Contents - Tomorrow Gallery

Transcription

Contents
Articles
Opium (perfume)
1
Incense Route
3
Polar night
9
Azure (color)
12
Ambergris
25
Sculptor (constellation)
28
Breathless (1983 film)
30
Black Sunday (storm)
33
The Decay of Lying
34
Stolen and missing moon rocks
35
Metal foam
45
References
Article Sources and Contributors
49
Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors
50
Article Licenses
License
51
Opium (perfume)
Opium (perfume)
Opium is an Oriental-spicy[1] perfume created for fashion brand Yves Saint Laurent (YSL) by perfumer Jean Amic
and Jean-Louis Sieuzac of Roure, first marketed in 1977.[2] Its top notes are a mixture of fruit and spices, with
mandarin orange,[3] plum, clove, coriander and pepper,[2] as well as bay leaf.[4] Its floral middle notes consist
predominantly jasmine, rose and Lily of the Valley,[2] in addition to carnation, cinnamon, peach and orris root.[4] It is
underlined by the sweet woody base note containing sandalwood, cedarwood, myrrh, opopanax, labdanum, benzoin
and castoreum,[2] in addition to amber, incense, musk, patchouli, tolu and vetiver.[4]
Naming and theme
Opium caused a stir with its controversial name and brought accusations that brand designer Yves Saint Laurent was
condoning drug use.[5] In the United States, a group of Chinese Americans demanded a change of the name and a
public apology from Saint Laurent for "his insensivity to Chinese history and Chinese American concerns." They
formed a committee called the American Coalition Against Opium and Drug Abuse, which expressed outrage at the
choice of a name representing "a menace that destroyed many lives in China."[6] But such controversies rather helped
the perfume to be well-publicized, which soon became a best-selling scent.[4] For its launch party in 1977, a tall ship
Peking was rented from the South Street Seaport Museum in New York's East Harbor, and writer Truman Capote sat
at the helm of the ship at the party.[4] The ship was draped with banners of gold, red, and purple, and the Oriental
theme was displayed with a thousand-pound bronze statue of the Buddha, decorated with white cattleya orchids.[4]
YSL carried the Oriental theme into its packaging design as well—the red plastic container holding the perfume's
glass vial, designed by Pierre Dinand,[2] was inspired by inro (印籠, いんろう), the small Japanese lacquered cases
that were worn under kimonos and held perfumes, herbs and medicines.[7]
Opium, Lilac Perfume Oil and White Musk from The Body Shop, Juniper Breeze from Bath & Body Works and
Royal Secret formerly Germaine Monteil were among the perfumes tested in 2003 in a study of the relationship of
scents to memory.[8]
Ad campaign controversy
A poster advertising campaign for the perfume caused another controversy in October and November 2000. It
featured the model Sophie Dahl lying on her back wearing only a pair of stiletto heels, seemingly in the throes of
ecstasy, with her legs spread apart as she covers one of her nipples with her hand.[9] This ad compaign, photographed
by Steven Meisel, was widely seen in print ads and posters in bus shelters in many countries. It won an award in
Spain[10] but generated an uproar in other places, particularly in the United Kingdom. The British Advertising
Standards Authority received more than 700 complaints from the public, and ordered the posters to be withdrawn on
the grounds that they were too sexually suggestive, degrading to women, and likely to cause "serious or widespread
offence".[11] [12] American journalist Susan Faludi argued that certain perfume ad campaigns pushed "idealization of
weak yielding women" to the extreme, citing the Opium advertisement as a primary example.[13] Although the poster
did not depict an actual violent act against women, some critics argued that Dahl's position, the whiteness of her skin
and bright red lips make her look like an "embalmed cadaver".[11]
1
Opium (perfume)
Opium pour Homme
YSL launched the male complement Opium pour Homme in 1995, created by Jacques Cavallier of Firmenich.[14] Its
main note is set by vanilla, with black currant, galangal, star anise, ginger and pepper, fusing with basic notes of
cedar and balam of Tollu. Its flask was designed by Jérôme Failliant-Dumas.[14]
Commercials
In 1992 and 1999, U.S. film director David Lynch created commercials for Opium.[15]
Notes
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
Moran, Jan (2000). Fabulous Fragrances II : A Guide to Prestige Perfumes for Women and Men. Crescent House. p. 32. ISBN 0963906542.
Groom, Nigel (1997). New Perfume Handbook - Second Edition. Springer. p. 236. ISBN 0751404039.
Jan Moran lists "hesperides" instead.
Moran, Jan (2000). Fabulous Fragrances II : A Guide to Prestige Perfumes for Women and Men. Crescent House. p. 170. ISBN 0963906542.
Agence France-Presse (2008-06-01). "Fashion giant Yves Saint Laurent dies at 71" (http:/ / afp. google. com/ article/
ALeqM5jjUx1JLZLBBYZUttNWlqeAn1jc8Q). Google News. . Retrieved 2008-11-10.
[6] Friedman, Monroe (1999). Consumer Boycotts: Effecting Change Through the Marketplace and the Media. Routledge. p. 145.
ISBN 041592457X.
[7] Moran, Jan (2000). Fabulous Fragrances II : A Guide to Prestige Perfumes for Women and Men. Crescent House. p. 171. ISBN 0963906542.
[8] Herz, Rachel S., James Eliassen, Sophia Beland, Timothy Souza (2004). "Neuroimaging evidence for the emotional potency of odor-evoked
memory". Neuropsychologia (Elsevier) 42 (3): 371–378. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2003.08.009. PMID 14670575.
[9] Opium advertisement, Yves Saint Laurent, at The Sophie Dahl Gallery (http:/ / www. sophie-dahl. com/ images/ full-size/ opium. jpg)
[10] Forden, Sara G. (2001). The House of Gucci. Harper Paperbacks. p. 340. ISBN 0060937750.
[11] Carter, Cynthia (2003). Violence and the Media. Open University Press. p. 126. ISBN 0335205054.
[12] 'Offensive' Opium posters to be removed, The Guardian - December 19, 2000 (http:/ / www. guardian. co. uk/ uk_news/ story/
0,3604,413209,00. html)
[13] Faludi, Susan (1992). Backlash: The Undeclared War Against American Women. Anchor. p. 208. ISBN 0385425074.
[14] Groom, Nigel (1997). New Perfume Handbook - Second Edition. Springer. p. 237. ISBN 0751404039.
[15] Rodley, Chris (2005). Lynch on Lynch. Faber & Faber. p. 309. ISBN 0571220185.
External links
• "Yves Saint Laurent (ysl-parfums.com)" (http://www.ysl-parfums.com/). Retrieved 2007-11-11.
2
Incense Route
3
Incense Route
The Incense trade route or the Incense
Road of Antiquity comprised a network of
major ancient trading routes linking the
Mediterranean world with Eastern sources
of incense (and spices), stretching from
Mediterranean ports across the Levant and
Egypt through Arabia to India. The incense
trade flourished from South Arabia to the
Mediterranean between roughly the 3rd
century BCE to the 2nd century CE.[1] The
Incense Route served as a channel for
trading of goods such as Arabian
frankincense and myrrh;[1] Indian spices,
ebony, silk and fine textiles;[2] and East
African rare woods, feathers, animal skins
and gold.[2]
Desert cities in the Negev (Shivta) were linked to the Mediterranean end of the
ancient incense and Spice trading routes.
Early history
The Egyptians had traded in the Red Sea, importing spices from the
"Land of Punt" and from Arabia.[4] Indian goods were brought in
Arabian vessels to Aden.[4] Rawlinson identifies the long-debated
"ships of Tarshish," as a Tyrian fleet equipped at Ezion-Geber that
made several trading voyages to the east bringing back gold, silver,
ivory and precious stones.[4] These goods were transhipped at the port
of Ophir.[4]
According to one historian:[5]
The incense trade, connecting Egypt to the
incense-producing lands, depended heavily on
[3]
navigation along the Red Sea.
“
In the ancient period, it would seem that South Arabia and the Horn of Africa were the major suppliers of incense, while in modern times the
commercial centre for the trade in gums has been Aden and Oman. Early ritual texts from Egypt show that incense was being bought to the
upper Nile by traders, but perhaps the most spectacular evidence of this trade is provided by the frescos dated to around 1500 BCE on the
[6]
walls of the temple at Thebes commemorating the journey of a fleet that the Queen of Egypt had sent to the Land of Punt. Five ships are
depicted in these reliefs, piled high with treasure, and one of them shows thirty-one small incense trees in tubs being carried on board.
The Periplus Maris Erythraei and other Greek texts refer to several coastal sites in the Horn of Africa, Southern Arabia and India involved
with trade in frankincense, myrrh, cassia, bdellium and a range of gum resins termed duaka and kankamon and mok rotu.
“
”
”
Incense Route
4
Land routes
Among the important trading points of the Incense Route was Gerrha,
reported by the historian Strabo to have been founded by Babylonian
exiles as a Chaldean colony.[7] Gerrha exercised influence over the
incense trade routes across Arabia to the Mediterranean and controlled
the aromatics trade to Babylon in the 1st century BC.[7] Gerrha was
one of the important entry ports for goods shipped from India.[7]
Due to its prominent position in the incense trade, Yemen attracted
settlers from the fertile crescent.[8] The frankincense and myrrh trees
were crucial to the economy of Yemen and were recognized as a
source of wealth by its rulers.[8]
Assyrian documents indicate that Tiglath-Pileser III advanced through
Phoenicia to Gaza.[9] Gaza was eventually sacked and the ruler of Gaza
escaped to Egypt but later continued to act as a vassal administrator.[9]
The motive behind the attack was to gain control of the South Arabian
incense trade which had prospered along the region.[9]
The economy of the Kingdom of Qataban (light
blue) was based on the cultivation and trade of
spices and aromatics including frankincense and
myrrh. These were exported to the
Mediterranean, India and Abyssinia where they
were greatly prized by many cultures, using
camels on routes through Arabia, and to India by
sea.
I.E.S. Edwards connects the Syro-Ephraimite War to the desire of
the Israelites and the Aramaeans to control the northern end of the
Incense route, which ran up from Southern Arabia and could be
tapped by commanding Transjordan.[10] Archaeological
inscriptions also speak of booty retrieved from the land of the
mu-u-na-a-a, possibly Meunites mentioned in the Old
Testament.[9] Some scholars identify this group as the Minaeans of
South Arabia, who were involved with the incense trade and
occupied the northern trading outposts of the Incense Route.[9]
Aromatics from Dhofar and luxury goods from India bought
wealth to the kingdoms of Arabia.[11] The aromatics of Dhofar
were shipped out from the natural harbor of Khor Rori towards the
Tiglath-Pileser III attacked Gaza in order to control
western inhospitable South Arabian coast.[12] The caravans carried
[9]
trade along the Incense Route.
these products north to Shabwa and from there on to the kingdoms
of Qataban, Saba, Ma'in, Palestine up to Gaza.[13] The tolls levied
by the owners of wells and other facilities added to the overall cost of these luxury goods.[13]
Incense Route
5
Greco-Roman bypassing of land routes
The Nabateans seized Petra, which stood halfway between the opening
to the Gulf of Akaba and the Dead Sea at a point where the Incense
Route from Arabia to Damascus was crossed by the overland route
from India to Egypt.[14] This position gave the Nabateans a hold over
the trade along the Incense Route.[14] In order to release the Incense
Route from the Nabatean control, military expeditions were
undertaken, without success, by Antigonus Cyclops, emperor of Syria
Roman maritime trade routes with India
and Palestine.[14] The Nabatean control over trade increased and spread
according to the Periplus Maris Erythraei, 1st
in many directions.[14] The replacement of Greece by the Roman
century CE. The Romans bypassed the land route
in favour of the faster and safer searoute.
empire as the administrator of the Mediterranean basin led to the
resumption of direct trade with the east and the elimination of the taxes
extracted previously by the middlemen of the south.[15] According to a historian "The South Arabs in protest took to
pirate attacks over the Roman ships in the Gulf of Aden. In response, the Romans destroyed Aden and favored the
Western Abyssinian coast of the Red Sea."[16] The monopoly of the middlemen weakened with the development of
monsoon trade, forcing the Parthian and Arabian middlemen to adjust their prices so as to compete on the Roman
market with the goods now being bought in by a direct sea route to India.[15] Indian ships sailed to Egypt as the
maritime routes of Southern Asia were not under the control of a single power.[15]
According to one historian:[17]
Areas around the Arabian peninsula according to
the Periplus Maris Erythraei.
The trade with Arabia and India in incense and spices became increasingly important, and Greeks for the first time began to trade directly with
India. The discovery, or rediscovery, of the sea-route to India is attributed to a certain Eudoxos, who was sent out for this purpose towards the
end of the reign of Ptolemy Euergetes II (died 116 BC). Eudoxos made two voyages to India, and subsequently, having quarrelled with his
Ptolemaic employers, perished in an unsuccessful attempt to open up an alternative sea route to India, free of Ptolemaic control, by sailing
around Africa. The establishment of direct contacts between Egypt and India was probably made possible by a weakening of Arab power at
this period, for the Sabaean kingdom of South-western Arabia collapsed and was replaced by Himyarite Kingdom around 115 BC. Imports
into Egypt of cinnamon and other eastern spices, such as pepper, increased substantially, though the Indian Ocean trade remained for the
moment on quite a small scale, no more than twenty Egyptian ships venturing outside the Red Sea each year.
“
”
The Roman trade with India kept increasing, and according to Strabo (II.5.12.):[18]
At any rate, when Gallus was prefect of Egypt, I accompanied him and ascended the Nile as far as Syene and the frontiers of Ethiopia, and I
learned that as many as one hundred and twenty vessels were sailing from Myos Hormos to India, whereas formerly, under the Ptolemies,
only a very few ventured to undertake the voyage and to carry on traffic in Indian merchandise.
“
”
Incense Route
6
Decline
According to a historian[19]
The third century would thus appear to be a significant time in the history of the incense trade in Arabia. During the political and economic
crisis of that century the nature of the trade changed dramatically; prior to that time the incense route from South Arabia seems to have
continued to function. Much of this trade seems to have been brought to a standstill by the poor economic conditions of the third century,
however, when the economic situation improved again under the Tetrarchy many things had changed. By this time, the two main routes in use
seem to have been the Wadi Sirhan, now carrying trade which formerly would have passed through Palmyra, and Aila, receiving goods from
India and Arabia which before had gone to the Egyptian Red Sea ports.
“
”
At the end of the sixth century Isidore of Seville enumerated the
aromatics still being imported into Visigothic Spain.[20] Of aromatic
trees (de arboris aromaticis) Isidore listed in his encyclopedia myrrh,
pepper, cinnamon, amomum (cardamom?) and cassia; of aromatic
herbs (de herbis aromaticis), nard, saffron, cardamom, will have
arrived through the trade routes, others were available in Spain: thyme,
aloes, rose, violet, lily, gentian, wormwood, fennel and others.[21]
The decline of the incense trade saw Yemen take to the export of
Coffee via the Red Sea port of al-Mocha.[22]
Green: Sassanian Empire in 602 to 629, Strokes:
Under Sassanid military control.
Following the Roman-Persian Wars the areas under the
Roman Byzantine Empire were captured by Khosrow I of the
Persian Sassanian Dynasty.[23] The Arabs, led by 'Amr ibn
al-'As, crossed into Egypt in late 639 or early 640 CE.[24]
Egypt under the rule of the Rashidun. Prophet Mohammad,
622-632 Patriarchal Caliphate, 632-661 Umayyad
Caliphate, 661-750
This advance marked the beginning of the Islamic conquest of
Egypt[24] and the fall of ports such as Alexandria,[25] used to
secure trade with India by the Greco Roman world since the
Ptolemaic dynasty.[26]
Finally, the Ottoman Turks conquered Constantinople in the
15th century, marking the beginning of Turkish control over
the most direct trade routes between Europe and Asia.[27]
Incense Route
7
Present status
UNESCO's World Heritage Committee meeting since November 27, 2000 in Cairns, Australia attached World
Heritage Site status to The Frankincense trail in Oman.[28] The official citation reads:[29]
Ruins of Avdat.
The frankincense trees of Wadi Dawkah and the remains of the caravan oasis of Shisr/Wubar and the affiliated ports of Khor Rori and
Al-Balid vividly illustrate the trade in frankincense that flourished in this region for many centuries, as one of the most important trading
activities of the ancient and medieval world.
“
”
The World Heritage Committee, headed by Themba Wakashe, recorded Incense Route - Desert Cities in the Negev
on UNESCO’s World Heritage List on July 15, 2005.[30] The official citation reads:[1]
The four Nabatean towns of Haluza, Mamshit, Avdat and Shivta, along with associated fortresses and agricultural landscapes in the Negev
Desert, are spread along routes linking them to the Mediterranean end of the Incense and Spice route. Together they reflect the hugely
profitable trade in frankincense and myrrh from South Arabia to the Mediterranean, which flourished from the 3rd century B.C. until to 2nd
century A.D. With the vestiges of their sophisticated irrigation systems, urban constructions, forts, and caravanserai they bear witness to the
way in which the harsh desert was settled for trade and agriculture.
“
”
Notes
[1] "Incense Route - Desert Cities in the Negev" (http:/ / whc. unesco. org/ en/ list/ 1107). UNESCO. .
[2] "Traders of the Gold and Incense Road" (http:/ / www. botschaft-jemen. de/ Geschichte. htm). Embassy of the Republic of Yemen, Berlin. .
[3] O'Leary 2001: 30
[4] Rawlinson 2001: 11-12
[5] Ray, Himanshu Prabha (2003). The Archaeology of Seafaring in Ancient South Asia. Cambridge University Press. p. 31. ISBN 0521011094.
[6] This refers to Hatshepsut's expedition of 1515 BCE.
[7] Larsen 1983: 56
[8] Glasse 2001: 59
[9] Edwards 1969: 330
[10] Edwards 1969: 329
[11] Archibald 2001: 168
[12] Archibald 2001: 168-169
[13] Archibald 2001: 169
[14] Eckenstein 2005: 86
[15] Lach 1994: 13
[16] Kearney, Milo (2003). The Indian Ocean in World History. Routledge. p. 42. ISBN 0415312779.
[17] Fage, John Donnelly; et al. (1975). The Cambridge History of Africa. Cambridge University Press. p. 164. ISBN 0521215927.
[18] Source (http:/ / penelope. uchicago. edu/ Thayer/ E/ Roman/ Texts/ Strabo/ 2E1*. html)
[19] *Young, Gary Keith (2001). Rome's Eastern Trade: International Commerce and Imperial Policy, 31 BC-AD 305. Routledge. p. 128.
ISBN 0415242193.
[20] Isidore: "Aromatics are those perfumed odours sent to us by India, the Arabian regions and other places besides. And aromatics seem to
derive their name either from their use on the altars of the gods, or because we see that they spread forth and mingle with the air" (Libri
Incense Route
differentiarum sive de proprietate sermonum, quoted in Maguelonne Toussant-Samat, Anthea Bell, tr. The History of Food, revised ed. 2009,
p. 434); since sacrifice to the gods had been proscribed for more than two centuries, Isidore may simply have been repeating an old list.
[21] Toussaint-Samat 2009, p. 434
[22] Colburn 2002: 14
[23] Farrokh 2007: 252
[24] Meri 2006: 224
[25] Holl 2003: 9
[26] Lindsay 2006: 101
[27] The Encyclopedia Americana 1989: 176
[28] "World Heritage Committee Inscribes 61 New Sites on World Heritage List" (http:/ / whc. unesco. org/ en/ news/ 184). UNESCO. .
[29] "Land of Frankincense" (http:/ / whc. unesco. org/ en/ list/ 1010). UNESCO. .
[30] "Mostar, Macao and Biblical vestiges in Israel are among the 17 cultural sites inscribed on UNESCO’s World Heritage List" (http:/ / whc.
unesco. org/ en/ news/ 135). UNESCO. .
References
• Rawlinson, Hugh George (2001). Intercourse Between India and the Western World: From the Earliest Times of
the Fall of Rome. Asian Educational Services. ISBN 8120615492.
• Larsen, Curtis (1983). Life and Land Use on the Bahrain Islands: The Geoarcheology of an Ancient Society.
University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0226469069.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Crone, Patricia (2004). Meccan Trade And The Rise Of Islam. Gorgias Press LLC. ISBN 1593331029.
Edwards, i. e. s.; et al. (1969). The Cambridge Ancient History. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521227178.
Glasse, Cyril (2001). The New Encyclopedia of Islam. Rowman Altamira. ISBN 0759101906.
Colburn, Marta (2002). The Republic Of Yemen: Development Challenges in the 21st Century. Progressio.
ISBN 1852872497.
Eckenstein, Lina (June 23, 2005). A History of Sinai. Adamant Media Corporation. ISBN 0543952150.
Lach, Donald Frederick (1994). Asia in the Making of Europe: The Century of Discovery. Book 1.. University of
Chicago Press. ISBN 0226467317.
Farrokh, Kaveh (2007). Shadows in the Desert: Ancient Persia at War. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1846031087.
Meri, Josef W.; Jere L. Bacharach (2006). Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Routledge.
ISBN 0415966906.
The Encyclopedia Americana (1989). Grolier. ISBN 0717201201.
Lindsay, W S (2006). History of Merchant Shipping and Ancient Commerce. Adamant Media Corporation.
ISBN 0543942538.
Holl, Augustin F. C. (2003). Ethnoarchaeology of Shuwa-Arab Settlements. Lexington Books. ISBN 0739104071.
Archibald, Zofia (2001). Hellenistic Economies. Routledge. ISBN 0415234662.
O'Leary, De Lacy (2001). Arabia Before Muhammad. Routledge. ISBN 0415231884.
External links
• BBC Frankincense Trail Series (http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00mfcf9)
• Frankincense Trail in Oman article (http://www.omanholiday.co.uk/
FRANKINCENSE-Trail-by-Tony-Walsh-for-Abode-Magazine.pdf)
8
Polar night
9
Polar night
The polar night occurs when the night lasts for more
than 24 hours. This only occurs inside the polar circles.
The opposite phenomenon, when the sun stays above
the horizon for a long time is called the polar day, or
midnight sun.
A common misconception is that the shortest day is
totally dark at each point where the midnight sun
occurs inside the polar circle. In places very close to the
poles this is true, but in regions that are located at the
inner border of the polar circles where midnight sun is
experienced, this is not true. Because of twilight, these
regions experience polar twilight instead of the polar
night. In fact, polar regions typically get more twilight
throughout the year than equatorial regions.
Typical blue twilight experienced during the polar night in
Longyearbyen, Svalbard located at 78 degrees north.
In regions inside the polar circles, the length of the time when the sun is below the horizon varies from 20 hours at
the Arctic Circle and Antarctic Circle to 179 days at the Poles. However not all this time is classified as polar night,
since there may be plenty of sunlight because of refraction . Also, one might notice that the time when the sun is
above the horizon at the poles is said to be 186 days. The asymmetry in numbers is because the time when the sun is
partially above the horizon is counted towards the "daytime".
Types of polar night
Since there are various kinds of twilight, there are also
various kinds of polar night. This is because the polar
night is defined as the period during which no twilight
occurs. These latitude definitions are based on
relatively clear skies, so the sky will be darker if there
are thick clouds about.
Polar twilight
Polar twilight occurs in areas that are located at the
Early afternoon in Tromsø, Norway, during the Polar Night, viewed
from the upper reaches of the city centre towards the mainland side.
inner border of the polar circles, where the sun will be
on or below the horizon all day on the winter solstice,
although there may still be enough light for normal outdoor activities during civil twilight because of scattering of
light by the upper atmosphere and refraction. It happens when there is no true daylight and only civil twilight occurs
at the solar culmination. Street-lamps may remain on and one looking out a window from a brightly lit room may see
their
reflection
even
at
noon,
as
the
level
of
outdoor
Polar night
10
illuminance will remain below that of many illuminated
indoor spaces. However, it is possible to conduct
outdoor activities without any artificial light during the
time of civil twilight.
Sufferers of Seasonal Affective Disorder tend to seek
out therapy with artificial light, as the psychological
benefits of daylight require relatively high levels of
ambient light (up to 10,000 lux) which are not present
in any stage of twilight, thus, the midday twilights
experienced anywhere inside the polar circles are still
"polar night" in that sense.
Polar night on Nordkinn Peninsula, the northernmost peninsula in
mainland Europe
Civil polar night
The civil polar night is the period during which there is only a faint glow of light visible at midday. It happens when
there is no civil twilight and only nautical twilight occurs at the solar culmination. Civil twilight happens when the
sun is between zero and six degrees below the horizon. The civil polar night is limited to latitudes above 72° 33',
which is exactly 6 degrees inside the polar circle. Nowhere in mainland Europe is this definition met. On the
Norwegian territory of Svalbard, however, civil polar night lasts from about 11 November until 30 January. Dikson,
in Russia, experiences civil polar night for around a month. If there are thick clouds, it gets darker, and places like
the coast of Finnmark (about 70°) in Norway will get a rather dark "day".
Nautical polar night
The nautical polar night is the period that no trace of light can be seen anywhere but the sky is not completely dark
at midday. It happens when there is no nautical twilight and only astronomical twilight occurs at the solar
culmination. Nautical twilight happens when the sun is between six and twelve degrees below the horizon, although
there is still a place at the horizon with clearly more light than other places because of refraction. The nautical polar
night is limited to latitudes above 78° 33', which is exactly 12 degrees within the polar circle, or eleven and a half
degrees from the pole. Alert, Nunavut, the northernmost settlement in Canada and the world, experiences this from
late November to mid January.
Astronomical polar night
Finally, the astronomical polar night is the period of continuous night where no astronomical twilight occurs.
Astronomical twilight happens when the sun is between twelve and eighteen degrees below the horizon. Thus, the
astronomical polar night is limited to latitudes above 84° 33', which is exactly 18 degrees within the polar circle, or
five and a half degrees from the pole. During the astronomical polar night stars of the sixth magnitude, which are the
dimmest stars visible to the naked eye, will be visible throughout the entire day.
There are no permanent settlements anywhere in this range of latitude. This portion of the Arctic Ocean is generally
permanently ice capped. Some scientific stations in Antarctica, including the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station,
experience this.
Polar night
Effects on humans
The period of polar night can trigger depression in some people. People who suffer from seasonal affective disorder
are particularly susceptible to these conditions. The polar night may also be implicated in some instances of
solipsism syndrome.
Popular culture
The concept of a night of almost one month long has been the subject of the vampire movies: Frostbiten and 30 Days
of Night. In these films, the vampires are drawn to the long duration of darkness, allowing them to do as they please.
Further reading
• Hansen, V.; Lund, E.; Smith-Sivertsen, T. (March 1998). "Self-reported mental distress under the shifting
daylight in the high north". Psychological Medicine 28 (2): 447–452. doi:10.1017/S0033291797006326.
PMID 9572101.
External links
• The polar night and polar darkness [1]
• Many years' of webcam pictures from Tromsø, Norway. [2] These clearly show the progression into and away
from winter at a latitude within the Arctic Circle.
References
[1] http:/ / collections. ic. gc. ca/ simply_science/ toc. htm
[2] http:/ / weather. cs. uit. no/ video/ index-2006. html
11
Azure (color)
12
Azure (color)
Azure (color wheel)
— Color coordinates —
Hex triplet
RGB
B
HSV
Source
#007FFF
(r, g, b)
(0, 127, 255)
(h, s, v)
(210.1°, 100%, 100
[1]
%)
[Unsourced]
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)
Azure is a blue-cyan color on the HSV color wheel (Hue, Saturation, Value), also known as the RGB color wheel, at
210 degrees. Azure is the hue that is halfway between blue and cyan. Azure is one of the tertiary colors on the HSV
color wheel. Its complementary color is orange.[2]
The word Azure is a near synonym for the color blue. Commonly it refers to a bright blue, resembling the sky on a
bright, clear day.
The etymology of the word azure has been traced back to the Persian word ‫" دروژال‬Lazheward", which is the name of
a place in northeastern Afghanistan that in ancient times was the main source for lapis lazuli, a semi-precious rock
with a vivid blue color. The word was adopted into French (as l'azur, the initial /l/ being understood as 'the') by the
twelfth century. Today it is found in all Western European languages. It was adopted into English from the French,
and the first recorded use of it as a color name in English was in 1374 in Geoffrey Chaucer's work Troilus and
Criseyde, where he refers to "a broche, gold and asure" (a broach, gold and azure)[3] [4] [5]
The use of the term spread through the practice of heraldry, where “azure” represents a blue color in the system of
tinctures. In engravings, it is represented as a region of parallel horizontal lines, or by the abbreviation az. or b. In
practice, azure has been represented by any number of shades of blue. In later heraldic practice a lighter blue, called
bleu celeste (“sky blue”), is sometimes specified.
Azure also describes the color of the mineral azurite, both in its natural form and as a pigment in various paint
formulations. In order to preserve its deep color, azurite was ground coarsely. Fine-ground azurite produces a lighter,
washed-out color. Traditionally, the pigment was considered unstable in oil paints, and was sometimes isolated from
other colors and not mixed. Modern investigation of old paintings, however, shows that the pigment is very stable
unless exposed to sulfur fumes.[6]
Azure (color)
13
In some color systems, azure is defined more specifically. In the X11 color system which became a standard for
early Web colors, azure is a pale cyan color.
United Nations blue, as it's called by the United Nations,[7] is the medium bright azure color of the Flag of the United
Nations and of the helmets worn by the United Nations peacekeeping forces.
In Russian, "голубой" (goluboj, azure or cyan) and "синий" (sinij, blue or navy blue) are not two shades of the same
color, but distinguished in the way red and pink are distinct colors in English. A similar distinction exists between
"azzurro" (azure, but used to indicate various shades of light blue) and "blu" (blue) in Italian and "ฟ้า (fah, sky blue)
and น้ำเงิน (nam ngoen, blue) in Thai.
Variations of azure
Azure mist (web color azure)
Azure (web color)
Hex triplet
RGB
B
HSV
#F0FFFF
(r, g, b) (240, 255, 255)
(h, s, v) (180°, 6%, 100[8] %)
Source
X11
Displayed at right is the web color called azure; in actuality it is a pale pastel tint of cyan, as can be ascertained by
noting its hue angle of 180 degrees (cyan).
In an artistic context, this color would be called azure mist.
Alice blue
Alice Blue
Hex triplet
#F0F8FF
sRGBB (r, g, b) (240, 248, 255)
HSV
Source
(h, s, v) (208°, 6%, 100%)
[9]
X11
The web color Alice blue is a pale tint of azure.
Columbia blue
Azure (color)
14
Columbia Blue
Hex triplet
#9BDDFF
RGBB (r, g, b) (155, 221, 255)
HSV
(h, s, v) (200°, 39%, 100%)
Source
Internet
Displayed at right is the color Columbia blue.
Light sky blue
Light Sky Blue
Hex triplet
RGB
B
HSV
#87CEFA
(r, g, b) (135, 206, 250)
(h, s, v) (203°, 46%, 98%)
Source
X11 color names
Displayed at right is the web color light sky blue.
Sky blue
For the answer to the question "Why is the sky blue?" see Rayleigh scattering.
For the album by the German musical band, Passport, see its alternative title, Ataraxia.
Sky Blue
— Common connotations —
boys, daylight, water, air, paleness
Hex triplet
#87CEEB
RGBB (r, g, b) (135, 206, 235)
HSV
Source
(h, s, v) (197°, 43%, 92%)
X11 color names
Displayed at right is the web color sky blue.
The first recorded use of sky blue as a color name in English was in 1728 in the Cyclopædia of Ephraim
Chambers.[10] Prior to the Chambers reference, the color had first been used in 1585 in a book by Nicolas De
Nicolay where he stated "the tulbant of the merchant must be skie coloured".[11] [12]
Azure (color)
15
Maya blue
Maya Blue
Hex triplet
#73C2FB
sRGBB (r, g, b) (115, 194, 251)
HSV
(h, s, v) (205°, 54%, 98%)
Source
Internet
[13]
Displayed at right is the color Maya blue.
United Nations blue
United Nations Blue
Hex triplet
#4B92DB
RGBB
(r, g, b)
(75, 146, 219)
HSV
(h, s, v)
(210°, 66%, 86%)
Source
Vexillological
Displayed at right is the color United Nations blue.
Cornflower blue
Azure (color)
16
Cornflower Blue
Hex triplet
#6495ED
RGBB (r, g, b) (100, 149, 237)
HSV
(h, s, v) (219°, 58%, 93%)
Source
X11
At right is displayed the web color cornflower blue.
Bleu de France
Bleu de France
Hex triplet
RGB
B
HSV
#318CE7
(r, g, b) (49, 140, 231)
(h, s, v) (210°, 79%, 91%)
Source
Pourpre.com
[14]
The color bleu de France is displayed at right.
Bleu de France is a color that has been associated in heraldry with the Kings of France since the 12th century.
Dodger blue
Dodger Blue
Hex triplet
#1E90FF
RGBB (r, g, b) (30, 144, 255)
HSV
Source
(h, s, v) (210°, 88%, 100%)
X11
At right is displayed the color Dodger blue.
Brandeis blue
Azure (color)
17
Brandeis Blue
Hex triplet
#0070FF
RGBB (r, g, b) (0, 112, 255)
HSV
(h, s, v) (214°, 100%, 100%)
Source
Internet
[15]
Brandeis blue is the tone of azure used in association with Brandeis University.
True blue
True Blue
Hex triplet
RGB
B
HSV
#0073CF
(r, g, b) (0, 115, 207)
(h, s, v) (207°, 100%, 81[16] %)
Source
Internet
[17]
The color true blue is a deep tone of azure that is the color of the uniforms of the sports teams of UCLA.
Royal blue (web color)
Royal Blue (web color)
Hex triplet
#4169E1
RGBB (r, g, b) (65, 105, 225)
HSV
Source
(h, s, v) (225°, 71%, 88%)
X11
The web color royal blue is a rich tone of azure.
Celestial blue
Azure (color)
18
Celestial Blue
Hex triplet
#4997D0
RGBB (r, g, b) (73, 151, 208)
(h, s, v) (205°, 65%, 81[18] %)
HSV
Source
Plochere
[19]
Displayed at right is the color celestial blue.
The first recorded use of celestial blue as a color name in English was in 1535.[20]
The source of this color is the Plochere Color System, a color system formulated in 1948 that is widely used by
interior designers.[21]
Tufts blue
Tufts Blue
Hex triplet
RGB
#417DC1
(r, g, b) (72, 145, 206)
B
HSV
(h, s, v) (208°, 70%, 100%)
Source
Internet
[22]
Tufts blue – is the tone of azure blue used in association with Tufts University.
Wild blue yonder
Wild Blue Yonder
Hex triplet
#A2ADD0
RGBB (r, g, b) (162, 173, 208)
HSV
(h, s, v) (226°, 22%, 81[23] %)
Source
Crayola
Displayed at right is the color wild blue yonder.
This Crayola color was formulated in 2003. Apparently, it represents the color of the sky on a cloudy, stormy day.
Azure (color)
19
Air Force blue
Air Force Blue
Hex triplet
#5D8AA8
sRGBB (r, g, b) (93, 138, 168)
HSV
(h, s, v) (204°, 45%, 66%)
Source
Internet
[24]
At right is displayed the color Air Force blue.
Steel blue
Steel Blue
Hex triplet
RGB
B
HSV
#4682b4
(r, g, b) (70, 130, 180)
(h, s, v) (207°, 61%, 71%)
Source
X11
Steel blue is a grayish tone of azure that resembles the color of steel.
French blue
French Blue
Hex triplet
#0072BB
RGBB (r, g, b) (0, 114, 187)
HSV
Source
(h, s, v) (203°, 100%, 73[25] %)
Maerz and Paul
Displayed at right is the color French blue.[26]
French blue is a deep azure color commonly used in quality men's dress shirts.
According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the first use of French Blue in English was in The Times of 1802.[27]
Azure (color)
20
Lapis lazuli
Rough and polished Lapis lazuli.
Lapis Lazuli
Hex triplet
RGB
B
HSV
Source
#26619C
(r, g, b) (38, 97, 156)
(h, s, v) (210°, 76%, 61[28] %)
Pourpre.com
[14]
The color lapis lazuli is displayed at left.
Lapis Lazuli is a color that is a representation of the most common color of lapis lazuli.
Royal azure
Bisexual pride flag
Azure (color)
21
Royal Azure
Hex triplet
#0038A8
RGBB (r, g, b) (0, 56, 168)
(h, s, v) (220°, 100%, 66[29] %)
HSV
Source
Vexillological
Displayed at right is the color royal azure.
This is the tone of azure used in the bisexual pride flag. This color is specified as Pantone color #286—Royal.
Royal blue (traditional)
Royal Blue (traditional)
Hex triplet
RGB
B
HSV
Source
#002366
(r, g, b) (0, 35, 102)
(h, s, v) (219°, 100%, 20%)
ISCC-NBS
[30]
The traditional color called royal blue is a dark shade of azure.
Azure in nature
Insects
• Appalachian Azure (Celastrina neglectamajor), butterfly in the gossamer wings family, Lycaenidae
• Azure Damselfly (Coenagrion puella), damselfly found in Europe
• Azure Hawker (Aeshna caerulea), dragonfly in the family Aeshnidae
Birds
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Azure Gallinule (Porphyrio flavirostris), bird in the rail family, Rallidae
Azure Jay (Cyanocorax caeruleus) bird in the crow family, Corvidae
Azure Kingfisher (Alcedo azurea), bird in the river kingfisher family, Alcedinidae
Azure Tit (Cyanistes cyanus), bird in the tit family, Paridae
Azure-crowned Hummingbird (Amazilia cyanocephala), hummingbird in the Trochilidae family
Azure-hooded Jay (Cyanolyca cucullata), bird in the crow family, Corvidae
Azure-naped Jay (Cyanocorax heilprini), bird in the crow family, Corvidae
Azure-rumped Tanager (Tangara cabanisi), bird in the Thraupidae family
Azure-shouldered Tanager (Thraupis cyanoptera), bird in the Thraupidae family
Azure-winged Magpie (Cyanopica cyana), bird in the crow family, Corvidae
The Splendid Fairywren (Malurus splendens), a passerine bird in the Maluridae family, is colored azure.
• The Blue-and-yellow Macaw is one of the national birds of Brazil; it is colored bright sky blue and yellow.
Azure (color)
Azure in human culture
Astronomy
• The planet Neptune is colored azure because of the prevalence of methane in the Neptunian atmosphere.
Automobiles
• The 2003-2004 Ford Mustang Mach 1 featured a blue hue color option called Azure Blue.
Cloud Computing
• Microsoft Corporation announced on 17 November 2009 it will launch its Windows Azure cloud computing
system on 1 January 2010.[31]
Computer Games
• In the classic first person shooter Quake, a level is titled "Azure Agony", and features a blue color scheme.
• Azure Kite is one of the main supporting characters in .hack.
• In the first .hack// game series on PS2, two of the friends of the main character, Kite, are known by special names.
They are Orca of the Azure Sea and Balmung of the Azure Sky.
• In the fighting game series Soul Calibur, the character Nightmare is nicknamed the Azure Knight.
• In the Pokémon Series, the Azure Flute awakens the legendary Pokémon, Arceus.
• In the game Heroes of Might and Magic III by 3DO, the strongest individual creature (per capita) is the Azure
Dragon.
Geography
• Azure Coast (Côte d'Azur) is a name commonly used for the French Riviera, part of France's southeastern coast
on the Mediterranean.
Literature
• In the fictional series, Iliningrad, the President's home is named the Azure Palace, relating to its light blue facade.
Music
• Azure Ray is an American dream pop duo, consisting of musicians Maria Taylor and Orenda Fink, that active
primarily from 2001 to 2004, and since 2009.
• Azure Agony is the name of a Progressive Metal band hailing from Italy.
• "Azure Blue" is a jazz/blues fusion composition written by Edward Bland. Trumpeter Dizzy Gillespie first
recorded the tune on his 1969 live LP "Sweet Soul," which consisted entirely of Bland's compositions, and has
since been reissued on several compilation packages.
Mythology
• In Chinese mythology, the Azure Dragon is one of the Four Symbols of the Chinese constellations. It is
sometimes called the Azure Dragon of the East (simplified Chinese: 东方青龙; traditional Chinese: 東方青龍;
pinyin: Dōng Fāng Qīng Lóng), and it is known as Seiryuu in Japan and Cheongryong in Korea. It represents the
east and the spring season.
Panelology
• Azure Blue is a fictional character who was created by Carl Barks for The Walt Disney Company.
• In the comic book Tarot: Witch of the Black Rose, Azure is a villainous dark elf whose attempts at uncovering
immortality turned him into a maddened vampire-elf.
Religion
• In the teachings of the UFO religion the Unarius Academy of Science, the capital of Venus, which, like the
Venusians themselves, is said to exist on a higher vibratory plane, is called Azure.[32]
Sports
• Some professional teams use the color sky blue:
22
Azure (color)
23
• England: Manchester City F.C., Coventry City F.C.
• Japan: Júbilo Iwata, Yokohama F.C., Sagan Tosu
• Argentina: Racing Club de Avellaneda
Vexillology
• Azure is the primary national color of Italy. The blu savoia was the
official color of the House of Savoy, and Azure became associated
with the Italian unification.
• Nations which use shades of Azure in their flags include Argentina,
Azerbaijan, Estonia, Guatemala, Kazakhstan, Namibia, Palau, San
Marino, Somalia, Sweden, and Ukraine.
• The flag of the United Nations is a shade of azure called "United
Nations Azure" or "United Nations Blue".
• The Bisexual pride flag uses a shade of azure, Pantone Blue #286
(Royal), shown above as Royal Azure.
•
•
•
•
•
Flag of Somalia
Azure is one of two official colors of Alpha Delta Pi.
Azure is one of two official colors of Theta Xi.
Azure is one of two colors that make up the flag of Phi Delta Theta
Sky blue (Pantone Blue #291) is the official color of the Australian state of New South Wales.[33]
The Coat of Arms of the House of Muhammad Ali of Egypt, the dynasty of which ruled Egypt from 1805 to
1952, features a crescent and three stars on a circular field of azure.[34]
Video Games
•
•
•
•
•
In Sonic the Hedgehog 3 on Sega Genesis, one of the 2-player stages is called Azure Lake.
One of the maps on the third episode of Heretic is called The Azure Fortress.
In Monster Hunter there is a wyvern called Azure Rathalos, named for its azure scales.
In Monday Night Combat the Azure is used to represent the IceMen team.
In BlazBlue: Calamity Trigger, the Azure is the true power of the Boundary and a power of unimaginable power.
References
[1] web.forret.com | Color Conversion Tool set to hex code of color #007FFF (Azure): (http:/ / web. forret. com/ tools/ color.
asp?RGB=#007FFF)
[2] RGB/HSV color wheel:
[3] "azure, n. and adj." (http:/ / www. oed. com. libezproxy. open. ac. uk/ Entry/ 14152). Oxford English Dictionary. OUP. . Retrieved 21 April
2011.
[4] Chaucer, Geoffrey. "The Project Gutenberg EBook of Troilus and Criseyde" (http:/ / www. gutenberg. org/ files/ 257/ 257-h/ 257-h. htm).
Troilus and Criseyde. Project Gutenberg. . Retrieved 21 April 2011.
[5] Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 190. Also Azure @ Dictionary.Reference.com (http:/ / dictionary.
reference. com/ browse/ azure). Also Azur @ CNRTL.fr (in french) (http:/ / www. cnrtl. fr/ etymologie/ azur).
[6] Rutherford J. Gettens and George L. Stout (1942) Painting Materials: A Short Encyclopedia, New York: Van Nostrand
[7] (January 1967.) "The United Nations flag code and regulations" (http:/ / www. un. org/ depts/ dhl/ maplib/ docs/ stsgb132. pdf) United
Nations website. Retrieved on 2007-10-16.
[8] web.forret.com | Color Conversion Tool set to hex code of color #F0FFFF (Azure (web color)): (http:/ / web. forret. com/ tools/ color.
asp?RGB=#F0FFFF)
[9] W3C TR CSS3 Color Module, SVG color keywords (http:/ / www. w3. org/ TR/ css3-color/ #svg-color)
[10] ww.oed.com.libezproxy.open.ac.uk/Entry/181142 "sky-blue, n. and adj." (http:/ / w). Oxford English Dictionary. OUP.
ww.oed.com.libezproxy.open.ac.uk/Entry/181142. Retrieved 21 April 2011.
[11] "sky-coloured | sky-colored, adj." (http:/ / www. oed. com. libezproxy. open. ac. uk/ Entry/ 181145). Oxford English Dictionary. OUP. .
Retrieved 21 April 2011.
[12] Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 204; Color Sample of Sky Blue: Page 89 Plate 33 Color Sample
E6
[13] http:/ / www. azulmaya. com/ crv/ univLondon/ Mayablue. htm
Azure (color)
[14] http:/ / pourpre. com/ chroma/ dico. php?typ=teinte& ent=210
[15] http:/ / www. brandeis. edu/ communications/ publications/ downloads/ identity_manual. pdf
[16] web.forret.com Color Conversion Tool set to hex code of color #0073CF (True Blue): (http:/ / web. forret. com/ tools/ color.
asp?RGB=#0073CF)
[17] http:/ / www. uclabruins. com/ auto_pdf/ p_hotos/ s_chools/ ucla/ sports/ m-footbl/ auto_pdf/ 2010-mg-full
[18] web.forret.com Color Conversion Tool set to hex code of color #4997D0 (Celestial Blue): (http:/ / web. forret. com/ tools/ color.
asp?RGB=#4997D0)
[19] http:/ / colors. bravo9. com/ nbs-iscc-p-plochere-color-system/ list/ all/
[20] Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 192; Color Sample of Celestial blue: Page 93 Plate 35 Color
Sample D3
[21] Plochere Color System: (http:/ / colors. bravo9. com/ nbs-iscc-p-plochere-color-system/ list/ all/ )
[22] http:/ / universityrelations. tufts. edu/ ?pid=190& c=52#Tuftscolors
[23] web.forret.com Color Conversion Tool set to hex code of color #A2ADD0 (Wild Blue Yonder): (http:/ / web. forret. com/ tools/ color.
asp?RGB=#A2ADD0)
[24] http:/ / www. raf. mod. uk/ history/
[25] web.forret.com Color Conversion Tool set to hex code of color #0072BB (French Blue) (http:/ / web. forret. com/ tools/ color.
asp?RGB=#0072BB)
[26] Color Sample of French Blue on ISCC-NBS color chart (color sample #178): (http:/ / tx4. us/ nbs/ nbs-f. htm)
[27] "French, adj. and n." (http:/ / www. oed. com. libezproxy. open. ac. uk/ Entry/ 74478). Oxford English Dictionary. OUP. . Retrieved 21
April 2011.
[28] web.forret.com Color Conversion Tool set to hex code of color #26619C (Lapis Lazuli)): (http:/ / web. forret. com/ tools/ color.
asp?RGB=#26619C)
[29] web.forrett.com Color Conversion Tool set to hex code of color #0038A8 (Royal Azure): (http:/ / web. forret. com/ tools/ color.
asp?RGB=#0038A8)
[30] http:/ / tx4. us/ mo/ rose. htm
[31] Microsoft to Launch Azure Cloud Service in 2010: (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ reuters/ 2009/ 11/ 17/ technology/ tech-us-microsoft-azure.
html)—New York Times 17 November 2009
[32] Norman, Ernst and Ruth The Voice of Venus 1954 Unarius Academy of Science
[33] "Symbols and Emblems of NSW" (http:/ / www. nsw. gov. au/ emblems. asp) New South Wales Government website. Retrieved on
2009-08-14.
[34] Coat of Arms of the House of Muhammad Ali of Egypt:
24
Ambergris
25
Ambergris
Ambergris (Ambra grisea, Ambre gris, ambergrease, or grey
amber) is a solid, waxy, flammable substance of a dull gray or
blackish color produced in the digestive system of and regurgitated or
excreted by sperm whales.
Freshly produced ambergris has a marine, fecal odor. However, as it
ages, it acquires a sweet, earthy scent commonly likened to the
fragrance of rubbing alcohol without the vaporous chemical
astringency. The principal historical use of ambergris was as a fixative
in perfumery, though it has now been largely displaced by synthetics.
Ambergris
Source
Ambergris occurs as a biliary secretion of the intestines of the sperm whale and can be found floating upon the sea,
or in the sand near the coast. It is also sometimes found in the abdomens of whales. Because the beaks of giant
squids have been found embedded within lumps of ambergris, scientists have theorised that the substance is
produced by the whale's gastrointestinal tract to ease the passage of hard, sharp objects that the whale might have
eaten.
Ambergris is usually passed in the fecal matter. Ambergris that forms a mass too large to be passed through the
intestines is expelled via the mouth, leading to the reputation of ambergris as primarily coming from whale vomit.[1]
Ambergris can be found in the Atlantic Ocean and on the coasts of Brazil, Madagascar, the East Indies, The
Maldives, China, Japan, India, Australia, New Zealand, and the Molucca islands. Most commercially collected
ambergris comes from The Bahamas in the Caribbean, particularly New Providence.
Physical properties
Ambergris is found in lumps of various shapes and sizes, weighing from 15 g (½ oz) to 50 kg (100 pounds) or more.
When initially expelled by or removed from the whale, the fatty precursor of ambergris is pale white in color
(sometimes streaked with black), soft, with a strong fecal smell. Following months to years of photo-degradation and
oxidation in the ocean, this precursor gradually hardens, developing a dark gray or black color, a crusty and waxy
texture, and a peculiar odor that is at once sweet, earthy, marine, and animalic. Its smell has been generally described
as a vastly richer and smoother version of isopropanol without its stinging harshness.
In this developed condition, ambergris has a specific gravity ranging from 0.780 to 0.926. It melts at about 62°C to a
fatty, yellow resinous liquid; and at 100 °C (212 °F) it is volatilized into a white vapor. It is soluble in ether, and in
volatile and fixed oils.
Ambergris
Chemical properties
Ambergris is relatively nonreactive to acid. White crystals of a substance called ambrein can be separated from
ambergris by heating raw ambergris in alcohol, then allowing the resulting solution to cool.
Historical and cross-cultural uses
Ambergris has been mostly known for its use in creating perfume and fragrance much like musk. While perfumes
can still be found with ambergris around the world, American perfumers usually avoid it because of legal
ambiguities. It was banned from use in many countries in the 1970s, including the United States, because its
precursor originates from the sperm whale, which is an endangered species.[2] However, it has been legal since 2005
because of strict monitoring of distributors who ensure that only ambergris that has been naturally washed to shore is
sold. Ancient Egyptians burned ambergris as incense, while in modern Egypt ambergris is used for scenting
cigarettes.[3] The ancient Chinese called the substance "dragon's spittle fragrance".[4] During the Black Death in
Europe, people believed that carrying a ball of ambergris could help prevent them from getting the plague. This was
because the fragrance covered the smell of the air which was believed to be the cause of plague.
This substance has also been used historically as a flavouring for food, and some people consider it an aphrodisiac.
During the Middle Ages, Europeans used ambergris as a medication for headaches, colds, epilepsy, and other
ailments.[4]
In popular culture
Heston Blumenthal used ambergris as an ingredient in cucumber jelly created for the Channel Four television
programme "Heston's Christmas Feast" in December 2009.[5]
Eggs and ambergris was reportedly Charles II's favourite dish. [6]
In the film Sweeney Todd, Beadle Bamford refers to his cologne as having "a touch of ambergris".
In "The Fountain of Lamneth", a song by Rush, the protagonist catches "the scent of ambergris" in the Part IV:
Panacea section of the song.
In "Three Hundred Big Boys", an episode of Futurama, Kif is arrested after retrieving a watch from the vomit of a
sperm whale and being deemed a thief. He finds out later that what he in fact unintentionally "stole" was significant
amounts of precious ambergris that comprised the vomit and had clung to his clothing.
In "Lead 'Em and Weep", an episode of The Marvelous Misadventures of Flapjack, Bubbie spits out ambergris to a
hypnotized Captain K'nuckles thinking he's a seal so Flapjack could save him.
In Chapter 91 of Moby Dick, Stubb, one of the mates of the Pequod (captained by Ahab), cons the captain of a
French whaler (Rose-bud) into abandoning the corpse of a Sperm whale found floating in the sea. His plan is to
recover the corpse himself in hopes that it contains ambergris. His hope proves well-founded, and the Pequod's crew
recovers a valuable quantity of the substance. Melville devotes the following chapter to a discussion of ambergris,
with special attention to the irony that "fine ladies and gentlemen should regale themselves with an essence found in
the inglorious bowels of a sick whale."
There is a song called "Amber Gris" by the avant-garde jazz trio Medeski, Martin and Wood. They frequently play
the song live, and it is recorded on the album "Radiolarians II."
26
Ambergris
References
[1] William F. Perrin, Bernd Würsig, J. G. M. Thewissen, Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals pg. 28
[2] Office of Protected Resources (http:/ / www. nmfs. noaa. gov/ pr/ species/ mammals/ cetaceans/ spermwhale. htm) The sperm whale was
listed as endangered throughout its range on June 2, 1970 under the Endangered Species Conservation Act of 1969 (35 FR 8495) and is also
protected under the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972.
[3] Brady, George Stuart; Clauser, Henry R.; Vaccari, John A. (2002). Materials Handbook: An Encyclopedia for Managers, Technical
Professionals, Purchasing and Production Managers, Technicians, and Supervisors. United States: McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 64.
ISBN 978-0-07-136076-0.
[4] "Strange but True: Whale Waste Is Extremely Valuable: Scientific American" (http:/ / www. sciam. com/ article. cfm?chanID=sa029&
articleID=2E5F81BB-E7F2-99DF-3928BF47EA6CBAC3). Sciam.com. 2007-04-26. . Retrieved 2010-03-14.
[5] Wollaston, Sam (18 December 2009). "Heston's Christmas Feast" (http:/ / www. guardian. co. uk/ tv-and-radio/ 2009/ dec/ 18/
hestons-christmas-feast-review). Guardian (UK). . Retrieved 16 April 2011.
External links
• Natural History Magazine Article: Floating Gold -- The Romance of Ambergris (http://www.naturalhistorymag.
com/picks-from-the-past/151686/floating-gold)
• Ambergris - A Pathfinder and Annotated Bibliography (http://www.netstrider.com/documents/ambergris/)
• On the chemistry and ethics of Ambergris (http://www.cropwatch.org/amber.htm)
• Scientific American Strange but True: Whale Waste Is Extremely Valuable (http://www.sciam.com/article.
cfm?chanID=sa029&articleID=2E5F81BB-E7F2-99DF-3928BF47EA6CBAC3)
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed (1911).
Encyclopædia Britannica (Eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press.
27
28
Sculptor
Constellation
List of stars in Sculptor
Abbreviation
Scl
Genitive
Sculptoris
Pronunciation
English pronunciation: /ˈskʌlptər/, genitive /skəlpˈtɒrɨs/
Symbolism
the Sculptor
Right ascension
0h
Declination
−30°
Quadrant
SQ1
Area
475 sq. deg. (36th)
Main stars
4
Bayer/Flamsteed
stars
18
Stars with planets
6
Stars brighter than 3.00m
0
Stars within 10.00 pc (32.62 ly) 2
Brightest star
α Scl (4.30m)
Nearest star
Gliese 1
(14.22 ly, 4.36 pc)
Messier objects
0
Bordering
constellations
Cetus
Aquarius
Piscis Austrinus
Grus
Phoenix
Fornax
Visible at latitudes between +50° and −90°.
Best visible at 21:00 (9 p.m.) during the month of November.
Sculptor is a small and faint constellation in the southern sky. It represents a sculptor. It was introduced by Nicolas
Louis de Lacaille in the 18th century. He originally named it Apparatus Sculptoris (the sculptor's studio), but the
name was later shortened.
Notable features
No stars brighter than 3rd magnitude are located in Sculptor. This is explained by the fact that Sculptor contains the
south galactic pole where stellar density is very low.
The brightest is α Sculptoris, an SX Arietis-type variable star with the magnitude of only 4.31m. The constellation
also contains the Sculptor Dwarf, a dwarf galaxy which is a member of the Local Group, as well as the Sculptor
Group, the group of galaxies closest to the Local Group. The Sculptor Galaxy (NGC 253), a barred spiral galaxy and
the largest member of the group, lies near the border between Sculptor and Cetus. Another prominent member of the
group is the irregular galaxy NGC 55.
References
• Ian Ridpath and Wil Tirion (2007). Stars and Planets Guide, Collins, London. ISBN 978-0007251209. Princeton
University Press, Princeton. ISBN 978-0691135564.
External links
• Star Tales – Sculptor [1]
References
[1] http:/ / www. ianridpath. com/ startales/ sculptor. htm
29
30
Breathless
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Jim McBride
Produced by
Martin Erlichman
Written by
Original screenplay
François Truffaut
Jean-Luc Godard
Screenplay
L. M. Kit Carson
Jim McBride
Starring
Richard Gere
Valérie Kaprisky
Music by
Jack Nitzsche
Cinematography Richard H. Kline
Editing by
Robert Estrin
Rachel Igel
Distributed by
Orion Pictures
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (video and DVD)
Release date(s)
May 13, 1983
Running time
97 min.
Country
United States
Language
English
Gross revenue
$19,910,002
Breathless is a 1983 American drama film starring Richard Gere and Valérie Kaprisky. It is a remake of the 1960
French film À bout de souffle (known as Breathless in English) and was released in France under the title A Bout de
Souffle Made in USA. The original film is about an American girl and a French criminal in Paris. The remake is
about a French girl and an American criminal in Los Angeles.
The film was directed by Jim McBride and written by McBride and L. M. Kit Carson.
Plot
Jesse Lujack (Richard Gere) is a drifter in Las Vegas, obsessed with Marvel Silver Surfer comic books, the rock and
roll music of Jerry Lee Lewis and Monica Poiccard (Valérie Kaprisky), a UCLA architecture undergraduate whom
he knows only from a weekend fling in Vegas. As the film opens, Jesse steals a car, intending to drive to Los
Angeles. As he speeds down the highway and looks through the owner's possessions, he discovers an automatic
handgun in the vehicle's glovebox. Seeing his reckless driving, a policeman gives chase and Jesse is forced off the
road and becomes stuck. When the policeman orders him to step away from the car, Jesse impulsively grabs the gun
and shoots the officer. Fleeing to Los Angeles, Jesse finds his picture splashed all over the newspaper and TV news
as the "cop killer."
On the run, he moves in with Monica. She is captivated by this reckless American and resumes her affair with him.
However, she is a star student with big plans and Jesse is jealous of the powerful, successful men in her life.
After Jesse's photograph appears in the newspaper, he is recognized on the street right after dropping Monica off at
an architecture-school outing downtown. The police find her and question her on the street. She seems increasingly
ambivalent about Jesse, repelled by his instability but drawn to his sense of risk and danger; she does not turn him in.
When the police start following her right before Jesse comes back to pick her up, she impulsively accepts his offer to
flee to Mexico together.
On the way to Mexico, Monica finds that her picture is on the front page of the national newspaper alongside Jesse's.
Realizing the impossibility of her romantic fantasy, she phones the police, but then returns to tell him she did so and
plead with him. The police corner them on the street, and he sings Jerry Lee Lewis' "Breathless" to her before
grabbing a gun from the ground at his feet as she runs towards him. The film ends in a freeze-frame of Jesse turning
to face the police with the gun.
Cast
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Richard Gere as Jesse Lujack
Valérie Kaprisky as Monica Poiccard
Art Metrano as Birnbaum
John P. Ryan as Lt. Parmental
Robert Dunn as Sgt. Enright
Lisa Persky as Salesgirl
James Hong as Grocer
Miguel Pinero as Carlito
Soundtrack
There is no official soundtrack released. Along with the incidental music for the movie, provided by Jack Nitzsche,
these are the songs that are featured in the film:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Bad Boy - Mink DeVille
High School Confidential - Jerry Lee Lewis
Breathless - Jerry Lee Lewis
Final Sunset - Brian Eno
Wonderful World - Sam Cooke
Opening - Philip Glass
No Me Hagas Sufrir - Ismael Quintana / Eddie Palmieri
8. Suspicious Minds - Elvis Presley
9. Wind on Wind - Brian Eno
10. Wind on Water - Brian Eno and Robert Fripp
31
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Jack the Ripper - Link Wray
365 is my Number / The Message - King Sunny Ade
Celtic Soul Brothers - Dexy's Midnight Runners
Message of Love - The Pretenders
Caca de Vaca - Joe "King" Carrasco
Breathless - X
Reception
The film grossed $19,910,002 in the United States.[1] It received mixed reviews; most critics questioned the wisdom
of casting Valerie Kaprisky, a real-life, French UCLA student who had had very limited acting experience.
The film has since gained minor cult status. American director Quentin Tarantino cited it as one of the "coolest"
movies.[2] The Silver Surfer poster in Freddy Newandyke's apartment seen in Reservoir Dogs is an homage to Jesse's
Silver Surfer-obsession.[3]
References
[1] "Business details for Breathless at the Internet Movie Database" (http:/ / www. imdb. com/ title/ tt0085276/ business). . Retrieved
2007-04-11.
[2] "Tarantino's favorite films at Tarantino.info" (http:/ / www. tarantino. info/ wiki/ index. php/ Tarantino's_favorite_films). . Retrieved
2009-11-24.
[3] "Reservoir Dogs movie connections at imdb.com" (http:/ / www. imdb. com/ title/ tt0105236/ movieconnections). . Retrieved 2009-11-24.
External links
•
•
•
•
Breathless (http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0085276/) at the Internet Movie Database
Breathless (http://www.allmovie.com/work/7055) at Allmovie
Breathless (http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=breathless.htm) at Box Office Mojo
Breathless (http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1003066/) at Rotten Tomatoes
32
33
Black Sunday was a particularly serious dust storm, or black blizzard,
that took place during the Dust Bowl era on April 14, 1935.
Event
The storm began in the mid afternoon.[1] A long drought during the
first half of the 1930s, combined with a lack of knowledge of
conservation techniques, caused excessive topsoil erosion on farmlands
in the Midwest. Disastrous dust storms like these forced many farmers
to leave their homes to start a new life elsewhere, especially
California.[2] The storm itself was created by a combination of dry
topsoil and high (60 mph) winds.[3]
A dust storm approaches Spearman in northern
Texas, April 14, 1935.
The Black Sunday storm was the worst dust storm in the Great Plains during the 1930s. It is estimated to have
removed 300,000 tons of topsoil from the area known afterwards as the Dust Bowl. The storm of black dust resulted
from prolonged drought and overplowing in the Great Plains, which destroyed the sod and left topsoil exposed.[4]
References
[1] "Black Sunday (April 14, 1935)" (http:/ / www. pbs. org/ wgbh/ amex/ dustbowl/ peopleevents/ pandeAMEX07. html). PBS. . Retrieved
2008-12-21.
[2] "BLACK SUNDAY, April 14, In the 1930s......" (http:/ / www. charlierussell. org/ blacksunday. htm). . Retrieved 2008-12-21.
[3] "The Dust Bowl" (http:/ / www. livinghistoryfarm. org/ farminginthe30s/ water_02. html). The Wessels Living History Farm. . Retrieved
2008-12-21.
[4] "This Month in History: 75 Years Ago: Dust to Dust" (http:/ / www. smithsonianmag. com/ history-archaeology/
This-Month-in-History-201004. html). Smithsonian. . Retrieved 2010-03-31. April 2010; vol. 41, Number 1 ISSN 0037-7333
The Decay of Lying
The Decay of Lying
The Decay Of Lying - An Observation is an essay by Oscar Wilde included in his collection of essays titled
Intentions, published in 1891. This is a significantly revised version of the article that first appeared in the January
1889 issue of The Nineteenth Century.
Wilde presents the essay in a Socratic dialogue, with the characters of Vivian and Cyril having a conversation
throughout. Vivian tells Cyril of an article he has been writing called The Decay Of Lying: A Protest In the article
Vivian defends Aestheticism and "Art for Art's sake". As summarized by Vivian, it contains four doctrines:
•
•
•
•
Art never expresses anything but itself
All bad art comes from returning to Life and Nature, and elevating them into ideals
Life imitates Art far more than Art imitates Life
Lying, the telling of beautiful untrue things, is the proper aim of Art
The essay ends with the two characters going outside, as Cyril asked Vivian to do at the beginning of the essay.
Vivian finally complies, saying that twilight nature's "chief use" may be to "illustrate quotations from the poets."
References
• Wilde, Oscar. The Decay of Lying in Intentions (1891)
• Ellmann, Richard, ed., The Artist As Critic (Random House, 1969)
• Ellmann, Richard. Oscar Wilde (Random House, 1987)
External links
• Decay Of Lying at Online-Literature [1]
References
[1] http:/ / www. online-literature. com/ wilde/ 1307/ ''The
34
Of the 270 Apollo 11 Moon Rocks and Apollo 17 Goodwill Moon Rocks that were given to the nations of the world
by the Nixon Administration approximately 180 are currently unaccounted for. Many of the moon rocks that are
accounted for have been locked away in storage for decades. The location of the rocks has been tracked by
researchers and hobbyists because of their rarity and the difficulty of obtaining more. Moon rocks have been subjects
of theft and forgery as well.
Investigations
In 1998, a unique Federal law enforcement undercover operation was created to identify and arrest individuals
selling bogus Moon rocks. This sting operation was known as Operation Lunar Eclipse. Originally two undercover
agents were involved in this sting, Senior Special Agent Joseph Gutheinz of NASA's Office of Inspector General,
posing as Tony Coriasso, and Inspector Bob Cregger of the United States Postal Inspection Service, posing as John
Marta. This sting operation was later expanded to include Agents from the United States Customs Service. Agents
posted a quarter page advertisement in USA Today asking for Moon rocks. The Agents were targeting individuals
selling bogus moon rocks, which con-artists sell to the elderly and to space enthusiasts. The sting operation was led
by NASA Office of Inspector General Senior Special Agent Joseph Gutheinz.
After leaving NASA for a teaching position at the University of Phoenix, Arizona, Gutheinz challenged his criminal
justice graduate students to locate the goodwill moon rocks.[1] He subsequently extended this project to also cover
the missing Apollo 11 moon rocks President Nixon gave to the states and nations of the world in 1969. Hundreds of
graduate students have participated in this project from 2002 to present and while many moon rocks have been
found, others are now known to be missing, stolen or destroyed. Gutheinz patterned this college project after
Operation Lunar Eclipse, an undercover sting operation he led in 1998, while he was still with NASA. Beginning in
2002, his graduate students began reporting to him that both the Cyprus Apollo 11 moon rock (which is actually a
collection of lunar dust in a Lucite ball and Cyprus Apollo 17 Goodwill Moon Rock (a pebble size moon rock)were
missing.
Missing gifted rocks
United States
Alaska
Elizabeth Riker was assigned the task of hunting down the Alaska Apollo 11 Moon Rock by her professor. On
August 18, 2010, in a story she wrote about her investigation in the Capital City Weekly newspaper, of Juneau
Alaska, she stated that after conducting a thorough investigation for Alaska's Apollo 11 Moon Rock she has
concluded that it is missing. She advised that she planned to continue to look for the moon rock and asked for the
help of the citizens of Alaska to accomplish her goal of finding it.[2] [3]
In 1973, there was a massive fire at the Alaska Transportation Museum where the moon rocks were being housed.
Coleman Anderson (a crab fishing captain who was on the TV show, Deadliest Catch) went to the museum to
scrounge through the garbage from the fire to see if there would be anything worth saving. Coleman was a kid at the
time. He found the moon rocks, cleaned them up over the next few years and he still has them. To clear title to the
rocks he filed a lawsuit against the State of Alaska, asking the Court to deem the rocks his sole property.[4]
35
Arkansas
In a front page story, the Arkansas Democratic-Gazette listed numerous sources suggesting the Arkansas Goodwill
Moon Rock had gone missing noting that the rock was potentially worth 5 million dollars. The rock was presented to
the state by astronaut Richard H. Truly in 1976 at a Boy Scout event in Little Rock. Its whereabouts remain
unknown.[5] [6]
New Jersey
The experts and politicians in New Jersey including former Governor Brendan Byrne, had no idea of where it was, or
of the state even receiving it.[7]
International
Cyprus
While the Apollo 17 Goodwill Moon rock presented to Cyprus was recovered, the Apollo 11 rock given to the
country remains missing.[8]
Ireland
The Apollo 11 rock presented to Ireland was accidentally discarded in a landfill known as the Finglas Dump after a
fire consumed the room it was housed in at the National Museum of Ireland in October 1977.[9] [10] The Apollo 17
Goodwill Rock remains with the National Museum of Ireland.
Malta
On May 18, 2004, Malta’s Goodwill Moon Rock was stolen from Malta’s Museum of Natural History in Mdina, in
the island nation of Malta.[11] According to an Associated Press story appearing in USA Today "there are no
surveillance cameras and no custodians at the Museum of Natural History because of insufficient funding. The only
attendant is the ticket-seller"… "A Maltese flag displayed next to the rock — which the U.S. astronauts had taken up
with them — was not taken".[12] Joseph Gutheinz, a retired NASA Office of Inspector General Special Agent who
heads up a "Moon Rock Project" at the University of Phoenix (where he assigns his students the task of hunting
down missing moon rocks), urged the Maltese authorities to grant an amnesty period to the thieves. He advised that
only an amateur thief would have taken the Maltese Goodwill Moon Rock and left the plaque and flag behind, as all
three together would have been self-authenticating and eliminated the risk of a geologist needing to authenticate the
moon rock.[13] Malta’s Goodwill Moon Rock has never been recovered and continues to be actively pursued.
Romania
University of Phoenix graduate students uncovered evidence that the Romania Goodwill Moon Rock may have been
auctioned off by the estate of its executed former leader, Nicolae Ceausescu.[14] Both Nicolae Ceausescu and his
wife, Elena Ceausescu, were executed by firing squad on Christmas Day, December 25, 1989, for the crime of
genocide.[15] [16] As late as 2009, Romania believed it only received one moon rock from the Nixon Administration,
the Apollo 11 moon rock, and took issue with those who argued otherwise.[17] Joseph Gutheinz, a retired NASA OIG
Senior Special Agent, now Professor, who oversees the Moon Rock Project provided Daniel Ionascu of the Jurnalul
information from the U.S. National Archives which showed that the Romanian Goodwill Moon Rock was in fact
presented to Romania.[18] Romania’s Apollo 11 Moon Rock is at the National History Museum in Bucharest.
36
Spain
Evidence surfaced that both Spain’s Apollo 11 Moon Rock and Apollo 17 Goodwill Moon Rock, that were given to
the General Francisco Franco’s Administration by the Nixon Administration, were missing. Pablo Jáuregui, the
Science Editor of Elmundo, a Spanish newspaper, disclosed in a July 20, 2009 story entitled: "Franco’s grandson:
My mother lost Moon stone given her by Grandfather", that the Spanish Apollo 17 Goodwill Moon Rock had finally
been given back to the people of Spain in 2007 by the family of Admiral Luis Carrero; and Jáuregui suggest the
Spain’s Apollo 11 Moon Rock, as referenced in the title of the story, was last known to be in the Franco’s families
hands, and is now unaccounted for. Jáuregui wrote, as translated: "As for the stone that Kissinger gave Carrero
Blanco, confirmed yesterday" by "the son of …Admiral Luis Carrero Blanco"… "the stone was in possession of the
family (first in the home of his widow, and after that of his eldest son ), until in 2007 they decided to donate the
Naval Museum, where it is"…on display…. "today, along with a Spanish flag which traveled aboard the Apollo 17
mission to the moon. " My son told me that the gift was dedicated to 'Spanish people', so it seemed right to donate
it," recalls Luis Carrero Blanco." Admiral Luis Carrero Blanco was assassinated while in Office by the ETA, a
terrorist organization.
As for Spain’s Apollo 11 Moon Rock the trail is more confused. Jáuregui relates the following from Franco’s
grandson: "The grandson of Franco stressed that neither he nor any other member of his family"…had been told….
"that there might be some legal or ethical problem"…regarding …"the Moonstone…." "If you get anything and it's
yours, why not going (Translation) to sell?" He said. " In any case the rock never sold, but according to Franco, now"
he does "not know where it is. As my mother is a woman with many things in many houses, in a move or redecorate
a room, in the end had to go astray," he explains.[19] [20] Students assigned to the Moon Rock Project are currently
looking for leads to Spain’s Apollo 11 Moon Rock in Switzerland.[21]
Recovered gifted rocks
United States
Colorado
Based on the investigation of a graduate student, former Governor John Vanderhoof, then age 88, acknowledged he
had the Goodwill Moon Rock presented to the people of Colorado in his personal possession and agreed give it back
to the state.[22] On August 25, 2010, the Colorado Goodwill Moon Rock was unveiled at the Colorado School of the
Mines Museum by Dr. Bruce Geller, the museum curator.[23] [24]
Hawaii
Flaws in the State of Hawaii inventory control system were highlighted when an estimated $10 million dollars in
moon rock from Apollo 11 and the Apollo 17 Goodwill Rock could not be located in 2009. Curators and officials at
every museum and university in the state along with then Governor Linda Lingle’s office, capitol and state archives
were contacted but none knew of the whereabouts of the items.[25] Both moon rocks were later found in a "routine
inventory of gifts given to the governor’s office over the years", in a locked cabinet in the Governor’s Office. A
senior advisor to the governor vowed to increase security and register the items with the state's Foundation of
Cultural Arts.[26]
Missouri
Confusion erupted in 2010 when employees with the Missouri State Museum and the Missouri State Department of
Natural Resources claimed that Missouri's Apollo 17 Goodwill Moon Rock was in storage.[27] Photos in news stories
about the location of the rock were later identified as coming from Apollo 11. Then Senator Kit Bond, who was the
Governor of Missouri when the Apollo 17 Goodwill Moon Rock was gifted to the state, stated that he has no
recollection of receiving a moon rock and The Missouri State Archives, and the State Museum, reversing what they
37
38
had previously stated, have no information on Missouri having the Apollo 17 Goodwill Moon Rock concluding that
it was presumed missing.[28] [29] The rock was later found amongst Bond's possessions by his staff and it was
returned to the state.[30] [31]
North Carolina
Professor Christopher Brown , Director of the N.C. Space Grant and
professor at the University of North Carolina Chapel Hill turned the
moon rock over, along with related items, to the North Carolina
Museum of Natural Sciences where it is planned for permanent display
in the fall of 2011 when the museum expansion is completed.[32]
Brown obtained the rock from a colleague in 2003 who found it in a
desk drawer at the state Commerce Department. Brown's colleague
received permission to lend the artifact to Brown who used it in
presentations on space and space-related science to students over the
next several years.[33]
North Carolina's Goodwill Moon Rock along
with other Apollo 17 flown items on temporary
display at the NC Museum of Natural Sciences
during a special event on the launch of STS-133
Oregon
Toni Dowdell, a graduate student at the University of Phoenix, was assigned the task of hunting down the Oregon
Apollo 11 Moon Rock while two of her teammates were charged with hunting down the Apollo 17 Goodwill Moon
Rocks of Oregon and Louisiana. Toni Dowdell and her two teammates received this assignment from her professor,
a retired Senior Special Agent with NASA's Office of Inspector General. This assignment was part of an ongoing
assignment known as the Moon Rock Project, where students are assigned the task of hunting down moon rocks all
over America and the world. In a February 19, 2010 article Toni Dowdell wrote for the Daily News of Greenville
Michigan, Dowdell described how here teammates in this investigation discerned that both the Apollo 17 Goodwill
Moon Rocks of Oregon and of Louisiana remain unaccounted for, but how she successfully tracked down her
assigned moon rock, the Oregon Apollo 11 Moon Rock. As with many moon rock gifts the Nixon Administration
gave to the states and the nations of the world the first problem she encountered was a lack of a document trail.
However, by reaching out to people, to include an operator in the state Capitol, she found the moon rock hidden in
the ceremonial Governor’s Office of Oregon.[34]
West Virginia
Sandra Shelton, a graduate student at the University of Phoenix, was assigned the task of hunting down the West
Virginia Apollo 17 Goodwill Moon Rock by her professor, a retired Senior Special Agent with NASA's Office of
Inspector General. This moon rock was presented to West Virginia in 1974 and is valued at 5 million dollars. On
May 16, 2010 Rick Steelhammer of the Gazette-Mail of Charleston, West Virginia wrote a front page story
documenting Sandra Shelton's investigative findings which revealed that the West Virginia Goodwill Moon Rock
was missing.[35] Predicated on that news story retired dentist Robert Conner called Ms. Shelton and told her that he
had the West Virginia Goodwill Moon Rock. Ms. Shelton informed her professor who advised the Governor's
Office. Dr. Conner advised that his deceased brother was the former business partner of former West Virginia
Governor Arch A. Moore, Jr., and that Conner acquired the moon rock upon the death of his brother, from his
brothers belongings.[36] [37] In her June 29 story appearing in the Denver Post reporter Sarah Horn wrote that
"Shelton was honored by the state for her detective work.". Shelton was awarded a certificate by the Governor of
West Virginia, Joe Manchin, lll, for her role in recovering the West Virginia Goodwill Moon Rock.[38]
International
Canada
In 1972, then 13 year old Jayme Matthews, Astronomy Professor at the University of British Columbia, lied about
his age in order to compete in an essay contest, the winner of which would serve as participate in a "10-day
International Youth Science Tour, in which all the countries in the United Nations were invited to offer up "youth
ambassadors" aged 17 to 21. These youth ambassadors were to witness first-hand the launch in Florida..." of Apollo
17…" Eighty countries accepted the invitation, including Canada. Matthews won the contest, and when his true age
came out, Canadian officials decided to let him go anyway. As the student ambassador, it was decided that Canada's
Goodwill Moon Rock was mailed to him where he kept it at his home. Eventually he was asked to turn the moon
rock over to Canada, which he did. The rock was reportedly stolen in 1978, while on tour.[39] In 2003, University of
Phoenix graduate students tracked down the rock to a storage facility at the Canadian Museum of Nature in Canada.
After 30 years of sitting in storage in the Canadian Museum of Nature the Canadian Goodwill Moon Rock finally
went on display at the Canadian Science and Technology Museum in Ottawa Canada, on July 23, 2009.[40]
Cyprus
The common belief was that both Apollo 11 and Apollo 17 moon rocks were presented to Cyprus and subsequently
destroyed or stolen during the violence and terrorism that plagued that island nation in 1973 and 1974. This violence
actually included the assassination of the American Ambassador to Cyprus, Rodger P. Davies, on August 19, 1974.
In September 2009, while cooperating with a worldwide hunt for moon rocks with Associated Press reporter Toby
Sterling (Netherlands Bureau) and Cyprus Mail reporter Lucy Millett, the daughter of the British Ambassador to
Cyprus, Gutheinz was advised by his friend and space memorabilia expert Robert Pearlman (CollectSpace.com) that
Pearlman had learned in 2003 that the Cyprus Goodwill Moon Rock was never presented to Cyprus, but retained by
the son of an American diplomat. The American government was advised about this situation in 2003 and did
nothing. Upon learning the truth Gutheinz reached out to both the American Embassy in Cyprus and the Cyprus
Government to convey the facts; he then filed a request for a Congressional Inquiry into the case of the missing
Cyprus Goodwill Moon Rock. Subsequently, he caused the facts about the moon rock to be published in the press in
order to motivate the person who had the moon rock to do the right thing, and return it.[41] [42] [43] The diplomat’s
son thereafter began negotiating with NASA's Office of Inspector General, and did so for 5 months until the Cyprus
Goodwill Moon Rock was recovered. The diplomat's son's name has never been disclosed.[8]
Honduras
Uncovered during Operation Lunar Eclipse, Florida businessman Alan H. Rosen contacted agents to buy what turned
out to be the Goodwill moon rock presented to Honduras. Rosen offered the 1.142 gram rock to undercover Agents
for 5 million dollars. After two months of negotiations with Rosen, this sting operation ended up in a Bank of
America vault where the Moon rock was seized. The Moon rock was then subject to a 5 year civil case known as:
"United States of America v. One Lucite Ball containing Lunar Material (one Moon Rock) and One Ten Inch by
Fourteen Inch Wooden Plaque". This case resulted in the forfeiture of the Moon rock to the Federal Government on
March 24, 2003.[44]
After the Moon rock was officially handed back to the American Government it was sent back to Johnson Space
Center where it was refurbished so that it could be once again presented to the people of Honduras, which happened
on September 22, 2003 in a ceremony at NASA's Headquarters in Washington, D.C. where NASA Administrator
Sean O'Keefe presented the Moon rock to Ambassador Mario M. Canahuati, of Honduras. Also in attendance at this
ceremony was Joseph Gutheinz, the leader of the sting operation, who gave a first hand account of the sting
operation to Ambassador Canahuati. Finally on February 28, 2004, NASA administrator Sean O'Keefe flew to
Honduras where he formally presented the Moon rock to Honduran president Ricardo Maduro. In 2007, Gutheinz, a
past recipient of the NASA Exceptional Service Medal, was featured in the BBC Two documentary Moon for Sale
39
talking about the Honduras Goodwill Moon Rock and this unique case.[45] [46] [47] [48] [49] [50] Today the Honduras
Goodwill Moon Rock is on display at the Centro Interactivo Chiminike an education center in Tegucigalpa that
receives hundreds of young student visitors per day."[51]
Ireland
The Irish Apollo 17 Goodwill Moon Rock is located at the National Museum of Ireland. The Apollo 17 Goodwill
Moon Rock was given to Irish President Erskine Childers who later died in office. When the widow of President
Childers, Rita Dudley Childers, requested the rock as a keepsake of her late husband, this very popular first lady’s
request was denied, as the Irish Government reasoned the Irish Goodwill Moon Rock belonged to the people of
Ireland and not just one individual.[52]
Counterfeit rocks
New York con-artists
In an October 23, 1999 story entitled "Atlanta Man Admits Trying to Sell Bogus Moon Rock", Reuters reported two
brothers, Ronald and Brian Trochelmann, who were previously charged in 1998 in "U.S. District Court in
Manhattan…"for…"a scheme to sell a phony moon rock for millions of dollars," both plead guilty to wire fraud, a
felony, for perpetrating that scheme. Their con was as follows: "The brothers claimed that their father had invented a
space-food packaging process that was used by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration during the
Apollo moon missions of the 1960s. The Trochelmann’s alleged that the rock had been brought from the moon by
Apollo 12 astronaut Alan Bean and given to John Glenn. They claimed Glenn, the first American to orbit Earth and
later a U.S. senator, had given the rock to their father in recognition of his supposed invention." …" Prosecutors said
Trochelmann's father never invented any food packaging process used by NASA and never even met Glenn, let
alone received a moon rock from him. The brothers had negotiated a consignment agreement with Phillips Son &
Neale, a Manhattan auction house, to sell the rock in December 1995. However, before the auction took place, a
Phillips representative told the brothers there was insufficient authentication that the rock had come from the moon.
The rock was confiscated by FBI agents in December 1995 prior to the scheduled auction."[53] This story first broke
in a New York Times Article written by Lawrence Van Gelder on December 2, 1995. At that time NASA expressed
the belief that the moon rock might have been real as it matched the general description of a moon rock that was
stolen in 1970. "Eileen Hawley, a spokeswoman for NASA, said of the sample offered through Phillips Fine Art
Auctioneers and Appraisers: We have a rock that is classified as lost, an Apollo 12 lunar sample of approximately
the same weight. With that information, we need to look at this—that this might be a true lunar sample. Ms. Hawley
said a rock sample collected during the Apollo 12 mission had been part of a shipment of registered and certified
mail that was stolen while en route to a researcher at the University of California in Los Angeles in 1970. The space
agency received a call on Thursday from the Postal Investigative Service in New York, she said, after articles about
the impending auction had been published. The service passed along a tip from the retired inspector, who was not
identified, about a possible connection between the theft and the rock to be auctioned."[54] The moon rock was
subsequently determined by NASA to be a phony. This scheme and schemes like it were the inspiration for the
undercover sting operation known as Operation Lunar Eclipse, which resulted in the acquisition of the Honduras
Goodwill Moon Rock in December 1998.[55] [56]
40
Door-to-door salesman
In his November 4, 1969 article appearing in the Fort Scott Tribune entitled "Fake Lunar Rock Racket Feared" NEA
Staff correspondent Tom Tiede first predicted a market for fake moon rocks, a market subsequently given extra
momentum as moon rocks began to be reported lost and stolen. Tiede gave a few examples to support his prediction.
"In Miami Florida a housewife had been approached by a door to door salesman dealing in lunar rocks. She bought
five dollars worth." "In Redwood City, Calif., a woman"… published an advertisement… "announcing moon dust
for sale. At $1.98 an ounce." " In New York, the Harlem Better Business Bureau" ….was…. "cautioning consumers
against purchasing any kind of obviously fake moon substances."[57]
Dutch moon rock proven fake
In his August 28, 2009 Associated Press story appearing in the Brisbane Times, Toby Sterling recounted how a
spokesman for the Dutch National Museum, Amsterdam's Rijksmuseum, acknowledged on August 26, 2009, "that
one of its prized possessions, a rock supposedly brought back from the moon by"…Apollo 11… "US astronauts, is
just a piece of petrified wood.."… "The museum acquired the rock after the death of former prime minister Willem
Dreesman in 1988. Dreesman received it as a private gift on October 9, 1969 from then-US ambassador J. William
Middendorf during a visit by the three Apollo 11 astronauts, part of their ‘Giant Leap’ goodwill tour after the first
moon landing." The museum acknowledged that though they did vet the moon rock they failed to double check it.[58]
The museum was under the incorrect belief that this moon rock was one of the 135 Apollo 11 moon rocks that were
presented to the nations of the world by the Nixon Administration.[59] "It's a nondescript, pretty-much-worthless
stone," said Frank Beunk, a geologist involved in the investigation.[60]
NASA controlled rocks
Theft of NASA rocks
In June 2002, 101 grams of moon rocks were stolen from the Johnson Space Center by interns Thad Roberts and
Tiffany Fowler. The pair used knowledge of the security around the rocks gained during their internship to remove a
272 kg (600 lb) safe containing the samples.[61] Roberts is a certified pilot and scuba diver who was an ambitious
student pursuing degrees in Physics, Geology and Anthropology who aspired to be an astronaut.[62] Fellow interns
Gordon McWhorter and Shae Saur were also later arrested for their role in the theft and attempted sale of the
rocks.[63] The theft also included a meteorite that may have revealed information about life on Mars.[64]
Roberts advertised the rocks to a Belgian mineralogy club website which was forwarded to the FBI who, with the
help of Belgian amateur astronomer Axel Emmermann, set up a sting in Orlando, Florida in July 2002 where Roberts
and Fowler were arrested.[63] Roberts was also charged with stealing Dinosaur bones and other fossils from his
school, the University of Utah.[65] [66]
The theft was the subject of the 2011 book "Sex on the Moon: The Amazing Story Behind the Most Audacious Heist
in History" and movie of the same name by Ben Mezrich.[67]
National Air and Space Museum
In an Aviation and Space Technology article published on September 27, 1976 entitled "Lunar Sample Damaged by
Vandals" the author addresses a vandalism and possible theft attempt against a 40 gram Apollo 17 moon rock. The
author states that the "Apollo 17 lunar sample on open display at the Smithsonian Institution's National Air and
Space Museum was slightly damaged…during an apparent vandalism attempt. It is possible that theft was the object
of the attack on the sample, but both museum and National Aeronautics and Space Administration officials believe
vandalism was the primary objective. About 2 cubic millimeters of the triangular fine-grained basalt were chipped
away during the incident that involved a hard blow to the sample with a sharp object. NASA believes no part of the
sample was obtained by the vandal. The area around the sample's display case was swept immediately after the
41
incident, and the sweeper bag is now at the Johnson Space Center, where it is being sifted in an attempt to obtain the
missing material."
The author stated that "The 40-gram sample on display is the first touchable moon rock. Museum visitors are able to
feel directly the texture of the lunar material, a departure from strict NASA policy that dictates that no individual
ever handle lunar samples directly as a guard against contamination. "[68]
Memphis, Tennessee
In an August 8, 1986 article written by United Press International entitled "Police Look for Stolen Moon Rocks" the
author wrote the following: "Memphis police are looking for some moon rocks taken from a NASA van that was
stolen." The van was assigned to Louis Marshall of Memphis, who conducts education programs for the National
Aeronautics and Space Administration. The van was stolen from outside his home Tuesday night, driven to a field
and set afire, police said Friday. A space suit in the van was left to burn. But thieves took some lunar rock and soil
specimens, police said. Marshall said it was hard to put a value on them. It's stuff that belongs to all of us,' he said.'
I'm out of business right now,' said Marshall. It will take a while to replace the items, he said. NASA officials said
that out of 384 kilograms (850 lb) of moon rock retrieved through the years, the sample was not a big loss. I don't
know what value it would be except just to gloat over it personally,' said NASA spokesman Terry White about the
theft. White said theft is not a common problem with the NASA exhibits, which are shown to schools around the
country.’ I’d always thought, Who's going to mess with a big red van with NASA on it?' Marshall said."[69] There is
no indication that this theft was related to a moon rock theft that followed just a few days later in Louisiana .
Louisiana Science and Nature Center
A set of six fragments of moon rocks used in educational programs were stolen from the Louisiana Science and
Nature Center by ripping a small safe out of a wall.[70] The case remains unsolved.
Virginia Beach
On January 10, 2006, Rudo Kashiri, an education specialist employed by NASA, reported that someone broke into a
van that was parked in the driveway of her home in Virginia Beach, Virginia and made off with a collection of
NASA moon rocks. The rocks were in a safe that was bolted to the van. The safe may or may not have been properly
locked. As an Education Specialist for NASA, Kashiri’s job involved bringing the moon rocks to schools and
showing them to students.[71] [72] These moon rocks have not been recovered.
References
[1] In Search of the Goodwill Moon Rocks: A Personal Account (http:/ / www. geotimes. org/ nov04/ trends. html) Geotimes Magazine.
November 2004.
[2] " Searching for Alaska's lost lunar treasure" (http:/ / capitalcityweekly. com/ stories/ 081810/ spe_696934951. shtml) The Capital City
Weekly, Elizabeth Riker, August 18, 2010.
[3] " Mystery of missing Alaska moon rocks" (http:/ / newsminer. com/ bookmark/ 9325145) Daily News Miner, Dermot Cole, August 30, 2010.
[4] (http:/ / dl. dropbox. com/ u/ 18058827/ Complaint. pdf) The Official Complaint
[5] "Moon rocks to be on display at Museum of Discovery" (http:/ / www. arkansasonline. com/ news/ 2011/ jan/ 14/
moon-rocks-be-display-museum-discovery/ ). Arkansas Democrat-Gazette.. 27 February 2011. .
[6] "Hunt is on high, low, for moon rock state got from Apollo 17 " (http:/ / www. arkansasonline. com/ news/ 2010/ dec/ 31/
hunt-high-low-moon-rock-state-got-apollo--20101231/ ) Arkansas Democratic-Gazette, Sarah Wire, December 31, 2010.
[7] " Trenton, we have a problem: NJ’s souvenir moon rock missing since 1970s " (http:/ / www. northjersey. com/ news/ state/ other_state_news/
051910_Trenton_we_have_a_problem_. html) The Record Newspaper, May 19, 2010.
[8] Misplaced From Space: Every Nation Received a Moon Rock, Some Can't Find it (http:/ / www. chron. com/ disp/ story. mpl/ nation/
6993992. html). The Houston Chronicle, Mike Tolson, May 7, 2010.
[9] "Lunar Material in Irish Landfill" (http:/ / www. collectspace. com/ archive/ archive-1009. html) CollectSpace.com, Robert Pearlman,
October 19, 2009.
42
[10] http:/ / thefacts. com/ news/ article_b32ae8ea-782a-5ee7-8dc1-cd2dfa373f84. html [ " Professor teaches how to track moon rocks"] The
Facts Newspaper, John Tompkins, October 6, 2009.
[11] "Malta’s Moon Rock Stolen: A TINY moon rock believed to be worth £2.8 million has been stolen from a museum in Malta, it emerged
today. " (http:/ / www. thesun. co. uk/ sol/ homepage/ news/ article88898. ece) The Sun (U.K), May 21, 2004.
[12] " $5M moon rock stolen from Malta museum" (http:/ / www. usatoday. com/ tech/ news/ 2004-05-21-malta-moon-rock-stolen_x. htm)
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[13] [ "Ex-NASA officer urges Malta amnesty to repossess moon rock"] The Sunday Times (Malta), Herman Grech, May 22, 2004.
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Chronicle, Mike Tolson, May 13, 2010 (Reprint).
[15] "Romania's bloody revolution" (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ europe/ 574200. stm) BBC News, December 22, 1999.
[16] McNeil Jr, Donald G. (1999-12-31). "Romania's Revolution of 1989: An Enduring Enigma, New York Times, Donald McNeil, December
31, 1999" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 1999/ 12/ 31/ world/ romania-s-revolution-of-1989-an-enduring-enigma. html?ref=nicolae_ceausescu).
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[17] " Treasure Brought From Heaven (http:/ / www. jurnalul. ro/ stire-special/ comoara-adusa-din-ceruri-522141. html) Jurnalul, Daniele
Ionascu, September 28, 2009.
[18] "PIATRĂ SELENARĂ DE 5 MILIOANE DE DOLARI, RĂTĂCITĂ Unde e averea din cer? (http:/ / www. jurnalul. ro/ stire-observator/
unde-e-averea-din-cer-526625. html) Jurnalul, Daniele Ionascu, November 9, 2009.
[19] "El hijo de Carrero Blanco donó otra roca al Museo Naval" (http:/ / www. elmundo. es/ elmundo/ 2009/ 07/ 20/ ciencia/ 1248121248. html)
EL MUNDO, Pablo Jáuregui , July 20, 2009.
[20] "El misterio de la roca lunar que EEUU regaló a España " (http:/ / www. elmundo. es/ elmundo/ 2009/ 07/ 19/ ciencia/ 1248023409. html)
EL MUNDO, Pablo Jáuregui , July 20, 2009.
[21] "Apollo moon rocks lost in space? No, lost on Earth " (http:/ / muzi. com/ cc/ english/ 10314,19931. shtml?q=10093341) Muzi.com,
September 13, 2009.
[22] "Missing rocks traveled from the moon to former governor's home office" (http:/ / www. denverpost. com/ search/ ci_15207033) Denver
Post, June 2. 2010.
[23] "Apollo 17 moon rocks land in Mines museum " (http:/ / www. denverpost. com/ headlines/ ci_15896027) The Denver Post,Colleen
O'Connor, August 26, 2010.
[24] "Moon rocks given to Colorado have vanished" (http:/ / www. denverpost. com/ search/ ci_15200387) Denver Post, June 1, 2010.
[25] "State fails to account for priceless moon rocks" (http:/ / www. mauinews. com/ page/ content. detail/ id/ 525086. html?nav=5031) The Maui
News (a Reprint from the Honolulu Advertiser), Will Hoover, October 24, 2009.
[26] "Missing moon rocks turn up " (http:/ / the. honoluluadvertiser. com/ article/ 2010/ Jan/ 11/ ln/ hawaii1110335. html) Honolulu Advertiser,
Will Hoover, January 11, 2010.
[27] "Moon Rocks Weren’t Lost-Just Shelved" (http:/ / www. columbiatribune. com/ news/ 2010/ may/ 28/ moon-rocks-werent-lost-just-shelved/
) [[Columbia Daily Tribune, May 28, 2010.
[28] "Moon Rocks discovery a false alarm: Apollo 17 keepsake still missing after all" (http:/ / www. columbiatribune. com/ news/ 2010/ jul/ 08/
moon-rock-discovery-a-false-alarm/ ) Columbia Daily Tribune, Janese Silvey, July 8, 2010.
[29] "Missouri State Museum Doesn't Have Apollo 17 Rock" (http:/ / enewscourier. com/ features/ x1907083364/
Missouri-State-Museum-doesn-t-have-Apollo-17-rock) Associated Press (The News Courier), July 9, 2010.
[30] "Moon Rock found in Kit Bond's Office" (http:/ / www. columbiatribune. com/ news/ 2010/ dec/ 23/ missing-moon-rock-uncovered/ )
Columbia Daily Tribune, Janese Silvey, December 23, 2010.
[31] "Missing moon rock from Apollo 17 back in Missouri" (http:/ / www. victoriaadvocate. com/ news/ 2010/ dec/ 23/
bc-mo-missouri-moon-rock1st-ld-writethru/ ?business& texas) Associated Press, Jim Salter, December 23, 2010.
[32] "North Carolina's moon rock to shine again in state museum" (http:/ / www. mcclatchydc. com/ 2010/ 07/ 28/ 98296/
north-carolinas-moon-rock-going. html). McClatchy DC. .
[33] "State’s elusive moon rock soon to become a big star" (http:/ / www. newsobserver. com/ 2010/ 07/ 28/ 600845/
states-elusive-moon-rock-soon. html) The News Observer, Jay Price, July 28, 2010.
[34] Search for the "missing" Apollo 11 moon rocks "" (http:/ / www. thedailynews. cc/ Main. asp?SectionID=2& SubSectionID=11&
ArticleID=32846) The Daily News, Toni Dowdell, February 19, 2010.
[35] [ "The Case of the Missing Moon Rock: Graduate Student looks for Apollo 17 Gift from Nixon"] Gazette Mail, May 16, 2010.
[36] " Second moon rock discovered in West Virginia" (http:/ / www. gjsentinel. com/ news/ articles/ second_moon_rock_discovered_in) The
Daily Sentinel, June 5, 2010.
[37] " Long-missing W.Va. moon rock believed found in Morgantown" (http:/ / wvgazette. com/ News/ 201006040844) Sunday Gazette Mail,
June 5, 2010.
[38] " Recovered Colorado moon rock finds home at School of Mines" (http:/ / www. denverpost. com/ news/ ci_15396906?source=rss) The
Denver Post, June 29, 2010.
[39] "UBC astronomy professor kept moon rock for several months" (http:/ / www. vancouversun. com/ travel/ astronomy+ professor+ kept+
moon+ rock+ several+ months/ 1801808/ story. html) Vancouver Sun, Pete McMartin, July 17, 2009.
[40] "Canada's 'goodwill moon rock' going back on display " (http:/ / www. canada. com/ travel/ Canada+ goodwill+ moon+ rock+ going+ back+
display/ 1813881/ story. html) Ottawa Citizen, Cassandra Drudi, July 21, 2009.
43
[41] Moon rocks went missing around the world (http:/ / www. cyprus-mail. com/ cyprus/ moon-rocks-went-missing-around-world-0). Cyprus
Mail, by Lucy Millett, September 17 , 2009.
[42] Cyprus a victim of lunar larceny (http:/ / www. cyprus-mail. com/ cyprus/ cyprus-victim-lunar-larceny). Cyprus Mail, by Lucy Millett,
September 18 , 2009.
[43] US Congress may look into missing Cyprus moon rock (http:/ / www. cyprus-mail. com/ cyprus/
us-congress-may-look-missing-cyprus-moon-rock). Cyprus Mail, by Lucy Millett, September 18 , 2009.
[44] "Honduran Official Led in Soccer War." (http:/ / online. wsj. com/ article/ SB10001424052748703957904575252870014487364. html) Wall
Street Journal, Stephen Miller, May 18, 2010.
[45] Moon for Sale (http:/ / www. bbc. co. uk/ sn/ tvradio/ programmes/ horizon/ broadband/ tx/ moonsale/ ) BBC Two Horizon Documentary,
April 10, 2007
[46] Moon rock returns to Honduras (http:/ / www. collectspace. com/ news/ news-062902a. html). CollectSpace.com. February 28th, 2004.
[47] American moon rock gifts vanish (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ americas/ 3912829. stm). BBC, July 21, 2004.
[48] In Malta, a moon-rock caper (http:/ / www. csmonitor. com/ 2004/ 0617/ p14s02-stss. html). The Christian Science Monitor, June 17, 2004.
[49] Lost The Hottest Rocks on Earth (http:/ / www. timesonline. co. uk/ tol/ life_and_style/ article459076. ece?token=null& offset=0& page=1).
The Times, July 20th, 2004.
[50] Misplaced From Space: Every Nation Received a Moon Rock, Some Can't Find it (http:/ / www. chron. com/ disp/ story. mpl/ nation/
6993992. html). The Houston Chronicle, May 7, 2010.
[51] "NASA Formally Returns Stolen Moon Rock to Honduras" (http:/ / www. space. com/ news/ honduras_moon_040229. html) An Associated
Press story appearing in Space.com, February 29, 2004.
[52] ["Houston to Dublin You have a problem"] Irish Mail on Sunday, Warren Swords, April 22, 2007.
[53] " Atlanta Man Admits Trying to Sell Bogus Moon Rock " (http:/ / www. space. com/ businesstechnology/ business/
moonrock_bogus_991025_wg. html) Reuters, Published in Space.com, October 23, 1999.
[54] [ " FBI Revists Early Theft of Moon Rock "] New York Times, December 2, 1995.
[55] In Search of the Goodwill Moon Rocks: A Personal Account (http:/ / www. geotimes. org/ nov04/ trends. html) Geotimes Magazine, Joseph
Gutheinz, November 2004.
[56] " Hunting Moon Rocks" (http:/ / www. alvinsun. net/ articles/ 2009/ 11/ 08/ news/ doc4af1a52ed11fb946825653. txt) Alvin Sun Advertise,
Judy Zavalla, November 4, 2009.
[57] "Fake Lunar Rock Racket Feared" (http:/ / news. google. com/ newspapers?id=LtMfAAAAIBAJ& sjid=EtkEAAAAIBAJ&
pg=866,3786882& dq=moon-rock+ lost+ mail& hl=en) Fort Scott Tribune, Tom Tiede, November 4, 1969.
[58] "Dutch Museum Duped by Moon Rock" (http:/ / www. brisbanetimes. com. au/ world/ dutch-museum-duped-by-moon-rock-20090828-f1gd.
html) The Associated Press, Toby Sterling, August 28, 2009.
[59] "Fake Moon Rock Discovery Prompts Security Questions" (http:/ / www. decaturdaily. com/ detail/ 43200. html) The Associated Press,
Toby Sterling, September 14, 2009.
[60] "'Moon rock' given to Holland by Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin is fake" (http:/ / www. telegraph. co. uk/ science/ space/ 6105902/
Moon-rock-given-to-Holland-by-Neil-Armstrong-and-Buzz-Aldrin-is-fake. html). The Daily Telegraph (London). August 29, 2009. .
[61] Curtis, Henry Pierson (06-AUG-03). "Judge spares NASA interns from prison time." (http:/ / www. accessmylibrary. com/ coms2/
summary_0286-8176905_ITM). The Orlando Sentinel. .
[62] Wagner, N (August 8, 1999). "Aspiring Astronaut Counts Down On Grueling Bike Trip for Charity" (http:/ / nl. newsbank. com/ nl-search/
we/ Archives?p_product=SLTB& p_theme=sltb& p_action=search& p_maxdocs=200& p_topdoc=1& p_text_direct-0=100EF601C96079F2&
p_field_direct-0=document_id& p_perpage=10& p_sort=YMD_date:D& s_trackval=GooglePM). Salt Lake Tribune. .
[63] "Rockhound helped FBI get stolen moon rocks" (http:/ / www. accessmylibrary. com/ comsite5/ bin/ aml_landing_tt.
pl?purchase_type=ITM& item_id=0286-6896025& action=print& page=aml_article_print). Orlando Sentinel. 31-JUL-02. .
[64] Goldstein, Michael (2004-06-06). "Sheer Lunacy - Los Angeles Times" (http:/ / www. latimes. com/ features/ printedition/ magazine/
la-tm-moonrocks23jun06,1,1392690. story?coll=la-home-magazine& ctrack=1& cset=true). Latimes.com. . Retrieved 2010-11-13.
[65] Kanaley, Reid (29-OCT-03). [Moon rock thief sentenced to more than eight years in prison. "Moon rock thief sentenced to more than eight
years in prison."]. Financial Times Ltd.. Moon rock thief sentenced to more than eight years in prison..
[66] "THE CASE OF THE STOLEN MOON ROCKS: Last of 3 NASA interns sentenced for grievous theft" (http:/ / www. fbi. gov/ page2/
nov03/ apollo111803. htm). Federal Bureau of Investigation. 11/08/2003. . Retrieved 2009-05-13.
[67] "'Social Network' Team Reuniting for Ben Mezrich's Sex on the Moon" (http:/ / www. hollywoodreporter. com/ news/
social-network-team-reuniting-ben-72903). Hollywood Reporter. .
[68] [ "Lunar Sample Damaged by vandals"] Aviation Week & Space Technology, Page 16, September 27, 1976.
[69] [ "Police Look for Stolen Moon Rocks "] United Press International, August 8, 1986.
[70] [ "Six Moon Rocks Stolen from New Orleans Center "] The Associated Press, August 18, 1986.
[71] " Faulty safe cited in moon rock theft: Educator whose van was broken into says safe didn't always lock" (http:/ / six. pairlist. net/ mailman/
listinfo/ meteorite-list) RICHMOND TIMES-DISPATCH ), A.J. Hostetler, January 19, 2006.
[72] " Thief gets sample of moon rock " (http:/ / mathaba. net/ 0_index. shtml?x=507375) UPI, January 17, 2006.
44
Metal foam
45
Metal foam
A metal foam is a cellular structure consisting of a solid metal,
frequently aluminium, containing a large volume fraction of gas-filled
pores. The pores can be sealed (closed-cell foam), or they can form an
interconnected network (open-cell foam). The defining characteristic of
metal foams is a very high porosity: typically 75-95% of the volume
consists of void spaces. The strength of foamed metal possesses a
power law relationship to its density; i.e., a 20% dense material is more
than twice as strong as a 10% dense material.
Metallic foams typically retain some physical properties of their base
material. Foam made from non-flammable metal will remain
non-flammable and the foam is generally recyclable back to its base
material. Coefficient of thermal expansion will also remain similar
while thermal conductivity will likely be reduced.[1]
Foamed aluminium
Open-cell metal foams
Open celled metal foams are usually replicas using open-celled
polyurethane foams as a skeleton and have a wide variety of
applications including heat exchangers (compact electronics cooling,
cryogen tanks, PCM heat exchangers), energy absorption, flow
diffusion and lightweight optics. Due to the high cost of the material it
is most typically used in advanced technology aerospace and
manufacturing.
Extremely fine-scale open-cell foams, with cells too small to be visible
to the naked eye, are used as high-temperature filters in the chemical
industry.
Open-cell metal foam
Metallic foams are nowadays used in the field of compact heat
exchangers to increase heat transfer at the cost of an additional pressure drop.[2] [3] [4] . However, their use permits to
reduce substantially the physical size of a heat exchanger, and so fabrication costs. To model these materials, most
works uses idealized and periodic structures or averaged macroscopic properties.
Metal foam
Closed-cell metal foams
Closed-cell metal foam was first reported in 1926 by Meller in a French patent where foaming of light metals either
by inert gas injection or by blowing agent was suggested.[5] The next two patents on sponge-like metal were issued
to Benjamin Sosnik in 1948 and 1951 who applied mercury vapor to blow liquid aluminium.[6] [7]
Closed-cell metal foams have been developed since about 1956 by John C. Elliott at Bjorksten Research
Laboratories. Although the first prototypes were available in the 50s, commercial production was started only in the
90s by Shinko Wire company in Japan. Metal foams are commonly made by injecting a gas or mixing a foaming
agent (frequently TiH2) into molten metal. In order to stabilize the molten metal bubbles, high temperature foaming
agent (nano- or micrometer sized solid particles) is required. The size of the pores, or cells, is usually 1 to 8 mm.
Closed-cell metal foams are primarily used as an impact-absorbing material, similarly to the polymer foams in a
bicycle helmet but for higher impact loads. Unlike many polymer foams, metal foams remain deformed after impact
and can therefore only be used once. They are light (typically 10–25% of the density of the metal they are made of,
which is usually aluminium) and stiff, and are frequently proposed as a lightweight structural material. However,
they have not yet been widely used for this purpose.
Closed-cell foams retain the fire resistant and recycling capability of other metallic foams but add an ability to float
in water.
Orthopedic Uses
Foam metal has also begun to be used as an experimental prosthetic in animals. In this application, a hole is drilled
into the bone and the metal foam inserted letting the bone grow into the metal for a permanent connection. For
orthopedic uses, foams from metals such as tantalum or titanium are often used, as these metals exhibit high tensile
strength, corrosion resistance with excellent biocompatibility.
Clinical studies on mammals
The most notable example was performed by Dr. Robert Taylor on a Siberian Husky named Triumph, in which both
back legs received foam metal prostheses.[8] Clinical studies on mammals have shown that porous metals, such as
titanium foam, may allow the formation of vascular systems within the porous area.[9]
Orthopedic use in human subjects
More recently, orthopedic device manufacturers have started producing devices that use either foam construction or
metal foam coatings[10] to achieve the desired levels of osseointegration. [11] [12] [13]
Automobile uses
Metallic foams are currently being looked at as a new material for automobiles. The main goal of the use of metallic
foams in vehicles is to increase sound dampening, reduce the weight of the automobile, and increase energy
absorption in case of crashes. In doing so, the properties of the car can be advanced while not increasing the weight
of the vehicle which is what generally happens when enhancements are made in automobiles.
The metallic foams that are being looked at currently, are aluminium and its alloys due to their low density (0.4 – 0.9
g/cm3). In addition these foams have a high stiffness, are fire resistant, do not give off toxic fumes, are fully
recyclable (reducing their carbon footprint), have high energy absorbance, have low thermal conductivity, have low
magnetic permeability, and are efficient at sound dampening, especially in comparison to light weight hollow parts.
In addition partial addition of metallic foams in hollow parts of the car will decrease weakness points usually
associated with car crashes and noisy vibrations. These foams are cheap to cast by using powder metallurgy (as
compared to casting of other hollow parts).
46
Metal foam
47
In comparison to polymer foams (for uses in automobiles), metallic foams are stiffer, stronger, and more energy
absorbent. They are more fire resistant, and have better weathering properties when considering UV light, humidity,
and temperature. However, they are heavier, more expensive, and non-insulating. [14]
Gallery
Small-cell closed-cell steel foam.
A large-cell
closed-cell
aluminium foam
produced from
molten aluminium.
A small-cell
closed-cell
aluminium foam.
An open-cell
aluminium foam.
Open cell brass foam water
treatment disc.
References
[1] Compare Materials: Cast Aluminium and Aluminium Foam (http:/ / www. makeitfrom. com/ compare/ ?left=Cast_Alum&
right=Alum_Foam)
[2] Topin, F., et al., Experimental Analysis of Multiphase Flow in Metallic foam: Flow Laws, Heat Transfer and Convective Boiling. Advanced
material Engineering, 2006. 8(9): p. 890-899
[3] Banhart, J., Manufacture, Characterization and application of cellular metals and metal foams. Progress in materials Science, 2001. 46: p.
559-632
[4] DeGroot, C.T., Straatman, A.G., and Betchen, L.J., Modeling forced convection in finned metal foam heat sinks. J. Electron. Packag., 2009.
131: art. 021001.
[5] M.A.De Meller, French Patent 615,147 (1926).
[6] B. Sosnick, US Patent 2,434,775 (1948).
[7] B. Sosnick, US Patent 2,553,016 (1951).
[8] "Triumph The Dog Ready To Run With Prostheses" (http:/ / cbs4denver. com/ local/ Colorado. News. Denver. 2. 556922. html). .
[9] Osseointegration with Titanium Foam in Rabbit Femur, YouTube: http:/ / www. youtube. com/ watch?v=hdscnna5r1Q
[10] Titanium coatings on Orthopedic Devices, Illustration, http:/ / www. youtube. com/ watch?v=Vj79YKYb5FQ& feature=related
[11] Biomet Orthopedics, Regenerex® Porous Titanium Construct, http:/ / www. biomet. com/ orthopedics/ productDetail. cfm?category=2&
product=231
[12] Zimmer Orthopedics, Trabeluar Metal Technology, http:/ / www. zimmer. com/ ctl?template=CP& op=global& action=1& id=33
[13] Zimmer Cancellous-Structured Titanium Porous Coating, http:/ / www. zimmer. com/ ctl?op=global& action=1& id=7876& template=MP
[14] New Concept for Design of Lightweight Automotive Components http:/ / www. metalfoam. net/ Papers-conference/
2001%20Bratislava_New%20concept_. pdf
Metal foam
External links
• NASA Fact sheet FS-2003-09-117-MSFC — Viscous Liquid Foam and Bulk Metallic Glass (Foam) (http://
www.nasa.gov/centers/marshall/news/background/facts/foam.html)
48
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License
License
Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported
http:/ / creativecommons. org/ licenses/ by-sa/ 3. 0/
51

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