5 th Mediterranean symposium on Marine vegetation

Transcription

ƻǊŷNrr^ÝŗµǢ
ŷ®ǻËrˤǼÌōr^ÝǻrǊǊŗrŗ
ǢɳōƻŷǢÝȕōŷŗōǊÝŗrərµrǻǻÝŷŗ
Portorož, Slovenia, 27-28 October 2014
NǻrǢ
^ȕˤuŎsǢɳōƻŷǢÝȕōōr^ÝǻrǊǊŗrrŗ
ǢȕǊĵərµrǻǻÝŷŗōǊÝŗr
Portorož, Slovenie, 27-28 octobre 2014
Regional Activity Centre for Specially Protected Areas (RAC/SPA)
Centre d’Activités Régionales pour les Aires Spécialement Protégées (CAR/ASP)
© Sandrine Ruitton
Boulevard du Leader Yasser Arafat | B.P. 337 - 1080 Tunis Cedex -Tunisia
phone: +216 71 206 649 / +216 71 206 485 / +216 71 206 851 / +216 71 206 765
Fax: +216 71 206 490
E-mail: [email protected]
web: www.rac-spa.org
May 2015
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Mediterranean coastlines and main drivers of loss; 2) a compilation of data on known
factors enhancing resilience and restoration success; 3) a discussion of gaps in the data,
ecological knowledge, and protection measures for these coastal habitats and
recommendations for how to address these gaps.
Results
Historical loss and main drivers
Conspicuous declines of algal canopies, sometimes to local extinction, have been reported
in many regions along the coasts of Spain, France, Italy, Croatia, Albania, Greece and
Turkey (Fig. 1 and Tab. 1). Along the Albères coast only 5 out of 14 species of Fucales
(Cystoseira spp. and Sargassum spp.) documented as abundant in 1912 were present in
2003 (Thibaut et al., 2005). Lost algal forests tend to be replaced by assemblages of lower
structural complexity, such as turf-forming, filamentous or other ephemeral seaweeds,
PXVVHOVRU³EDUUHQV¶(Mangialajo et al., 2008; Connell et al., 2014; Strain et al., 2014).
Canopy algae, turfs and barrens have been suggested to represent alternative states in
shallow temperate rocky coasts under different disturbance and stress regimes (Airoldi et
al., 2009). There is a growing consensus and empirical evidence that these habitat shifts
are driven by multiple anthropogenic stressors, including overfishing of higher trophic
groups leading to outbreaks of grazers, eutrophication, excess sediment loads, coastal
development, heavy metal pollution, point source pollutants such as oil spills, detergents
and anti-fouling paints and invasive species (Table 1). These local anthropogenic
stressors can interact negatively with environmental stressors or global climatic stressors
(such as increasing temperature and CO2) resulting in accelerated declines of canopyalgae (Perkol-Finkel & Airoldi, 2010; Asnaghi et al., 2013; Olabarria et al., 2013; Strain
et al., 2014).
Factors enhancing resilience or restoration efforts
While the proximate drivers of canopy loss are now relatively well understood, the factors
that control the recovery have been more difficult to identify, and over a certain
deterioration threshold, these systems may not be able to recover at all
(Perkol- Finkel & Airoldi, 2010). The alternative habitat replacing lost canopies seems
A
B
C
D
Fig. 1: Canopy algae characterise Mediterranean rocky coasts (e.g. A-Cystoseira balearica
forest, Scandola, Corse), but many forests have been replaced by algal turfs (e.g. B- Haifa,
Israel), urchin barrens (e.g. C- Porto Cesareo, Italy), or mussel beds (e.g. D - Monte Conero,
Italy). Photographs by: A) E Ballesteros, B) L Airoldi, C) P Guidetti, D) L Airoldi
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Fig.2 : Biomasses retenues dans 15 traits de chalut pendant la campagne de pêche
par le "kiss" (Avril 2014).
Variation du recouvrement GHO¶KHUELHUà Posidonia oceanica
Au niveau du site de référence (site non impacté), le recouvrement de O¶KHUELHU est assez
faible et ne dépasse pas 50%, GXIDLWGHODVWUXFWXUHGHO¶KHUELHUWLJUp. Il est de 60%,
dans le site impacté qui correspond pourtant à un herbier continu. 40% de la couverture
GHO¶KHUELHUest formée de mattes mortes perdues à cause des panneaux divergents utilisés
pour garantir l'ouverture latérale du chalut ou "kiss". Les traces apparaissent sous forme
des sillons au milieu de l'herbier qui ont les mêmes largeurs et sont G¶pWHQGXHVdifférentes.
Au niveau de la zone impactée, la surface dégradée par le "kiss" est estimée à 630 m2, ce
qui correspond à 25,2% de la surface totale considérée. Dans les traces du chalut,
Posidonia oceanica tend à recoloniser la surface perdue, mais elle est en compétition avec
G¶autres macrophytes, dont certaines sont des espèces exotiques à caractère invasif
(ex.Caulerpa racemosa var. cylindracea) ce qui risque de causer encore plus de
perturbations à l'écosystème.
Variation de la densité des faisceaux
Pour la station de référence, la densité des faisceaux de feuilles de Posidonia oceanica
est estimée à 594 ± 36 faisceaux.m-2. Cet herbier est classé parmi les herbiers de type II,
herbier dense selon Giraud (1977) mais présente une densité « médiocre » pour cette
profondeur (PNUE-PAM-CAR/ASP, 2011).
En ce qui concerne la station impactée, l'herbier présente une densité de 728 ± 38
faisceaux/m2 ; il correspond également à un herbier de type I ou herbier dense selon
Giraud (1977) mais sa densité est considérée comme normale (PNUE-PAM-CAR/ASP,
2011).
Phénologie
Les différents indices phénologiques et biométriques sont consignés dans le tableau 1.
7DE,QGLFHVSKpQRORJLTXHVHWELRPpWULTXHVGHO¶KHUELHUGHSRVLGRQLHFDOFXOpVGDQVOH
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fréquence des mattes mortes sous forme de traces dues au chalutage à une profondeur ne
dépassant pas 3 m à marée haute.
Fig.3 : Cartographie des principaux peuplements et types de fonds
dans la région des îles Kerkennah (Avril 2014).
%LHQTXHOHVUpVXOWDWVGHO¶étude phénologique puissent paraîtres en discordance avec ceux
du recouvrement, ils peuvent raisonnablement V¶H[SOLTXHUSDUOHVFRQGLWLRQVpFRORJLTXHV
naturelles du milieu, en effet le site de référence est très près de la côte donc il subit l'effet
de la marée et de la profondeur qui vont avoir un rôle important sur les caractéristiques
SKpQRORJLTXHVGHO¶KHUELer.
Il apparaît donc que le recouvrement est le paramètre le plus significatif pour décrire les
dégâts dus au passage des panneaux divergents des mini chaluts benthiques. Par contre
d'après les résultats de notre étude, les paramètres phénologiques et biométriques, qui
représentent des meilleures valeurs au niveau du site impacté, ne sont pas des bons
indicateurs de l'impact du "kiss" sur l'herbier.
Il est vrai que cette pratique de pêche illicite réduit le recouvrement de l'herbier, mais le
problème est beaucoup plus grave, parce que les traces de chalutages sont des terrains très
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Beaucoup de mesures ont été prises pour lutter contre la pratique de la pêche au "kiss"
mais paraissent incapables de ralentir son évolution continue et rapide. /DFUpDWLRQG¶XQH
aire marine protégée dans la région des îles Kerkennah, la sensibilisation des pêcheurs de
la région DX[SUREOqPHVGHO¶HQYLURQQHPHQWPDULQet leur implication dans les actions de
protection et de surveillance de la future réserve marine nous paraissent des actions
importantes à entreprendre G¶XUJHQFH pour la protection des ressources marines de la
région.
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centimétrique. L'attitude du bateau, c'est-à-dire son inclinaison (lacet, roulis et tangage) est
connue en permanence grâce à une centrale inertielle.
/HV PR\HQV VXLYDQWV VRQW RSpUpV VLPXOWDQpPHQW j SDUWLU G¶XQ PLQL-navire océanographique
dédié à la reconnaissance des fonds marins :
x Un sonar latéral interféromètre (GEOSWATH) à 250 kHz : il réalisHO¶LPDJHULHVRQDU
latéral des sites peu profonds en même temps que la bathymétrie multifaisceaux,
x 8Q VRQDU ODWpUDO ./(,1 j N+] SRXU O¶DFTXLVLWLRQ G¶XQe mosaïque sonar
latéral haute résolution
x Un sondeur de sédiment INNOMAR SES 2000 compact bi-fréquence (100 et 10 kHz).
Le sondeur de sédiment INNOMAR SES 2000 est fourni avec un logiciel d'acquisition
SHUPHWWDQW OH SLORWDJH GH O¶pOHFWURQLTXH ,O SHUPHW GH UpJOHU HQWUH DXWUHV OD IUpTXHQFH
d'acquisition, la récurrence des émissions et permet l'enregistrement des données brutes
acoustiques.
Résultats
Une première phase de travail réalisée par SEMANTIC TS a consisté à développer des routines
de traitement des signaux enregistrés SDUO¶,1120$5&HWWHSKDVHpWDLWQpFHVVDLUHGDQVOD
mesure où l'objectif était de fusionner les données sondeur de sédiments avec les données multicapteurs acquises antérieurement. Il était donc impératif de maîtriser la chaîne de traitement et
de géo-localisation des signaux d'une part, et d'autre part de disposer de fonctionnalités de
graphisme et d'affichage spécifiques aux besoins de ce projet.
Le logiciel SIVA (logiciel développé par SEMANTIC TS) recalcule automatiquement la
profondeur à partir des données brutes à l'aide d'algorithmes plus évolués dans le cas de
l'acquisition de signaux en présence de végétation sous-marine. Un exemple (Fig. 1) met en
évidence l'efficacité de la détection de la hauteur de l'herbier de posidonies à l'aide des signaux
issus de la haute fréquence.
Fig. 1 : Fenêtre de visualisation GHO¶KLVWRULTXHGXVRQGHXUOHORQJG¶XQHUDGLDOHGHPHVXUHpour les
signaux haute fréquence (100 KHZ) du logiciel SIVA. En haut : Observation de la profondeur
(entre 0 et 15 m : profondeur moyenne de 6 m). En bas : Variation autour du fond (+/- 3 m).
La méthode d'analyse des signaux du sondeur de sédiments sur de la matte morte a été testée
dans un premier temps sur une zone pilote située devant le port de Sanary-sur-Mer (Provence,
France). &HWWH]RQHSUpVHQWDLWODSDUWLFXODULWpG¶DYRLUGHVWRPEDQWVGHPDWWHVELHQPDUTXpVHW
donc mesurables en partie sans avoir recours à des carottages. On observe la corrélation entre
les signaux du sondeur de sédiments et la vérité terrain (Fig. 2).
)LJ(QKDXWODYpULWpWHUUDLQHWHQEDVOHVVLJQDX[DFRXVWLTXHV&RUUHVSRQGDQFHGHVVLJQDX[
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new patches and lagoon sites, which suggests that Z. noltii is slightly expanding in the
Berre Lagoon, probably due to improved salinity conditions. Newly occurring patches do
not only mostly originate from existing meadows within the lagoon, but also have high
genotypic richness, suggesting recruitment from sexual reproduction via seeds produced
within the lagoon. The PCoA was also performed only on distinct genotypes for each
population and population distances were comparable.
Fig. 2: PCoA of samples collected in the Berre lagoon in 2013 (Arc transplant, Arc 2013,
Berre 2013 and Vaïne 2013) and in 2009 (Berre, Arc and Carteau).
Despite the close grouping of new patches from Vaïne, Berre and Arc in the PCoA in
Figure 2, the genetic make-up at each location is distinct as seen in the assignment test
shown in Tab. 2. Overall, 86% of samples are assigned to their own population. This
genetic structure indicates that meadows are genetically distinct, although there is some
gene flow within the lagoon. No samples collected within the lagoon, neither natural sites
nor transplants, were assigned to Carteau, and all shoots sampled in Carteau in 2009 get
assigned to their own population. This indicates the isolation of the lagoon from the open
sea, despite the fact that Carteau represents the donor site for transplants. Sampling for
the genetic study in 2009 and sampling for transplants took place in different parts of the
meadow several hundred meters apart, but this is nevertheless a surprising result. Finally,
two genotypes collected in the transplanted site of Arc, seem to derive from new Arc
patches, suggesting that environmental conditions at the transplant site have sufficiently
recovered for recruitment of indigenous shoots.
Conclusions
This study is one of few examples where genetic data is available for a transplant-trial in
seagrasses before and after restoration. We show that the naturally re-occurring and relict
meadows in the Berre lagoon are genetically distinct from the donor material used for the
transplants. The newly occurred patches at Berre and Arc and the meadow at Vaïne are
genetically distinct from each other, although the assignment test shows that there is some
gene flow between naturally re-appearing and relict meadows in the lagoon. High
genotypic richness values in these meadows are proof of high levels of sexual
reproduction.
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geographic distribution have already been observed in species of the genus Caulerpa
(Meinesz, 1973).
Although in recent years the Bergeggi meadow has showed some recovery in term of
advancing upper limit and increasing P. oceanica extent, the ecosystem is following a
path different from the one that led to the change. The unpredictable behaviour of alien
species confirms the need to monitor them over time in order to verify its future
evolution and their effect on the habitat.
Fig. 1: Structural change in the Bergeggi meadow in 25 years. The position of the five
years represents their relative positioning in the MDS graph (2D Stress: 0)
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Tab. 1: Mean vitality of Posidonia oceanica meadow at the PMN sites during the setting up
(2004 - 2007) and the monitoring phase (2013). (ref): Reference site.
2004-2007
2013
2004-2007
2013
Macinaggio
Porto Pollo (ref) 4.0 (Good) 3.1 (Normal)
4.1 (Good)
4.1 (Good)
Cap Sagro (ref) 3.6 (Good) 3.1 (Normal)
La Parata
3.8 (Good)
3.0 (Normal)
Toga
Sagone (ref)
2.9 (Normal) 3.3 (Normal)
4.4 (Good)
3.6 (Good)
Arinella
Porto (ref)
4.0 (Good) 3.1 (Normal)
3.8 (Good)
3.8 (Good)
Bravone
Stareso
(ref)
4.3 (Good)
3.6 (Good)
Secteur Est (ref) 3.5 (Good) 3.5 (Good)
Ile Rousse
La Chiappa
Canari
3.9 (Good)
4.3 (Good)
Lavezzi (ref)
3.9 (Good)
4.1 (Good)
Tab. 2: Mean water body quality (BiPo index) at the PMN sites during the setting up (2004 2007) and the monitoring phase (2013). (ref): Reference site.
2004-2007
2013
2004-2007
2013
Macinaggio
Porto Pollo (ref) 0.74 (Good) 0.60 (Good)
0.95 (High)
0.89 (High)
0.69 (Good)
Cap Sagro (ref)
La Parata
0.84 (High)
0.59 (Good) 0.55 (Good)
0.65 (Good)
Toga
Sagone (ref)
0.80 (High)
0.80 (High)
Arinella
Porto (ref)
0.75 (Good) 0.61 (Good)
0.87 (High)
0.69 (Good)
Bravone
Stareso (ref)
0.67 (Good) 0.59 (Good)
0.87 (High)
Secteur Est (ref) 0.77 (Good) 0.66 (Good)
Ile Rousse
0.83 (High)
La Chiappa
Canari
0.77 (Good) 0.61 (Good)
0.69 (Good)
0.82 (High)
Lavezzi (ref)
0.76 (Good)
The three transects of the SeagrassNet system (Stareso site) were carried out at each
follow-up visit to the site (2009 and 2012). The meadow density declined when the depth
increased for the three years studied (Fig. 2).
ϱϬϬ
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Fig. 2: Changes in meadow
density between 2006 and 2012
at different depths at Stareso
site (SeagrassNet system).
Between 2006 and 2012, the density increased at the upper limit (-9 m), remained stable
at the intermediate depth (-25 m) and declined at the lower limit (-38 m). At the lower
limit, it declined from 24 ± 16 to 12 ± 13 shoots per m2. The meadow cover also declined
at the lower limit, where it dropped respectively from 23 ± 10% in 2006, to 20 ± 9% in
2009 and to 19 ± 13% in 2012.
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In this point of view we assess the cover evolution of cover and density of H. stipulacea
meadows in Marina Cap Monastir during the period May 2011 and May 2014.
Materials and methods
The study site is located in the outer harbor of Marina Cap Monastir
(35°46'44"N10°50'07"E Tunisia) (Fig. 1), with sandy substratum at 1.5 m depth
colonizing the seagrass meadow of Cymodocea nodosa (Ucria) Ascherson, 1870 and
some algal species, of which Caulerpa prolifera (Fosskti) Lamouroux is the most
abundant. Maximum depth in this part of the Marina is approximately 4 m, with an
average of 0.8 m; the bottom is relatively flat and muddy.
E
Fig. 1: A. location of the Marina Cap Monastir - B. Map of the Marina with the position
of the four transects (T1-T4) and the four sampling stations (S1-S4).
We have investigated the distribution of the two seagrasses (H. stipulacea and C. nodosa)
in Marina Cap Monastir through prospecting campaigns covering the whole Marina
during May 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2014. Observations was carried out along 4 transects
(T1 to T4) and according to a prospecting itinerary along the Marina docks (Fig. 1). The
distribution of the both seagrasses was mapped using a GPS (Global Positioning System).
Quantitative samples were taken over a surface of 20 x 20 cm (10 replicates) in four
sampling stations (Fig. 1 and Table 1). In each quantitative sample and to estimate the
shoot density, the number of shoots of C. nodosa and H. stipulacea was counted.
A standardized one-hour transects of various lengths were surveyed by snorkeling or/and
diving, at depth range between 0 to 30 m in neighbouring areas of the Cap Marina
Monastir aiming to asses new H. stipulacea patch.
Tab. 1: Depth and substratum type in the four sampling stations
S1
Depth (m) 0.5
Substratum sandy
S2
0.8
muddy
S3
2
muddy
S4
1
sandy
Results
Halophila stipulacea coverage
The mean percentage cover of all benthic plants was estimated showing a quick
H. stipulacea colonization inside the Marina. The covered surface area in the first field
campaign (May 2011) was 2 000 m2. It increased rapidly reaching a value of 22 000 m2
in May 2014 (Fig. 2 and 4). Besides C. nodosa, abundant in early 2010 in the outer harbor
of the Marina, was currently observed in only very restrictid areas.
Fig. 2: Halophila stipulacea benthic coverage during the four campaigns.
Shoot density
The analysis of the influence of time on the four sampling stations reflects a fast increase
of H. stipulacea shoot density (Fig. 3A, from 2 475 in May 2011 to 8 895 shoots m-2 in
May 2014). The evolution over time of C. nodosa shoot density showed a clear decrease
from 714 shoots m- 2 in May 2011 to 313 in May 2014 (Fig. 3B).
Fig. 3: Evolution of shoot density of the two species Halophila stipulacea (A) and Cymodocea
nodosa (B).
Liberated fragments of the invasive seagrass H. stipulacea were found 1km south of the
Marina in popular anchorages area frequented by fishing and recreational boats, however,
the distribution of the seagrass is confined to these locations.
Fig. 4: Temporal changes in the spatial distribution of Halophila stipulacea (light green) and Cymodocea nodosa (dark green) in Marina Cap
Monastir from May 2011 to May 2014.
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Materials and methods
Study was conducted in September 2012 in the front of port El Kantaoui using scuba
diving at 10 m depth (Fig. 1). Forty-five orthotropic shoots of P. oceanica were collected
and conserved in -20 °C until the dissection in the laboratory.
Fig. 1: Map of the sampling area in El Kantaoui port (Eastern coast of Tunisia)
Three sub-samples of 15 shoots were considered for this study. For each pool of shoots,
sheaths were carefully detached from the rhizome and ordered, according to their distical
disposal, from the older (near the rhizome base) to the more recent (near the living leaves).
The sheath thickness minima were identified during the dissection procedure to determine
the limits of the annual cycles (Pergent, 1990). The pattern of the mercury concentration
was studied over an annual cycle during the last decade (2002- 2011).
The sheaths of Posidonia oceanica were dried at 30°C for 48 h, milled to obtain an
homogeneous sample.For Hg analyses, 500 mg of samples were placed in closed Teflon
container to prevent any volatilisation of mercury (Matusiewicz et al., 1989).
Mineralisation was carried out using a mixture of 5ml of HNO3 and 3ml of H2O2. The
Teflon digestion vessels were sealed and placed in a microwave oven. Then, content was
poured into 25ml volumetric flasks and diluted to volume with ultrapure water and then
transferred to 60 ml polypropylene flasks. Mineralized samples were analysed using
Inductively Coupled Plasma spectrometry (ICP-OES, model OPTIMA 2100 DV and
PERKIN ELMER 8000).
One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare average concentration of
mercury in the dead sheaths over years using XLSTAT software.
Results
The annual variation of mercury concentration in the dead sheaths over a period from
2002 to 2011 is indicated in Fig. 2. Annual mean concentration varied between minima
of 7.42±1.79 ng g-1 dry wt in 2009 to a maximum of 18.59±17.91 ng g-1 dry wt in 2008.
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incrustans. Celles-ci recouvrent des surfaces appréciables ; G¶R une bonne vitalité et
DGDSWDWLRQ DX[ FRQGLWLRQV HQYLURQQHPHQWDX[ $XVVL O¶DSSDULWLRQ GH Corallina elongata
indique la présence de mauvaise qualité des eaux. Pour les Ochrophyta ce sont les Fucales
qui dominent (7%), avec Cystoseira compressa et Sargassum vulgare. Pour les Chlorophyta,
ce sont les Cladophorales (9.52%) et les Ulvales (2.38%) avec Ulva rigida. Cette richesse
spécifique évolue en fonction des apports terrigènes, véhiculées par les eaux usées. La
SUpVHQFH G¶XQ SHXSOHPHQW j Corallina elongata ou à Cystoseira compressa montre la
sensibilité des espèces à la qualité de leur environnement et à la qualité du sédiment qui piège
les éléments polluants. La densité du peuplement diminue par la disparition des espèces
sensibles à la pollution. Les indices de diversité utilisée +¶HW(RQWFRQILUPpVO¶pWDWGX
SHXSOHPHQWpWXGLp&HVLQGLFHVVRQWUHODWLYHPHQWIDLEOH+¶ jELWVHW( j
&HTXLWUDGXLWO¶LQVWDELOLWpGXSHXSOHPHQWLOHVWFRQVLGpUpFRPPHSROOXpVLO¶RQVHUpIqUHjOD
classification de Simboura et =HQHWRV /¶LQGLFH GH 6RUHQVHQ ,V PRQWUH
O¶KRPRJpQpLWpGXSHXSOHPHQWDOJDO,OHVWDGPLVTXHOHORQJG¶XQJUDGLHQWG¶HXWURSKLVDWLRQ
OHQRPEUHG¶HVSqFHVGLPLQXHPDLVODELRPDVVHGHVHVSqFHVWROpUDQWHVDXJPHQWH3HDUVRQHW
Rosenberg, 1978). La classification hiéarchique ascendante (Fig.1) montre deux catégories :
une catégorie constituée par : le groupes I rassemblant les espèces tolérants à la pollution,
(Ceramium tenerrimum, Gigartina acicularis, Sphacelaria tribuloides). Le groupe II formé
par les espèces indicatrices de pollution (Pterocladie capillecea, Cystosira compressa,
Corallina elongata). La deuxième catégorie formée par : le groupe III constitués par les
espèces tolérantes à la pollution (Jania rubens, Ceramium ssp, Cladophora albida, Bryopsis
muscosa).
///
// Hiérarchique du peuplement
/
Fig.1 : Classification
Ascendante
algal
Conclusion
Les données obtenues reflètent les conditions environnementales des différents sites.
Cependant, ODWXUELGLWpGHO¶HDXTXLHVWOLpHjO¶DSSRUWGHPDWLqUHs en suspension et au
VpGLPHQWQ¶DSDVpWppYDOXpe et pourrait jouer un rôle dans la répartition des macroalgues,
YRLUO¶pWDWpFRORJLTXHGHVpFRV\VWqPHV
Bibliographie
PEARSON T. H., ROSENBERG R. (1978) - Macrobenthic succession in relation to organic
enrichment and pollution of the marine environment. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev. 16:
229-311
SIMBOURA.N., ZENETOS A. (2002) - Benthic indicators to use in ecological quality
classification of Mediterranean soft bottoms marine ecosystems, including a new biotic index.
Mediterrenean Marine Science. 3/2: 77-111
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decreased in the following order: Zn > Ni > Cu > Pb > Cd (Fig. 1) according to the
sequence commonly observed by Conti et al. (2010). P. oceanica leaves accumulated
more metal than leaves of C. nodosa, except for Cu. However, this difference is
statistically significant only for Ni.
ͺͲǡͲͲ
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ͳͲǡͲͲ
ͲǡͲͲ

Fig. 1: Mean metal concentration in sediment, P. oceanica and C. nodosa leaves
around El Kantaoui port
Discussion and conclusions
Seagrass is often considered as a useful metal bioindicator. This observation is confirmed
by the present study. Indeed, comparison between concentrations of trace metals in two
seagrass species and sediment show that P. oceanica may have a greater bioaccumulation
capacity than sediment or C. nodosa (except for Cu).
Acknowledgments
The present study was funded by MAPMED project (I-B/2.1/395).
Bibliograhy
BOUDOURESQUE C.F., BERNARD G., BONHOMME P., CHARBONNEL E., DIVIACCO G.,
MEINESZ A., PERGENT G., PERGENT-MARTINI C., RUITTON S., TUNESI L. (2006) Préservation et conservation des herbiers à Posidonia oceanica. Ramoge publications.
Monaco. 200p.
CONTI M., BOCCA B., LACOBUCCI M., FINOIA M., MECOZZI M., PINO A. (2010) Baseline trace metals in seagrass, algae, and mollusks in a southern Tyrrhenian ecosystem
(Linosa Island, Sicily). Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 58:
79-95.
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5 th Mediterranean symposium on Marine vegetation

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