Impact of Deficit Irrigation on Tuber Yield and Quality of Potato

Transcription

This article was downloaded by: [Professor A. K. Alva]
On: 17 October 2012, At: 09:30
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered
office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK
Journal of Crop Improvement
Publication details, including instructions for authors and
subscription information:
http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/wcim20
Impact of Deficit Irrigation on Tuber
Yield and Quality of Potato Cultivars
a
b
A. K. Alva , A. D. Moore & H. P. Collins
a
a
USDA-ARS, Vegetable and Forage Crops Research Unit, Prosser,
Washington, USA
b
University of Idaho, Twin Falls Research and Extension Center,
Evergreen Building, Twin Falls, Idaho, USA
Version of record first published: 01 Mar 2012.
To cite this article: A. K. Alva, A. D. Moore & H. P. Collins (2012): Impact of Deficit Irrigation on Tuber
Yield and Quality of Potato Cultivars, Journal of Crop Improvement, 26:2, 211-227
To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15427528.2011.626891
PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE
Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and-conditions
This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any
substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing,
systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden.
The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation
that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any
instructions, formulae, and drug doses should be independently verified with primary
sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings,
demand, or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or
indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material.
Journal of Crop Improvement, 26:211–227, 2012
ISSN: 1542-7528 print/1542-7536 online
DOI: 10.1080/15427528.2011.626891
Impact of Deficit Irrigation on Tuber Yield
and Quality of Potato Cultivars
A. K. ALVA1 , A. D. MOORE2 , and H. P. COLLINS1
Downloaded by [Professor A. K. Alva] at 09:30 17 October 2012
2
1
USDA-ARS, Vegetable and Forage Crops Research Unit, Prosser, Washington, USA
University of Idaho, Twin Falls Research and Extension Center, Evergreen Building,
Twin Falls, Idaho, USA
Potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) tuber yield and quality are
impacted by irrigation and nitrogen (N) management. This study
was conducted in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) region of United
States to evaluate the effects of deficit irrigation (DI) and rates
of pre-plant and in-season N applications on Ranger Russet and
Umatilla Russet cultivars. In 2004, with Ranger Russet only, DI with
20% lower total irrigation for the entire growing period resulted
in 28% tuber yield reduction compared to that of plants irrigated
to replenishment full evapotranspiration (ET), i.e., full irrigation
(FI). A subsequent study in 2006 and 2007 with DI (14% to
17% deficit) resulted in tuber yield reduction of 7% to 10% in
both cultivars compared to full ET irrigation. Yield reduction in
DI was generally attributed to reduction in large weight tubers,
>0.227 kg/tuber, in both cultivars across three years. Petiole
NO3 -N concentrations were greater in plants grown under DI as
compared to those of plants in full ET irrigation across all years
and cultivars, particularly during tuber maturation stage. This
is an important consideration as increased N availability during the late growing season adversely affects tuber quality. Petiole
NO3 -N concentrations increased with increased in-season N rates.
Received 25 July 2011; accepted 21 September 2011.
This article is not subject to US copyright law.
This study was made possible by the generous support of AgriNorthwest Company,
Kennewick, Wash., by providing: (i) field site, water, field equipment, and major tillage operations support during this project and (ii) petiole analyses support (Martin Moore). Grateful
appreciation is also extended to Bill Boge, Marc Seymour, and several field helpers for their
contributions to this experiment and preparation of this manuscript.
Address correspondence to A. K. Alva at USDA-ARS, Vegetable and Forage Crops
Research Unit, 24106 N. Bunn Rd., Prosser, WA 99350-8694 USA. E-mail: ashok.alva@ars.
usda.gov
211
212
A. K. Alva et al.
In 2007, 112 kg·ha−1 in-season N resulted in petiole NO3 -N concentrations below desirable concentrations across most of the growing
season in both cultivars. This, in turn, contributed to a significant reduction in tuber yield as compared to the 224 kg·ha−1
in-season N rate. Continuous DI with 14% to 20% reduction in
water as compared to irrigation to replenish full ET, begun three
to four weeks after seedling emergence, had significant negative
effects on tuber yields of both cultivars in high-production irrigated growing conditions. Application of N up to 112 kg ha−1 as
pre-plant soil applied plus 224 kg ha−1 of in-season fertigation in
five applications at two-week intervals beginning four weeks after
seedling emergence appears to be adequate to support high yields
of high-quality tubers.
KEYWORDS Solanum tuberosum, evapotranspiration, nitrogen
management, nitrate leaching, petiole nutrients, harvest index,
soil-water balance
INTRODUCTION
Water and nitrogen (N) are important inputs influencing potato (Solanum
tuberosum L.) yield, quality, and net returns (Alva 2008; Shock, Pereira, &
Eldredge 2007; Westermann & Kleinkopf 1985). The response to the above
inputs can depend on the cultivar grown and other factors within a production system (Kleinkopf 1979). Water stress, even for a short period, often
has a severe impact on potato tuber yield and quality (Eldredge, Shock,
& Stieber 1992; Eldredge et al. 1996; Lynch et al. 1995; Lynch & Tai 1989;
Shock et al. 1992, 1993; Shock, Feibert, & Saunders 1998, 2003) due, in part,
to the shallow root system of the crop (Fulton 1970). Inadequate water availability results in loss of yield, grade, internal quality, and inefficient use of
other production inputs (Shock, Pereira, & Eldredge 2007). Negative effects
of deficit irrigation are particularly serious during mid- to late-season tuber
bulking (Miller & Martin 1987).
Ojala, Stark, and Kleinkopf (1990) determined that total and marketable
yields declined with increasing soil moisture stress in the Russet Burbank
cultivar. The tubers graded as U.S. No. 1 were particularly sensitive to deficit
irrigation during tuber initiation. Water stress during tuber bulking influenced total tuber yield. When there was a depletion of available soil water
content due to irrigation at 60%, there was a decrease in total as well as
marketable tubers (total less culls and knobs) in Russet Burbank cultivar
tuber yields up to 11% compared to those irrigated at 30% depletion of
available soil water content (Waddell et al. 1999). The savings in irrigation water averaged across two years was close to 20% with irrigations at
60% depletion of the available soil water as compared to that with 30%
Impact of Deficit Irrigation on Potato
213
depletion. Shock, Feibert, and Saunders (1998, 2003) evaluated six potato
cultivars at deficit irrigations of 327 to 589 mm total water applied per growing season over three years. They reported that only the Russet Legend
cultivar showed no significant difference in total or U.S. No. 1 tuber yield.
The Russet Burbank, Shepody, Frontier Russet, Ranger Russet, and Umatilla
Russet cultivars demonstrated an increase in U.S. No. 1 tuber yield as the
amount of water applied increased.
Effects of water stress are dependent on stage of plant growth (Wright
& Stark 1990; Shock et al. 1993). Tuber initiation and bulking stages are the
most sensitive to water stress as compared to the vegetative stage. It is important to conduct evaluations on the influence of DI at various growth stages
in different production systems. This would be an enormous undertaking to
sort out the growth stage specific effects of DI on potato production and
quality.
Potato is an important crop in the U.S. Pacific Northwest (PNW), i.e.,
the states of Washington, Idaho, and Oregon, which account for about
$1.5 billion in farm gate value with a total production of 10.7 million metric tonnes (55% of U.S. total production) of tubers on 208,210 ha (National
Potato Council 2006). Within this region, the Columbia Basin production
area in eastern Washington is one of the most productive areas for highquality processing potatoes. Tuber yields in this region range from 60 to
80 Mg·ha−1 . The climate is characterized by long, hot, dry days followed
by cool nights. The annual precipitation in this region is about 150 mm,
with much of the precipitation in winter months. Irrigation is critical for
economical production of most crops, including potato.
The current recommendation for potato irrigation in the Columbia Basin
region of the PNW is to replenish full ET irrigation (Lang et al. 1999). This
recommendation was based on the data of J. Stark (unpublished 19961 ).
To date no refereed publication exists on the long-term evaluation of the
effects of different irrigation regimes on any potato cultivar under highproduction growing conditions in the Northwest. The objective of this study
was to examine the effects of mild deficit irrigation applied three to four
weeks after seedling emergence through tuber bulking stage on tuber yield
and quality of potato cultivars in high-production growing conditions under
center pivot irrigation.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Field experiments were conducted in 2004, 2006, and 2007 in Benton
County, Washington, on a Quincy fine sand (mixed, mesic Xeric
Torripsamments) under a center pivot irrigation system (Lindsay
1
Effects of irrigation and nitrogen management on potato quality. Washington Potato Information
Exchange. Pasco, WA. May 29, 1997.
214
A. K. Alva et al.
Manufacturing Co., Lindsay, NE, pivot water application efficiency = 85%).
A factorial split-plot design with five replications was used. In the 2004 study,
the only cultivar used was Ranger Russet, while both Ranger Russet and
Umatilla Russet cultivars were used in 2006 and 2007. Planting was done in
20- to 30-cm-high raised beds spaced 86 cm apart, with 45,500 plants·ha−1 .
The irrigation regimes (main treatment) used in this study were irrigation
to replenish full ET on a daily basis or DI. The target DI in relation to the
amount of water applied for the full ET treatment was 30% in 2004 and
20% in 2006 and 2007. The DI treatments began three to four weeks after
seedling emergence (Table 1). As a result, the actual total irrigation amount
over the growing season in the DI treatment represented 20%, 17%, and 14%
deficit during 2004, 2007, and 2006, respectively, as compared to the total
irrigation for the full ET treatments for the respective years (Table 1). The
ET was calculated using the American Society of Civil Engineers’ standardized Penman-Monteith equation (Howell et al. 2005) using a weather station
at the experiment site that was part of the Washington State UniversityAgriculture Weather Network. Cumulative ET and irrigation during each of
the three growing years are summarized in Table 1. Sub-treatments included
three pre-plant N rates of 56, 112, or 168 kg·ha−1 (zero N treatment was
included only in 2004) as urea (46% N) broadcast applied to soil and incorporated during tillage operations. Within each pre-plant N treatment, three
TABLE 1 Important Dates During the Potato Growing Season in the Pacific Northwest, as Well
as Cumulative Evapotranspiration (ET) for the Growing Period and Cumulative Irrigation for
Replenishment of Full ET and Deficit Irrigation (DI) Treatments
Parameter
2004
2006
2007
Cultivars
Ranger
Russet
Ranger Russet &
Umatilla Russet
Ranger Russet &
Umatilla Russet
March 17
April 19
March 17
April 27
March 12
April 26
June 1
May 18
August 22
September 9
1281
June 5
May 26
August 22
August 28
1270
June 8
May 17
August 31
September 10
1344
828
823
786
815
850
843
658
700
700
Planting date
Emergence of
seedlings
Row closure
Start of DI
Top killa
Harvest date
Cumulative Degree
Days (◦ C)b
(mm)
Cumulative ETb
Cumulative
irrigation to
replenish full ETb
Cumulative
irrigation for DIb
a
b
Plant top vegetation is removed in preparation for tuber harvest.
From seedling emergence date through top kill date.
215
in-season N rates were applied at 145, 200, and 255 kg·ha−1 N in 2006, or
112, 224, and 336 kg·ha−1 N in 2004 and 2007. In-season N was applied using
urea ammonium nitrate (32% N) as five fertigations at two-week intervals
starting four weeks after seedling emergence.
Petiole Sampling and Analysis
Petiole samples were taken weekly starting four weeks after emergence
(11 samplings during the growing season) and analyzed for concentrations
of NO3 -N, and K. The fourth fully opened leaf from the top was sampled from 15 to 20 plants per plot between 9 and 10 A.M. each sampling.
The leaflets were discarded, and only petioles were stored in an ice chest,
transported to the laboratory, oven dried at 72◦ C, and ground. The ground
petiole tissue (0.2 g) was extracted in 50 mL 4% acetic acid. The concentrations of NO3 -N were analyzed in a rapid flow analyzer (Model 8000, Lachet
Instruments, Milwaukee, WI). The concentration of K was analyzed using
inductively coupled plasma argon emission spectrometer (ICP AES, Optima
3000, Perkin Elmer, Norwalk, CT).
Soil Sampling and Analyses
The soil was sampled in early spring with multiple core samples from the
0 to 30 cm depth. Concentrations of NH4 -N and NO3 -N were measured in
2 M potassium chloride (KCl) extraction using a rapid flow analyzer (Lachat
Instruments, Model 8000, Milwaukee, WI). Concentrations of phosphorus
(P) and potassium (K) were measured in ammonium bicarbonate extraction
using an inductively coupled plasma argon emission spectroscope (ICPAES;
Optima 3000; Perkin Elmer Analytical Services, Boston, MA). The available
soil N status (pre-plant) was used to adjust pre-plant N rates. The P and
K requirements, based on the P and K status in the soil, were applied
to conform to cooperative extension recommendations (Lang et al. 1999).
Phosphorus was applied as monoammonium phosphate (28% P), and K
as muriate of potash (50% K). Pre-plant applications were broadcast prior
to tillage and hill formation. Plot size was six rows, each 12.2 m long.
Industry-standard pest, disease, and weed management programs were followed each year as recommended by Lang et al. (1999) and the Washington
State Cooperative Extension (2003a, b, c) for the PNW production conditions
to produce high yields of high-quality processing tubers.
Evaluation of Tuber Yield and Size Distribution
Two middle rows, each 6.1 m long, were used for tuber yield measurement.
A one-row potato digger (Braco Manufacturing Co., Moses Lake, WA) was
used to dig and bag tubers for fresh weight yield determination. A subsample
216
A. K. Alva et al.
of tubers (approximately 10 kg) per plot was used to sort the tubers into
different weight classifications (i.e., >0.340, 0.227 to 0.340, 0.113 to 0.227,
<0.113 kg/tuber) using electronic weighing equipment (LectroTek Services,
Wenatchee, WA). The distribution of total tuber yields in each treatment into
different weight classification yield·ha−1 was calculated using percentages of
tubers in different weight classifications in the subsamples. A subsample of
representative tubers from each plot was used to measure specific gravity
by weighing the subsamples in air and water.
The data were subjected to ANOVA to identify significant treatments
and/or interaction effects by ‘F test’ using the SAS program (SAS Systems
for Windows, release 9.2, SAS Institute, Cary, NC). Mean separation between
the significant treatments was calculated by Duncan’s multiple range test.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The cumulative degree days (daily temperatures >10◦ C) from seedling
emergence through top kill period were: 1,281◦ C, 1,270◦ C, and 1,344◦ C,
respectively, for 2004, 2006, and 2007 (Table 1). The corresponding ET values were 828, 786, and 850 mm. Rapid increase in degree days occurred
from June through August, which coincided with a rapid increase in ET as
evident from the high growth rate of plants and tuber bulking during this
period.
In 2004, total tuber yield was significantly influenced by irrigation
regimes, pre-plant N rates, and in-season N rates (Table 2). Tuber specific
gravity was significantly influenced by pre-plant and in-season N rates but
not by irrigation regimes. Irrigation regimes significantly influenced the tuber
yields in >0.340 and 0.227–0.340 kg size grades. Tuber yields for the full ET
and DI treatments were 87.8 and 63.5 Mg·ha−1 , respectively (Table 3). The
DI resulted in a 28% reduction in total tuber yield as compared to that of the
full ET irrigation. This was mainly attributed to significant reduction in yield
of tubers in >0.340 and 0.227–0.340 kg size grades; therefore, the net returns
from DI treatment could be considerably lower than that in the full ET treatment, since large size tubers receive greater market value. The harvest index
decreased only by less than 3% across all N rates in the DI treatment compared to that at full ET, i.e., from 91.2 to 88.4, 86.2 to 83.2, and 78.8 to 77.6,
respectively, for the 56 + 112, 112 + 224, and 168 + 336 kg·ha−1 N (preplant + in-season) rates during the 2004 growing season. Therefore, yield
reduction in the DI treatment was not at the expense of increased vegetative
growth. At full ET irrigation, the harvest index decreased from 91% to 78%,
with an increase in N rate (pre-plant + in-season N) of 56 + 112 to 168 +
336 kg·ha−1 . This is indicative of increased vegetative growth with increased
N rate at the expense biomass allocation to tubers.
During 2006 and 2007, irrigation regime affected total tuber yield and
tuber specific gravity across both years and cultivars (Table 2). Tuber yield
217
TABLE 2 Analyses of Variance Statistics for Influence of Irrigation Regimes, and Pre-Plant
and In-Season N Rates on Total Tuber Yields and Tuber Yields of Weight Categories of Potato
Cultivars in Two Years
Tuber yields in different weight grades
(kg/tuber)
Source
Total
yield
>0.340
0.227–0.340
0.113–0.227 <0.113
Specific
gravity
P>F (Significance of F test)
2004 Ranger Russet
Irrigation (I)
0.0001
Pre-plant N
0.0236
(PPN)
In-season N
0.0375
(ISN)
I × PPN
NS
I × ISN
NS
PPN × ISN
NS
2006 Ranger Russet
Irrigation (I)
0.0001
Pre-plant N
NS
(PPN)
In-season N
0.0001
(ISN)
I × PPN
NS
I × ISN
NS
PPN × ISN
NS
2006 Umatilla Russet
Irrigation (I)
0.0074
Pre-plant N
NS
(PPN)
In-season N
0.0046
(ISN)
I × PPN
NS
I × ISN
NS
PPN × ISN
NS
2007 Ranger Russet
Irrigation (I)
0.0001
Pre-plant N
NS
(PPN)
In-season N
0.0001
(ISN)
I × PPN
NS
I × ISN
NS
PPN × ISN
NS
Irrigation (I)
0.0001
Pre-plant N
0.0381
(PPN)
In-season N
0.0001
(ISN)
I × PPN
NS
I × ISN
NS
PPN × ISN
NS
(NS) non-significant. P > 0.05.
0.0001
NS
0.0001
0.0043
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
0.0002
NS
NS
0.03
0.0277
0.0198
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
0.0080
NS
NS
NS
0.0262
NS
0.0072
NS
0.0165
0.0175
0.0193
NS
NS
NS
0.0001
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
0.0001
NS
NS
NS
0.0040
NS
0.0101
NS
0.0119
NS
0.0001
0.0190
NS
NS
0.0383
NS
0.0001
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
0.0003
NS
0.0027
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
0.0048
0.0337
0.0001
NS
0.0004
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
0.0327
NS
NS
NS
NS
0.0014
NS
0.0023
NS
0.0001
NS
NS
NS
0.0346
NS
0.0385
NS
0.0029
0.0043
0.0003
NS
0.0001
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
0.0008
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
0.0418
NS
0.0183
NS
218
A. K. Alva et al.
TABLE 3 Effects of Irrigation Regime and Pre-plant and In-Season N Rates on Total Tuber
Yields, Yields of Weight Category Tubers, and Tuber Specific Gravity of Potato Cultivars in
Two Years. Mean Separation Statistics for Treatments with Significant F-Test
(kg/tuber)
Total
yield
>0.340 0.227–0.340 0.113–0.227 <0.113
Specific
Gravity
Mg·ha−1
2004 Ranger Russet
Irrigation
Full ET
DIb
87.8aa
63.5b
24.4a
10.1b
30.1a
20.8b
Pre-plant N(kg ha−1 )
0
56
112
168
26.7
26.2
NS
5.6
5.6
NS
1.0872
1.0878
NS
65.0b
66.4b
78.6a
82.8a
19.8b
20.4b
27.7a
29.9a
24.6
27.4
25.2
28.6
NS
4.9
5.3
6.0
6.1
NS
1.0899a
1.0896b
1.0864b
1.0844b
In-season N(kg·ha−1 )
112
224
336
14.7
12.2
19.4
16.4
NS
73.7ab
78.5a
69.2b
13.0
19.7
14.6
NS
23.7
26.6
23.4
NS
29.8a
25.5b
25.0b
6.6a
5.6ab
5.0 b
1.0888a
1.0859b
1.0879ab
2006 Ranger Russet
Irrigation
Full ET
DI
84.5a
78.5b
33.4a
26.4b
18.2b
21.2a
2.3b
3.2a
1.0852b
1.0889a
145
200
255
25.3
24.0
NS
83.8a
84.6a
76.1b
29.9ab
34.4a
25.3b
26.4
24.4
23.2
NS
20.0
18.4
20.7
NS
2.9
2.7
2.7
NS
1.0909a
1.0902a
1.0802b
Irrigation
Full ET
DI
72.2a
66.8b
14.0a
11.0b
41.5a
36.4b
11.9 b
14.6 a
1.0769b
1.0842a
145
200
255
4.0
3.2
NS
72.0a
71.8a
64.6b
3.5
4.0
3.3
NS
12.5
13.5
11.5
NS
42.1a
38.8ab
35.9b
13.3
13.4
13.1
NS
1.0816a
1.0846a
1.0755b
2007 Ranger Russet
Irrigation
Full ET
DI
88.5a
82.0b
28.7a
21.9b
24.2
25.6
NS
4.2
4.7
NS
1.0874a
1.0845b
112
224
336
29.6
27.8
NS
79.6c
86.0b
90.1a
16.9b
28.0a
30.9a
26.8
29.6
29.7
NS
29.2a
22.6b
23.0b
4.7
4.0
4.5
NS
1.0854
1.0860
1.0865
NS
(Continued)
219
TABLE 3 (Continued)
(kg/tuber)
Total
yield
>0.340 0.227–0.340 0.113–0.227 <0.113
Specific
Gravity
Irrigation
Full ET
DI
78.7a
70.5b
6.4a
3.6b
18.7a
12.7b
12.0b
13.9a
1.0825a
1.0808b
Pre-plant N(kg·ha−1 )
56
112
168
40.2
39.4
NS
73.2b
76.9a
73.6b
112
224
336
5.2
5.6
4.2
NS
15.9
15.7
15.4
NS
38.9
41.0
39.6
NS
12.2
13.1
13.5
NS
1.0808
1.0814
1.0826
NS
68.3b
76.9a
78.6a
2.8b
6.1a
6.2a
13.3b
16.0a
17.7a
37.5b
39.1b
42.8a
13.8
12.5
12.5
NS
1.0840a
1.0817b
1.0792c
a
Means followed by similar letters are not significantly different at P = 0.05 by each subset treatment
comparisons.
(NS) non-significant; (DI) deficit irrigation. Refer to Table 1 for percent deficit of cumulative irrigation in
DI as compared to that in full ET treatment for each year.
in the DI, as compared to that in the full ET irrigation, decreased by 7.1% to
7.5% and 7.3% to 10.4% across two cultivars in 2006 and 2007, respectively
(Table 3). In 2007, yield reduction due to DI was greater for Umatilla Russet
cultivar (10.4%) compared to Ranger Russet cultivar (7.3%). Tuber specific
gravity was greater with deficit irrigation compared to that for full ET irrigation across cultivars in 2006. However, the converse trend was true in 2007.
Irrigation regime influenced yield of tubers >0.340 kg in both cultivars
in 2007. Yield of tubers >0.340 kg in the full ET irrigation was significantly
greater by 31% and 78% compared to that in the DI treatment in Ranger
Russet and Umatilla Russet cultivars, respectfully. However, in 2006 this
effect was evident only in Ranger Russet cultivar (27% increase). The general
trend was for greater proportion of large size tubers with full ET irrigation
compared to that in the DI.
Pre-plant N rate did not affect total and grade classification yields in
either cultivar in 2006 and only in Ranger Russet cultivar in 2007. Tuber
weight distribution is an important factor in determining net return for the
product depending on market destination and intended use. In general, the
Ranger Russet cultivar produced more large-weight tubers compared to the
Umatilla Russet cultivar (Figures 1 to 3). In the Ranger Russet cultivar, tubers
>0.227 kg accounted for 55% to 75% of total tuber yield across all treatments
and years. For the Umatilla Russet cultivar, the proportion was 17% to 27%;
in this cultivar 50% to 60% of total tuber yield was in 0.113 to 0.227 kg
220
A. K. Alva et al.
FIGURE 1 Distribution of tubers into weight classifications in A) Ranger Russet and B)
Umatilla Russet subject to full ET (FI) and deficit irrigation (DI) regimes in 2006 and 2007.
The experiment was conducted on Quincy fine sand in the Pacific Northwest.
weight. Deficit irrigation on Ranger Russet cultivar decreased the numbers
of tubers >0.340 kg with concurrent increase in small weight tubers, i.e.,
those in the 0.113 to 0.227 and <0.113 kg ranges. In Umatilla Russet cultivar,
DI increased proportion of tubers <0.113 kg and decreased that of tubers
>0.227 kg.
In-season N rate affected total tuber yields and some tuber weight classifications across both cultivars and years (Tables 2, 3). Total tuber yield
was significantly lower at 255 kg·ha−1 in-season N compared to N rates of
145 and 200 kg·ha−1 in both cultivars in 2006. In 2007, total tuber yield was
greater with increasing in-season N rates. In 2006, tuber yield of Ranger
Russet cultivar yields of tubers >0.340 kg was lower at 255 kg·ha−1 N
compared to that at 200 kg·ha−1 . In 2006, in-season N only affected the
0.113 to 0.227 kg tubers of Umatilla Russet cultivar, i.e., those significantly
221
Umatilla Russet subject to different in-season N rates delivered in five applications at twoweek intervals four weeks after seedling emergence in 2006. The experiment was conducted
on Quincy fine sand in the Pacific Northwest.
lower at 255 kg·ha−1 N than at 145 kg·ha−1 . In 2007 in this cultivar, yield of
tubers >0.227 kg was greater at either 224 or 336 kg·ha−1 in-season N rates
compared to that at 112 kg·ha−1 N. Yield of tubers 0.113 to 0.227 kg was
greater at 336 kg·ha−1 in-season N than that at either 112 or 224 kg·ha−1 N
rates.
The status of petiole NO3 -N is a good indicator of plant-available N
during the growing period. The desirable ranges of petiole NO3 -N is dependent on plant growth stage. In both years, petiole NO3 -N concentrations
were greater under DI compared to those for plants under full ET irrigation
in both cultivars, particularly during tuber bulking and maturation stages
(Figure 4). During the tuber maturation stage, petiole NO3 -N concentrations
222
A. K. Alva et al.
Umatilla Russet subject to different in-season N rates, delivered in five applications at twoweek intervals four weeks after seedling emergence in 2007. The experiment was conducted
on Quincy fine sand in the Pacific Northwest.
in the DI treatment were above the desirable range of concentrations. Excess
availability of N during the late growing season is undesirable as it contributes to increased sugar content that adversely affects fry color and quality.
However, in this experiment, reducing sugar content in the tuber was not
analyzed. This could be attributed to DI and may have decreased total
aboveground biomass, increasing NO3 -N concentration in petioles, or full
ET irrigation may have contributed to decreased availability of N in the root
zone due to increased leaching of NO3 -N compared to that in the DI treatments. This could contribute to lower petiole NO3 -N in the full ET irrigation
treatment.
Petiole NO3 -N concentrations increased as the in-season N rate
increased in both cultivars across 2006 and 2007 (Figures 5 and 6). In 2006,
223
FIGURE 4 Petiole NO3 -N concentrations during the A) 2006 and B) 2007 growing seasons
in two potato cultivars subject to two irrigation regimes, i.e., replenishment of full ET (FI)
or deficit irrigation (DI). The ranges of desirable concentrations are represented by shaded
boxes for the following growth stages: (i) tuberization (42 to 63 DAE), 1.5% to 2.6%; (ii) tuber
bulking (63 to 84 DAE), 1.2% to 2.0%; and (iii) tuber maturation (84 DAE to harvest), 0.6% to
1.0%. (DAE) days after emergence.
petiole NO3 -N concentrations across both cultivars remained within desirable ranges at the low and medium in–season N rates. At the 255 kg·ha−1
in–season N rate the petiole NO3 -N concentrations were in excess range
during tuber maturation stage (Fig. 5). In Umatilla Russet cultivar at 145
kg·ha−1 N, petiole NO3 -N concentrations were at the lower limit of desirable concentrations during tuberization and tuber bulking stages. In 2007 at
the 112 kg·ha−1 in-season N rate, petiole NO3 -N concentration was below
the desirable range of concentrations across all stages in both cultivars
(Figure 6). This may explain lower tuber yield with the 112 kg·ha−1
in-season N rate than that with increased in-season N rates in both
cultivars.
224
A. K. Alva et al.
FIGURE 5 Petiole NO3 -N concentrations during the 2006 growing season in A) Ranger Russet
and B) Umatilla Russet potato cultivars subject to different in-season N rates, at five applications in two-week intervals four weeks after seedling emergence. The ranges of desirable
concentrations are represented by shaded boxes for the following growth stages: (i) tuberization (42 to 63 DAE), 1.5% to 2.6%; (ii) tuber bulking (63 to 84 DAE), 1.2% to 2.0%; and (iii)
tuber maturation (84 DAE to harvest), 0.6% to 1.0%. (DAE) days after emergence.
Petiole K concentrations were generally greater for the Ranger Russet
cultivar compared to the Umatilla Russet cultivar in both years, particularly
during tuber bulking and maturation (Figure 7). Irrigation regimes had negligible effects on petiole K concentrations of cultivars in years. Petiole K
concentrations across both cultivars and years. In Ranger Russet cultivar,
petiole K concentrations were in excess during tuber bulking stage as well,
but only in 2006.
This study demonstrated that a 14% to 20% reduction in water application, as compared to irrigation to replenish full ET, resulted in 7% to
28% yield reductions. Therefore, continuous DI, begun three to four weeks
225
FIGURE 6 Petiole NO3 -N concentrations during the 2007 growing season in A) Ranger Russet
and B) Umatilla Russet potato cultivars subject to different in-season N rates, at five applications in two-week intervals four weeks after seedling emergence. The ranges of desirable
concentrations are represented by shaded boxes for the following growth stages: (i) tuberization (42 to 63 DAE). 1.5% to 2.6%; (ii) tuber bulking (63 to 84 DAE), 1.2% to 2.0%; and (iii)
tuber maturation (84 DAE to harvest), 0.6% to 1.0%. (DAE) days after emergence.
after seedling emergence through to tuber maturation stage, had significant effects on tuber yield, particularly on large-size tubers under high
production growing conditions. However, further studies are recommended
to evaluate the economic and environmental impacts of full ET versus DI.
Further studies are also recommended to evaluate the impact of short-term
DI only at certain growth stages to identify the least sensitive growth stages
for DI. This approach has the merit of conserving water without significant negative effects on the yield and quality of tubers, as well as net
returns.
226
A. K. Alva et al.
FIGURE 7 Petiole K concentrations during the A) 2006 and B) 2007 growing season in
potato cultivars subject to irrigation regimes, i.e., replenishment of full ET (FI) or deficit
irrigation (DI). The ranges of desirable concentrations are represented by shaded boxes for
the following growth stages: (i) tuberization (42 to 63 DAE), 8.0% to 11.0%; (ii) tuber bulking
(63 to 84 DAE), 6.0% to 9.0%; and (iii) tuber maturation (84 DAE to harvest), 4.0% to 6.0%.
(DAE) days after emergence.
REFERENCES
Alva, A. K. 2008. Water management and water uptake efficiency by potatoes:
A review. Arch. Agron. Soil. Sci. 54:53–68.
Eldredge, E. P., Z. A. Holmes, A. R. Mosley, C. C. Shock, and T. D. Stieber. 1996.
Effects of transitory water stress on potato tuber stem-end reducing sugar and
fry color. Am. Potato J . 73:517–530.
Eldredge, E. P., C. C. Shock, and T. D. Stieber. 1992. Plot sprinklers for irrigation
research. Agron. J . 78:436–440
Fulton, J. M. 1970. Relationship of root extension to the soil moisture level required
for maximum yield of potatoes, tomatoes, and corn. Can. J. Soil Sci. 50:92–94.
227
Howell, T. A., R. L. Elliot, R. G. Allen, I. A. Walter, and D. Itenfisu (Eds.).
2005. ASCE standardized reference evapotranspiration equation. Reston, VA:
Environmental and Water Resource Institute, American Society of Civil
Engineers.
Kleinkopf, G. E. 1979. Translucent-end of potatoes. University of Idaho Coop. Ser.
Ext. Series No. 488. Moscow, Idaho: University of Idaho, College of Agriculture,
Cooperative Extension Service, Agricultural Experiment Station.
Lang, N. S., R. G. Stevens, R. E. Thornton, W. L. Pan, and S. Victory. 1999. Potato
nutrient management for Central Washington. Ext. Bull. 1871. Pullman, WA:
Washington State University.
Lynch, D. R., N. Foroud, G. C. Kozub, and B. C. Farries. 1995. The effect of moisture
stress at three growth stages on the yield components, and processing quality
of eight potato cultivars. Am. Potato J . 72:375–386.
Lynch, D. R., and G. C. C. Tai. 1989. Yield and yield component response of eight
potato genotypes to water stress. Crop Sci. 29:1,207–1,211.
Miller, D. E., and M. W. Martin. 1987. The effect of irrigation regime and sub-soiling
on yield and quality of three potato cultivars. Am. Potato J . 64:17–25.
National Potato Council. 2006. Potato statistical yearbook 2006–2007. Washington,
DC: National Potato Council.
Ojala, J. C., J. C. Stark, and G. E. Kleinkopf. 1990. Influence of irrigation and nitrogen
management on potato yield and quality. Am. Potato J . 67:29–43
Shock, C. C., E. B. G. Feibert, and L. D. Saunders. 1998. Potato yield and quality
response to deficit irrigation. HortSci. 33:655–659.
Shock, C. C., E. B. G. Feibert, and L. D. Saunders. 2003. ‘Umatilla Russet’ and ‘Russet
Legend’ Potato yield and quality response to irrigation. HortSci. 38:1,117–1,121.
Shock, C. C., Z. A. Holmes, T. D. Stieber, E. P. Eldredge, and P. Zhang. 1993. The
effect of timed water stress on quality, total solids and reducing sugar content
of potatoes. Am. Potato J . 70:227–241.
Shock, C. C., A. B. Pereira, and E. P. Eldredge. 2007. Irrigation best management
practices for potato. Am. J. Potato Res. 84:29–37.
Shock, C. C., J. C. Zalewski, T. D. Stieber, D. S. Burnett. 1992. Impact of early-season
water deficits on Russet Burbank plant development, tuber yield and quality.
Am. Potato J . 70:227–241.
Waddell, J. T., S. C. Gupta, J. F. Moncrief, C. J. Rosen, and D. D. Steele. 1999.
Irrigation and nitrogen management effects on Potato yield, tuber quality, and
nitrogen uptake. Agron. J . 91:991–997.
Washington State Cooperative Extension. 2003a. Pacific Northwest weed management handbook. Pullman, WA: Washington State University.
Washington State Cooperative Extension. 2003b. Pacific Northwest insect management handbook. Pullman, WA: Washington State University.
Washington State Cooperative Extension. 2003c. Pacific Northwest disease control
handbook. Pullman, WA: Washington State University.
Westermann, D. T., and G. E. Kleinkopf. 1985. Nitrogen requirements of potatoes.
Agron. J . 77:616–621
Wright, J. L., and J. C. Stark. 1990. Potato. In Irrigation of agricultural crops,
Agronomy Monograph No. 30, edited by B. A. Stewart and D. R. Neilsen,
859–888. Madison, WI: American Society of Agriculture/Crops Science Society
of America/Soil Science Society of America.

Impact of Deficit Irrigation on Tuber Yield and Quality of Potato

Transcription

Similar documents

Valery - Europlant

RONALDO

Panel 1 - Public Space

ALCANDER

Deficit Irrigation of Seashore Paspalum and Bermudagrass

The Blue of the Blue Planet

For Sale 41` Northlander Supreme 2001

Bankless Channel

Strategies for Reducing Nitrate Leaching from Irrigated Potato