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland 757 S % 19 (2006) SVl 11 Malelane Mountain Bushveld SVk 13 Olifantshoek Plains Thornveld SVl 12 Kaalrug Mountain Bushveld SVk 14 Postmasburg Thornveld SVl 13 Barberton Serpentine Sourveld SVk 15 Koranna-Langeberg Mountain Bushveld SVl 14 Swaziland Sour Bushveld SVk 16 Gordonia Plains Shrubland SVl 15 Northern Lebombo Bushveld SVl 16 Southern Lebombo Bushveld SVl 17 Lebombo Summit Sourveld SVkd 1 Gordonia Duneveld SVl 18 Tembe Sandy Bushveld SVkd 2 Gordonia Kameeldoring Bushveld SVl 19 Western Maputaland Sandy Bushveld SVkd 3 Auob Duneveld SVl 20 Western Maputaland Clay Bushveld SVkd 4 Nossob Bushveld SVl 21 Makatini Clay Thicket SVl 22 Northern Zululand Sourveld SVl 23 Zululand Lowveld SVl 24 Zululand Coastal Thornveld Sub-Escarpment Savanna Bioregion ALBANY THICKET BIOME AT 1 Southern Cape Valley Thicket AT 2 Gamka Thicket SVs 1 Thukela Valley Bushveld AT 3 Groot Thicket SVs 2 Thukela Thornveld AT 4 Gamtoos Thicket SVs 3 KwaZulu-Natal Hinterland Thornveld AT 5 Sundays Noorsveld SVs 4 Ngongoni Veld AT 6 Sundays Thicket SVs 5 KwaZulu-Natal Sandstone Sourveld AT 7 Coega Bontveld SVs 6 Eastern Valley Bushveld AT 8 Kowie Thicket SVs 7 Bhisho Thornveld AT 9 Albany Coastal Belt AT 10 Great Fish Noorsveld AT 11 Great Fish Thicket Eastern Kalahari Bushveld Bioregion 758 Kalahari Duneveld Bioregion SVk 1 Mafikeng Bushveld AT 12 Buffels Thicket SVk 2 Stella Bushveld AT 13 Eastern Cape Escarpment Thicket SVk 3 Schweizer-Reneke Bushveld AT 14 Camdebo Escarpment Thicket SVk 4 Kimberley Thornveld SVk 5 Vaalbos Rocky Shrubland SVk 6 Schmidtsdrif Thornveld SVk 7 Ghaap Plateau Vaalbosveld SVk 8 Kuruman Vaalbosveld CB 1 Maputaland Coastal Belt SVk 9 Kuruman Thornveld CB 2 Maputaland Wooded Grassland SVk 10 Kuruman Mountain Bushveld CB 3 KwaZulu-Natal Coastal Belt SVk 11 Molopo Bushveld CB 4 Pondoland-Ugu Sandstone Coastal Sourveld SVk 12 Kathu Bushveld CB 5 Transkei Coastal Belt Vegetation Atlas of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland INDIAN OCEAN COASTAL BELT S % 19 (2006) FORESTS Eastern Strandveld Zonal & Intrazonal Forests AZs 1 Algoa Dune Strandveld AZs 2 Albany Dune Strandveld AZs 3 Subtropical Dune Thicket FOz 1 Southern Afrotemperate Forest FOz 2 Northern Afrotemperate Forest FOz 3 Southern Mistbelt Forest Alluvial Vegetation FOz 4 Northern Mistbelt Forest AZa 1 Fynbos Riparian Vegetation FOz 5 Scarp Forest AZa 2 Cape Lowland Alluvial Vegetation FOz 6 Southern Coastal Forest AZa 3 Lower Gariep Alluvial Vegetation FOz 7 Northern Coastal Forest AZa 4 Upper Gariep Alluvial Vegetation FOz 8 Sand Forest AZa 5 Highveld Alluvial Vegetation FOz 9 Ironwood Dry Forest AZa 6 Albany Alluvial Vegetation AZa 7 Subtropical Alluvial Vegetation Azonal Forests Freshwater Wetlands FOa 1 Lowveld Riverine Forest FOa 2 Swamp Forest AZf 1 Cape Lowland Freshwater Wetlands FOa 3 Mangrove Forest AZf 2 Cape Vernal Pools AZf 3 Eastern Temperate Freshwater Wetlands AZf 4 Drakensberg Wetlands AZf 5 Lesotho Mires AZf 6 Subtropical Freshwater Wetlands AZONAL VEGETATION Estuarine Vegetation Inland Saline Vegetation AZe 1 Arid Estuarine Salt Marshes AZe 2 Cape Estuarine Salt Marshes AZi 1 Namaqualand Riviere AZe 3 Subtropical Estuarine Salt Marshes AZi 2 Namaqualand Salt Pans AZi 3 Southern Kalahari Mekgacha AZi 4 Southern Kalahari Salt Pans Seashore Vegetation AZd 1 Namib Seashore Vegetation AZi 5 Bushmanland Vloere AZd 2 Namaqualand Seashore Vegetation AZi 6 Southern Karoo Riviere AZd 3 Cape Seashore Vegetation AZi 7 Tanqua Wash Riviere AZd 4 Subtropical Seashore Vegetation AZi 8 Muscadel Riviere AZi 9 Cape Inland Salt Pans AZi 10 Highveld Salt Pans AZi 11 Subtropical Salt Pans Vegetation Atlas of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland 759 AZd3 Eland´s Bay ELAND'S BAY FFs4 FFs2 AZf1 FFs4 FFd2 Verlorevlei FFs2 FFs2 AZd3 FRs9 SKv5 SKv2 FFs6 FRc1 FFd2 FFb1 FFd3 FRs4 FS2 HOPEFIELD LANGEBAAN FRs9 FRa2 FRs9 Dassen Island FS5 FFd4 FRc1 FRg2 OP DIE BERG AZi7 FFh1 FFs5 AZi7 SKv5 FFq2 SKv5 SKv2 SKv5 FRs4 FRs6 SKv5 FRs4 FFq2 SKv2 FFh1 FRs6 FFs5 FFq3 P.A. HAMLET FRs4 FRs4 CERES FFh1 FFs30 CERES MOUNTAIN FYNBOS FFs7 FFb1 FFs7 FFs30 FFs30 WOLSELEY FRs8 HERMON FFb2 FFa3 FFa3 FFs10 FFq3 FRs6 FFb1 FFq3 FRs6 FFs7 FFa2 RIEBEEK-WES FRs9 Voëlvlei Dam FFs10 FFd4 FFb2 RIEBEEK-KASTEEL WATERVAL FRg2 SKv6 SKv2 FFa1 FFh4 FRs8 TULBAGH FFd4 FFd4 FFh1 ks SKv5 FFq3 FFs5 FFa3 AZi9 YZERFONTEIN DARLING AZd3 FRg2 FFs30 FFs5 FFb1 FFa3 FRc1 FRc1 FRc1 FFd4 AZi9 FFb1 FFd4 FRc1 FFa1 FRs9 FRs9 MOORREESBURG AZi9 n ge l u SKv5 FFs5 GROOT WINTERHOEK FRc1 FFs3 FRc1 ut FRs9 FS5 KORINGBERG So FS3 Langebaan Lagoon FFd3 AZe2 WEST COAST NATIONAL PARK FFb1 ts FRs9 FFh1 FFa1 FFh1 FFs4 FFs5 FFh1 FRc1 rg PORTERVILLE FFd3 FRs9 FFs3 fan Oli FRs9 Be FS4 FS3 33°S FFa1 FFb1 PIKETBERG FRc1 SKv5 FFs30 FFa1 FFd2 AZe2 FFh1 FFd2 FRc1 SKv5 FFq2 FFs3 FFd3 Berg AZi7 FFa1 FFb1 FFs5 FFb1 FFd3 SKv3 O AZe2 FFb1 FFb1 FFb1 FRs9 AZe2 AZi7 et VELDDRIF SKv6 o ri ng EENDEKUIL SKk8 FFs6 AZi9 FFq3 FFq3 FRs6 BOKKERIVIERE FFs8 SKv7 TOUWS RIVER FFq3 FFq3 FFa2 FRs6 DE DOORNS FFq3 FFb4 FFs15 FFq3 FFs30 FRg2 FFs16 FRs9 FFs30 FFh4 FRs8 FFh8 SKv8 FRs6 ATLANTIS FFg2 FRg2 FFh5 FFh8 FFh4 FFd4 FS6 FFs16 FFs15 HAWEQUAS FRs9 FFg2 FRg2 FRc1 FFs10 FFh4 AZd3 FFb4 FRs7 FFs15 SKv7 FFa2 FRs9 FFs16 WELLINGTON SKv7 FRs8 WORCESTER FFd4 FRs7 FFs16 FRc1 AZi9 FFh4 FRs8 FRg2 FFs15 FFq4 FRa1 FFh8 FRs8 AZd3 PHILADELPHIA RAWSONVILLE FRs7 FRs7 FFs15 FRs8 FRs9 FFd8 SKv7 MELKBOSSTRAND Brandvlei Dam FFs16 FFh4 FFd5 FFg2 FFs15 FRa1 FFg4 FRs9 SKv7 FFd8 FRg2 HAWEQUAS FRs8 FFs30 FRs9 FRs8 FRc1 PAARL FRg3 FFb2 FFd8 AZd3 FFb4 FRa1 FFs10 FFs10 ROBERTSON MONTAGU Robben Island AZf1 FFb2 FFq4 FFd8 ASHTON FS6 FFg2 FFa3 FFh5 FFg2 SKv7 FRs8 SKv7 FRg2 FRs8 FFh4 S AZd3 AZd3 AZi8 FFg2 FRc1 FFh6 FFd8 FRa1 SKv7 FRs8 FRg2 AZi9 HAWEQUAS FRa1 SKv7 FFq4 Table Bay AZd3 FRANSCHHOEK FFq4 SKv7 FFq4 SKv7 FFh5 FFq4 FFs13 FFd5 FFg2 FRs9 FRs8 FRs8 FRs9 FFh4 FFs11 SKv7 FRs8 FRs8 VROLIJKHEID FRs8 FFg2 STELLENBOSCH FFh5 FFs9 FFs10 FRa1 FFs13 BONNIEVALE FFh6 FRs10 FS6 FFg2 FFh5 SKv7 MCGREGOR FFb2 AZa2 FRg2 VILLIERSDORP FFh5 AZf1 FFs9 FOz1 FFb2 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HLUHLUWE Gs7 SVl23 Gs5 AZf3 SVl18 SVl22 HLABISA Gs8 Blac NQUTU SVl22 Gs6 Gs4 Gs6 AZf6 SVl22 White M f ol ULUNDI SVl22 HELPMEKAAR SVs2 SVs1 Gs6 MTUBATUBA RIVER VIEW FOz5 SVl23 i lo z Mfo GREATER ST LUCIA WETLAND PAR K Gs4 Gs4 POMEROY SVl24 Gs6 Gd6 SVl22 SVl22 AZf3 Gs6 Gs4 SVs2 Gs9 FOz3 KEATE´S DRIFT JAMESON´S DRIFT ESHOWE CB3 FOz5 CB3 FOz5 Ongoye Forest CB1 FOa2 FOa2 AZd4 AZs3 FOz7 CB1 FOz7 AZf6 RICHARDS BAY FOa3 CB1 RICHARDS BAY AZd4 FOz7 AZs3 SVs4 Gs8 SVs2 FOz3 N SVs6 KRANSKOP CB3 GREYTOWN AMATIKULU Tu MAPUMULO SVs4 AZf3 CB3 l ge FOz5 SVs5 CB3 SVs3 SVs5 Gs6 a Mv ot i SVs5 SVs3 SVs4 FOz7 FOz5 FOz5 Gs9 FOz7 FOz5 SVs5 SHAKASKRAAL FOz5 SVs5 TONGAAT ge ni SVs4 CB3 SVs4 M SVs3 AZs3 STANGER SVs4 SVs4 SVs5 DARNALL SVs6 Gs9 DALTON NEW HANOVER SVs4 Albert Falls Dam SVs5 ALBERT FALLS WARTBURG SVs6 FOz5 FOz7 AMATHIKULU AZs3 CB3 SEVENOAKS Gs9 29°S SVs6 CB1 Gs9 FOz3 MTUNZINI AZs3 FOz7 GINGINDLOVU CB1 UMLALAZI Gs9 SVs4 FELIXTON SVs6 FOz3 FOz7 EMPANGENI SVs3 FOz5 SVs3 NKWALINI tu z e Mh SVs6 Gs6 Gs9 SVs1 SVl24 la SVs4 FOz7 KWA MBONAMBI NSELENI CB2 SVl23 FOz5 Nkandla Forest SVs4 AZf6 FOz7 SVs4 SVs1 CB1 SVl22 SVs4 NKANDLA FOz3 FOz3 Gs4 TUGELA FERRY SVs2 MELMOTH QUDENI SVs2 CB1 ST LUCIA ESTUARY FOz7 SVl23 Gs4 SVs2 SVs1 CB2 SVl24 oz Gs9 BABANANGO zi i MAHLABATINI Gs4 Gs7 AZf6 SVl23 folo HLUHLUWE-IMFOLOZI PARK SVl23 FOz5 SVl22 Gs3 Gs8 kM SVs4 Gs2 SVl21 FOz5 FOz5 Gs2 Gs1 Gs7 Gs3 CB1 AZf6 Gs1 BLOEDRIVIER u Gm14 % SVl21 SVl19 Gs6 FOz8 AZf6 AZi11 FOa1 Gs6 AZf3 FOz8 SVl4 SVs6 FOz5 FOz7 CB3 CB3 FOz5 % SVs3 UMDLOTI 31°E FOz7 32°E 19°E 20°E AZi3 25°S AZi4 SVkd4 SVkd4 SVkd1 SVkd2 SVkd1 SVkd3 SVk16 SVkd2 SVk16 KGALAGADI TRANSFRONTIER PARK SVkd1 MATA MATA Au SVk16 ob SVkd2 SVkd3 26°S AZi4 SVkd3 SVkd1 SVkd1 SVk16 RIETFONTEIN AZi4 GROOT MIER Hakskeenpan NKb5 SVkd1 AZi4 NKb5 27°S Koppieskraalpan SVkd1 NKb5 % AZi4 Naroegaspan 19°E 20°E NKb5 AZi4 AZi3 SVkd1 21°E 22°E 25°S AZi3 AZi4 NOSSOB SVkd2 SVk16 s No so b SVkd1 AZi4 SVkd2 26°S SVkd1 AZi3 SVk16 SVkd3 AZi3 AZi4 SVk12 TWEE RIVIEREN SVkd3 SVk11 No s s ob SVk12 MIDDELPUTS AZi3 SVkd1 FRYLINCKSPAN Molopo SVk12 WITDRAAI SVkd1 AZi3 VAN ZYLSRUS SVkd1 SVkd1 AZi3 SVkd3 ASKHAM SVkd3 AZi4 K u ru ma n 27°S SVkd1 SVk12 SVk16 SVkd2 SVk13 SVkd1 SVkd1 AZi4 21°E SVkd1 22°E 23°E 24°E 25°S M o l op o AZi3 SVk11 BRAY TERRA FIRMA AZi4 SVk1 SVk1 MOLOPORIVIER VERGELEË SENLAC SVk11 POMFRET SVk10 VORSTERSHOOP TOSCA AZi3 SVk11 SVk1 26°S Ph MCCARTHY´S RUST AZi4 ep an MOROKWENG e SVk10 KAGISO SVk11 SVk11 AZi4 Tl ap ng e SVk12 K g okgo le TLHAKGAMENG GANYESA AZi3 SVk11 SEVERN M o sh a FRYLINCKSPAN w SVk1 eng LAXEY SVk10 SVk2 TLAPENG AZi4 SVk12 LOUWNA SVk12 SVk11 SVk9 AZi4 27°S l Mat h warin g SVk16 SVk8 TSINENG SVkd1 SVk1 Ku r um SVk15 GA-MOPEDI a ar SVk12 SVkd1 Log o SVk9 SVk10 og DEDEBEN -M an HOTAZEL Ga SVk13 23°E b a te LYKSO SVk8 SVk8 24°E SVk7 25°E 26°E SVcb1 MADIKWE GAME RESERVE SVcb1 SVcb2 AZi11 SVcb4 WITKLEIGAT 25°S M ar i co SVcb1 SVcb1 GOPANE SVcb3 SVcb4 SVcb3 SVcb4 Gh15 LEHURUTSHE SVk1 SVcb4 SVcb3 ZEERUST SVcb4 O Gh13 P LO SVcb4 O SVcb8 M AZi10 SVk1 SVcb4 OTTOSHOOP SLURRY MASIBI TSHIDILAMOLOMO AZi10 SVk1 MAFIKENG Gh13 Gh15 ROOIGROND LOGAGENG a BAKERVILLE 26°S Gh13 Di gole Gh15 Gh14 Gh14 S et l s ip ITSONENG i Gh14 Gh14 PIET PLESSIS MAREETSANE SVk1 Gh14 Gh14 SVk1 LICHTENBURG Gh14 SETLAGOLE Gr AZa5 o ot Gh10 - Ha r t s Gh14 SVk1 COLIGNY BIESIESVLEI Gh13 Gh14 AZi10 AZa5 GEYSDORP AZa5 STELLA GERDAU SANNIESHOF Gh14 Barberspan AZi4 Gh10 AZi10 DELAREYVILLE SVk2 K l e i n-Har t s SVk2 Le eu sp AZa5 t ru i Gh14 BROEDERSPUT Gh14 Gh13 as e AZi4 ar ts OTTOSDAL MIGDOL Lo s SVk7 Gh10 H VRYBURG Gh14 AZa5 SVk1 27°SGh10 Gh13 GLAUDINA SVk3 Gh10 AZi10 SVk7 WITPOORT SCHWEIZER-RENEKE ts H ar SVk7 AZi4 WOLMARANSSTAD 25°E SVk3 SVk4 Gh14 AZi10 SVk4 AZi10 Gh13 SVk4 LEEUDORINGSTAD MAKWASSIE 26°E Gh10 DERDEPOORT 27°E SVcb1 SVcb1 SVcb16 Gm29 28°E SVcb17 SVcb1 SVcb17 SVcb16 MADIKWE GAME RESERVE SVcb2 SVcb16 SVcb1 SVcb17 SVcb12 SVcb17 SVcb2 SVcb17 Gm29 DWARSBERG Molatedi Dam SVcb15 i co NORTHAM SVcb2 ar SVcb16 SVcb4 M 25°S ROOIBERG SVcb16 SVcb17 SVcb1 SVcb12 SVcb1 SVcb1 SVcb16 SVcb4 SVcb1 AZf6 Klipvoor Dam SVcb16 e SVcb4 SVcb12 BORAKALALO SVcb16 Cro G ro ot - SVcb3 PILANSBERG GAME RESERVE SVcb5 cod il MABESKRAAL SVcb15 Vaalkop Dam M a o ric SUN CITY SVcb3 SVcb12 SVcb3 SVcb4 PELLA AZf6 SVcb12 SVcb3 Elands TSITSING SVcb9 SVcb12 Rooikoppies Dam SVcb12 MABOPANE SVcb4 SVcb3 SVcb4 SVcb7 PHOKENG SVcb4 SVcb6 GA-RANKUWA SVcb6 GROOT-MARICO SVcb7 FOz2 SVcb8 SVcb3 BRITS SVcb8 RUSTENBURG SWARTRUGGENS SVcb8 SVcb9 K o s te SVcb9 Hartbeespoort Dam PRETORIA SVcb8 SVcb9 SVcb10 GROENKLOOF NATIONAL PARK H SVcb8 SVcb8 ex SVcb9 SVcb9 MAGALIESBERG FOz2 Gm29 KOSTER Gm11 Gh15 DERBY SVcb9 GROOTPAN AZi10 Ma SVcb8 Gm11 ga Gm11 AZf3 CENTURION Gh15 s lie SVcb11 Gm10 MAGALIESBURG AZi10 26°S SVcb8 r SVcb4 SVcb4 SVcb6 SVcb6 Gm10 SVcb8 Gm10 SVcb10 SVcb8 SVcb9 KRUGERSDORP Gh15 SVcb10 Gh14 Gh15 Gh15 Gh15 Gh10 Gm8 AZf3 VENTERSPOS Klerkskraal Dam GA-RAMODINGWANA JOHANNESBURG RANDFONTEIN Gm8 AZf3 KHUTSONG WESTONARIA COLIGNY AZf3 Sk oo ns pru SVcb11 Gh15 VENTERSDORP Gh10 SVcb9 Gm9 AZf3 SVcb10 CARLETONVILLE AZf3 Gh10 it SVcb10 Gm11 Gm8 EVATON AZa5 Gm8 Gh15 AZi10 Gh13 VEREENIGING POTCHEFSTROOM Gh6 VANDERBIJL PARK Gh10 AZf3 SVcb11 SVcb11 Mo Gm11 oi Gh13 Gm8 Kr o m SASOLBURG el SVcb9 Gh15 bo PARYS Gh11 Gm9 o g sp Gh12 SVcb11 DENEYSVILLE m KLERKSDORP Gh10 SVcb9 SVcb10 Gm11 SVcb11 Gh13 HARTBEESFONTEIN SEBOKENG Klipdrif Dam SVcb11 SVcb11 MEYERTON ru it SVcb9 ORKNEY AZf3 ORANJEVILLE VREDEFORT 27°S Gh6 Gh10 Gm11 AZi10 Gh10 Gm6 Gh11 Gh10 VIERFONTEIN Gh6 AZf3 SVcb11 Gh10 VILJOENSKROON LEEUDORINGSTAD Gh10 Gh10 Gh10 27°E AZi10 Gh6 R e no s te Gh10 Koppies Dam r KOPPIES Gh8 28°E SVcb17 MODIMOLLE 29°E SVcb12 SVcb15 AZf6 fa nt 30°E SVcb27 s SVcb26 Gm20 STEELPOORT O li SVcb12 SVcb12 JANE FURSE SVcb12 SVcb12 SVcb12 SVcb28 AZi11 SVcb17 SVcb12 t or lp o ee t S SVcb27 SVcb28 BELA-BELA SVcb12 SVcb15 Gm19 MARBLE HALL 25°S SVcb12 SVcb28 E la SVcb15 nd s Gm18 SIYABUSWA AZf6 MASOBE SVcb13 SVcb12 Rust de Winter Dam Gm11 GROBLERSDAL SVcb14 SVcb12 ROOSSENEKAL SVcb14 SVcb13 e M os s HAMMANSKRAAL SVcb13 SVcb13 VLAKLAAGTE FOz4 SVcb12 SVcb13 Gm18 Gm19 DENNILTON KWAGGAFONTEIN LOSKOP DAM Loskop Dam AZi11 SVcb13 SVcb12 DULLSTROOM STOFFBERG Gm21 SVcb13 SVcb12 Gm18 Gm18 Roodeplaat Dam SVcb6 CULLINAN p sts ruit SVcb13 O lif Gm19 a Gm11 Gm11 AZf6 MACHADODORP Gm11 n ts B r on kh AZf6 or Sel ons SVcb14 BELFAST MIDDELBURG AZf3 PRETORIA Gm11 Gm18 BRONKHORSTSPRUIT SVcb6 WITBANK SVcb9 Gm12 o AZf3 SVcb11 Bronkhorstspruit Dam Gm11 Witbank Dam Gm11 Gh15 Nk ARNOT Gm12 BAPSFONTEIN 26°S KENDAL OGIES AZf3 Gm12 CAROLINA Wilg e AZf3 DELMAS Gm8 HENDRINA Gm12 Gm12 AZf3 Gm12 Gm12 SPRINGS AZf3 KRIEL CHRISSIESMEER BREYTEN SVcb11 AZf3 Gm12 AZf3 DEVON Gm9 Gm12 LEANDRA Gm8 AZf3 SVcb11 KINROSS Gm8 BETHAL EVANDER AZf3 DAVEL AZf3 TRICHARDT HEIDELBERG Gm12 Gm8 e Gm8 Gm14 a t e rv Gm9 AZf3 al BALFOUR SVcb9 VA Gm13 W Gm9 SVcb11 AL Gm8 Gm8 AZf3 sm Bo ERMELO SECUNDA SVcb9 ruit sp an AZf3 AZf3 Chrissiesmeer Gm12 Gm8 Gm8 NIGEL SVcb11 SVcb9 Gm16 Nooitgedacht Dam Gm12 Gm8 ti Gm16 AZf3 AZf3 ma Gm8 Gm12 MORGENZON SHEEPMOOR GREYLINGSTAD Gm8 SVcb11 Gm8 SVcb11 Gm9 Gm13 Ri Grootdraai Dam Gm8 e ts p ruit STANDERTON Gm14 FOz2 Gm8 Vaal Dam AZf3 VILLIERS AZf3 Gm8 27°S AMERSFOORT Gm6 AZf3 AZf3 Klip Gm8 PERDEKOP Gh8 Gm6 FRANKFORT 29°E Gm6 Sa n d s p r uit Gm13 Gm14 Gh8 Gm13 30°E Gm15 SVcb25 SVcb25 SVcb26 SVl3 31°E KLASERIE FOz4 Gm23 MOTLATSE RIVER Gm24 Gm21 SVcb26 SVcb27 SVcb26 Gm21 SVl5 Gm22 BUSHBUCKRIDGE FOz4 FOz4 SVl15 SVl3 FOz4 GRASKOP SVl6 Sand PILGRIM´S REST Gm19 so nt SVl4 Gm23 Gm24 Gm21 so AZf6 SVl6 SVl3 FOz4 OHRIGSTAD Gm18 SVl15 w it FOa1 SVcb28 SVcb26 32°E SVl6 SVl9 BLYDE RIVER CANYON Gm23 SVcb25 SVl4 Nwa s BURGERSFORT Gm22 SVl3 Sa b ie SVl9 SVl5 SVl6 25°S SKUKUZA Gm18 FOz4 Gm18 SVl3 FOz4 SABIE LYDENBURG Sa HAZYVIEW SVl10 Gm22 Gm23 SVl6 SVl15 SVl5 SVl9 FOz4 SVl10 FOz4 Badfontein Dam Gm22 SVl9 CROCODILE BRIDGE SVl3 WHITE RIVER Cr SVl9 FOz4 Gm21 NELSPRUIT SVl10 Gm18 FOz4 o codile HECTORSPRUIT SVl11 MALELANE FOz5 KOMATIPOORT SVl9 Gm23 Gm18 SVl4 SVl13 Gm17 FOz4 SVl5 SVl3 M FOz5 WATERVAL-BOVEN luma t i SVl12 Gm22 MACHADODORP Gm18 SVl13 SVl11 KAAPSEHOOP SVl13 Gm23 SVl12 SIBAYENI Gm17 SVl9 Gm18 o LOWER-SABIE SVl4 PRETORIUSKOP Gm18 Nk bie KRUGER NATIONAL PARK SVl13 BARBERTON Gm16 SVl3 Gm17 Vygeboom Dam ti ma Gm17 SVl13 Gm16 SVl23 FOz5 FOz4 FOz5 SVl17 Gm17 SVl13 Nk om a t i BADPLAAS FOz4 PIGG'S PEAK SVl14 26°S SVl3 SVl14 FOz5 TSHANENI SVl4 Sand River Dam FOz5 FOz5 SVl16 Gm16 FOz5 LOCHIEL FOz4 Gm12 SVl16 FOa1 MALOLOTSJA Gm16 WARBURTON Bl ac k M bu lu zi SVl3 ul SVl4 te FOa1 hi SVl14 W FOz4 MLAWULA FOa1 i uz M MBABANE Gm16 SVl5 HLANE ROYAL NATIONAL PARK b Mp uluzi AZf3 FOz9 Mnjoli Dam SVl16 FOz5 LOTHAIR SITEKI MANZINI SVl3 Westoe Dam Gm12 BHUNYA MLILWANE FOz5 SVl14 U s u tu SVl5 SVl4 AMSTERDAM FOz9 FOz5 SVl14 FOa1 Gm14 Gm16 Jericho Dam FOz5 Gm16 SVl14 SHEEPMOOR Morgenstond Dam FOa1 U s utu SVl3 SVl16 SVl23 SVl17 Gs2 FOz5 SVl14 AZf3 Gm16 Gm14 SVl4 Gs2 FOz5 BIG BEND FOa1 Gm12 Heyshope Dam Gs2 Gm16 SVl3 PIET RETIEF HLATHIKHULU 27°S MAHAMBA Gm15 Gm15 31°E Gm16 NHLANGANO SVl21 SVl16 SVl4 Ng wa Gm16 SVl3 SVl23 % Gm12 SVl17 Gs2 SVl14 SVl22 Gm14 Gm15 NDUMO GAME RESERVE NDUMO SVl21 SVl20 FOa1 FOz2 FOa1 SVl19 vum a INGWAVUMA AZa7 32°E SVl17 27°E 28°E AZa7 SWARTWATER FOa1 AZa7 23°S SVcb19 TOM BURKE GA-SELEKA LIM PO P MARNITZ O SVcb19 SVcb19 Le SVcb18 ph a la la Mo k o VILLA NORA lo SVcb19 LEPHALALE STEENBOKPAN SVcb18 AZa7 SVcb19 SVcb17 SVcb16 SVcb17 SVcb17 SVcb19 Mo tl haba SVcb12 tsi 24°S SVcb12 Mokolo Dam SVcb16 SVcb16 BULGE RIVIER SVcb1 SVcb12 M o k ol o SVcb17 SVcb12 MATLABAS SVcb16 SVcb16 SVcb19 VAALWATER SVcb17 SVcb17 MARAKELE NATIONAL PARK SVcb1 SVcb1 oc o AZa7 SVcb16 dile SVcb1 SVcb16 SVcb1 SVcb1 SVcb1 SVcb16 27°E SVcb12 THABAZIMBI SVcb17 SVcb17 DERDEPOORT MADIKWE GAME RESERVE RANKIN'S PASS Cr SVcb16 SVcb2 SVcb12 Gm29 SVcb17 SVcb16 SVcb16 SVcb1 SVcb17 SVcb16 SVcb17 ROOIBERG SVcb12 28°E SVcb17 29°E 30°E AZa7 AZa7 PONTDRIF SVmp1 SVmp2 BEIT BRIDGE MAPUNGUBWE NATIONAL PARK SVmp2 SVmp2 SVmp1 MUSINA SVmp2 SVmp2 SVmp1 SVmp1 BROMBEEK SVmp2 AZa7 ALLDAYS SVcb19 SVmp2 SVmp1 MAASSTROOM SVcb19 AZa7 SVmp1 RADITSHABA SWARTWATER SVcb19 SVcb20 Gm28 FOz4 Gm28 SVcb21 TOLWE SVcb21 WATERPOORT AZi11 SVcb19 23°S FOz4 Gm28 SVcb19 MAKHADO VIVO SVcb18 SVcb20 SVcb18 BOCHUM ELIM San d Glen Alpine Dam Albasini Dam BLOUBERG Ho u t FOz4 MARNITZ SVl8 SVcb20 BALTIMORE SVcb21 BANDELIERKOP MOGWADI SVcb20 SVcb18 SVcb20 SVcb18 la k w e na MOREBENG Mo g VILLA NORA MARKEN a SVcb20 SVcb18 SVl8 SVcb24 Magoebaskloof Forest SVcb17 SVcb23 SVcb23 SVcb20 SVcb24 SVcb24 FOz4 SVcb17 POLOKWANE SVcb24 SVcb23 ZION CITY MORIA HAENERTSBURG Ebenezer Dam SVcb23 Gm23 SVcb12 24°S Gm25 SVcb24 Gm26 SVcb20 SVcb12 Gm23 WOLKBERG SVcb17 SVcb24 MOKOPANE SVcb12 SVcb17 FOz2 Gm29 SVcb12 Gm29 Gm29 SVcb25 Gm26 SVcb26 SVcb26 SVcb23 Gm27 SVcb12 Doorndraai Dam VAALWATER Gm27 SVcb24 Gm27 SVcb25 SVcb27 LEBOWAKGOMO SVcb17 ZEBEDIELA FOz2 SVcb17 MGOTO SVcb27 SVcb28 SVcb12 SVcb12 SVcb15 SVcb15 SVcb12 Gm29 MOOKGOPONG SVcb17 ROEDTAN SVcb12 SVcb12 SVcb15 29°E fa nt s SVcb28 O li AZf6 SVcb12 Gm20 SVcb12 30°E 31°E SVmp2 L I M PO PO SVmp2 SVmp2 FOa1 SVmp1 Nzh e le SVmp4 PAFURI SVl1 SVmp1 el FOz9 AZa7 FOz9 SVmp2 SVmp3 SVl1 SVl1 TSHIPISE v Lu SVcb22 M u ta hu FOz8 le FOz9 SVcb21 Nzhelele Dam uv SVl2 SVmp4 FOa1 PUNDA MARIA SVcb21 SVmp3 SVl1 SVl1 SVl15 Mph o g n o lo SVl3 THOHOYANDOU SVmp5 SVcb21 SVmp5 KRUGER NATIONAL PARK FOz4 23°S FOz4 SVmp4 SHINGWEDZI SVl3 SVl8 SVcb20 SVl1 S h in g w e SVmp6 SVl7 AZa7 dz i SVl3 Hudson Ntsanwisi Dam Middle Letaba Dam Klei n -L e SVmp5 SVmp8 t ab a SVmp4 GIYANI SVl7 SVl3 SVmp6 AZi11 SVl8 SVmp5 MOPANI SVmp6 Gm25 SVmp5 SVl8 Gr o ot-Le taba SVmp4 SVmp8 DUIWELSKLOOF SVmp6 SVmp5 Tzaneen Dam SVl3 TZANEEN SVl3 SVmp5 LETSITELE NKOWAKOWA Gm25 SVl15 LETABA SVmp7 NAMAKGALE GRAVELOTTE SVl8 SVmp7 SVl7 G a - Selati PHALABORWA AZf6 WOLKBERG SVmp6 SVmp8 SVmp4 KRUGER NATIONAL PARK l if a n t s O 24°S OLIFANTS SVl1 Gm23 SVl3 AZf6 LEGALAMEETSE SVmp8 Gm26 MICA SVl2 SVl5 SVl3 SVcb25 SVmp7 FOz4 FOa1 SVl8 Gm23 SVcb26 PENGE SVl3 SVl3 SVl3 FOz4 T im SVmp7 SVl8 SVcb25 SVcb27 SVcb26 SVcb26 Gm23 Gm21 Gm21 BURGERSFORT Gm21 Gm22 Gm21 SATARA SVl6 SVl4 SVl3 ORPEN Gm24 FOz4 SVcb26 SVcb28 Motlatse Gm24 SVcb27 t b a va i SVl15 SVl3 KLASERIE Gm23 MOTLATSE RIVER SVl9 BLYDE RIVER CANYON 31°E Gm23 SVl5 SVl6 SVl3 32°E 4 M SVs5 ge TONGAAT ni FOz5 SVs6 SVs3 31°E CB3 SVs5 FOz5 CB3 SVs4 CAMPERDOWN 32°E UMDLOTI SVs3 CATO RIDGE FOz7 FOz7 FOz5 SVs5 SVs4 SVs3 UMALANGA SVs5 CB3 4 Vs5 Mla SVs6 SVs3 DURBAN zi SVs5 FOz7 SVs5 SVs4 UMBUMBULU FOz5 4 L o vu FOz5 SVs3 Mk o m SVs6 azi pa mb an MAGABENI yo ni FOz5 CB3 RNON CROOKES s4 SVs5 FOz5 UMZINTO BRAEMAR SVs5 30°S 33°E 32°E CB3 AZd4 SVl17 AMANZIMTOTI SVl4 SVl23 AZd4 UMKOMAAS GAME RESERVE NDUMO SVl19 SVl21 SVl20 FOa1 AZd4 SVl17 AZa7 TEMBE ELEPHANT PARK m e SVl23 vum FOz7 FOz7 FOa2 AZa7 SVl16 AZd4 SVl21 AZd4 CB1 FOz8 AZd4 FOz7 SVl21 FOz7 Lake Sibayi FOz5 JOZINI FOz7 FOz8 SVl19 PORT SHEPSTONE SVl17 SVl18 SVl20 CB2 AZf6 FOa2 Sodwana Bay AZf6 CB1 AZi11 M k uz e SVl16 AZd4 FOa2 FOa1 SVl21 SVl19 FOz7 SVl23 AZd4 AZf6 u FOz8 d FOz7 FOz8 FOa1 MKUZE AZs3 AZf6 Pongolapoort Dam Ms u n GREATER ST LUCIA WETLAND PARK CB2 AZf6 SVl18 FOa1 SVl20 SVl22 CB1 AZi11 FOa2 AZf6 Black Rock CB2 MTWALUME HIBBERDENE FOz7 AZd4 AZd4 Kosi Bay FOa3 FOz7 AZs3 Lake Kosi SVl19 FOz5 s4 FOa2 CB1 a INGWAVUMA SVl21 SVl17 SEZELA CB1 CB2 AZf6 Ng wa AZd4 FOz5 FOz8 FOa1 SVl16 FOz7 CB3 SVl18 SVl21 27°S SCOTTBURGH FOa2 SVl20 FOa1 NDUMO PENNINGTON alu FOa1 SVl21 AZi11 FOa1 AZs3 CB2 zi SVl16 CB1 AZf6 FOz7 AZf6 AZd4 FOz8 SVl23 31°S GREATER ST LUCIA WETLAND PARK FOa1 SVl22 SVl22 SVl18 28°S Lake St Lucia HLUHLUWE AZf6 FOz7 SVl21 FOz5 FOz5 HLABISA folo zi HLUHLUWE-IMFOLOZI PARK AZf6 SVl23 FOz5 FOz7 CB2 SVl24 CB1 FOz7 SVl22 AZd4 Cape Vidal AZf6 SVl23 Blac kM AZs3 AZf6 ST LUCIA ESTUARY SVl22 MTUBATUBA RIVER VIEW FOz5 i lo z Mfo FOa3 SVl24 FOz7 SVl23 SVl24 AZs3 AZd4 FOz7 CB1 2 GREATER ST LUCIA WETLAND PARK AZf6 KWA MBONAMBI NSELENI CB2 FOz7 CB1 FOa2 FOa2 AZd4 AZs3 FOz7 CB1 32°S FOz7 EMPANGENI FELIXTON % 31°E Forest AZf6 RICHARDS BAY CB1 32°E S % 19 (2006) Glossary of Selected Scientific and Vernacular Terms Michael C. Rutherford, Ladislav Mucina, Leslie W. Powrie, Robert A. Ward and Freddie Ellis Introduction This glossary contains terms, abbreviations and very widely used vernacular names of plants specific to southern African botanical and geographical terminology, and it is aimed at university and other students and at interested southern African amateur biologists and nature lovers. Professional botanists will benefit from definitions of many of the nonbiological terms used in our book—especially those related to geology, soil, climate, GIS terminology and botanical terms not particularly familiar in South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Some ‘endemic’ local terms such as those related to landscape (koppie, donga etc.) and biota (bushveld, strandveld etc.) are included. Almost all terms have been extracted from the text of this book. Many of the terms are referenced. Most soil terms and definitions relate to Van der Watt & Van Rooyen’s (1995) glossary. The terms not referenced are our original definitions. Anorthosite (geology) A coarse-grained plutonic igneous rock consisting of more than 90% plagioclase feldspar, the plagioclase being generally calcium-rich (Whitten & Brooks 1972). In South Africa, the Bushveld Igneous Complex contains many anorthosite layers formed by the cyclic fractional crystallisation from a gabbroic magma. Apedal (soil) Pertaining to a soil having no visible internal structure (after Low & Rebelo 1998). ARC/INFO® (GIS terminology) Name of software package made by Environmental Systems Research Institute, Redmund, California, for geographic information system (GIS) analysis. ARC/INFO is used worldwide by thousands of different organisations for handling, managing and analysing geographical information. Glossary ArcView® (GIS terminology) A geographic information system (GIS) software package made by Environmental Systems Research Institute with many of the features of ARC/INFO. Adamellite (geology) Type of granite containing a calciumbearing plagioclase and a potassium feldspar in roughly equal amounts (Whitten & Brooks 1972). Arenite (geology) A broad term describing detrital sedimentary rocks, typically sandstone, of a particle size between 1⁄16 mm and 2 mm (Whitten & Brooks 1972). Aeolian (soil) Wind-borne. Aeolian material is moved by wind rather than water or by decomposition of local rock. Most aeolian sand is of marine origin, although sand may be dispersed from some rivers by wind (modified after Low & Rebelo 1998). Argillaceous (geology) Pertaining to a group of detrital sedimentary rocks, including clays, shales, mudstones and siltstones. Two grades of particle size are recognised, namely silt (from 1⁄16 mm to 1⁄ 256 mm) and clay (less than 1⁄ 256 mm). The rocks are composed of clay minerals and finely divided quartz and carbonates (Whitten & Brooks 1972). Afromontane (biogeography) Pertaining to regions of high altitudes in the mountains of Africa. Sometimes used interchangeably with ‘afrotemperate’. Afrotemperate (biogeography) Pertaining to regions in Africa characterised by temperate climate, usually found at higher altitudes (East African mountains, Drakensberg). Agg. (taxonomy) Abbreviation of ‘aggregate’. A neutral taxonomic category designating a group of morphologically very similar plant taxa that are often confused, e.g. in field studies. In our book this term is used interchangeably with ‘complex’, another auxillary taxonomic category. Agrestal (vegetation) Pertaining to vegetation of weeds infesting arable land, synonymous with ‘segetal vegetation’. Alluvium (geology, soil) Sedimentary material found in regions fringing river courses and composed of detrital matter transported and deposited by the river. Amphibole (geology) Any of a class of rock-forming silicate and aluminosilicate minerals with fibrous or columnar crystals (Thompson 1995). Amphibolite (geology) A metamorphic rock composed mostly of amphibole minerals (Whitten & Brooks 1972). Andesite (geology) A fine-grained volcanic igneous rock of composition intermediate between basalt and rhyolite, characterised by the presence of oligoclase or andesine (both minerals with more sodium than calcium in their composition) plagioclase feldspar (after Whitten & Brooks 1972). Asteraceous (vegetation) Pertaining to vegetation dominated by members of the daisy family (Asteraceae or Compositae), e.g. asteraceous fynbos. Banded ironstone (geology) Also known as jaspilite; a banded rock composed of alternating layers of iron oxide and jasper, a red variety of chalcedony (cryptocrystalline variety of SiO2). These rocks are chemical sediments deposited due to increased oxygen contents of a body of water precipitating dissolved iron in a cyclic nature. Huge iron ore deposits are found in South Africa in the Banded Iron Formation (Transvaal Supergroup). Basalt (geology) Generally fine-grained dark-coloured volcanic igneous rock, composed primarily of calcic plagioclase and pyroxene, with or without olivine. Batholith (geology) Term applied to very large bodies of intrusive igneous rock and generally composed of many smaller plutons. The term is most commonly used to describe granitic bodies. Berg wind (climate) A katabatic (downslope and generally offshore) wind of especially the West and South Coast of South Africa, which is both hot and dry and therefore conducive to spread of fire (Low & Rebelo 1998). Biodiversity (biology) The sum of all taxa of animals, plants, fungi and micro-organisms as well as their communities in a region (modified after Low & Rebelo 1998). Glossary of Selected Scientific and Vernacular Terms 791 S % 19 (2006) Biome (biology) A broad ecological spatial unit representing major life zones of large natural areas, and defined mainly by vegetation structure, climate as well as major large-scale disturbance factors (such as fire) (after Low & Rebelo 1998). Biotite (geology) Dark-coloured tri-octahedral mica common in igneous and metamorphic rocks (Deer et al. 1992). Bog (soil) An area of swampy ground generally with a layer of organic matter (peat). Broken veld (geomorphology) A region characterised by rugged topography, preventing easy thoroughfare. The granitic landscapes of the Succulent Karoo are good examples (Low & Rebelo 1998). Bushveld (vegetation) A local regional term translated from the Afrikaans ‘bosveld’ and generally applied to various forms of savanna vegetation south of the miombo belts in southern Africa. In regional terms (Central Bushveld), used for the elevated plateaus between Pretoria in the south and Limpopo River in the north. Butt (geomorphology) Solitary, usually pointed hill with hard capping on the top, rising above surrounding flat landscape; often occurring in the Karoo. Often spelt ‘butte’ (from the French) and mainly applied in the western USA. C3 (plant physiology) A photosynthetic system in which Calvin Cycle photosynthesis occurs in both bundle sheath and mesophyll cells in the leaf. The name is derived from the initial fixing of CO2 in three-carbon chain compounds. C4 (plant physiology) A photosynthetic system in which the initial fixing of CO2 is via a four-carbon chain compound. These species have the Calvin Cycle photosynthesising cells concentrated around the vascular bundles (Kranz anatomy), whereas the cells elsewhere in the leaf specialise in absorbing CO2 from the atmosphere. C4 photosynthesis is more efficient than C3, at higher light intensities and higher temperatures, hence its prominence amongst grasses (and other plant species) in the warmer, summer-rainfall regions (after Low & Rebelo 1998). Calcareous (geology, soil) Pertaining to a soil or rock containing calcium carbonate, or related minerals, so that it effervesces (bubbles of CO2) when treated with acid. Usually formed from shells or chemical precipitation, these soils and rocks tend to have a coastal distribution (modified after Low & Rebelo 1998). Calcrete (geology) A rock formed in the soil profile at the water table when calcium carbonate accumulates and cements particles together to form a hard rock band (Low & Rebelo 1998). CAM Abbreviation of ‘Crassulacean Acid Metabolism’ (plant physiology). A photosynthetic system found in many succulent plants whereby carbon fixation takes place at night (as opposed to daylight in C3 and C4 plants) when lower temperatures reduce the rate of water loss during CO2 uptake through the stomata. A very strong form of CAM is referred to as CAM idling where stomata remain closed by day and night when there is an internal recycling of nocturnally refixed respiratory CO2 usually in response to severe stress due to limitations of water availability. CAM cycling is yet another (weak) form of CAM metabolism with C3 photosynthesis occurring throughout the light period (Lüttge 2004). Cambic B-horizon (soil) A subsurface horizon containing illuvial clay, humus, or amorphous sesquioides, but not in sufficiency to be classed as spodic or argillic. Cambisol (soil) Young soil with a cambic B-horizon and a A-B-C profile. Cambisols are typical in temperate or cooler regions, in 792 Glossary of Selected Scientific and Vernacular Terms which soils are either young or, depending on the climate, in which processes of soil formation occur slowly. Cape Floristic Region (CFR) (biogeography) One of 37 global floristic regions (phytochoria) as defined by Takhtajan (1986), often referred to as the Cape Floristic Kingdom (CFK) which is one of six global floristic kingdoms. Catena (soils) A related sequence of soil profile types created by changes from one drainage condition to another. These changes are usually transitional. Common example is from hilltop to valley bottom. CE (biogeography) Abbreviation of ‘Centre of Endemism’ (see also Van Wyk & Smith 2001). Chert (geology) Cryptocrystalline quartz of organic or inorganic origin. Also, the rock formed by the precipitation of this material, which can form bands or layers of nodules in sedimentary rocks (modified after Whitten & Brooks 1972). Chlorite (geology) Green, flaky mineral of variable composition that is a common alteration product of ferromagnesian minerals; structurally resembling the micas (Deer et al. 1992). Clastic (geology) Consisting of fragments of rock or of organic structures that have been moved individually from their places of origin (American Geological Institute 1976). Climax (vegetation) That vegetation type or plant community structure that occurs at the end of the seral cycle. The climax communities may not be the final end point of the succession: frequent or even rare events, such as fire, frost, harvesting, or hurricanes, may hold the communities in a stable subclimax indefinitely (Low & Rebelo 1998). Cobbles (geology) Generally rounded rock fragments with a diameter of between 64 mm and 256 mm, i.e. larger than a pebble and smaller than a boulder (Whitten & Brooks 1972). Conglomerate (geology) A sedimentary rock type consisting of rounded pebbles (> 2 mm) or small rocks cemented with sands, silts or clays into a solid rock (Low & Rebelo 1998). Coverage (GIS terminology) ARC/INFO data format of a digital spatial data set. Craton (geology) Old, rigid, stable block of continental crust consisting mostly of coarse crystalline granitic rocks. Southern African geology has been dominated by the Kaapvaal Craton which has remained largely unaffected by several orogenic events along its fringes for the past two and a half billion years. Cross-walk (analysis) A matrix table which usefully gives the degree of spatial correspondence between two mapped layers of information. A cross-walk represents one feature type as columns to compare with intersections with another feature represented as rows. Cupressoid (botany) Pertaining to plants with small, awlshaped leaves which clasp the stem, resembling those of a cypress (Low & Rebelo 1998). Datum (GIS terminology) A set of parameters and control points used to accurately define the three-dimensional shape of the earth (e.g. as a spheroid). The datum is the basis for a planar co-ordinate system. VEGMAP uses the internationally related Hartebeesthoek94 datum based on the World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS84) reference ellipsoid. This replaces the previously used Cape datum. DEAT (institution) Abbreviation of the national ‘Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism’, a ministry of the Government of the Republic of South Africa. S % 19 (2006) Decimal degrees (geography) Degrees of latitude and longitude expressed in decimal format rather than in degrees, minutes and seconds. DEM (GIS terminology) See ‘Digital elevation model’. Diabase (geology) An ambiguous term used synonymously with dolerite. Other applications of the word are falling into disuse. Diamictite (geology) A conglomerate with relatively few clasts (pebbles), such that they are not touching and forming a supporting network. A matrix of finer material surrounds and supports the clasts (Boggs 1992). Glacial deposits are often diamictic. Digital elevation model (GIS terminology) Cell-based, common digital data of the shape of the earth’s surface (ESRI 2006). Digitising (GIS terminology) Transforming map features into digital form. Usually accomplished with a digitising tablet, or by creating a digital version and georectifying an image. Diorite (geology) A coarse-grained plutonic igneous rock of a composition intermediate between granite and gabbro. It is the plutonic equivalent of andesite. Dithionite (soil) As sodium dithionite (together with sodium bicarbonate and sodium citrate) an extracting reagent used for the determination of ‘free’ aluminium and iron in soils. Dolerite (geology) An igneous rock with fine to medium grains, consisting of equal quantities of the minerals feldspar and pyroxene. Chemically, it is the same as basalt and gabbro. During the Jurassic Period, enormous quantities of dolerite were injected into the Karoo Sequence deposits as vertical dykes and horizontal sills. Because of its resistance to erosion, dolerite dykes and sills have shaped many landscapes, especially the eastern Karoo (Low & Rebelo 1998). Dolomite (geology) A carbonate of calcium and magnesium, which only effervesces with dilute acid if powdered or heated. The Transvaal Supergroup comprises much dolomite, formed by chemical precipitation. Dolomite dissolves giving rise to sinkholes (as in Gauteng), but also stores water, giving rise to the ‘eyes’ (small lakes) in North-West Province (modified after Low & Rebelo 1998). Donga (geomorphology) Local term for deep, usually dry erosion trench or ravine. point that air-dry fragments will not slake in water or HCl; synonymous with ‘dorbank’. DWAF (institution) Abbreviation of the national ‘Department of Water Affairs and Forestry’, a ministry of the Government of the Republic of South Africa. Dystrophic (soil) Pertaining to soil that has suffered marked leaching of the exchangeable basic cations (i.e. Ca, Mg, K and Na). Such soils are generally referred to as having a low base saturation. Synonymous with dystric. Ecotone (vegetation) A zone in which two or more vegetation types or ecosystems merge. These areas may be rich in species from both systems, or may occur as species-poor fringes (Low & Rebelo 1998). Eluvial (soil) Pertaining to weathered material which is still at, or near, its point of formation (Whitten & Brooks 1972). Endemic (biogeography) Pertaining to a plant or animal species which is naturally restricted to a particular, well-defined region. This is not the same as the medical definition, which is ‘occurring naturally in a region’—it is thus often confused with indigenous (modified after Low & Rebelo 1998). Ephemeroid (botany) Referring to the life-form of a perennial plant that makes occasional appearances above-ground and maintains perennating organs underground (e.g. bulbous plants). Epiphyte (botany): A plant which grows on another plant, but which is not parasitic and uses the other plant only as a perch for better obtaining light or nutrients (Low & Rebelo 1998). Eutrophic (soil) Refers to soil that has suffered little or no leaching of the exchangeable basic cations (Ca, Mg, K and Na). Such soils are generally referred to as having a high base status. Feldspar (geology) A group of the most abundant minerals in the earth’s crust. Most can be classified as members of the simple ternary system albite–potassium feldspar–anorthite (after Deer et al. 1992). Ferricrete (geology) A rock formed in the soil profile at the water table when iron oxides accumulate around and cement grains together to form a gravelly or nodule-rich band. This may become impervious to water (compare ‘Duplex’). Also known as ‘ironpan’, ‘koffieklip’, ‘ouklip’ or ‘ngubane’ (modified after Low & Rebelo 1998). Dorbank (soil) A hard to extremely hard (silica-cemented) layer of soil. It occurs as a (usually reddish coloured) subsoil horizon in certain soils of arid regions. It does not slake in water but only in strong alkali. It is synonymous with the ‘duribank’ (or ‘duripan’) of other classification systems. Fjelfield (vegetation) Open-canopy, low vegetation composed of herbs, dwarf shrubs, mosses and lichens on shallow stony soils in the (sub)antractic and (sub)arctic regions. Also spelt fellfield. Doringveld (vegetation) Afrikaans term for vegetation (usually woodland) dominated by Acacia (for example Acacia karroo). Floristic (vegetation) Referring to the use of plant species composition (flora) as criterion for characterising or classifying vegetation. Duplex (soil) A soil type with a porous topsoil abruptly overlying a slowly permeable layer of soil, usually sand over clay. This does not apply to hardpan layers which form within a soil type due to cementing by iron oxides (ferricrete, laterite), silica (silcrete) or lime (calcrete) (after Low & Rebelo 1998). Duribank (soil) Synonymous with ‘dorbank’ or ‘duripan’. Duricrust (soil) A hard crust that formed near the land surface during the processes of weathering of rocks and during soil formation, usually in tropical or arid regions. The main types include alcrete, calcrete, ferricrete (laterite) and silcrete. Duripan (soil) A term used in certain international classification systems for a mineral soil horizon that is cemented by silica to a Forb (botany) A plant without secondary thickening (i.e. nonwoody), usually living for only one or two seasons (Low & Rebelo 1998). Forest (vegetation) A plant community having a continuous tree layer, with or without a shrub/herbaceous layer (Geldenhuys et al. 1988). In his structural classification of vegetation types, Edwards (1983) defined forest as a ‘vegetation type possessing canopy cover ≥ 75% of trees taller than two metres’. Fynbos (biome) Large areas of Western (and partly also Northern and Eastern) Cape Provinces, characterised by a predominantly winter-rainfall regime and supporting shrublands, herblands, grasslands and restiolands. These can be (in some Glossary of Selected Scientific and Vernacular Terms 793 S % 19 (2006) cases partly) structurally classified as fynbos, renosterveld, strandveld and Cape thicket. form a sedimentary basin. A half-graben is a similar structure formed to the downthrown side of a single normal-fault. Fynbos (vegetation) The dominant vegetation of the Fynbos Biome, characterised by the presence of Restionaceae, and often with a high cover of ericoid shrubs in the families Ericaceae, Asteraceae, Rhamnaceae and Thymelaeaceae, and the common occurrence of Proteaceae. It occurs predominantly on nutrient-poor soils. Graminoid (botany) Pertaining to a herbaceous growth form characterised by a ‘grass-like’ appearance (tufted growth, usually long and narrow leaves, secondary root system) and including plants such as grasses, restios, sedges and rushes. Gabbro (geology) A dark, coarse-grained igneous rock, consisting of the mineral calcium-feldspar and crystals of the pyroxene group (olivine may be present). It is the plutonic equivalent of basalt and dolerite (modified after Low & Rebelo 1998). Geodatabase (GIS terminology) A logical collection of interrelated information managed and stored as a unit, usually on some form of mass storage system such as magnetic tape or disk. A GIS database includes data about the spatial location and shape of geographical features recorded as points, lines, areas, pixels, grid cells or TIN (Triangular Irregular Network) as well as their attributes (ESRI 2006). Geogenic mottling (geology) Spots or blotches of colour or shades of colour interspersed with the dominant colour of the soil matrix; developing by weathering of rock consisting of different kinds of minerals. Geographic Information System (GIS terminology) An organised collection of computer hardware, software, geographical data, and personnel designed to efficiently capture, store, update, manipulate, analyse, and display all forms of geographically referenced information (ESRI 2006). Geophyte (botany) A plant with its permanent parts in the ground, and of which the aerial parts die back annually. The flowers are produced before, with or after the leaves. Important groups of geophytes include plants with corms, bulbs and rhizomes (underground stems) (modified after Low & Rebelo 1998). Georeference (GIS terminology) To establish the relationship between page co-ordinates on a planar map or image with known real-world co-ordinates (longitude/latitude). Also referred to as registering or georectifying. Geoxylic suffrutex (botany) A plant with annual or short-lived woody above-ground shoots sprouting from a massive or extensive, perennial, underground stem (after Low & Rebelo 1998). Gilgai (soil) The microrelief of soils produced by swelling clays during prolonged expansion and contraction as water content changes resulting in microbasins and microknolls in nearly level areas and small microvalleys and microridges parallel to the direction of the slope. GIS See ‘Geographic Information System’. Glenrosa (soil) Soil form with orthic A-horizon above a lithocutanic B-horizon. Gleying (soil) Intense chemical reduction in prolonged waterlogged soils, generally grey (no iron) or blue-green (iron present) (Low & Rebelo 1998). Gneiss (geology) Banded rocks formed during high-grade regional metamorphism. Gneisses are generally coarse-grained, rich in quartz and feldspar and can form from a number of protoliths (precursor rocks) (modified after Whitten & Brooks 1972). Graben (geology) A downthrown block between two parallel normal-faults (Whitten & Brooks 1972) that will commonly 794 Glossary of Selected Scientific and Vernacular Terms Granite (geology) A coarse-grained igneous rock that is the plutonic equivalent of rhyolite. It consists essentially of quartz, alkali feldspar and mica. Granodiorite (geology) A coarse-grained plutonic igneous rock, intermediate between granite and diorite. Granophyre (geology) Very fine-grained granite displaying an intergrowth between quartz and feldspar. Grassland (vegetation) Vegetation dominated by grasses (or graminoids) usually with a single-layered structure and sometimes with an open, woody plant cover. Greywacke (geology) Type of arenaceous rock that is usually poorly sorted and contains fragments of rock in addition to an argillaceous (clay-rich) matrix (Whitten & Brooks 1972). GRID (GIS terminology) A module of ARC/INFO that processes raster data. Gwarrieveld (vegetation) An Afrikaans term for low shrubland dotted by solitary large shrubs or small trees (especially Euclea undulata (gwarrie) and Pappea capensis). This type usually occurs on the interface between Karoo and the Albany Thicket in the east. gya (geology, palaeo-ecology) Abbreviation of ‘giga (109) years ago’. Gypscrete (geology) A rock formed in the soil profile at the water table when gypsum accumulates and cements particles together to form a hard rock band. Gypsum (geology) Common calcium- and sulphur-rich evaporate mineral. Habitat (environment) The home of any animal or plant species. Generally those features of an area inhabited by an animal or plant considered essential to its survival (Low & Rebelo 1998). Halophyte (botany) A plant growing in salty environments and able to tolerate high levels of salt contents in the environment (water and/or soil) (after Low & Rebelo 1998). Hardeveld (geography) A colloquial (Afrikaans) term used to describe a region built of hard-rock geology and often to contrast with adjacent regions with softer, e.g. sandy, substrates. Hardpan (soil) A layer of strongly cemented material occurring in unconsolidated sediments (or soil profile). Formed by the action of groundwater precipitating a cement (compare ‘calcrete’, ‘silcrete’, ‘ferricrete’, ‘gypscrete’); it is synonymous with the term ‘duricrust’ (Whitten & Brooks 1972). Headland (geomorphology) A point of high land jutting out into the sea (Thompson 1995). Hematite (geology) Fe2O3, a very important iron-ore found predominantly in sediments or their metamorphic equivalents. Its red streak is characteristic (Deer et al. 1992). Herbland (vegetation) Structural vegetation type dominated by herbs. Heuweltjie (geomorphology) Afrikaans term for a raised (sometimes very slightly) mound, about 10–35 m (but mostly S % 19 (2006) 20–30 m) in diameter, which occurs in the winter-rainfall areas of the western Northern Cape and Western Cape Provinces and usually at lower altitudes. These mounds are thought to have been formed by termites. With their higher calcium levels and more clayey soils, they often support distinctive plant communities. Also termed mima-like earth mounds (after Lovegrove & Siegfried 1989, Low & Rebelo 1998). Hyaloclastite deposits (geology) Deposits of glassy material formed by the eruption of magma (usually basaltic) in a subaqueous environment. This type of rock is most commonly formed at mid-ocean ridges (adapted from Davis & Clague 2003). Igneous (geology) A rock that forms by the intrusion of magma (plutonism) or the extrusion of lava (volcanism). Plutonic rocks are generally coarsely crystalline (such as granite and gabbro) whereas volcanic rocks are very fine-grained (basalt) or even glassy (rhyolite), although they can contain larger crystals formed at depth before eruption (common in andesite). The other major rock types are sedimentary (deposited by wind and water) and metamorphic (pre-existing rocks transformed by high pressure and temperature). Illuvial (soil) Referring to a zone of deposition of leached material in a soil or to a soil possessing such zone (modified after Whitten & Brooks 1972). Indigenous (botany) Occurring naturally in a defined area (contrast with endemic)—the area must be specified. Thus the baobab (Adansonia digitata) is indigenous and not endemic to South Africa, but it is not indigenous to KwaZulu-Natal (modified after Low & Rebelo 1998). Indurated (geology) Hardened. Induration is the process by which soft sediment becomes hard rock due to heat, pressure or cementation (after Whitten & Brooks 1972). Intertidal (geomorphology) Referring to a complex of coastal and estuarine habitats subject to periodic flooding due to the cyclic ebb and flow movements of the sea. Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) (climate) Variable zone around the equator where airstreams from the northern and southern hemispheres converge and characterised by increased convectional activity (intensive air heating) (after Stiegerer 1976). Kameeldoring (vernacular) Afrikaans word for Acacia erioloba (Fabaceae), a conspicuous and important tree of the Kalahari savanna. Kaolinite (geology) The most important mineral in the kaolinite group of clay minerals. It is a common product of the weathering of feldspar minerals. Karoo (geography) The arid parts of South Africa but as a geographical term it usually excludes the arid parts of the southern Kalahari and specific areas in the west such as Namaqualand and Richtersveld. However, in terms of biome nomenclature, Namaqualand and Richtersveld are linked to ‘Karoo’ through the Succulent Karoo Biome. Karstic (geomorphology) Pertaining to a landscape formed in limestone and dolomite areas characterised by sinkholes and caverns formed by rainwater and groundwater dissolving these carbonate rocks; named for the Karst region of Croatia (former Yugoslavia). KNP (conservation) Abbreviation of Kruger National Park. Koppie (geomorphology) Small hill or hillock, an Afrikaans term adopted by South African English. Lagoon (geomorphology) A stretch of coastal water body, more or less enclosed and separated from the sea by a barrier (usually sand dune cordon) (after Stiegerer 1976). Land Type (soil) Map unit denoting land, mappable at 1:250 000 scale, over which there is a marked uniformity of climate, terrain form and soil pattern. Late Glacial Maximum (LGM) (climate) A period during the latest glacial cycle approximately 18 000–20 000 years ago characterised by lower temperature (on average about 6°C lower than today) and drier climate in the eastern part of southern Africa. The winter-rainfall part of the region is supposed to have been wetter during the LGM than today. Laterite (geology) A residual deposit of hydrated iron oxides formed under special climatic conditions in tropical and subtropical climates by leaching of the rock by groundwater (after Whitten & Brooks 1972). Latosols (soil) A general term in tropical pedology for soils that have reached a fairly advanced stage of lateritic weathering (Soil Classification Working Group 1991). Leptosols (soil) A major group of soils described in the World Reference Base for Soil Resources. It defines shallow, stony or very stony soils overlying rock, partially altered rock or strongly calcareous material. Leucocratic (geology) Pertaining to igneous rocks consisting mainly of light-coloured minerals (quartz, feldspar, white micas etc.). Such rocks often appear dark in hand specimens, but the leucocratic nature is revealed in thin-section (Whitten & Brooks 1972). LGM (climate) See ‘Late Glacial Maximum’. Liana (botany) Plant with long dangling stems, with roots in the ground and leafy parts in the canopy, usually supported by the branches of trees (after Low & Rebelo 1998). Lithocutanic B-horizon (soil) A South African Soil Classification diagnostic subsoil horizon. It has distinct affinities with the underlying parent rock into which it merges. It has a cutanic character usually expressed as tongues of prominent colour variegations. Lithosol (soil) A shallow soil, comprising mostly bedrock or rock fragments, some weathered. Lowveld (geography) South African word, originating in both Afrikaans and English, for ‘low-altitude veld’; encompassing the specific areas between the Eastern Escarpment and the Lebombo Mountains in Limpopo and Mpumalanga Provinces, the northern interior lowlands of KwaZulu-Natal as well as the lowlands of Swaziland and southeastern Zimbabwe. The term is never used to apply to the coastal lowlands. Mafic (geology) Pertaining to ferromagnesian minerals (rich in iron and magnesium). It is often used to describe rocks rich in these minerals although, strictly, melanocratic is the correct term (Whitten & Brooks 1972). MAP (climate) See ‘Mean annual precipitation’. Map scale (geography) The reduction needed to display a representation of the earth’s surface on a map usually expressed as a fraction of the measure on the map over the equivalent measure on the earth’s surface (e.g. 1:50 000). A common error is to confuse the geographical terms ‘larger’ and ‘smaller’ scales. Large-scale maps such as 1:50 000 show great detail, whereas smaller scale maps such as 1:250 000 show few details but large areas, i.e. maps covering broader areas and usually with less detail are at a smaller scale. Glossary of Selected Scientific and Vernacular Terms 795 S % 19 (2006) Marula (ethnobotany) Adaptation of the Setswana and North Sotho ‘morula’ name, possibly via Afrikaans ‘maroela’, for Sclerocarya birrea (Anacardiaceae), popular native fruit tree, characteristic of many types of savanna vegetation in Africa. MAT (climate) See ‘Mean annual temperature’. Mean Annual Precipitation (MAP) (climate) Arithmetic mean of the precipitation at a locality over many years. Differs from median annual precipitation, which is the middle value of precipitation, with the number of years with higher precipitation equalling the number of years with lower precipitation. In southern Africa the number of years below average are more numerous than those above average (especially in areas of low rainfall), and therefore median annual precipitation is sometimes preferentially used to reduce risk in planning within precipitation-dependent enterprises such as farming (Schulze 1997). The median values thus provide some form of statistical expectation. Sometimes mean and median values are very similar. Mean Annual Temperature (MAT) (climate) The temperature of the whole year arithmetically averaged over many years at a locality. In South Africa, where hourly data are generally unavailable, MAT is approximated by averaging all the daily maximum and minimum temperature values of each year. In South Africa the error is always in the form of a small (typically around 0.5°C) overestimate. Temperatures are measured in well-ventilated shade (typically Stevenson screens) and at a height of 1.2 m above ground, which can greatly overestimate (i.e. less cold) winter minimum temperatures near the ground surface. Median Monthly Precipitation (climate) The middle value of precipitation for a given month from those of each year ranked from highest to lowest for a locality. Mean monthly precipitation values are frequently ‘inflated’ by a few heavy and extreme events (especially in dry regions) while the median values are more representative of expected conditions which are important for planning in enterprises such as farming (Schulze 1997). Sometimes mean and median values are very similar. Mekgacha (geomorphology) SeTswana word for ‘dry river canal’; similar to Herero ‘omuramba’, American ‘river wash’ or Arabic ‘waadi’. Melanocratic (geology) Pertaining to igneous rocks consisting mainly of dark minerals (Whitten & Brooks 1972). ‘Melanic’ means ‘dark’. Mesa (geomorphology) A flat-topped hillock or small mountain, formed for example by a hard sandstone sheet or dolerite sill capping that protects the underlying softer rock from erosion. Mesas and the smaller butts (sometimes eroded to a striking pinnacle) are typical of many Karoo landscapes (Low & Rebelo 1998). Mesic (soil, habitat) Intermediate between dry and wet in either climate or soil water characteristics (Low & Rebelo 1998). Metadata (GIS terminology) Information about GIS data describing a collection of data. Metadata for geographical data may include the source of the data, their creation date and format, their projection, scale, resolution, and accuracy, and their reliability with regard to some standard. Metadata consist of properties and documentation. Properties are derived from the data source, while documentation is entered by a person. By default, ArcCatalog automatically creates and updates metadata, which are stored as well-formed XML data in a file alongside the data or within a geodatabase. Metadata for a folder can also consist of a well-formed HTML file describing its contents (ESRI 2006). 796 Glossary of Selected Scientific and Vernacular Terms Metasediment (geology) Metamorphosed sedimentary rock. Metavolcanic (geology) Pertaining to metamorphosed volcanic rock. Middleveld (geography) A term very commonly used in Swaziland for the area between the highveld and lowveld, i.e. roughly between altitudes of 400 and 800 m. In South Africa rarely used to describe the plains between the highveld and lowveld, essentially the area north of Pretoria and west of the Eastern Escarpment. In KwaZulu-Natal this intermediate area is referred to as the midlands. Midlands (geography) Local term designating a mid-altitude area of KwaZulu-Natal. Mielie (vernacular) Afrikaans word for maize (Zea mays). Migmatite (geology) Essentially it is any ‘mixed’ rock. Usually used to describe a rock that has formed by partial melting. This results in a rock consisting of leucocratic material mixed with melanocratic material. The leucocratic material represents a former melt segregated from a residuum of mafic material, the melanocratic part. Miombo (vegetation) Tropical savanna vegetation typical of Zimbabwe, Zambia, Mozambique, Malawi, southern Tanzania, southern Democratic Republic of Congo and Angola, and dominated by ceasalpinioid trees of the genera Brachystegia, Julbernardia and Isoberlinia. Ranging from sparse woodlands to closed-canopy deciduous miombo forests. Mire (habitat) A peat-forming ecosystem also called ‘bog’ or ‘flush’. Does not include marshes since they are not peat-forming. Mispah (soil) Soil form with orthic A-horizon above hard rock. Mistbelt (geography) Variable altitudinal belt with high frequency of mist and fog resulting from precipitation of waterladen ascending airflows. Mistbelt occurs over much of the KwaZulu-Natal midlands and Northern Escarpment. Mollisol (soil) One of the soil orders of the USDA Soil Taxonomy. It describes soils of subhumid to semi-arid grasslands with deep, dark, friable surface horizons, with a moderate to high base saturation. Montmorillonite (soil) Clays with a 2:1 lattice arrangement, found mainly in fertile soils. They store water extremely well (Low & Rebelo 1998). Mopane (vegetation) Type of savanna woodland, usually dominated by mopane trees or shrubs (Colophospermum mopane, Fabaceae), occurring on heavy soils on broad alluvia over large stretches of the Lowveld (Limpopo Province), Zimbabwe, Botswana, Zambia, northern Namibia, southern Angola, parts of Mozambique and southern Malawi. Muthi (ethnobotany) Nguni word for plants (or animals or minerals) or parts thereof used in traditional African medicine (Low & Rebelo 1998). mya (geology, palaeo-ecology) Abbreviation of ‘million years ago’. Neocarbonate B-horizon (soil) A South African Soil Classification diagnostic subsoil horizon. It describes a horizon that has developed in recent sediments and unconsolidated material (usually transported), showing little signs of pedogenesis and is calcareous. Neocutanic B-horizon (soil) The noncalcareous equivalent of the neocarbonate B-horizon. S % 19 (2006) Ngongoni veld (habitat) Type of wiry grasslands (usually secondary) in overgrazed coastal areas of Transkei and KwaZulu-Natal and dominated by Aristida junciformis. The word is the Nguni name of this grass species. Norite (geology) A type of gabbro (see ‘Gabbro’). Oligotrophic (soil) Poor in nutrients (see also ‘Dystrophic’). Orogen (geology) Mountain belt, or the exposed core of such a belt after erosion has reduced the relief. Orogeny or orogenesis (geology) The process of forming mountains, particularly by folding and thrusting (American Geological Institute 1976). Also the period of mountain building. Duration generally several tens of millions of years (Whitten & Brooks 1972). Orthic A-horizon (soil) A South African Soil Classification diagnostic surface horizon. It is the most widely distributed surface horizon in South Africa and describes a surface horizon that does not qualify as organic, humic, vertic or melanic topsoil horizons. Ortstein (soil) A massive soil material (hardpan) enriched with and strongly cemented by iron oxides and organic matter. Palmveld (vegetation) Fairly limited wetland areas in Maputaland characterised by wet grasslands with patches of generally low Phoenix reclinata and dotted with iLala palm (Hyphaene coriacea) occurring as solitary trees or in small groups. Pediment (soil) The flat area at the foot slope of a mountain or hill (Low & Rebelo 1998). Pedocutanic B-horizon (soil) Horizon with a moderate to strong blocky structure and clearly expressed cutans. Pedologic (soil) Referring to soil. Pedology is the science of the soil. Phreatomagmatic activity (geology) Volcanic activity caused by the rapid and violent conversion of groundwater to steam as a result of some magmatic heat source (Whitten & Brooks 1972). Phyllite (geology) A cleaved metamorphic rock coarser-grained than slate, but finer-grained than mica schist (Whitten & Brooks 1972). Physiognomy (vegetation) The structure and life form characteristics of a particular plant community or vegetation type (Low & Rebelo 1998). Phytochorion (plural ‘phytochoria’) (biogeography) Unit of phytogeographic classification of land, usually based on the cooccurrence (as well as striking absence) of groups of plant taxa. Floristic kingdom, floristic region, floristic province etc. are categories of phytochoria. Placic pan (soil) A thin dark cemented layer, more or less parallel to the soil surface, associated with podzol B-horizons. It is commonly cemented with iron oxides and is slowly permeable or impermeable to water and roots. Plagioclase (geology) One of the most common rock-forming minerals. A mineral series showing a complete compositional variation between sodium-rich plagioclase (albite) and calciumrich plagioclase (anorthite) (American Geological Institute 1976). Playa (geomorphology) Dry lake bed in desert area. It is synonymous with ‘dry salt pan’ or ‘vloer’. Plinthic B-horizon (soil) A mottled and concretionary (iron and manganese oxide) horizon that is nonindurated and noncalcar- eous (soft plinthic). The hard plinthic B is the indurated equivalent of the soft plinthic B. Pluton (geology) In the strictest sense, a body of igneous rock that has formed below the surface of the earth by consolidation from magma (American Geological Institute 1976). Podzol (soil) A soil in which the minerals (especially iron), clay and organic matter, have been leached out, giving rise to a white middle layer (an E-horizon). This typically occurs in soils derived from quartzitic sands under acidic conditions (after Low & Rebelo 1998). Polygon (GIS terminology) A two-dimensional multisided enclosed area representing any feature. Prismacutanic B-horizon (soil) Horizon with an abrupt transition with respect to texture, structure or consistence. The structure is moderately to strongly prismatic or columnar. Projection (GIS terminology) A mathematical formula that transforms feature locations between the earth’s curved surface and a map’s flat surface. Projections cause distortions in one or more of these spatial properties: distance, area, shape and direction (ESRI 2006). The VEGMAP wall map and atlas are projected using Albers Equal Area while the electronic data are presented in geographical co-ordinates (decimal degrees). Common projections in use for South Africa are Transverse Mercator for local authority level, Albers Equal Area or Gauss Conform for work on national scale. Proteoid (vegetation) Vegetation-structural term used to designate fynbos shrublands dominated by the members of the family Proteaceae (such as the genera Protea, Leucadendron, Leucospermum). QDS (cartography): ‘Quarter degree square’ comprising the area covered by one map sheet of the 1:50 000 South African topographic map sheet series. Each sheet depicts the area of one quarter degree latitude by one quarter degree longitude and approximates an area of 30 by 30 km. The QDS system was used extensively for designating the distribution of plants in the PRECIS database but more precise GPS co-ordinate recording of specimens is now encouraged. Quartz patch (geology, soil) Usually arid or semi-arid habitat characterised by concentrations of quartz stones on the surface and in the upper soil layers. Often relatively cooler than surrounding vegetation and generally dominated by succulent ‘stone-plants’, many of which are endemic. Quartzite (geology) Strictly it is a metamorphosed sandstone. During heating the constituent grains recrystallise to an interlocked texture, with little or no trace of cementation (modified after Whitten & Brooks 1972). Quartzite is commonly used to describe very pure, well-cemented sandstones of the Cape Supergroup. Raster data (GIS terminology) Raster data record spatial information in a regular grid or matrix organised as a set of rows and columns (compare ‘Vector data’). Reed bed (vegetation) Tall graminoid vegetation composed of reeds (Phragmites, Typha), usually found in wetlands. Regic (soil) Pertaining to a blanket of soil, usually sand, which has been deposited over another soil or rock, and which has not yet had time to develop profiles or layers (after Low & Rebelo 1998). Regosols (soil) A major group of soils described in the World Reference Base for Soil Resources. Soils with weak or no profile development. Glossary of Selected Scientific and Vernacular Terms 797 S % 19 (2006) Relational database (analysis) A method of structuring collections of data in tables that are logically associated with each other by shared attributes as opposed to a single table or ‘flat table structure’. Renosterveld (vegetation) An evergreen, fire-prone shrubland or grassland of the Fynbos Biome dominated by small, cupressoid-leaved, evergreen asteraceous shrubs (principally Renosterbos Elytropappus rhinocerotis) with an understorey of grasses and a high biomass and diversity of geophytes (Iridaceae, Amaryllidaceae and Hyacinthaceae). Restioid (vegetation) Pertaining to vegetation dominated by restios (graminoid plants of the family Restionaceae), commonly occurring within the Fynbos Biome. Restioland (vegetation) A vegetation type dominated by the Restionaceae. Rhyolite (geology) Fine-grained to glassy volcanic rock of a granitic composition. Silica-rich magmas such as these are very viscous and never form extensive flows around vents; instead they erupt explosively and accumulate by pyroclastic flow or ash-fall (modified after Whitten & Brooks 1972). Riparian (habitat) Referring to habitats in and around rivers. River wash (geomorphology) Gently sloping area in arid region resulting from flash discharge of precipitation over surface; the habitat is similar to a broad alluvial fan. Rivier (geography) Afrikaans word for ‘river’; in arid regions used for normally dry river courses. SANBI (institution) Abbreviation of ‘South African National Biodiversity Institute’, a statutory body falling under DEAT, with its head office in Pretoria, and research, herbaria, environmental education and botanical gardens located around South Africa. Sandveld (region) Afrikaans word for a region characterised by deep sandy soils; found in Grassland, Savanna and Succulent Karoo Biomes. Saprolite (soil) Weathering rock in various stages of decomposition. It has a general organisation with respect to colour, structure or consistence that still has distinct affinities with the parent rock. Savanna (vegetation) Typically vegetation with a grassdominated herbaceous layer and scattered low to tall trees. It includes the closed woodland and open woodland of Edwards (1983) with a tree cover less than 75% and generally greater than 1%. Savannoid (vegetation) Pertaining to open wooded grassland structurally similar to savanna, but for climatic reasons not belonging to the Savanna Biome. Savannoid vegetation is encountered within temperate zones. Schist (geology) A regionally metamorphosed rock characterised by a parallel arrangement of the bulk of the constituent minerals. Schist is coarser-grained than phyllite and tends to have undulose cleavage. Mica minerals are generally responsible for the ‘schistosity’ (Whitten & Brooks 1972). Sclerophyllous (botany) Referring to plants characterised by hard, woody leaves, which snap rather than bend and posses high carbon to nitrogen ratios, making them unpalatable to browsers. Sclerophyllous plants are typically found on nutrientpoor soils in fynbos (Low & Rebelo 1998). Scorpionstailveld (vegetation) Type of ‘vygieveld’ dominated by Brownanthus pseudoschlichtianus in or near the Richtersveld. 798 Glossary of Selected Scientific and Vernacular Terms Seep (habitat) Usually sloping area temporarily (or permanently) waterlogged by groundwater seeping through to the surface. Small water springs develop in places. Seral (vegetation) Pertaining to a stage in the natural progression of colonisation by plants from bare soil to climax vegetation. Even within climax vegetation, tree falls and other events result in a progressive series of stages (Low & Rebelo 1998) (see also ‘Succession’). Serpentine (geology) A group of ultramafic rocks (including hartzburgite, peridotite, phonolite, gabbro, norite etc.) characterised by high magnesium-to-calcium ratios and often a high concentration of heavy metals (nickel, chromium, copper). Silcrete (soil) A conglomerate formed in the soil profile at the water table when silica (SiO2) accumulates and cements grains together to form a very hard rock layer. s.l. (botany) Abbreviation of ‘sensu lato’ (Latin), meaning ‘in a broad sense’. Solonetz (soil) A soil with a thin porous topsoil with a columnar, salty or sodium-rich subsoil (Low & Rebelo 1998). Sour grass (vegetation) Veld management term for grasses that have very low nutritional value, especially outside the growing season, exacerbated by the withdrawal of nutrients to underground storage organs. They usually have a very low nitrogen-to-carbon ratio which makes them indigestible to livestock. Sourveld (vegetation) Vegetation dominated by sour grass. Sourveld tends to occur on infertile and acidic soils (after Low & Rebelo 1998). s. str. (botany) Abbreviation of ‘sensu stricto’ (Latin), meaning ‘in a narrow sense’. Strandline (habitat) Narrow band on beach recognisable by deposition of sea-borne debris by wave action. Strandveld (vegetation) A coastal vegetation type within the Fynbos Biome consisting of medium dense to closed shrublands dominated by succulent and sclerophyllous, broad-leaved shrubs. It is the least fire-prone of the vegetation types in the Fynbos Biome and characteristic Fynbos elements are absent, except as an early seral stage known as dune fynbos. Stratum (plural ‘strata’) (geology, soil, vegetation) A horizontal layer or set of layers of rock or soil or plants within a plant community (after Low & Rebelo 1998). Succession (vegetation) A series of stages (compare ‘sera’) in which different plants and animals colonise an area following some kind of disturbance. The final stage of the succession is called the ‘climax’, but various disturbances may prevent the vegetation from attaining its potential climax. The Fynbos, Grassland and Savanna Biomes have a ‘fire-climax’, in which fire prevents the succession from progressing to forest, in suitable habitats (Low & Rebelo 1998) (see also ‘Seral’). Supratidal (habitat) Pertaining to flat areas located just above the maximum upper tidal mark, hence outside the direct influence of the tidal regime, but still with saline water or saline deposits present in the soil profile. Surtseyan tuff cones (geology) Ash erupted from a volcano is called tuff once it has consolidated. Tuff cones form when the ash accumulates around a volcanic vent in a cone. Surtseyan tuff cones refer to those similar to the type locality of Surtsey, an island formed by the accumulation of ash from an initially submarine volcano near Iceland. S % 19 (2006) Sweet grass (vegetation) Veld management term for grasses that have a high nutritional value during and outside the growing season and hence can also be grazed in winter. Vlei (geomorphology, habitat) Afrikaans term for a depression usually filled with water, at least temporarily, to form a lake or a wetland. Sweet veld (vegetation) A vegetation type dominated by sweet grasses. This usually occurs on richer, more alkaline soils (after Low & Rebelo 1998). Vloer (geomorphology) Literally Afrikaans for ‘floor’, a term used for a dry pan in Bushmanland. Also often referred to as ‘kolk’. Can be well vegetated (e.g. Grootvloer) or bare (e.g. Verneukpan). Syncline (geology) A basin-shaped fold is known as a synform. It is referred to as a syncline if the rock layers defining the structure are younger closer to the core. Tafelberg (geomorphology) Afrikaans name for ‘table mountain’, designating some flat-topped mountains; equivalent to ‘mesa’. Terrane (geology) A crustal block or fragment that preserves a distinctive geological history that is different from the surrounding areas and that is usually bounded by faults. Thicket (vegetation) Very dense vegetation usually formed by low or tall shrubs and some trees. Thornveld (vegetation) A woodland savanna dominated by trees with thorns, mainly Acacia species. Tillite (geology) A diamictite formed by glacial activity. The ice is able to transport all grain sizes from rock-flour to large boulders and deposit them to form a poorly sorted conglomerate. TMS (geology) Abbreviation of ‘Table Mountain Sandstone’. Quartz-rich, hard sandstone of Ordovician age, named after Table Mountain. Tonalite (geology) A type of diorite, often defined as having accessory quartz (Whitten & Brooks 1972). Ultramafic (geology) Pertaining to igneous rocks consisting of ferromagnesian minerals to the virtual exclusion of quartz and feldspar. These rocks are poor in silica and rich in iron and magnesium. They are very dark in colour (highly melanocratic) and also very dense. Vector data (GIS terminology) Vector data record spatial information as x,y co-ordinates in a rectangular (planar) co-ordinate system. Point features are recorded as single x,y locations. Line features, including the outlines of polygons, are recorded as an ordered series of x,y co-ordinates (ESRI 2006). Vegetation structure (vegetation) The horizontal, vertical and temporal arrangement of vegetation, i.e. spatially explicit, e.g. layers, patches etc. (see also ‘Vegetation texture’) (Barkman 1979). Vegetation texture (vegetation) The composition of the vegetation in terms of species, growth forms, life forms, leaf morphological types, etc. (see also ‘Vegetation structure’) (Barkman 1979). Veld (geography) Very broad term for open undeveloped countryside, usually applied in karroid, grassland and savanna areas and less so in fynbos areas and never in forests. Veld type (vegetation) A well-known delimitation of vegetation types in South Africa carried out by John Acocks (1953) who defined a veld type as ‘a unit of vegetation whose range of variation is small enough to permit the whole of it to have the same farming potentialities’. Vertic (soil) Pertaining to a soil with a blocky structure, which shrinks and swells markedly depending on wetness, due to a high clay content. These soils have a black or dark colour (Low & Rebelo 1998). Vesicular hardening (soil) See ‘Ortstein’. Vygie (botany) Afrikaans vernacular name for all succulent members of the family Aizoaceae (formerly known as Mesembryanthemaceae) Vygieveld (vegetation) A vegetation shrubland type dominated by succulent plants (storing water in their stems and/or leaves), usually vygies. Wetland (habitat) Areas of marsh, fen, peatland or water, whether natural or artificial, permanent or temporary, with water that is static or flowing, fresh, brackish or salt. Includes areas of marine water, the depth of which at low tide does not exceed 6 m (RAMSAR Convention 1971, Article 1.1). Also land where the water table is, at least periodically, at or above the land surface for long enough to promote the formation of hydric (waterlogged) soils and the growth of aquatic plants (Rogers 1997). WGS84 (GIS terminology) Abbreviation of ‘World Geodetic System of 1984’. A geocentric datum and geographical co-ordinate system created by the United States military and in worldwide use (ESRI 2006). White grass (vegetation) Veld management term for (usually) tussock grasses (Stipagrostis, Aristida) turning veld into white plains through their conspicuous plumage of hairs on the seeds at the stage of ripening and dispersal. Woodland (vegetation) See ‘Savanna’. References Acocks, J.P.H. 1953. Veld types of South Africa. Mem. Bot. Surv. S. Afr. No. 28: 1–192. American Geological Institute 1976. Dictionary of geological terms. Anchor Press, New York. Barkman, J.J. 1979. The investigation of vegetation texture and structure. In: Werger, M.J.A. (ed.), The study of vegetation, pp. 123–160. Dr W. Junk, The Hague. Boggs Jr., S. 1992. Petrology of sedimentary rocks. Merrill/Macmillan, New York. Davis, A.S. & Clague, D.A. 2003. Hyaloclastite from Miocene seamounts offshore central California: compositions, eruption styles, and depositional processes. In: White, J.D.L., Smellie, J.L. & Clague, D.A. (eds), Explosive subaqueous volcanism, pp. 129–142. American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC. Deer, W.A., Howie, R.A. & Zussman, J. 1992. An introduction to the rockforming minerals, edn 2. Pearson Education, Harlow, UK. Edwards, D. 1983. A broad-scale structural classification of vegetation for practical purposes. Bothalia 14: 705–712. ESRI. 2006. Online GIS dictionary. http://support.esri.com/index. cfm?fa=knowledgebase.gisDictionary.gateway Geldenhuys, C.J., Knight, R.S., Russell, S. & Jarman, M.L. (eds) 1988. Dictionary of forest structural terminology. S. Afr. Natl. Sci. Progr. Rep. No. 147: 1–70. Lovegrove, B.G. & Siegfried, W.R. 1989. Spacing and origin(s) of Mimalike earth mounds in the Cape Province of South Africa. S. Afr. J. Sci. 85: 108–112. Low, A.B. & Rebelo, A.(T.)G. (eds) 1998. Vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. A companion to the vegetation map of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland, edn 2. Dept of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, Pretoria. Lüttge, U. 2004. Ecophysiology of Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM). Ann. Bot. 93: 629–652. Rogers, K.H. 1997. Freshwater wetlands. In: Cowling, R.M., Richardson, D.M. & Pierce, S.M. (eds), Vegetation of southern Africa, pp. 322–347. Glossary of Selected Scientific and Vernacular Terms 799 S % 19 (2006) Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge. Schulze, R.E. 1997. South African Atlas of Agrohydrology and Climatology. Report TT82/96, Water Research Commission, Pretoria. Soil Classification Working Group 1991. Soil Classification: a taxonomic system for South Africa. Mem. Agric. Nat. Res. S. Afr. No. 15:1–257. Stiegerer, S.E. 1976. A dictionary of earth sciences. Pan Books, London. Takhtajan, A. 1986. Floristic regions of the world. Univ. of California Press, Berkeley, CA. Thompson, D. (ed.) 1995. The concise Oxford dictionary, edn 9. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Van der Watt, H.v.H. & Van Rooyen, T.H. 1995. A glossary of soil science, edn 2. Soil Science Society of South Africa, Pretoria. Van Wyk, A.E. & Smith, G.F. 2001. Regions of floristic endemism in southern Africa. A review with emphasis on succulents. Umdaus Press, Hatfield. Whitten, D.G.A. & Brooks, J.R.V. 1972. The Penguin dictionary of geology. Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, UK. 800 Glossary of Selected Scientific and Vernacular Terms S % 19 (2006) INDEX This index contains comprehensive page number entries for the names of all vegetation types and bioregions. The vegetation types and the pages with their main descriptions are shown as bold text. Only main occurrences of biomes and larger protected areas, mainly national parks, are included. Geographical features are mainly limited to regional names and some major mountains and rivers. The index includes the captions of figures and headings of tables. Plant taxa are not listed. Terms that appear frequently are either selectively listed or omitted. Terms occurring in the reference lists, credit sections and on the Atlas sheets (chapter 18) are not presented. References to authors are limited to Acocks but are not given for the vegetation description sections. ACKDAT 18,19 Acocks vii, viii, 2, 4–7, 15, 18, 19, 22, 23, 25, 70, 74, 222, 309, 326, 328–331, 353, 354, 359, 542–544, 548, 550, 570–572, 590, 618 afroalpine 21, 46, 359, 363, 371, 374, 375, 634 afromontane 34, 35, 90, 353, 359, 363, 365, 369–370, 383, 391, 406, 411, 412, 415, 476, 548, 574, 587–589, 599, 622, 742, 743 afrotemperate forest 17, 32, 34, 35, 37–39, 41, 55–57, 69, 70, 76–77, 101, 114, 117, 119, 121, 130, 152, 153, 156, 158, 161, 168–170, 359, 395, 412, 446, 548, 571, 574, 586–602, 675, 677 Aggeneys Gravel Vygieveld (SKr 19) 222, 236, 250, 251 Agter-Sederberg Shrubland (SKv 3) 178, 282, 283 Agulhas Limestone Fynbos (FFl 1) 171, 172 Agulhas Plain 61, 73, 75, 159, 160, 171, 184, 617, 624, 626, 630, 649, 661 Agulhas Sand Fynbos (FFd 7) 135, 142, 172, 173 Albany (region) 56, 326, 327, 344, 351, 430, 440, 513, 542–565, 571, 574, 592, 603, 620, 623, 635, 640, 641, 661, 676, 688 Albany Alluvial Vegetation (AZa 6) 619, 620, 623, 640, 641 Albany Broken Veld (NKl 4) 327, 328, 344, 559 Albany Coastal Belt (AT 9) 15, 58, 127, 145, 351, 542, 545, 559, 560, 571 Albany Dune Strandveld (AZs 2) 661, 676, 688, 689 Albany Thicket Biome 30–51, 540–567 Albertinia Sand Fynbos (FFd 9) 135, 142, 143, 144, 172, 173 Alexander Bay Coastal Duneveld (Dn 1) 303, 309, 311 Alexandria Dunefield 145, 669, 671, 686, 689 Alexandria Forest 544, 560, 592, 594, 603, 604 algal beds 662, 673–675, 677, 680, 681 Algoa Dune Strandveld (AZs 1) 127, 661, 676, 687, 688, 689 Algoa Sandstone Fynbos (FFs 29) 94, 95, 127, 745 Aliwal North Dry Grassland (Gh 2) 21, 376, 378, 379, 381 alluvial vegetation 22, 23, 70, 181, 194,195, 571, 607, 617, 619–624, 626, 636–642, 730, 743, 746 alluvium fynbos 40–50, 162–165 alluvium renosterveld 40–50, 194, 195 alpha diversity 227, 330, 362, 394, 544 Amathole Mistbelt Grassland (Gd 2) 363, 365 Amathole Montane Grassland (Gd 1) 363, 364, 365 Amathole 46, 56, 350, 363–365, 369, 370, 417, 428, 513, 550, 562, 563, 586, 587, 596, 600, 634 Amersfoort Highveld Clay Grassland (Gm 13) 390, 401 andesite 319, 385, 387, 409, 458, 462, 467, 468, 470, 515, 516, 522, 791, 793, 795 Andesite Mountain Bushveld (SVcb 11) 458, 467, 468 anemochory 307 Anenous Plateau Shrubland (SKr 15) 236, 247, 248 ant 79–81, 241, 449 antbear (aardvark) (Orycteropus afer) 63, 257, 543, 561 antelope 85, 173, 231, 332, 446, 645 anticyclone 67, 441, 572 Arid Estuarine Salt Marshes (AZe 1) 661, 675, 676, 681, 682, 743 Atlantis Sand Fynbos (FFd 4) 135, 139, 164 Augrabies Falls National Park 332–337, 639 Auob Duneveld (SVkd 3) 526, 527 Auob River 525, 526, 644 azonal forests 17, 23, 571, 588, 592, 607–609, 618 azonal vegetation 6, 17, 20, 23, 24, 34, 35, 69, 70, 388, 466, 570, 571, 573, 574, 617–696 azonal vegetation, coastal: see coastal vegetation azonal vegetation, inland: see inland azonal vegetation azonality 25, 39, 327, 574, 587, 618, 619, 661 baobab 443, 795 Barberspan 388, 640, 651 Barberton Montane Grassland (Gm 17) 391, 404, 405, 407, 498 Barberton Serpentine Sourveld (SVl 13) 399, 490, 499, 500 basalt 61, 328, 349, 350, 353, 355, 366, 369–375, 387, 392, 398, 440, 445, 448, 451, 455, 467, 471, 474, 475, 482–487, 489, 490, 493, 494, 498, 500, 507, 522, 621, 633–635, 704, 706, 715 Basotho Montane Shrubland (Gm 5) 21, 353, 380, 390, 391, 393, 394, 395 bat-eared fox (Otocyon megalotis) 63 Baviaanskloof Shale Renosterveld (FRs 18) 175, 188 beach 684–687, 798 Bedford Dry Grassland (Gs 18) 22, 416, 429, 430 bee 81, 88, 96, 227, 457 Benguela Current 89, 229, 304, 305, 441, 660, 673, 682, 685, 715 Benguela Marine Province 672, 673, 677 Benguela Upwelling System 303, 304, 660, 680, 681 Berg River 61, 138, 139, 200, 202, 637, 638, 662, 674, 678, 682 Besemkaree Koppies Shrubland (Gh 4) 21, 341, 351, 353, 376, 378, 379, 380, 383, 390, 391, 429, 518 beta diversity 91 Bhisho Thornveld (SVs 7) 22, 58, 452, 508, 511, 513 Biogeographically Important Taxa (definition) 27, 28 biome definition 32–33 map 42 modelling 35–37 bioregion climate 48, 49 definition 41 map 44, 45 blesbok (Damaliscus pyrgargus phillipsi) 357 Bloemfontein Dry Grassland (Gh 5) 376, 379, 381 Bloemfontein Karroid Shrubland (Gh 8) 21, 353, 376, 383, 384 Blombos Strandveld (FS 8) 198, 205, 206 Blouberg (Limpopo Province) 21, 56, 412, 414, 415, 473–475, 601 Blouputs Karroid Thornveld (NKb 2) 327, 334, 335 Blyde River Canyon 362, 409–412, 479, 480, 601, 607 bog 622, 705, 706, 708, 717 Bokkeveld (Plateau, Escarpment) 49, 54, 56, 61, 77, 78, 94, 99, 100, 174, 176, 177, 192, 258, 259, 273, 278, 628, 632, 637, 643 Bokkeveld Sandstone Fynbos (FFs 1) 78, 94, 99, 100, 176 Boland 181,183, 191 Boland Granite Fynbos (FFg 2) 78, 166, 167, 168, 169, 191, 618 bontebok (Damaliscus pyrgargus pyrgargus) 74, 85, 86, 173 Bontebok National Park 86, 59, 186, 638 Boosmansbos 116, 117, 152, 157, 598 Braun-Blanquet 4, 70 Breede (river, valley, estuary) 49, 54, 55, 60, 61, 63, 68, 117, 132, 133, 135, 142, 143, 146, 148, 160, 162–164, 171–173, 175, 180, 181, 185, 192, 194, 196, 204, 222, 287, 551, 622, 626, 637, 638, 648, 649, 661, 664, 682 Breede Alluvium Fynbos (FFa 2) 162, 163, 164 Breede Alluvium Renosterveld (FRa 1) 164, 194 Breede Quartzite Fynbos (FFq 4) 130, 132, 133, 143 Breede Sand Fynbos (FFd 8) 135, 142, 143 Breede Shale Fynbos (FFh 4) 146, 148, 149 Breede Shale Renosterveld (FRs 8) 63, 175, 180, 181 Broad Resource Group (BRG) 21, 23 browse 85–87, 98, 268, 331, 448, 449, 451, 454, 455, 456, 457, 518, 546–550, 564, 575, 594, 645, 798 buffalo 85, 331, 449, 455, 557 Buffels River (Namaqualand) 264 Buffels Thicket (AT 12) 22, 513, 542, 545, 550, 562, 563 bulbveld 74 burn (see also fire) 56, 77, 79, 80, 82–88, 96, 97, 126, 127, 134, 136, 140, 146, 150, 159, 164, 166, 170, 178, 183, 189, 197, 331, 357, 375, 417, 447, 451, 454, 455, 457, 575, 589, 595, 600, 635, 678 bushbuck (Tragelapus scriptus) 85, 549 bushclump 575 Bushmanland Arid Grassland (NKb 3) 22, 222, 250, 251, 258, 268, 320, 327, 330, 335, 336, 338, 646 Index 801 S % 19 (2006) Bushmanland Basin Shrubland (NKb 6) 327, 330, 337, 338, 340 Bushmanland Bioregion 40–50, 327, 330, 333–338 Bushmanland Inselberg Shrubland (SKr 18) 222, 236, 249, 250, 321, 335 Bushmanland Sandy Grassland (NKb 4) 22, 327, 336, 646 Bushmanland Vloere (AZi 5) 23, 327, 619, 620, 624, 645, 646, 651 calcrete 61, 75, 90, 145, 171, 172, 174, 185, 186, 202, 205, 224, 226, 234, 236, 240, 241, 248–251, 257, 258, 261, 271, 274, 309, 312, 328, 335–337, 340, 379, 381, 387, 474, 485, 515–517, 521, 522, 524–526, 558, 625, 643–645, 650, 651, 688, 689 Camdebo 27, 342, 377, 550 Camdebo Escarpment Thicket (AT 14) 342, 542, 545, 563–565 Canca Limestone Fynbos (FFl 3) 143, 171, 173, 174 Cape Estuarine Salt Marshes (AZe 2) 661, 676, 682, 683 Cape Flats Dune Strandveld (FS 6) 198, 203, 204 Cape Flats Sand Fynbos (FFd 5) 95, 97, 135, 139, 140, 728, 730, 742, 745 Cape Inland Salt Pans (AZi 9) 195, 618–620, 649, 650, 651 Cape Kelp Beds (AZm 1) 675, 680, 681, 715, 750 Cape Lowland Alluvial Vegetation (AZa 2) 70, 186, 194, 195, 619, 620, 623, 626, 637, 638, 730, 743 Cape Lowland Freshwater Wetlands (AZf 1) 70, 617, 619–621, 630, 631 Cape Peninsula 43, 49, 59, 61, 78, 93, 96, 107, 108, 141, 149, 168, 169, 171, 200, 203, 586, 589, 594, 597, 630, 631, 661, 670, 673, 680, 685 Cape Seashore Vegetation (AZd 3) 16, 25, 70, 661, 676, 685, 686 Cape thicket (see also fynbos thicket) 57, 70, 77, 83, 100, 101, 104, 105, 108, 110, 166, 168, 176, 276, 649 Cape Vernal Pools (AZf 2) 18, 23, 618–622, 627, 631, 632 Cape Winelands Shale Fynbos (FFh 5) 146, 149, 150, 168, 183 Carletonville Dolomite Grassland (Gh 15) 376, 386, 388 carnivory 80 cartography 15, 19, 21–23 catena 62, 312, 326, 447, 449, 450, 468, 546, 792 Cathedral Mopane Bushveld (SVmp 3) 448, 482, 484, 485, 486 Cederberg 49, 57, 59, 61, 75, 78, 89, 93, 94, 99, 101–103, 127, 128, 131, 154, 155, 177, 222, 598, 637 Cederberg Sandstone Fynbos (FFs 4) 22, 93, 94, 100, 101–103, 128 Central Bushveld Bioregion 40–50, 445, 448, 458, 459, 460–482 Central Coastal Shale Band Vegetation (FFb 4) 154, 157, 181 Central Free State Grassland (Gh 6) 376, 381, 382 Central Inland Shale Band Vegetation (FFb 3) 154, 156, 157, 187 Central Knersvlakte Vygieveld (SKk 2) 270, 271, 272 Central Mountain Shale Renosterveld (FRs 5) 22, 175, 178, 179 Central Richtersveld Mountain Shrubland (SKr 1) 234, 235, 241, 245, 312, 314, 315 Central Rûens Shale Renosterveld (FRs 12) 175, 181, 184, 185, 728, 730, 743 Central Sandy Bushveld (SVcb 12) 458, 459, 468, 469, 471, 472 Ceres Shale Renosterveld (FRs 4) 155, 175, 177, 178 cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) 85 Chimanimani 56, 360 cinder 699, 700, 704, 705, 708, 712, 717, 719, 720 Citrusdal Vygieveld (SKk 7) 155, 270, 275, 276, 277 climate change 36, 97, 114, 136, 231, 232, 307, 308, 320, 333, 354, 355, 459, 550, 574, 622, 624, 662, 708, 710–712, 734, 740 climate diagram 18, 25, 38 biomes 40 bioregions 48, 49 cluster roots 80 coastal vegetation 197–207, 259–261, 264–266, 309, 310, 569–583, 602–605, 607–609, 659–696 Coega Bontveld (AT 7) 542, 545, 550, 557, 558 colluvial, colluvium 63–65, 72, 80, 109, 151, 153, 161, 163, 174, 225, 250, 257, 258, 293, 304, 316, 318, 385, 465, 603 conglomerate fynbos 40–50, 158, 159, 161, 162 coppice (also see resprouter) 454, 456, 457, 546, 594 crocodile (Crocodilus niloticus) 627, 636 Crocodile River 460, 465, 471, 474, 492, 496, 498, 602, 607, 641 De Hoop Limestone Fynbos (FFl 2) 171, 172, 173 decision tree 42, 43 Delagoa Lowveld (SVl 4) 485, 490, 493, 743 Desert Biome 30–51, 300–323 Die Plate Succulent Shrubland (SKr 10) 243, 244 digestive mutualism 80 dispersal animals (zoochory) 86, 331, 457, 594 ants (myrmechocory) 79, 93 birds (ornithochory) 80, 83, 88, 96, 457 802 Index corridor 589 long-distance 90, 307, 574, 589, 675 myxospermy 307 seed 79, 91, 93, 96, 97, 227, 233, 306, 452, 457, 548, 594 wind 93, 307, 594 dolerite: see geology sections in main chapters and geology paragraphs in descriptions of each vegetation type dolerite (processes) 67, 389, 396, 421, 793, 794, 796 dolerite renosterveld 40–50, 190, 192–194 dolomite 181, 238, 270, 275, 312, 376, 386, 388, 391, 405, 409–411, 413, 443, 444, 458–461, 465, 467, 478–480, 518–520, 593, 601, 632, 645, 742, 743 Doringrivier Quartzite Karoo (SKv 1) 102, 280, 281, 282 dragonflies 447 Drakensberg Afroalpine Heathland (Gd 10) 21, 46, 363, 371, 374, 375, 634 Drakensberg Foothill Moist Grassland (Gs 10) 416, 419, 422, 423, 424, 425 Drakensberg Grassland Bioregion 40–50, 363–375 Drakensberg Wetlands (AZf 4) 367, 619–622, 626, 633, 634 Drakensberg-Amathole Afromontane Fynbos (Gd 6) 363, 365, 369, 370 Dry Highveld Grassland Bioregion 40–50, 375–388, 736 dunefield 145, 304, 450, 671, 686 Dwaalboom Thornveld (SVcb 1) 449, 458, 460, 462, 463 Dwarsberg-Swartruggens Mountain Bushveld (SVcb 4) 458, 461, 462 East Coast Renosterveld Bioregion 40–50, 736 East Griqualand Grassland (Gs 12) 416, 425 Eastern Cape Escarpment Thicket (AT 13) 542, 545, 562, 563 Eastern Coastal Shale Band Vegetation (FFb 6) 154, 158, 188 Eastern Free State Clay Grassland (Gm 3) 389, 390, 393, 394 Eastern Free State Sandy Grassland (Gm 4) 382, 389, 390, 393, 394, 395 Eastern Fynbos-Renosterveld Bioregion 40–50 Eastern Gariep Plains Desert (Dg 9) 22, 303, 316, 319, 320 Eastern Gariep Rocky Desert (Dg 10) 22, 305, 320, 321 Eastern Highveld Grassland (Gm 12) 390, 400, 401, 742, 743 Eastern Inland Shale Band Vegetation (FFb 5) 154, 157, 158 Eastern Kalahari Bushveld Bioregion 40–50, 326, 445, 448, 460, 514–525 Eastern Little Karoo (SKv 11) 22, 282, 291, 292, 295 Eastern Lower Karoo (NKl 2) 327, 330, 342, 343, 344, 646 Eastern Rûens Shale Renosterveld (FRs 13) 86, 175, 184, 185, 186, 196, 728, 730, 743 Eastern Strandveld 76, 676, 687–690 Eastern Temperate Freshwater Wetlands (AZf 3) 393, 426, 619–621, 632, 633 Eastern Upper Karoo (NKu 4) 17, 325, 327, 341, 379, 380, 646, 651 Eastern Valley Bushveld (SVs 6) 35, 441, 442, 449, 508, 510, 512, 513 ecoregion 36, 40–43, 49, 542, 571, 619 ecotone 16, 37, 56, 57, 86, 136, 172, 174, 194, 341, 353, 587, 593, 599, 662, 717, 793 Eenriet Plains Succulent Shrubland (SKr 17) 236, 248, 249, 320 Egoli Granite Grassland (Gm 10) 390, 398, 399, 742, 745 eland (Taurotragus oryx) 74, 85, 173, 331, 357, 358, 449, 641 Elgin Basin 62, 150 Elgin Shale Fynbos (FFh 6) 146, 150, 728, 730 Elim Ferricrete Fynbos (FFf 1) 142, 159, 160, 184 Endemic Taxa (definition) 27 endemism 91–93, 111, 112, 229, 279, 288, 359–361, 553, 580 endorheic 338, 388, 505, 624, 644, 645, 646 estuarine vegetation 661, 662–666, 674–678, 681–683 estuary, estuarine 16, 23, 89, 265, 571, 644, 661–666, 674, 675, 678, 681–683 evolution of biome 58, 76, 79, 85, 87–90, 93, 98, 197, 227, 229, 232, 233, 277, 291, 302, 305, 308, 328, 329, 350, 352–354, 360, 446, 548, 574, 575, 587, 588, 602, 621, 622, 680, 703 fellfield 699, 702, 705–708, 713–715, 717, 719, 720 fence-line (effect) 57, 166, 240, 357, 358, 549, 553, 564 ferricrete fynbos 40–50, 158–161 fire (see also burn) 82–85, 356, 357, 454, 455, 589–591 floodplain 483, 573, 621, 640, 649, 663, 664, 674, 681, 682 floral display, flower display 76, 84, 190, 200, 202, 221, 227, 231, 253, 255–258, 264, 266, 269, 272, 275, 277–279, 291, 313, 335, 336, 372, 394, 404, 627, 647, 688 fog 50, 68, 69, 130, 139, 174, 198–200, 202, 205, 223, 224, 226, 234, 236–248, 259–263, 266, 267, 270–272, 276, 285, 302–305, 309–314, 317, 354, 413, 418, 501, 545, 622, 643, 669, 673, 681, 683, 684 foredune 668, 669, 671 S % 19 (2006) forest afrotemperate 56, 586–602 dune 76, 569, 571, 587, 589, 591, 595, 603–605, 671, 690 mangrove 17, 23, 35, 36, 571–573, 586–588, 592, 593, 607–609, 665, 675, 678, 683, 687, 730, 742, 746 milkwood 23, 69, 70, 75, 172, 174, 587, 603, 604, 610 sand 23, 491, 503, 586–588, 592, 595, 605, 606, 730 subtropical 32, 89, 571, 576, 578, 587–589, 594, 602–605 swamp 571, 573, 574, 586–588, 592, 607, 608, 675 Frankfort Highveld Grassland (Gm 6) 390, 395, 396 freshwater wetlands 619–621, 622, 630–636 frugivory 80, 81, 452, 594 fynbos afromontane 353, 363, 365, 369, 370, 391, 411, 412, 415, 476, 742 alluvium 86, 94, 162–165, 728, 730, 742, 743, 745, 746 altimontane 98, 124, 127–129, 153 arid 57, 130 asteraceous 56, 57, 72, 74, 77, 79, 80–82, 88, 99, 101, 102, 104, 105–108, 110, 113, 115, 118, 121, 123, 124, 127, 129, 133, 135–137, 139, 141, 141, 146, 148, 151, 156, 158, 159, 161, 164–167, 170, 171 calcrete 145 conglomerate 158, 159, 161, 162, 189 definition 793, 794 descriptions of units 98–174 dune 75, 79, 121, 135, 144, 145, 203 ericoid, ericaceous 72 ferricrete 66, 142, 159–161, 184 granite 22, 63, 70, 75–78, 84, 145, 146, 150, 166–170, 189–192, 591, 618, 742, 746 grassy 56–58, 61, 72, 73, 79, 119, 124, 126, 133, 134, 365 limestone 66, 86, 96, 141–144, 170–174, 186 proteoid 72 quartzite 57, 58, 64, 70, 82, 96, 129–135, 143, 147, 148, 179, 234, 286, 559 restioid 72 sand 135–145 sandstone 94, 95, 98–129 shale 145–153 silcrete 66, 72, 86, 146, 158, 159, 186 thicket (see also Cape thicket) 22, 76–78, 90, 99, 120 Fynbos Biome 30–51, 52–219 Fynbos 98–174 Renosterveld 174–197 Western Strandveld 197–207 Fynbos Riparian Vegetation (AZa 1) 70, 602, 619, 620, 622, 623, 626, 634, 636, 637 gabbro 407, 408, 460, 461, 463, 464, 470, 480, 481, 485, 488, 489, 494, 791, 793–795, 797, 798 Gabbro Grassy Bushveld (SVl 6) 485, 490, 494 Gamka Karoo (NKl 1) 17, 22, 327, 341, 342, 343, 646, 647 Gamka Thicket (AT 2) 22, 56, 58, 197, 542, 535, 551, 552 gamma diversity 71, 98, 227, 362, 447, 544 Gamtoos Thicket (AT 4) 57, 58, 162, 542, 545, 553–555 Garden Route Granite Fynbos (FFg 5) 166, 170, 171 Garden Route Shale Fynbos (FFh 9) 86, 146, 152 Gariep Desert Bioregion 40–50, 302, 303, 305–307, 313–321 Gariep River (see Orange River) Gauteng Shale Mountain Bushveld (SVcb 10) 458, 466, 467 gemsbok (Oryx gazella) 85, 231 geology: see geology sections in main chapters and geology paragraphs in descriptions of each vegetation type geophyte 26 71, 72, 74, 75, 80–84, 93, 96, 135, 137, 165, 174, 176, 177, 178, 181, 189, 191–193, 197, 199, 200, 227–229, 236, 245, 247, 271, 274, 279, 291, 330, 357, 375, 547, 561, 631, 688 geoxylic suffrutex 26, 577–579 Ghaap Plateau Vaalbosveld (SVk 7) 514, 518, 519 giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) 256, 455, 457 Goariep Mountain Succulent Shrubland (SKr 3) 236, 237, 243 goat 235, 273, 291, 307, 308, 331, 332, 339, 373, 428, 430, 456, 518, 542, 546, 547, 549, 564 Goegab Nature Reserve 221, 231, 253, 252, 255, 256, 259, 336 Gold Reef Mountain Bushveld (SVcb 9) 458, 462–464, 466 Gondwana 59, 61, 90, 98, 129, 223, 224, 229, 304, 328, 352–355, 370, 380, 443, 446, 546, 547, 661, 670 Gordonia Duneveld (SVkd 1) 21, 326, 335, 337, 442, 525, 526 Gordonia Kameeldoring Bushveld (SVkd 2) 525, 526 Gordonia Plains Shrubland (SVk 16) 514, 524, 525 Graafwater Sandstone Fynbos (FFs 2) 94, 100, 101, 105, 155 granite 22, 59, 60, 63, 70, 75–78, 84, 145, 146, 150, 166–170, 189–192, 385, 398, 412, 413, 492, 591, 618, 742, 746 granite fynbos 40–50, 166–170 Granite Lowveld (SVl 3) 21, 485, 490, 492, 493, 500 Granite Renosterveld (FRg) 40–50, 189–192 granivorous 331, 358, 711 Grassland Biome 30–51, 348–437 Gravelotte Rocky Bushveld (SVl 7) 21, 490, 495 grazing (see also herbivory) 85–87, 357, 358, 455, 456 Great Fish Noorsveld (AT 10) 542, 544, 545, 559, 560, 561 Great Fish Thicket (AT 11) 542, 545, 560, 561, 562 Greyton Shale Fynbos (FFh 7) 146, 150, 151, 170 Griqualand East 359, 364, 366, 367, 368, 369, 371, 372, 375, 392, 422, 424, 425 Griqualand West 330, 340, 443, 517, 518–520, 523, 524 Groot Brak Dune Strandveld (FS 9) 198, 206, 207, 687 Groot Thicket (AT 3) 22, 57, 58, 188, 342, 542, 545, 549, 552, 553 Grootrivier Quartzite Fynbos (FFq 5) 130, 133, 134 growth-forms (system of) 26 gwarrieveld 22, 25, 282, 289, 290–293, 295, 327, 342, 343, 345 gypsisols 225 hail 198, 204, 223, 330–332, 372, 421, 423, 442, 593, 647 halophyte, halophytic (vegetation) 625, 664–666, 678, 682, 683, 794 Hangklip Sand Fynbos (FFd 6) 135, 141 Hantam (region) 67, 68, 99, 176, 177, 190, 193, 194, 222, 233, 277–280, 283–286, 371, 375, 642, 643 Hantam Karoo (SKt 2) 176, 277, 278, 279, 280, 284 Hantam Plateau Dolerite Renosterveld (FRd 2) 190, 193, 194, 279 hardeveld 22, 229, 258, 333, 794 hartebeest (Alcephalus buselaphus) 85, 126, 231, 331 Hawequas Sandstone Fynbos (FFs 10) 94, 108, 109, 115 heathland 46, 56, 69, 79, 123, 124, 352, 363, 364, 371, 373–375 Helskloof Canyon Desert (Dg 6) 316, 318, 319 herbivory (see also grazing) 85–87, 357, 358, 455, 456 heuweltjie 63, 74, 75, 83, 87, 100, 138, 154, 177, 179, 181, 182, 184, 186, 189–192, 226, 240, 243, 253, 256, 257, 261, 264, 270, 271, 275, 287, 293, 647, 794 hierarchy (of mapping units) 17 Highveld Alluvial Vegetation (AZa 5) 23, 619, 620, 623, 640 Highveld Salt Pans (AZi 10) 384, 388, 619, 620, 624, 650, 651 hippo (Hippopotamus amphibius) 85, 86, 609, 625, 627 Hlane Royal Game Reserve 454, 455, 493, 494, 607 Hluhluwe Game Reserve 451, 454 Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Park 451, 545, 459, 505–507, 603, 641, 652 honeybee (Apis mellifera) 88 Hopefield Sand Fynbos (FFd 3) 135, 138 Humansdorp Shale Renosterveld (FRs 19) 175, 188, 189 hyaena 85 impala (Aepyceros melampus) 449, 455, 510 Important Taxa (definition) 27 Income Sandy Grassland (Gs 7) 416, 421, 422 Indian Ocean Coastal Belt 30–51, 568–583 inland azonal vegetation 616–657 inland saline vegetation 619, 620, 624–626, 642–652 inselberg 61, 105, 117, 118, 222, 224, 236, 238, 239, 242, 245–247, 249–251, 305, 306, 320, 321, 333–335, 464, 495, 496 intrazonal forests: see forest intrazonality 39, 574, 587, 618 Ironwood Dry Forest (FOz 9) 23, 501, 586–588, 592, 606, 607, 730 ITC School (of mapping) 4 Ithala Quartzite Sourveld (Gs 2) 352, 416, 418 Kaalrug Mountain Bushveld (SVl 12) 21, 490, 498, 499 Kahams Mountain Desert (Dg 5) 305, 317, 318 Kalahari Duneveld Bioregion 40–50, 326, 445, 447, 448, 460, 525–527 Kalahari Karroid Shrubland (NKb 5) 327, 335, 337, 525 Kamiesberg Granite Fynbos (FFg 1) 22, 70, 166, 167, 189, 191 Kamiesberg Mountains Shrubland (SKn 6) 22, 190, 252, 258, 259 Kango Conglomerate Fynbos (FFt 1) 159, 161 Kango Limestone Renosterveld (FRl 1) 161, 195, 197 KaNgwane Montane Grassland (Gm 16) 391, 403, 404 Karoo Escarpment Grassland (Gh 1) 359, 365, 366, 376–378 Karoo Renosterveld Bioregion 40–50 karroid 22, 57, 67, 68, 72, 75, 80, 190, 278, 327–331, 334, 335, 337, 341, 344, 353, 354, 357, 376, 378–381, 383–385, 391, 429, 430, 523, 525, 542, 548 Kathu Bushveld (SVk 12) 514, 522 kelp 266, 660, 662, 668, 672, 673, 677, 680, 681, 714, 715 Kimberley Thornveld (SVk 4) 21, 456, 514, 516, 517 Klawer Sandy Shrubland (SKs 13) 174, 260, 269, 270 Klerksdorp Thornveld (Gh 13) 353, 376, 386, 387 Index 803 S % 19 (2006) Knersvlakte Bioregion 40–50, 233, 234, 270–277 Knersvlakte Dolomite Vygieveld (SKk 6) 270, 275 Knersvlakte Quartz Vygieveld (SKk 3) 270, 272, 273, 277 Knersvlakte Shale Vygieveld (SKk 4) 270, 273, 274 Knysna Sand Fynbos (FFd 10) 135, 144, 731, 743, 745 Koedoesberge-Moordenaars Karoo (SKv 6) 17, 279, 282, 285–287, 342, 646 Kogelberg 5, 49, 53, 69, 98, 109, 111, 141, 155, 156, 172, 598 Kogelberg Sandstone Fynbos (FFs 11) 16, 67, 94, 98, 109–112 Koranna-Langeberg Mountain Bushveld (SVk 15) 514, 521, 523, 524 Kosiesberg Succulent Shrubland (SKr 12) 245, 319 Koue Bokkeveld 60–62, 85, 101, 103, 104, 128, 130, 146, 147, 163, 177, 178 Kouebokkeveld Alluvium Fynbos (FFa 1) 162, 163 Kouebokkeveld Shale Fynbos (FFh 1) 103, 104, 146, 147, 163 Kouga Grassy Sandstone Fynbos (FFs 28) 95, 124, 126, 127 Kouga Sandstone Fynbos (FFs 27) 95, 125, 126 Kowie Thicket (AT 8) 541, 542, 545, 558, 559 Kruger National Park (KNP) 5, 19, 21, 23, 445, 447–449, 451, 453–457, 483–489, 491–494, 497, 498, 500, 501, 588, 603, 605–607, 625, 636, 642, 651, 652, 726, 795 kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros) 307, 448, 456, 549, 641 Kuruman Mountain Bushveld (SVk 10) 514, 520, 521 Kuruman Thornveld (SVk 9) 514, 519, 520 Kuruman Vaalbosveld (SVk 8) 514, 519 Kwaggarug Mountain Desert (Dg 4) 305, 315, 316, 317 KwaZulu-Natal Coastal Belt (CB 3) 15, 571–573, 578, 579 KwaZulu-Natal Highland Thornveld (Gs 6) 416, 419, 420, 421 KwaZulu-Natal Hinterland Thornveld (SVs 3) 508, 510, 511 KwaZulu-Natal Sandstone Sourveld (SVs 5) 351, 508, 511, 512, 742, 745 Lambert’s Bay Strandveld (FS 1) 197, 198, 199, 203, 265 Langebaan Dune Strandveld (FS 5) 197–199, 202, 203 Langkloof Shale Renosterveld (FRs 17) 175, 188 Late Glacial Maximum (LGM) 89, 574, 795 Lebombo Summit Sourveld (SVl 17) 21, 490, 501, 502 Legogote Sour Bushveld (SVl 9) 21, 490, 496, 497, 498 Leipoldtville Sand Fynbos (FFd 2) 100, 135, 136, 137, 138, 143 Lekkersing Succulent Shrubland (SKr 4) 237, 238 Leolo Summit Sourveld (Gm 20) 21, 391, 408, 481 leopard (Panthera pardus) 85, 331, 448 Lesotho Highland Basalt Grassland (Gd 8) 363, 366, 369, 371–373, 392, 634 Lesotho Mires (AZf 5) 25, 371,374, 619–621, 634, 635 lichen field 18, 308–311 limestone 59, 60, 66, 86, 96, 141–144, 170–174, 186 limestone fynbos 40–50, 170–174 limestone renosterveld 40–50, 195, 197 Limpopo Ridge Bushveld (SVmp 2) 21, 482, 483, 484, 485 Limpopo River 23, 442, 474, 475, 482, 483, 570, 574, 642, 792 Limpopo Sweet Bushveld (SVcb 19) 458, 474 litter fall 96, 593, 594 Little Karoo 22, 32, 49, 56–58, 63, 74, 98, 129, 132, 147, 151, 161, 179, 180, 187, 197, 222, 223–225, 251, 273, 282, 288–293, 550–552, 648, 649 Little Karoo Quartz Vygieveld (SKv 10) 272, 282, 290, 291 locust 331 Loerie Conglomerate Fynbos (FFt 2) 159, 161, 162, 189 Loskop Mountain Bushveld (SVcb 13) 458, 469, 470 Loskop Thornveld (SVcb 14) 458, 470 Lourensford Alluvium Fynbos (FFa 4) 162, 165, 728, 730, 742, 743, 745 Low Escarpment Moist Grassland (Gs 3) 416, 418, 419 Lower Gariep Alluvial Vegetation (AZa 3) 619, 620, 623, 638, 639 Lower Gariep Broken Veld (NKb 1) 327, 333, 334, 335 Lower Karoo Bioregion 40–50, 327, 330, 341–344 Lower Karoo Gwarrieveld (NKl 3) 22, 327, 342, 343, 344 Lowveld Bioregion 40–50, 441, 445, 448, 489–507 Lowveld Riverine Forest (FOa 1) 504, 507, 571, 586–588, 592, 607, 730 Lowveld Rugged Mopaneveld (SVmp 6) 482, 485, 487, 488 Lydenburg Montane Grassland (Gm 18) 27, 391, 405–407, 408 Lydenburg Thornveld (Gm 21) 353, 391, 408, 409 Mabela Sandy Grassland (Gs 13) 416, 422, 425, 426 Madikwe Dolomite Bushveld (SVcb 2) 458, 460, 461 Madikwe Game Reserve 460, 461 Mafikeng Bushveld (SVk 1) 451, 514, 515 Magaliesberg 23, 46, 353, 414–416, 461, 463–468, 472, 599 Makatini Clay Thicket (SVl 21) 490, 505, 742 Makhado Sweet Bushveld (SVcb 20) 458, 474, 475, 477 804 Index Makuleke Sandy Bushveld (SVl 1) 21, 485, 489–491 Malelane Mountain Bushveld (SVl 11) 485, 490, 497, 498 malmokkie 236, 303, 304 Maloti 362, 371, 373–375, 393–395, 619 Mamabolo Mountain Bushveld (SVcb 24) 458, 477, 478 Mangrove Forest (FOa 3) 35, 571, 586–588, 592, 607, 608, 609, 683, 730, 742 mapping procedures 20–24 mapping scale 15 mapping theme 15 Mapungubwe National Park 441, 443, 444, 483, 484, 607, 642 Maputaland 19, 21, 23, 36, 351, 502–505, 548, 569, 570–577, 586, 588, 591, 604–608, 625, 635, 636, 642, 651, 660–662, 672–674, 683, 686, 689, 797 Maputaland Coastal Belt (CB 1) 15, 23, 503, 571–574, 576, 577 Maputaland Wooded Grassland (CB 2) 23, 571–574, 576, 577, 578, 579, 742 Marekele National Park 416, 599 Marikana Thornveld (SVcb 6) 458, 463, 464 marine macroalgal vegetation: see Cape Kelp Beds (AZm 1) and Subantarctic Kelp Beds (AZm 2) Marion Island 17, 675, 698–723, 726, 750 Matjiesfontein Quartzite Fynbos (FFq 3) 130, 132, 148, 179 Matjiesfontein Shale Fynbos (FFh 2), 132 146,147, 148, 179 Matjiesfontein Shale Renosterveld (FRs 6) 175, 179, 180 Mesic Highveld Grassland Bioregion 40–50, 389–417, 736 Midlands Mistbelt Grassland (Gs 9) 352, 369, 416, 417, 422, 423, 742 mire 25, 98, 621, 622, 628, 634, 635, 699, 702, 704–708, 713, 714, 716–719, 796 mole rat 63, 81, 136, 144, 227, 543, 561 Molopo Bushveld (SVk 11) 514, 521, 522 Montagu Shale Fynbos (FFh 8) 146, 151, 152 Montagu Shale Renosterveld (FRs 7) 175, 180 Mooi River Highland Grassland (Gs 8) 416, 422 Moot Plains Bushveld (SVcb 8) 458, 465, 466 Mopane Basalt Shrubland (SVmp 4) 448, 482, 485, 486, 487 Mopane Bioregion 40–50, 441, 445, 448, 482–489, 500 Mopane Gabbro Shrubland (SVmp 8) 482, 485, 488, 489 mosaics 16 Mossel Bay Shale Renosterveld (FRs 14) 58, 175, 186 Mthatha Moist Grassland (Gs 14) 416, 426, 427 Muscadel Riviere (AZi 8) 194, 289, 618–620, 626, 648, 649 Musina Mopane Bushveld (SVmp 1) 21, 444, 482, 483 mycorrhiza 80 myrmecochory 79, 80, 83, 93 Nama-Karoo Biome 30–51, 324–347 Namaqualand 130, 131, 166, 167, 189, 190, 234–276, 309–319, 642, 643, 681 Namaqualand Arid Grassland (SKs 11) 260, 268 Namaqualand Blomveld (SKn 3) 252, 255, 256, 268 Namaqualand Cape Shrublands Bioregion 40–50 Namaqualand Coastal Duneveld (SKs 8) 223, 260, 264, 265, 266 Namaqualand Granite Renosterveld (FRg 1) 22, 70, 167, 189, 190 Namaqualand Hardeveld Bioregion 40–50, 223, 233, 234, 251–259 Namaqualand Heuweltjieveld (SKn 4) 226, 252, 256, 257 Namaqualand Inland Duneveld (SKs 9) 260, 266, 267 Namaqualand Klipkoppe Shrubland (SKn 1) 167, 234, 245, 251–253, 258 Namaqualand Riviere (AZi 1) 618, 619, 620, 626, 642, 643 Namaqualand Salt Pans (AZi 2) 619, 620, 624, 643, 644, 651 Namaqualand Sand Fynbos (FFd 1) 27, 57, 67, 70, 82, 135, 136, 137 Namaqualand Sandveld Bioregion 40–50, 233, 234, 259–270 Namaqualand Seashore Vegetation (AZd 2) 661, 676, 684, 685, 743 Namaqualand Shale Shrubland (SKn 2) 174, 252, 253–255 Namaqualand Spinescent Grassland (SKs 12) 260, 268, 269 Namaqualand Strandveld (SKs 7) 138, 199, 260, 264, 265 Namib Lichen Fields (Dn 2) 18, 309, 310, 311 Namib Seashore Vegetation (AZd 1) 661, 674, 676, 683, 684, 742, 743 National Forest Classification 23, 587 National Vegetation Database 19 Ndumo Game Reserve 503–505, 572, 573, 605–607, 625, 636, 642, 651, 652 Ngongoni Veld (SVs 4) 25, 351, 506, 508, 510, 511, 572 Nieuwoudtville Shale Renosterveld (FRs 2) 175, 176, 193 Nieuwoudtville-Roggeveld Dolerite Renosterveld (FRd 1) 27, 176, 190, 192, 193, 279, 280 nomenclature (of vegetation units) 24, 25 Noms Mountain Desert (Dg 1) 305, 313, 314, 315 noors 544 555 noorsveld 5, 544, 560 S % 19 (2006) Norite Koppies Bushveld (SVcb 7) 458, 464, 465, 482 North Hex Sandstone Fynbos (FFs 7) 94, 105, 106, 128 North Kammanassie Sandstone Fynbos (FFs 25) 95, 124 North Langeberg Sandstone Fynbos (FFs 15) 94, 115, 116, 117, 119 North Outeniqua Sandstone Fynbos (FFs 18) 67, 95, 116, 118, 119 North Rooiberg Sandstone Fynbos (FFs 21) 95, 121 North Sonderend Sandstone Fynbos (FFs 13) 94, 113, 114, 133, 143 North Swartberg Sandstone Fynbos (FFs 23) 94, 122, 123 Northern Afrotemperate Forest (FOz 2) 395, 586–588, 590, 592, 599, 601 Northern Coastal Forest (FOz 7) 571, 576, 578, 586–588, 591, 592, 604, 605 Northern Drakensberg Highland Grassland (Gd 5) 363, 367–369 Northern Escarpment Afromontane Fynbos (Gm 24) 391, 411, 412, 415, 476, 742 Northern Escarpment Dolomite Grassland (Gm 22) 391, 409, 410, 411, 742, 743 Northern Escarpment Quartzite Sourveld (Gm 23) 391, 410, 411 Northern Free State Shrubland (Gm 7) 21, 353, 390, 396, 397 Northern Inland Shale Band Vegetation (FFb 1) 102, 154, 155, 178 Northern Knersvlakte Vygieveld (SKk 1) 270, 271, 272 Northern KwaZulu-Natal Moist Grassland (Gs 4) 416, 419, 420 Northern KwaZulu-Natal Shrubland (Gs 5) 353, 416, 420 Northern Lebombo Bushveld (SVl 15) 485, 490, 500, 501 Northern Mistbelt Forest (FOz 4) 411, 415, 476, 586–588, 592, 599, 601, 602 Northern Nababiepsberge Mountain Desert (Dg 7) 303, 318, 319 Northern Richtersveld Scorpionstailveld (SKr 7) 236, 240, 241, 262 Northern Richtersveld Yellow Duneveld (SKs 2) 261, 262, 263 Northern Upper Karoo (NKu 3) 327, 338, 340, 381, 384, 517 Northern Zululand Mistbelt Grassland (Gs 1) 416, 417 Northern Zululand Sourveld (SVl 22) 490, 505, 506 Northwest Fynbos Bioregion 40–50 Nossob Bushveld (SVkd 4) 442, 448, 527 Nossob River 524–527, 644 nutrient cycling 96, 593, 594, 597, 629, 709, 711, 729 Nwambyia-Pumbe Sandy Bushveld (SVl 2) 485, 491, 743 Nylsvlei 469, 642 Nylsvley Nature Reserve 447–452, 454, 455, 457, 469, 636, 642 Ohrigstad Mountain Bushveld (SVcb 26) 459, 479, 480, 482 Olifants River (Mpumalanga/Limpopo) 375, 411, 470, 479, 480, 487, 488, 601 Olifants River (Western Cape) 49, 56, 61, 63, 69, 100–102, 104, 136, 137, 155, 222, 264, 269, 275, 276, 277, 280, 552, 638, 642–645, 672, 673, 681, 684, 685 Olifants Sandstone Fynbos (FFs 3) 94, 100, 101, 103 Olifantshoek Plains Thornveld (SVk 13) 514, 522, 523 Onder-Bokkeveld 278 Oograbies Plains Sandy Grassland (SKs 6) 245, 260, 263, 264 Orange River 34, 46, 49, 229, 235, 241, 242, 244, 268, 277, 302–309, 311–314, 316–321, 326–328, 330, 333, 335, 336, 340, 378, 381, 391, 525, 622, 638, 639, 645, 646, 651, 664, 672, 678, 681, 683, 685 ostrich (Struthio camelus) 85, 231, 233, 291, 307, 308, 331 Overberg 23, 60, 76, 82, 83, 85, 86, 118, 160, 173, 184, 185, 196, 204, 649, 650, 682 Overberg Dune Strandveld (FS 7) 141, 198, 204, 205 Overberg Sandstone Fynbos (FFs 12) 94, 111, 112, 113, 159 Paulpietersburg Moist Grassland (Gm 15) 390, 403 penguin 671, 672, 687, 706–708, 710, 711, 715, 716 Peninsula Granite Fynbos (FFg 3) 150, 166, 168, 169, 591, 742 Peninsula Sandstone Fynbos (FFs 9) 94, 107, 108, 618, 742 Peninsula Shale Renosterveld (FRs 10) 175, 183, 730, 742 Phalaborwa-Timbavati Mopaneveld (SVmp 7) 482, 485, 488 phylogeny, phylogenetic 89–91, 171, 227–229, 233, 353, 543, 547 Piketberg Quartz Succulent Shrubland (SKk 8) 15, 270, 276, 277 Piketberg Sandstone Fynbos (FFs 6) 94, 104, 105, 155 Pilanesberg (mountain) 415, 417, 463, 599 Pilanesberg Game Reserve 416, 452, 463, 599 Pilanesberg Mountain Bushveld (SVcb 5) 458, 462, 463 Platbakkies Succulent Shrubland (SKn 5) 252, 257, 258 Polar Desert Biome 698–723 pollination 81, 87, 88, 95, 96, 227, 232, 457, 594 bee 88 beetle 88 bird (ornithophily) 81, 88 butterfly 88 fly 87, 88, 96 wind 87 Polokwane Plateau Bushveld (SVcb 23) 458, 477, 478, 481 Pondoland 23, 27, 35, 36, 91, 351, 360, 362, 405, 499, 511, 544, 548, 570, 571, 573–576, 579, 580, 588, 602, 603, 607, 637, 638, 642 Pondoland-Ugu Sandstone Coastal Sourveld (CB 4) 512, 570–574, 579, 580, 742 Pongolo River 502 porcupine (Hystrix africaeaustralis) 63, 257, 357 Postmasburg Thornveld (SVk 14) 514, 523 postulates (of vegetation mapping) 14 Potberg 49, 73, 113, 117, 118, 155, 156, 160, 172 Potberg Ferricrete Fynbos (FFf 2) 159, 160, 161 Potberg Sandstone Fynbos (FFs 17) 95, 117, 118 Poung Dolomite Mountain Bushveld (SVcb 25) 411, 459, 478, 479 PRECIS 18, 25, 78, 674 Pretoriuskop Sour Bushveld (SVl 10) 485, 490, 497 Prince Albert Succulent Karoo (SKv 13) 282, 293, 294, 295, 342, 646 Prince Edward Islands 17, 675, 698–723, 726, 750 proteoid savanna 350, 351, 368 proxy data 20 quagga 85, 231, 331, 357 quartz patch (quartz field) 22, 183, 196, 226, 229, 231, 232, 238, 239, 244, 245, 248–250, 257, 258, 260, 267, 268, 270, 272, 273, 276, 277, 282, 284, 290, 291, 312, 313, 317, 319 quartzite fynbos 40–50, 129–135 quartzite karoo 22, 102, 132, 280–282, 606 Queenstown Thornveld (Gs 16) 416, 428 Qwaqwa National Park 351, 363, 368, 369, 374, 394, 395 Rainshadow Valley Karoo Bioregion 40–50, 223, 233, 234, 280–295 rain-shadow 89, 132, 151, 163, 164, 222, 223, 233, 242, 276, 279, 281, 284, 285, 287, 293–295, 303, 326, 329, 342, 344, 353, 372, 409, 413, 475, 478–480, 511, 592, 648, 649 Ramsar (site, convention) 619, 622, 627, 631, 633–636, 638, 640, 642, 651, 652, 678, 682, 686 Rand Highveld Grassland (Gm 11) 390, 399, 400, 407 renosterveld 74, 75, 77–79, 83 alluvium 194, 195 defintion 798 descriptions of units 174–197 dolerite 192–194 granite 189–192 limestone 197 shale 174–189 silcrete 195–197 reseeder 72, 80, 82, 83, 85, 93, 96, 183, 357 resprouter (see also coppice) 56, 72, 79, 80, 82–85, 93, 147, 159, 166, 183, 357, 453, 593 rheebok, gray (Pelea capreolus) 85, 86 rhinoceros 74, 85, 362, 449, 455, 456, 549, 641 Richtersberg Mountain Desert (Dg 2) 305, 314, 315 Richtersveld 20–22, 44, 47, 49, 50, 224, 229, 234–249, 302, 304–321, 639, 643, 683, 743 Richtersveld Bioregion 40–50, 233, 234–251 Richtersveld Coastal Duneveld (SKs 1) 259–261, 263, 309, 742, 743 Richtersveld Red Duneveld (SKs 5) 235, 263 Richtersveld Sandy Coastal Scorpionstailveld (SKs 4) 262, 263 Richtersveld Sheet Wash Desert (Dg 3) 243, 314, 315, 316 Riemvasmaak 333, 335 Riethuis-Wallekraal Quartz Vygieveld (SKs 10) 260, 267, 268, 273 Robben Island 203, 686 Robertson Granite Fynbos (FFg 4) 166, 169, 170 Robertson Granite Renosterveld (FRg 3) 190, 192 Robertson Karoo (SKv 7) 22, 181, 197, 223, 282, 287, 288 rock crevices 167, 242, 304, 320, 383, 626, 708 overhangs 627, 629 pools 414, 580, 627, 628, 671 rodent 79, 81, 82, 84, 455 Roggeveld 27, 43, 56, 68, 69, 175–178, 190, 192–194, 222, 223, 233, 277, 279, 280, 283–285, 326, 338, 646 Roggeveld Karoo (SKt 3) 17, 223, 277, 279, 280, 338 Roggeveld Shale Renosterveld (FRs 3) 175, 177, 280, 326 Roodeberg Bushveld (SVcb 18) 458, 473, 474 Rooiberg Quartz Vygieveld (SKr 11) 244, 245 root 26, 64, 66, 72, 80, 97, 226, 227, 306, 372, 383, 444, 448, 450, 452, 455, 465, 509, 590, 593, 595, 665, 666, 668, 669, 671, 794 Rosyntjieberg Succulent Shrubland (SKr 8) 241, 242, 316 Rûens 15, 61, 63, 86, 159, 160, 175, 181, 184–186, 195–197, 728, 730, 731, 743, 746 Rûens Silcrete Renosterveld (FRc 2) 15, 160, 195, 196, 197, 728, 730, 743 Russian School (of mapping) 4 Index 805 S % 19 (2006) SAAB map 5 Saldanha Flats Strandveld (FS 3) 138, 198, 200, 201 Saldanha Granite Strandveld (FS 2) 199, 200, 201, 743 Saldanha Limestone Strandveld (FS 4) 198, 201, 202 saline vegetation 619, 642–652, 659–696 salt marsh (vegetation) 89, 571, 644, 661–666, 674, 675, 678, 681–683 Sand Forest (FOz 8) 23, 491, 586–588, 592, 595, 605, 606, 730 sand fynbos 40–50, 135–145 sandstone 59, 60 sandstone fynbos 40–50, 94, 95, 98–129 Savanna Biome 30–51, 438–538 Scarp Forest (FOz 5) 573, 574, 580, 586–588, 591, 592, 602, 603 Schmidtsdrif Thornveld (SVk 6) 518 Schweizer-Reneke Bushveld (SVk 3) 514, 516 sclerophylly 80 scorpionstailveld 236, 240, 241, 245, 246, 257, 262, 263 seashore vegetation 666–672, 676–679, 683–687, 678, 679 seaweed 661, 672, 673, 677, 680, seep (seepage) 80, 95, 98, 108, 110, 112, 116, 125, 135, 138, 139, 146, 147, 153, 156, 163, 164, 166, 167, 170, 367, 372, 408, 450, 492, 625–627, 629, 631, 633, 634, 637, 682, 798 Sehlabathebe National Park 371, 373, 634 Sekhukhune Montane Grassland (Gm 19) 391, 407, 408 Sekhukhune Mountain Bushveld (SVcb 28) 459, 481, 482 Sekhukhune Plains Bushveld (SVcb 27) 459, 471, 480, 481, 482 Senqu (river, valley) 391–393, 634 Senqu Montane Shrubland (Gm 2) 21, 353, 390, 391–393 seral 71, 75, 79, 80, 84, 85, 146, 148, 166, 183, 189, 197, 571, 572, 708, 792, 798 serotiny 79, 82–85, 96, 140, 146, 357 serpentine 399, 480, 487, 499, 798 shale 59, 60, 253, 254, 273 shale band 18, 22, 57, 59, 60, 64, 72, 98, 99, 101, 102, 112, 115, 116, 120, 121, 128, 129, 150, 152, 153–158, 224 shale band vegetation 40–50, 154–158 shale fynbos 40–50, 145–153 shale renosterveld 40–50, 174–189 silcrete 22, 61, 66, 72, 74, 146, 153, 158, 158, 160, 161, 195, 196, 225, 257, 258, 312, 515, 516, 521, 522, 525, 625, 644, 793, 794, 798 silcrete fynbos 40–50, 158, 159 silcrete renosterveld 40–50, 195–197 sinkhole 172, 173, 376, 386, 519 smoke 82, 83, 85 snow 41, 68, 105, 106, 128, 179, 204, 364, 367, 368–370, 372, 374, 377, 395, 422, 425, 563, 564, 622, 633–635, 703, 704, 714, 720 soil: see soil sections in main chapters and soil paragraphs in descriptions of each vegetation type sourveld 23, 27, 350, 351, 353, 356, 359, 360, 363, 365, 383, 389, 399, 400, 402, 405–408, 410–416, 418, 420, 421, 473, 479, 481, 482, 500, 501, 570, 574, 576, 579, 580, 599, 602, 798 South Coast Fynbos Bioregion 40–50 South Hex Sandstone Fynbos (FFs 8) 94, 106, 107, 117,128 South Kammanassie Sandstone Fynbos (FFs 26) 95, 124, 125 South Langeberg Sandstone Fynbos (FFs 16) 94, 115, 116, 117, 120 South Outeniqua Sandstone Fynbos (FFs 19) 67, 95, 117, 119, 120 South Rooiberg Sandstone Fynbos (FFs 22) 95, 121, 122 South Sonderend Sandstone Fynbos (FFs 14) 94, 114, 115 South Strandveld Bioregion 40–50 South Swartberg Sandstone Fynbos (FFs 24) 95, 123, 124 Southern Afrotemperate Forest (FOz 1) 585–587, 592, 597, 598 Southern Cape Dune Fynbos (FFd 11) 135, 144, 145 Southern Cape Valley Thicket (AT 1) 58, 542, 545, 550, 551 Southern Coastal Forest (FOz 6) 127, 158, 541, 559, 586, 587, 592, 603, 604 Southern Drakensberg Highland Grassland (Gd 4) 363, 366, 367, 425 Southern Fynbos Bioregion 40–50, 736 Southern Kalahari Mekgacha (AZi 3) 619, 620, 626, 644, 645 Southern Kalahari Salt Pans (AZi 4) 23, 619, 620, 624, 645, 651 Southern Karoo Riviere (AZi 6) 619, 620, 626, 645, 646, 647 Southern KwaZulu-Natal Moist Grassland (Gs 11) 416, 424, 425, 742 Southern Lebombo Bushveld (SVl 16) 490, 501, 502 Southern Mistbelt Forest (FOz 3) 367, 586–588, 592, 599, 600, 601 Southern Nababiepsberge Mountain Desert (Dg 8) 319 Southern Namib Desert Bioregion 40–50, 302, 303, 305–307, 309–313 Southern Richtersveld Inselberg Shrubland (SKr 14) 236, 245, 246, 247 Southern Richtersveld Scorpionstailveld (SKr 13) 236, 245, 246, 257 Southern Richtersveld Yellow Duneveld (SKs 3) 261, 262 Southwest Fynbos Bioregion 40–50, 736 Soutpansberg 8, 46, 56, 359, 360, 364, 412, 414, 415, 445, 474–477, 489, 495, 586, 591, 592, 601, 606, 607 806 Index Soutpansberg Mountain Bushveld (SVcb 21) 21, 458, 475, 476 Soutpansberg Summit Sourveld (Gm 28) 391, 414, 415, 476 Soweto Highveld Grassland (Gm 8) 390, 397, 743 spekboom 58, 161, 552, 553 springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis) 85, 231, 307, 331, 357, 644 Springbokvlakte Thornveld (SVcb 15) 453, 458, 471, 481, 743 Stella Bushveld (SVk 2) 514, 515 Steytlerville Karoo (SKv 14) 582, 294, 295, 326 Stinkfonteinberge Eastern Apron Shrubland (SKr 6) 239, 240 Stinkfonteinberge Quartzite Fynbos (FFq 1) 70, 82, 130, 131, 234 Stolzenau School (of mapping) 4 stone plants 290 Stormberg Plateau Grassland (Gd 3) 363, 365, 366 strandline 668 strandveld 75, 76, 79 Eastern Strandveld 687–690 Western Strandveld 75–76, 197–207 Strydpoort Summit Sourveld (Gm 27) 391, 413, 414 Subantarctic Biotic Herbfield and Grassland (ST 2) 16, 714, 715, 716 Subantarctic Cinder Cone Vegetation (ST 7) 700, 719 Subantarctic Coastal Vegetation (ST 1) 16, 714, 715 Subantarctic Coastal Vegetation (ST 1, 2) 16, 700, 714 Subantarctic Drainage Line and Spring (ST 4) 16, 714, 717, 718 Subantarctic Fellfield (ST 6) 700, 719 Subantarctic Fernbrake Vegetation (ST 5) 16, 714, 718 Subantarctic Kelp Beds (AZm 2) 675, 714, 715 Subantarctic Mire (ST 3) 16, 714, 716, 717 Subantarctic Mire-Slope Vegetation (ST 3, 4, 5) 16, 700, 714 Subantarctic Polar Desert (PD 1) 700, 714, 720 Subantarctic Tundra Biome 698–723 Sub-Escarpment Grassland Bioregion 40–50, 416, 417–430 Sub-Escarpment Savanna Bioregion 40–50, 441, 445, 448, 508–513, 736 Subtropical Alluvial Vegetation (AZa 7) 571, 607, 619, 620, 623, 641, 642 Subtropical Dune Thicket (AZs 3) 571, 580, 661, 676, 689, 690 Subtropical Estuarine Salt Marshes (AZe 3) 571, 609, 661, 676, 683 subtropical forests: see forest Subtropical Freshwater Wetlands (AZf 6) 571, 618–621, 635, 636 Subtropical Salt Pans (AZi 11) 619, 620, 624, 651, 652 Subtropical Seashore Vegetation (AZd 4) 571, 676, 686, 687, 742, 743 Succulent Karoo Biome 30–51, 220–299 sugarbird (Promerops cafer) 81 Sundays Noorsveld (AT 5) 542,544, 545, 555, 556 Sundays Thicket (AT 6) 22, 542,544–546, 550, 553–555, 556, 557 Suurberg Quartzite Fynbos (FFq 6) 57, 130, 133, 134, 135 Suurberg Shale Fynbos (FFh 10) 135, 146, 152, 153 Swamp Forest (FOa 2) 16, 571, 574, 586–588, 592, 607, 608, 730 Swartberg Altimontane Sandstone Fynbos (FFs 31) 22, 95, 122–124, 128, 129 Swartberg Shale Fynbos (FFh 3) 146, 148 Swartberg Shale Renosterveld (FRs 15) 175, 186, 187 Swartland 59, 74, 164 Swartland Alluvium Fynbos (FFa 3) 86, 162, 163, 164, 165, 730 Swartland Alluvium Renosterveld (FRa 2) 194, 195, 742, 743 Swartland Granite Renosterveld (FRg 2) 190, 191, 195, 728, 730 Swartland Shale Renosterveld (FRs 9) 24, 86, 87, 138, 165, 175, 181–183, 191, 195, 618, 728, 730, 743 Swartland Silcrete Renosterveld (FRc 1) 15, 195, 196, 728, 730, 743 Swartruggens Quartzite Fynbos (FFq 2) 22, 104, 130, 131, 132 Swartruggens Quartzite Karoo (SKv 2) 22, 132, 281, 282 Swaziland 18–21, 23, 27, 46, 403, 404, 407, 418, 440, 442, 454, 455, 490, 492–494, 498–502, 505, 506, 543, 574, 601–603, 607, 625, 632, 635, 640, 641, 651 Swaziland Sour Bushveld (SVl 14) 442, 490, 500 sweetveld 356, 363 Swellendam Silcrete Fynbos (FFc 1) 86, 158, 159, 186 tafelberg (land form) 193, 325, 369, 380, 396, 633 Tankwa National Park 284, 285, 648 Tanqua, Tankwa 49, 61, 129, 177, 179, 222–226, 233, 279, 280–285, 295, 620, 626, 647, 648 Tanqua Escarpment Shrubland (SKv 4) 280, 282, 283, 284 Tanqua Karoo (SKv 5) 25, 61, 223, 282, 284, 285, 647, 648 Tanqua Wash Riviere (AZi 7) 284, 619, 620, 626, 647, 648 Tarkastad Montane Shrubland (Gs 17) 341, 416, 428, 429, 563 Tatasberg Mountain Succulent Shrubland (SKr 9) 242, 243 Tembe Elephant Park 503, 502, 605, 606, 636 Tembe Sandy Bushveld (SVl 18) 490, 502, 503, 504, 635, 742 termite 63, 226, 241, 256, 304, 358, 448, 449, 452, 455, 488, 543, 561, 795 Thabana-Ntlenyana 352, 374, 375 therophily 81 S % 19 (2006) thornveld 327, 334, 376, 386, 387, 391, 408, 409, 416, 420, 421, 427, 428, 446, 449, 452, 453, 458, 460–464, 470, 471, 480, 485, 490, 506, 507, 508–511, 513, 514, 516–520, 522, 523, 525, 544, 557, 559, 562, 563, 570, 578, 640, 743 Thukela Thornveld (SVs 2) 419, 508, 509, 510 Thukela Valley Bushveld (SVs 1) 508, 509, 512, 572 thunderstorm 223, 249, 253, 258, 303–305, 316, 327, 393, 394, 396, 407, 408, 419, 421, 423, 425, 646, 650 topography 17 tortoise (Psammobates geometicus) 83, 227, 359 trade wind 67, 110, 204, 304 trampling 87, 145, 241, 246, 267, 268, 273, 291, 331, 381, 398, 455, 546, 678, 707–709, 715, 716 Trans-Escarpment Succulent Karoo Bioregion (SKt) 40–50, 223, 233, 234, 277–280 transitions 16, 17 Transkei 23, 357, 358, 360, 417, 426, 427, 510, 513, 517, 572, 573, 575, 576, 580, 581, 587, 600, 602–604, 608, 632, 635, 672, 673, 678, 683, 686, 797 Transkei Coastal Belt (CB 5) 15, 351, 571–573, 580, 581 Tsakane Clay Grassland (Gm 9) 390, 397, 398 Tsende Mopaneveld (SVmp 5) 482, 485, 486, 487 Tshokwane-Hlane Basalt Lowveld (SVl 5) 485, 490, 493, 494 Tsitsikamma (region) 120, 144, 152, 158, 590, 597, 687 Tsitsikamma National Park 121, 598 Tsitsikamma Sandstone Fynbos (FFs 20) 95, 119, 120, 121 Tsomo Grassland (Gs 15) 416, 427, 428 tundra 32, 41, 701–703, 706, 714, 715, 720 Tzaneen Sour Bushveld (SVl 8) 490, 495, 496 uKhahlamba Basalt Grassland (Gd 7) 363, 366, 370, 371, 373, 375 ultramafic 311, 359, 398, 399, 407, 442, 460, 477, 478, 480, 481, 487, 499, 798, 799 Umdaus Mountains Succulent Shrubland (SKr 16) 236, 245, 248, 319 Uniondale Shale Renosterveld (FRs 16) 126, 175, 187, 188 Upper Annisvlakte Succulent Shrubland (SKr 2) 235, 236 Upper Gariep Alluvial Vegetation (AZa 4) 619, 620, 623, 639, 640 Upper Karoo Bioregion 40–50, 327, 330, 338–341 Upper Karoo Hardeveld (NKu 2) 327, 329, 339, 340, 341, 384, 429 Vaal Reefs Dolomite Sinkhole Woodland (Gh 12) 353, 376, 386 Vaal River 340, 385, 386, 397, 466, 515, 629, 640 Vaalbos Rocky Shrubland (SVk 5) 340, 514, 517, 518 Vaal-Vet Sandy Grassland (Gh 10) 376, 384, 385 Vanrhynsdorp Gannabosveld (SKk 5) 270, 274, 275, 276 Vanrhynsdorp Shale Renosterveld (FRs 1) 174–176 Vegetation and Landscape Features (definition) 25 Vegetation Unit (definition) 15, 16 VEGMAP 5, 6, 21 vernal pools 18, 23, 183, 618, 61– 622, 627, 631, 632, 652, 730 VhaVenda Miombo (SVcb 22) 18, 458, 476, 477 volcanoes (Prince Edward Islands) 704 Vredefort Dome Granite Grassland (Gh 11) 376, 385, 386 Vyftienmyl se Berge Succulent Shrubland (SKr 5) 236, 239, 247 vygieveld 25, 798, 799 waboomveld 72, 99, 101, 103, 108, 121, 130, 146, 147, 151, 156, 166–168 Wakkerstroom Montane Grassland (Gm 14) 390, 402, 403, 743 Warm(e) Bokkeveld 146, 163, 177, 178 Waterberg 408, 415, 459, 468, 471, 472, 599 Waterberg Mountain Bushveld (SVcb 17) 458, 469, 472, 473 Waterberg-Magaliesberg Summit Sourveld (Gm 29) 21, 391, 414, 415–417, 472 waterlog 63, 72, 74, 75, 135, 137, 153, 172, 353, 449, 577, 593, 607, 618, 631, 635, 641, 663, 705, 706, 711, 717, 794, 798, 799 West Coast Renosterveld Bioregion 40–50, 736 West Strandveld Bioregion 40–50 Western Altimontane Sandstone Fynbos (FFs 30) 22, 67, 95, 101, 104–108, 115, 116, 127, 128, 129, 131, 154 Western Bushmanland Klipveld (SKt 1) 277, 278 Western Coastal Shale Band Vegetation (FFb 2) 150, 154, 155, 156 Western Free State Clay Grassland (Gh 9) 376, 381, 384 Western Fynbos-Renosterveld Bioregion 40–50 Western Gariep Hills Desert (Dn 5) 305, 312, 313 Western Gariep Lowland Desert (Dn 4) 305, 307, 311, 312 Western Gariep Plains Desert (Dn 3) 305, 310, 311, 312 Western Gwarrieveld (SKv 9) 22, 282, 289, 290, 291 Western Highveld Sandy Grassland (Gh 14) 376, 387, 388 Western Lesotho Basalt Shrubland (Gd 9) 353, 363, 373, 374 Western Little Karoo (SKv 8) 282, 288, 289, 290, 291 Western Maputaland Clay Bushveld (SVl 20) 490, 503, 504, 505 Western Maputaland Sandy Bushveld (SVl 19) 490, 503, 504, 742 Western Rûens Shale Renosterveld (FRs 11) 63, 175, 184, 728, 730, 743 Western Sandy Bushveld (SVcb 16) 458, 469, 471, 472 Western Strandveld 40–50, 197–207 Western Upper Karoo (NKu 1) 17, 327, 328, 330, 331, 338, 339, 384 Willowmore Gwarrieveld (SKv 12) 22, 282, 291, 292, 293, 295 Winburg Grassy Shrubland (Gh 7) 21, 376, 382, 383, 518 wind berg-wind 121, 312, 589, 590, 593, 791 trade-wind: see trade wind wind-dispersed 79, 93, 307, 457, 544, 548, 594 wind-pollinated 87 Winterhoek Sandstone Fynbos (FFs 5) 94, 103, 104, 105, 128, 130 Wolkberg Dolomite Grassland (Gm 26) 391, 413 Woodbush Granite Grassland (Gm 25) 391, 412, 413, 730 Xhariep (region) 376, 378, 379 Xhariep Karroid Grassland (Gh 3) 17, 341, 376, 378, 379, 381 Zastron Moist Grassland (Gm 1) 389–391, 395 zebra (Equus zebra, Equus burchellii) 81, 85, 86, 307, 510, 652 Zeerust Thornveld (SVcb 3) 458, 461, 462 zonal & intrazonal forests: see forest zonality 17, 20, 39, 70, 571, 587, 618, 619, 661 zonation altitudinal 74, 98, 99, 106 coastal dunes 667, 669 on slope 309 pan edge 624, 645, 650, 665 pollen profile 707 tidal 662, 666 zonobiome 40–41 Zululand 34, 35, 46, 359, 417, 505, 573, 593, 607 Zululand Coastal Thornveld (SVl 24) 490, 507 Zululand Lowveld (SVl 23) 490, 505, 506, 507 Index 807 STRELITZIA 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. Botanical diversity in southern Africa. 1994. B.J. Huntley (ed.). ISBN 1-874907-25-0. Cyperaceae in Natal. 1995. K.D. Gordon-Gray. ISBN 1-874907-04-8. Cederberg vegetation and flora. 1996. H.C. Taylor. ISBN 1-874907-28-5. Red Data List of southern African plants. 1996. Craig Hilton-Taylor. ISBN 1-874907-29-3. Taxonomic literature of southern African plants. 1997. N.L. Meyer, M. Mössmer & G.F. Smith (eds). ISBN 1-874907-35-8. Plants of the northern provinces of South Africa: keys and diagnostic characters. 1997. E. Retief & P.P.J. Herman. ISBN 1-874907-30-7. Preparing herbarium specimens. 1999. Lyn Fish. ISBN 1-919795-38-3. Bulbinella in South Africa. 1999. Pauline L. Perry. ISBN 1-919795-46-4. OUT OF PRINT. Cape plants. A conspectus of the Cape flora of South Africa. 2000. P. Goldblatt & J.C. Manning.ISBN 0-620-26236-2. Seed plants of southern Africa: families and genera. 2000. O.A. Leistner (ed.). ISBN 1-919795-51-0. The Cape genus Lachnaea (Thymelaeaceae): a monograph. 2001. J.B.P. Beyers. ISBN 1-919795-52-9. The Global Taxonomy Initiative: documenting the biodiversity of Africa/L’Initiative Taxonomique Mondiale: documenter la biodiversité en Afrique. R.R. Klopper, G.F. Smith & A.C. Chikuni (eds). 2001. ISBN 1-919795-63-4. OUT OF PRINT. Medicinal and magical plants of southern Africa: an annotated checklist. 2002. T.H. Arnold, C.A. Prentice, L.C. Hawker, E.E. Snyman, M. Tomalin, N.R. Crouch & C. Pottas-Bircher. ISBN 1-919795-62-6. Plants of southern Africa: an annotated checklist. 2003. G. Germishuizen & N.L. Meyer (eds). ISBN 1-919795-99-5. Heyday of the gymnosperms: systematics and biodiversity of the Late Triassic Molteno fructifications. 2003. J.M. Anderson & H.M. Anderson. ISBN 1-919795-98-7. Common names of Karoo plants. 2004. Les Powrie. ISBN 1-874907-16-1. National Spatial Biodiversity Assessment 2004: priorities for biodiversity conservation in South Africa. 2005. A. Driver, K. Maze, M. Rouget, A.T. Lombard, J. Nel, J.K. Turpie, R.M. Cowling, P. Desmet, P. Goodman, J. Harris, Z. Jonas, B. Reyers, K. Sink & T. Strauss. ISBN 1-919976-20-5. Babiana (Iridaceae: Crocoideae), a revision of the genus in southern Africa. 2006. P. Goldblatt & J.C. Manning. ISBN-13: 978-1-91997632-7; ISBN-10: 1-919976-32-9. The vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. 2006. L. Mucina & M.C. Rutherford (eds). ISBN-13: 978-1-919976-21-1; ISBN-10: 1-919976-21-3. MEMOIRS OF THE BOTANICAL SURVEY OF SOUTH AFRICA (discontinued after No. 63) Still available: 2. 17. 29. 31. 33. 39. 41. 42. 43. 45. 46. 47. 49. 50. 52. 53. 55. 57. 59. 60. 61. 63. Botanical survey of Natal and Zululand. 1921. R.D. Aitken & G.W. Gale. The vegetation of the Divisions of Albany and Bathurst. 1937. R.A. Dyer. The wheel-point method of survey and measurement of semi-open grasslands and karoo vegetation in South Africa. 1955. C.E.M. Tidmarsh & C.M. Havenga. Studies of the vegetation of parts of the Bloemfontein and Brandfort Districts. 1958. J.W.C. Mostert. The vegetation of the Districts of East London and King William’s Town, Cape Province. 1962. D.M. Comins. Flora of Natal. 1973. J.H. Ross. ISBN 0-621-00327-1. The biostratigraphy of the Permian and Triassic. Part 3. A review of Gondwana Permian palynology with particular reference to the northern Karoo Basin, South Africa. 1977. J.M. Anderson. ISBN 0-621-03834-2. Vegetation of Westfalia Estate on the north-eastern Transvaal escarpment. 1977. J.C. Scheepers. ISBN 0-621-03844-X. The bryophytes of southern Africa. An annotated checklist. 1979. R.E. Magill & E.A. Schelpe. ISBN 0-621-04718-X. The plant ecology of the Isipingo Beach area, Natal, South Africa. 1980. C.J. Ward. ISBN 0-621-05307-4. A phytosociological study of the Upper Orange River Valley. 1980. M.J.A. Werger. ISBN 0-621-05308-2. A catalogue of South African green, brown and red algae. 1984. S.C. Seagrief. ISBN 0-621-07971-5. Pattern analysis in savanna-woodlands at Nylsvley, South Africa. 1984. R.H. Whittaker, J.W. Morris & D. Goodman. ISBN 0-621-08265-1. A classification of the mountain vegetation of the Fynbos Biome. 1985. B.M. Campbell. ISBN 0-621-08862-5. A plant ecological bibliography and thesaurus for southern Africa up to 1975. 1986. A.P. Backer, D.J.B. Killick & D. Edwards. ISBN 0-621-08871-4. A catalogue of problem plants in southern Africa, incorporating the National Weed List of South Africa. 1986. M.J. Wells, A.A. Balsinhas, H. Joffe, V.M. Engelbrecht, G. Harding & C.H. Stirton. ISBN 0-621-09688-1. Barrier plants of southern Africa. 1987. L. Henderson. ISBN 0-621-10338-1. Veld types of South Africa 3rd edn. 1988. J.P.H. Acocks. With separate wall map. ISBN 0-621-11394-8. Tannin-like substances in grass leaves. 1990. R.P. Ellis. ISBN 0-620-15151-X. Atlas of the leaf anatomy in Pentaschistis (Arundineae: Poaceae). 1992. R.P. Ellis & H.P. Linder. ISBN 0-9583205-1-9. The marine red algae of Natal, South Africa: Order Gelidiales (Rhodophyta). 1992. Richard E. Norris. ISBN 1-874907-01-3. Biomes of southern Africa: an objective categorization. 2nd edn. 1994. M.C. Rutherford & R.H. Westfall. ISBN 1-874907-24-2. ANNALS OF KIRSTENBOSCH BOTANIC GARDENS (discontinued after Vol. 19) The following volumes are available: 14. 15. 18. The moraeas of southern Africa. 1986. P. Goldblatt. ISSN 0-258-3305. ISBN 0-620-09974-7. The botany of the southern Natal Drakensberg. 1987. O.M. Hilliard & B.L. Burtt. ISSN 0-258-3305. ISBN 0-620-10625-5. The way to Kirstenbosch. 1988. D.P. McCracken & E.M. McCracken. ISSN 0-258-3305. ISBN 0-620-11648-X. ENQUIRIES: Bookshop, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag X101, Pretoria, 0001 South Africa. Tel. +27 12 843-5000 Fax +27 12 804-3211 E-mail [email protected] http://www.sanbi.org
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