Merunopaxo p60qpa : "Orlooogfa xur Erurorqpeg orov 20o arcilvcr

Merunopaxo p60qpa : "Orlooogfa xur Erurorqpeg orov 20o arcilvcr

Merunopaxo
p60qpa : "Orlooogfa
xur Erurorqpeg orov 20o arcilvcr"
Ar6d,oro)v : Aptorei6tls Mna)'tdg
@6pa :To riorepo qr?'ooogrK6 6pyo tou BrrTxevord,rv
Enrprilcro 6qpac6oearv : fldrpog flolop6nq5
,
EroaTcoyrl
Merd, qv
6r6ooq
rnq Aoywo-Qilooogrc7E lTpaypareiaE(fractatus
Logico-
Philosophicus [TLP], o Aoriwprl Btryrcword,rvnopatrq0qrceon6 rc60egr-l"oooqrcl
6ttl, rnoteriovruq 6tr €yet trrloer ro zupoptrrlpcrtaqg
grl"ooogioq rca0cbq
Ko16rr 'yu 6oo 6w pnopei va pr-}"qoerrccrveiq
rp&retvo ooTroiver'
woololrloq
erri 66xa
ITLP 7]. To 1929 ernotp6rpfl oro Kaipnptt( yu vo cruvtXloer rrl gilooorprrrl roo
epeuvo,6lovrcq 0eotl un6 opgropqrqcnl rdnoreg ano trg 06oerqroo Tractatus. Kard,
rrl 6d,prcero qq un6l.ouqq (rorlg rou 6w 6qpoo ner rccvfva 6p1o. To 1953, 66o
1r6vra petd, tov 0dvot6 tou, plezcet to gcrlq Tqq 8qpoor6Trlrog ro 6pto rou
QiooorpwtE EpeuveEtOE] (Phitosophical Investigations), TroD7rporcol^ei
6rorlq(n
otrl gr-l,ooogucqKotvorqta, o<pori efvot oroOrprl q 6uqopd, tou ptpl,iou ourori - p.s ro Tractatus.
oulrcprv6psvo Kol o>gTrpogto rigog lcCI,r
cDqrpoq ro TrepteX6pevo
':
Apf(er l"ornov vo yivetat q 6rdrcptoq peta$i npcbrpou Kor riorepou 6p1ou tou
Btryrcwotd,rv.O i6tog avoq6pet6rr ot rcovoripTrsg
rou orceryerq
"0c, pnoporio'crvvo
gconotoriv ocootd, povuX&tDcopweqpe tov zral,or6rpozro orc6ryr1g
og unopa0po' Kor
ot ovci,0eorl Ft ourov"l. AroTrori0qoe q er6oo1 Kcrl al,Lolv pfl,iolv
[E
gt?'ooogtr6q naporrlpqoeq : tou Brryrword,w, rct.lpro ,rrlfrl rcDv orcoicovrltov
oDrlpooizuroxeipwd tou uru6popgTlTrpoooTnKcilv
orlperrboeov rc,0citgKor 6utr€(erg
Trou etTe 66oer og rcaOqyrlrqqOr-l"ooogiaq oro
Koiprcpt(. Avorp6povror
ev8errrrrca : To Mtd,i BtpLio [MzcB] Kat ro Kapt ptPlio KBI (Ihe BIue aid Blown
boolcs) , ITapaulpqoeryma fueptha uov MahrytarrccbvIIOMf (Remarl<son the
Foundatians of Mathematics) , QtTooogrc1E
lTaparrlprloerE[On] (Philosophical'
Remarlrs) , Zettel lZl, @Aooo(prK7
fpaltpanrcrl [Af] Qhilosophical Grantmar) , ITepi
BepafitryraE[IB) (On Certainty) , ITapaqprloeryyn rry Qilooogia rqE VoyoioyiaE
I[IIOYI (Remarl<son the Philosophy of Psycholog) , Ifapan1pfioery yn, to Xpcbpa
[[IX] (Renturlcson Coloztr).
tuppivovrctg ro ugog nou 6uzrfl ro rcpciltporar uorepo 6pyo rou Brryrworrin,, o
TuoKcDVrKoq,
rcoroe oproptueq neptrcrci>oeq ogopronK6g, rp6nog ypogqq rou
tt
Tractatus nc,polcopei rn 0eotl rou 6e 6va 6tol,.o1xo XopoKrrlpo pero(u rou
Brryrcwor&w Ko,rDrrc0enxcbvnpoocirncov,
rcuprop1oripevoair6 (c,lqp6qerrcovegKor
tB)*
EroaToryqong Qdooogwi€'EpeoveE, ae)..22 acrlv dJ.r1vm1 percgpaoq.
-1-
perogop6g. Evcil oro Tractatus eivar oogqs r1 6drptoq rov voTllrottKiov worrltcov
ouornpq
crpiOprlorl (emd, paorrc6g npor&oetq TroD
11gpis loy,rn Kor
6rar1"q.6i(owa,r),orlg @Aooogrc1g EpeuveEuzr&pXerpia ouve16psvl opi8pqorl tcov
zroporqpqoecov2rcsr 6ev eivar' nsvra an6d,rplrrl q petupaorl azr6 pria voqponrrl
w6trlra oe 6Mtl.
to
T6oo oro rcpcixpo6oo Kor oro fotepo 6pyo tou Brryrcwotd,w , q ll"rilooo oTrorel^e,i
ezcirwtpo roD w6tag6povroq. Evcil oro Tractatus epgovi(eror q t&o-rl 7r€ptypogqq
Tng Tld)ooog
nrrnrc6 rp6no, oro riotepo
Fr
6pyo nepvder oro TrpooKllvtoTl
rcahqpepwi Xpiort rryE ylcbooqE. An6 ourrlv mrul"oriwot ro npoplrlpcra
fiou rov
c,noo1ol"ofv, q 6roalrcoorl toug rcOrbg
Kc,t re napo6eiyporo Trou Xplotponowi
fipoKflp6vou vo ozrorel"€oouvto 6vauopcr Tto Treport6pcoovdluoq. Arepzuvofwar
nroylgtcov cX6otov TtoDelrgcrui(ovrat oro or6Lou0o o;r1pa3
roopoq
./\
yiltirooa +.-.---_-1_l
ox6ry1
Xro Tractatus o rc6opoq .eivor ro nport6axro Kot q orc6vn pe q yl"cilooa
ytl eut6v. Me rq oerpd,rouq,
Dropopgci:vouvrrlv etrc6vq, nou 6Xetro uTrorceipevo
yl,rilooo
y?"ri:oo'arat 6KdVq crotel"ouv q prd, etrc6vorrlq d'I)'xg. Xto umepo 6p7o 11.
qupzrrprgopdg Kor oTrorelei rov gopeda rtov orc6ryeotv
ozuorel,etp6pogrqg avOpri>rnvqg
_i
Tro rov rc6opo-'.
orqpt(erar r,opiolqolri Qilooogrc1g EpetsveE, or orcoteg
H zropouocTrpoo6yyrorl
nepfyouv ro anooraylro rou uorepou rprl,ooogrrori 6pyou, Kor e(vcrrro p6vo
rcefpevopera ro Tractatus,Trouzrpoopr(6tav ano rov i6ro tov Brrlrevotal
('.,
6qpoo[euor]'. I6tairepa pcrprlcqta 6ivstat
1-
,
6
Yc
,
d,
.
,
-
o,r0 Milt
B$7io
Tto
Kor ro llepi
2
694) auul agopd,to zrpdlropepoqrov OE, nou lpdgrqre gr6Xlrtto 1945.
H api0prlqq (oro I 6crrg
-Orav
to 6pyo ex6o0qxe,rpoor60qre rfucr6zurepo lr6pog,nou nept6let oqpercilotq ypapp€vegsno to
19466cogto 1949.
I wedbeig,
A.. oeL.321.
tH
neprypogTlrqq yldrooaq, aq gopEarqq or6ryr1g,erppa(er rq 6rrq l,aroupyic nlg, og' woq og
EKgpaauKoup6ooorrlq oriyqg, cg' et€pou ag oyrTpdr4g,onore q lLtilooc op ;rovo e(olreprralet rr1
or<6ryr1,
olJ.d.eivot rxwq vo rrlv npo<o0qoeroe veegnepto7.6q.I-ra rq burptol ourn (representationof
thought/vehicle
of thought)p)..'lvhat do I know when I know a language?'oro Dummet, M.(1993),
oel.94-105.
'
Etnu onv€Xero0a napouorq,cro0vrcn aLLegopororrlreq 116rcaop€gpera$l r:ov @iloooguctbv
EpeuvcitvKor rou Tractatus,6oov agopd.06pata onrrlgn vorlparo6oqaq rolv l^efeov, ro a priori rr15
yLriloocg,q Drapoprpocrlqq yLciloouqcrlg.rvti:1-tovc
rou roo;rou, Kar n ryorcpcria (solipsism).
t
K&tr' rriroto topreryro ro npdlro p6poqtc,lv OE- To 6arrepo p6pognpoor60r6e ano touq erSdreqrou
ret;r6vou rcat6rclerprm6qrrlq nvaJparucrlgr<trrlpovoprdq
tou Brryrevot&w, G.E.M. Anrcombe, R.
-2-
BepadulraE.To Mil6 B$Lio anorel.et pia aurorel,rl ev6trlro Tpopp6vl an6 rov
Brtlrcevorol,
pe aro66rcreg rouq gorqt6g
Trou TropoKolou0rloav pia oerpd
6tog 1933 -3 4. Avontuo'oovrq,r pt
6ral"6ierilv rou ro arco6r1prolrc6
oprerq
oogqvero 06para,Trou epgavi,(ovtq,ropyorepo orlq @ilooogwlE EpeuveE To
IIepi BepafirrymE
nep6,yet rtg gil"oootptr6q Troporqpqoetg rcov tel,eutoiolv
Xp6valvrqg (oqg rou Brryrcevoraw. Aev nepr6lovtat orlq Oil"ooogrrdq Epeuveg,
Ksr opKerdq0iyouv lvcoorol"oyrrd (rprlpcrto, to orroic, eKroq an6 tqv 6rrcr1rouq
o(icr, eivar rrcsvd,vo gortoouv nnty€c,rcov TrpoqyoDpevovTropoqprloecilv roD.
Eivor ioroq nepwul q uruev0riproq6tr or unol"otneq ou7"l,oy6qroporqprloerov tou
yro rTlv epprlveia rcDv
Brtyrcevotd.rv pnoporiv vo eivat aprcerd,azuorcol.uncrrc6q
Qt\o oorprccbvEp euvcbv.
Ot QAooorprcEETpeovegoTrorel"ouv6vo r8rairepc rrurcrr6rar 8rioroLo rceipevo,
Troupropei vo rcporcal.6otrol-r.q1ovtaorov avayvrborn. llop& ro TeTovogotr r1
dpOpcoo'4rqg ern1erpqporol,ofog 6w 6Xerouv40ropern1popgTl rcot Eev etvar Tlcrvro
zu8rd,rprq q'peropooq on6 pio voqlrotrKTlsv6'rqro oe &]ltl, rorog6pver va 6iver
rrlv erm)7ro6q evog e(orperrro lersxoDouLep6vourcerp6vou7.H noporioo eplooia
rcporeivetra tpia rapd.6o(a TroutTrtolpaivet o Brryxword,rv orrg ?topalpdrpouqOE
I.95, OE I.201, qE I.304, cogorlpeiaew66oumo rcip>o t@v QiooogtrccbvEpeu,cbv.
Ta tpto rapaSo(a 8ivouv c,vriororla orco-riva oriypo orTlv nopetaq zul.euoeroq
evrog rou r(Erfrevou.To npcilro (OE I.95) oyeri(erq,rFe n1 gitorl u1E rpiooogfaE.
Avc,g6perc,r orqv
e11evr1 t6r6tr1ta rqg
o16yrlg vo
uTroorcotorcorei xart
cvrinaprcro, rd.n Trou pnopet va TrpoKaltioerrc},&veq.H grJ,ooogio rcoleitsr. vc,
6rai,uoer o.ut6crrq n}rd,vegpe rqv avd,LuorlTqq T?'ooorKrlqX,prloqq.Ti0erar 6va
(nqps opOqqxar l"cv0oopr6vrlq
1l.oloorrcr1g
XpTlonq,on6re nepvope oro 8eritepo
napa6o(o (OE I.20I ) nou oled(etat
arolou0oupe. Avc96ptrcn orl
pr
rouq yLcooorrcouqrcavoveETrou
8uvarotrlro Srarprorlg ovapeoo o€ opOq Kor
7'ov0a.op6v4 axo).ouOqorl ev6g rovovo,
Kor avo,6erro,,f
erar o po}'oq rrlq
yi.coootrcrlqKotvorqroq TrpoKErpevou
vc 6ra,oqcrT''rorei
pia rsrorc,6tcrxprorl. H
Rhees,G.H. von Wright.'Onrrlqpa,qdqpogopo0v o"rnveroalorlrl rouq, av o i6tog o Btryrwmaw
6rlpooiare to rceiprno,0a orptnle(e6va psfolo F€poqrrrlv reLa;tcirov rpuwo oeJ.i6ov,rcarga
npoo60ere,uorepa cno repanepo ene(eplaotq ooc nept6Tpvror.oro daxepo p6poq.
a r r a a
ovcrTKor6trlra rnq Kolotrlrag
gaiverar Kor c.rl evrxefprlpa rcatd.rryE $rcsarc7E
ylcbooaE,6rcou etera\eror n repinraorl yl"rooouslg ovogopdq oe aroOqpoto. Me
ro enrXeiprlproaur6 ouv66etot ro tpito nopd,6o(o (OE I.304), q ovaltetcbzcrorl
avogopdg oe oro0r'1poratoluporcorci
rou oTrotouorrlv nepinraon rqg yLcooorrcqg
rr1v errc6voyro rr1 yl"cboooTrou 6yetuto0erloer an6 rqv sp1q rav Qilooogrccbv
Epeovcity o Brryrcsvotd,w, Kol m)TKeKptp6vcr6tr pis I6€n prnopei vo 6yet
rceproo6r€peq sn6 piu XpTloetg p6oo orq ll"cirooa, Trtploo6tepo tou sv6g
vorlpora. Aeipet enioqg uro noio 6wotc, q ll,cilooct orortl,ei yra to DTroKeipevo
. a ?
evov l^/(Dpovorou Koolrou.
Aur6 6ev oqpaiver 6rt 61,0.6oo giyovral orqv rcaporiooepToota e(ovrl,ofvtat oe
pia
ozr6rcerpo ovnFrtrcbnrolg tcov rprcilv rcopa66(rov.YndpXouv 0epom6g
rrlg
ev6rlteq TroD6ev ouv66ovtur dpeou pe ourr'1trlv on6rttpo, 6ncogto (TlrTlFro
q.DroavapopdE.Ta nap65o(a illrlo'rponorofvtor oq 6vsq 6(ovog Tlo rTlv
eppqvetg,rov Qiloooprccbv Epeovrbv,.anl' 6nou (errltrtyovrol 6tag6pcovet6cirv
vqpata rou Ko,rolrlyouv oe 8togopenr& (qrttpata. Ernzcl,6ov,ro eTngerprlpato
Trououv66ovrar lre ro rs0e.nop66o(o, 6ev ppiorcovtor ot oreycv& 6oov ogopd,
q lrero(u rouq opio'q, str"}"onepv&ve ro rlva o'rqv rrepropl rou d,l"?'"ou.
H gfcq tqq gd"oooqfag
Aq (erwrlooupre pe ro napdDodoTcouoyed\eror pe rrl guorl tr1ggrl"ooogiag.
'! tH
nptnetva eivar rcd,npovo8trco'.'Orav L6pe, Kor €vvooope,T[oq
orc6ryr1
ouppaiver q,uto rcrouto, pe ouro Trouewoupe 6ev otaparoripe rd,ruourcpw
crrcoro leyovoq, a?"l"d.evvooupe : aur6-n-eKeivo eivu,t etor-rcr-a?,)"trilq.
Auro ro rccpd6ofo (rou €yet p6pcno rrl FopgTl outov6qrou rpd,ypratog)
pnopei rcove[gvo ro ercgpaoerKr riror : H orc|yry prgpei vu eivar yrc, ratq
Trouo'rrlvTrpoypcr.trrc6nlto
6ev ouppaiver." [OE I.95]8
To ncrpoDo(oppioretor, orlv firctrpa u1EorcEyrTEva eivar yta rcdrr rou ro f6to
.:
6ev eivare- Err,rr)'eov,11or6ryrl 6ev orap.ord,er,rcard,rov BrtTrevo'rdtv, nprv ro
'O
Baker entoqpaivetott,'4 tmopta ouyTpogrlsrou rcerptvoutav QrToootpuccbv
EpeuvcbvunoSeuor0er
ott ot napqpagot ano I 6og 421 eivat pio,6opr1p6vrt,a0v0srrl Kor pe noLL6qnpoerraoeq
srr/"erplpatol.oyio'.BL Holtzman,S. & Leich, C.(1981) oel. 34.
t
f,o rrl Ffi'dqpao,q rcovltrlpitov q,n6ro 6p1orou Btryrwotcry ilrlotFonoto0wat or e),-7.r1vrri5
prerogpaoeq, orcrrqavalpago\rlot orq p$}.toypagio,, oe ouv6uc.op6pe rqv mriororyq cryyfufil
perarppoorl.
'
E[uar'auvogefqor raporrlprloerg oro Mr]6 Btplio qel,. 6l -52 orrlv e),J,lvrrrl per&gpcdrl.
TeTov6rc. Aev per&(erot
vo 8toolioer 6vs, oitvopo, Tto vo
aylt(er
pta
xor6orao-q TrpoTpdrolvorov rcoopoto.AE ernotp6ryoupeopcoqofiJv r8roqta qq
ox6ryqgvc eivcr yru rc6rt Ttouro i6ro 6ev eivor. Autrl 11t6r6qtc
eiva,rguo'mo va
ovravarl.drar ofllv yl.rilooc 11onota aruorel.eitov gop6a qq orc6vnqtl. Mnopio,
"fro rcspa6erypa,vo orcerptcil6n 11rcap6rcl,cnou rcq,Oopct6ev eivcrr rc6rrcrvl, ov
'H rc4p6rc],4
6ev eivat r6rcrctvrl'. Mord(et
Kor lrTropei6vtcoqvs eivcrr,Kot vo nco
(6rc<ogrcopcr66XtrolKor o Bttyrevorcrv)
terprpp6vq pro r6roro napotqploq
aIId,
npoorqvro
gdpver oro
rqv
elyevrl
t6toclto
rqq
yl.ciloocrg, va
oTrooraotororc{rcdrt avLxaprcro't. Kdtr t6toro pnopei o'e optop6veg nepwtaoelg
rTlg govtaoioq rcatd,rp6no anorcal"unnrc6Trc rov
vc, oTrore?teieu1&prorq d,orcr1orl
r6opo, al,l,6 prcopei vo anotel.6o'er Kot aftto trapavorTollDv.Av q yl"ciiooa
avhperconro0et og 6vag pcbpovaq rou rc6opou, 1"61c0ourTlq rTlg eyyevorig
yro
r6r6qr& fllg, lcuogopotivtot oprcet6Eil"dveE orrlv errc6vorou DTrorcerp6vou
rov xoopo. Beporo, ro yeyovoq 6n q yl,ri:ooo tlog Tropanl"svd,nporcr5nrerono r4v
gil"ooorprrrilv
4 . ' . t Y \
zcl.eroyqgio rolv
TroporTlprlotov roD
BrrTrcevoraw.
.
ouTr(rKptp6vozra,p66o(oova8erronierto yra,ri ouppaiver rcd,trr6toro.
a
. ,
e
To
?
Evog rp6zro-cT1o vc 5nlu0o6v
ot rldveE eivor q petr6rq rnq ll"cilooog.
ava)aor7, 11e(6rooq rqq i6rcrqrqE ylatoowr1EXpioryqt3*o,
Xpe16(erat yi-osoorcr1
tou rp6nou nou ava6uEtot q Kovovronx6ttlro ss c,urr1v.
"H epeuvcrFog eivar orq eK rodtou Tpopparrrrl. Mia rerora 6peuva
(...)Auro pnopei va
gard(er rc rpoplqpo paq 8tcilxvovragrLSTcapavorloerg.
'ov6truor1'
Trlq popgrlq rcDv ercrppd,oed)v
emoOel
Frog, Ttori ourrt .rt
8ra8rrcaoiaeivot peprrEg gop6g nopoporo pe ro vo 6rcilXyerg
6va npdypa."
[oEr.eO]
ETnoqpol.er ETrronqofl
'0Ie aurq rrlv r6rorrlrarrlq or<6ryqq,
onog ropouord,(Erotorrl fl)yr(El(prlrevqrapaypcrgo,
enrxevtpdrvficrro ev6tc96povrou MarNt&oud, nc vc unooillpi(er orr o rp6rog nou Tropouota(etato
roopog oro unoxerprwo|oaotf(nat e(apX4; car6vo4ttrcEE
6ovolterg.B).. McDowell, J.( I 994), oe?,.2744.
34 rat oe)'! To i6ro garv6;.rworopqrqp€lraq ev6elopivoq
oe ptrporeprl ri.ipraKs,o,r4v unap(r1 vo4patoqxoptq
vo4nx6g
rftouq
buvcpergeivat
Ot
rou lrnopo0vvo 84proupyrloouvto v6q;ra puE ),6f4g
avarpopd..
ono4 o flrlyaoo;, Xopq, cn' ooo ptrlpi(oupt, vo uTrlp€enore avagopd.otov r6opo, 6ql,a6q evc,
grepor6 o0.oyo.BX-Md.-eB$Lio oel* 61.
'= Aq Oupq0o0peos auto to orlpeio rov npoplqpanopo rou Brryevorarv
mo Tractanrs yra rrl guoq
rov opvlrxrirv leTovottrrv.
B).. [TLP 2.05], ITLP 2.06J, [TLP 2.?Ol ], ITLP 5.5151].
13Onorglier
'Ereivo ttou g€J,ova
6rbd(ol eivor : to n6paops 0116rdtr nou sivcr
laparcrqptorrrd,:
?
Kpuppel/rlavorloia oe r&rt rtou eivo,ro)"ogcrvepqovorloia' IOE 1.464J.
-5-
6l.eg flq
"Mio an6 trg Trro onou8aieg eplaoieq etvor vo, ercgpd,ooupe
ryeu8eig6repyaoiegtnq or6yqg t6oo lopcKrqpronrcd,dlote o avoTvrborqg
vo 7rer,'Nor, sur6 orcptprilgewotio'o,'.No ovtfvtuooupe rI guoroTvropic
ra0e l&goug"ITS 213 87-10]t4
c.
oTEouot ottpTooteqrng oK
rqv i6rc rrlv yl,cilooo,rcct1t' sur6 r1avdl,uor1o'rp69sro1o'e aurr1v15.
Av rcorrl Trpoovogep0eioceyyev1gt8rotqro rqq or6rylg l(o1 tng 1)"ciloooqpnopei
ovo,l"uorl 0a 6Xet cog
va o6rlyrloei o,r Trapavorloerq,6ev orlpsiver 6tr 11yl.cooo'rrcr1
t6eril6ouq ykiloocq, ancl?rcrypwqg aTcar1g
orcon6 Trlv Koraorceurl proq d1.1,r1q,
ar6lereg rng quotKqq 1l'cbooaq.
poq'eivor oe t&fq 6zcog
"Ag' w6q eivar oag6q 6tr rc60ef6€q orq ytr"cbooc,
sivor'. Ar11,a6r1,6ev nooXi(oupe yto r&n r6avrrc6, oo vo pqv 61ouv
azuorcrqoerorcopa or rco0r1pepw6gKol ooogeig zcpotd,oetqpo6 6va prl
em6e16pwo efcrp6orc0v v6qpa, Kor pia r6ecil6qgyl,cilooc rceprpdveran6
spdg rrlv Korooreuq fi1g." [OE I.98]t6
'AItd,
nag oupptp&(erar ro 1e1ov6g 6n 11grJ"ooorp[aogrlvet ro n&vro. 6ncog
eivar pr ro oirqp'a lro yLoloorrrl avd,l"uor1rcor e(d,l"eryr1rrov zrapovorloecov;H
0errrrl ouverogopd zqg grl,ooogiag eivor 11 o,n6rcrqor1lriag erornrc4E 06aE
(Ubersicht)'t. H te?ueurolc,ouvtororq,r orqv efpeorl oov66oean c,vdpreooorlg
eKoororE TcEpL7[TrU)gttg.
"M[o, rupra TrnTn rqq anotuliog poq vo raravorlooupr, eivgr 6n 6ev
azcorroupe pio rcoOopr1€tKovo rng Xpqorlq rcDv 1"6(erov pog. ,A'rc6rI
^fpopponrq pcrq Letntt cr,ur6to ei6oq rqq eroTrnrr'1q06a9. H enornrcrl 06o
nopsTer aKprpcilgereivrl filv Koro,v6qoq nou ouviororo,r oro vo 'pl"6nerg
rou vo ppi,orcoupeKor vc,
ouv66oeql. E6cil ppiorcetot Kot 11ozrou6c,r6rqtc,
egeupioKoupeev6tdpeotg r(ora.or6oerq.H e1^/orafllq eronnrqg 06aq-eivar
orcou6ar6rrltoqTro poq-" IOE I.122]
Oepei"rcil6ouq
rt
H api0pq6q ourrl cvag6prror os pio, 6rlpooialoq nc,pcrqprloeovrou Brryxsvordw ano ro apleio
rou, oro nepro6rxoSynthese,199l, vol. 87, oel. 5-21.
''
f,o.tl pisq rqg gr),ooogiog rcard.Btryrworatv olgylcoooavo.truqrlqKor rcilg eqpea(er rrlv o).4
rpoofirytotl mo 6pyotou grlooogou, 6Xerw6tag€pov vq,6erroreig rqv onoraLorlpewl op066o(4
eppryveia,onco;reprypagerot qto &pOporou K. KolBatou 'Op0o6o(ic rct Arp6oeq' oro T(apapag, f.
(1989), oei...157-199.
fn pic a,ndvrrlorlaroug op066o(ouqrppnv&t6g pL€neto &p0porou E.
BpptSarrrl'H l-l.oooava.l.urtrr1
M60o6og' mo T(apapog,f, (1989), oetr-t l8-138.
't
Ttlu ovriOeoq rou BrrTrevo'td,w orrlv Koro,oKrurlFraq t6ecb6ouqy).ci:ooagpropei va 6ei
r a v e i g K a r o r r q n o p a y p d r g o u[gO E I . 1 0 0 ] , [ O E I . 1 0 3 ] , I O E I . 1 0 7 ]
" E[vs,tcrprerdKorcroTrrorrKrln napouotc,cnono qv Kvq tov ent6pd,ogc0v
nou 68grgrceo B. ano
6dgopoug oroloorfg yra rq 6rcpopgo6n mrrqqrrlg 6wotoi. BI. Kvrr1, B.(1995), oel.-'l 62-167.
-6-
H enonrrffil 06a ev6Xer,6nrog eTrrolpoiver O frl'orc (H-J. Glock), " Fric 6'rnoru,
rcara rqv oTroiarl BrrlrcevoroTvrrcrlgrl.ooogio propei vo eivat oDot1|rotrKri"l8.
K&t1
t6roto
6ev
o6r11r1oet orqv
nplnet
61epoq v6rov erScbl.cov
'n60ou pog
rcawoitpyttEleapfeE (tOE I.109]), e(c,tdoq tou
KaraoK€od(ovtaE
Tto
'ouveloog Kot onoxleronKqq poq
yevircanoq' (Mn.B., oel.. 44 elJ-. Frgp.) Kor rnq
evool6l.qaq pe rr1 pre0o6ot tg emorrgpqS'(Mn.B., oel,. 45 eLtr. prgp.). H erozmrrcq
'Ttoporqprloecov
orTl oul,tr"oXr1
06o azcoorcozrei
Tto rqv guorrcd roropio, rov
ovOprirrnvcov6vttov, (...) Tto rtg onoieq rcoveig 6ev apgdpal.l,e, oLl.d,61ouv
6roguler rrlq rpoooplg pcq, arcprprilgenerSqppiorovrq,r lrrpootd, orc, pdtro poq'
toE I.415lre.
Mio an6 trg oval.olieq TEouXpqorponorei o B. Tro vo fiepqpaqrelro gr-l.ooorpeiv,
11ozuolapdl"roro prcopeivo norrcf],erovd, neptzcrcoorl.
etvor ourl r4g Oeporceiag,
'cu
p60o6og,
"Arv lrfiapyit pia gil,ooocprrcr1
Kor urccpXouvnpd,lpan p€0o6ot,
I.'133]. Ai"]"c pnzrcoqor Tropovolorlg orrl
6ncog 6tagopenr6g Oepcrrceieq"[OE
ll.cooorrr1 fpqol,
Ko,r or
l,ov0aop6veg a,valolieq
pero({
6rogoperrrcirv
yl"olootrcilv ergpd,oecov IOE I.90], eivor rd,n TroDXopor<tqpi(er p6vo roDE
gf"oo6goug; Mrlrorq eivor exeivor Trou 0€rouv epo:clporo 6rucoq'Tr eivar o
'Eva
rotd,orooq;
Xpovog;' ro onolo o8riyouv rcreu0eiav o,e pia rcoOol,oyrrcq
nopo.8erTpa eivor q avo(r1rr1or'1trpnq alrl0eioq orqv np6toorl 'Aav undpXouv
r c
.
? a
.
^
A
rcpotd,oergTrouvc c,vog6povraroe ra0ol,rrdg ol"r10ere6'Av eivor altl0tl6, r6re 6ev
orcorel€i: q i6ro q nporooq pia rccOotr"rcq
a1,r10eto,,
c,vurpril,riog'rTlvap1tKn oLqgera
Trou rrlq ano6o0qrce; Mrlrcoq 61.a'te 0ettrd. orlpei-o rou arcoppdouv an6 rrlv
gtl,ooogtrcr1oorqorl, oupgcDvoIJero Trpoovogep0dvra,rccl.frcrouvrivo rev 6 rou
|rlptoupytln€ ry fdm rl giooogict;
Onore ov azal"],aToupr e€apX1-ceTto rq
gt).ooogio, 6er,0c Xpetu(erarvo rqv (avorcol"6ooupe
po por1Oero.'
"H TrpoTportlfll avarca),uryr1etvor ereivrl Trou pr rcaOroto rxavo vo
otapa,taco vo rcovcogil"ooogla orsv ro 0e2,r1oco.
Erceiv1 Trou 6ivet orrl
gil'ooogia qpeplc, erot cbotevo lrlv ypew(eror rconoroqvG rcraxLf(erat
azr6epcorrlporoTrournv (ovag6pvoDvrcioco."ITS213 92]
rB
Glock, H-J.(1996),oe}" 282
't
B L e r i o r l gr a r [ O E I . 1 2 6 ] , I T S 2 1 3 8 9 - 2 1 ] .
-7-
O t5roq o Brrlrevor&rv. pnl.rilvroqytc to Tractatus, 61"e1e6tr rd.Oercp6taorl tou
eivor Kot pia oo0€veta. Ag'
ev6g l.orn6v n grl,oooqta epgovi(erol cDgpio
$epaneto,oq' etripou up erceivq7rorlnporcdl.eoerlv oo06vera-
ropcclpqoq rou frc}'or e[vat 6tagconorrrcrl6oov ogopd aut6g flq
H arc61,ou0r1
6uo r6r6rqr€grrlq grl"oooqiog.
"frori r&noroq va rcd,vergrl"ooorp[c uv np6rct1ro1oir]"rbqvu q,7ca],d,ooetct
an6 trd$Tlnou o i5tog 6qproripTnoe; Mia and,vrrlorl etvor ort rl rBrloooqio
'o gt)"6ooqogeivat p6ou pog'
iyet a(ia pad
ITS 219 11] : q ponrl t pog
orouq ' eno {^{e}'parteq
r,ruo,ol,oprcq ouyXpoq 6ev nepropf(etat
gt),,oo6goug".20
O grl,6oogog l,our6v eivor p6o'a orov rca06va,rat 6ev eivat erircol"flq aro}"l"a1q
a1co rrl grtrooog[a. Yno piu t6rotu, rcpoonarrl
ovflperconi(erot coq Pia
\ndtrcaoia yapiE #Loe- Iuvezcrilqq grl"ooocpicrrceplj1et rcd,rt o5t6(o6o, a7tl"d
rout6Xpovo ovorc66paoto.
i'H eplcoic orq gtl.ooogio, etvar (...) neproo6rtpo 6va ei6oq epyooioq
rcdzcorounavlroorov eour6 rou. fldvco orrl 6trrd, cou avtil"r1ryq. ll&vro oro
6rrco rou rporcb va pl6ner ra np&ylroro (ra,t oro rt anortei o7c6aurd). "
ITS21386-3]
Flarootr<rl fprl-l
Ymepo ano rqv ovd6e(r1 rqq'r8rcTqroq rqq 6K6*ni ,rou nporcolsi rr1 Dr'lptouplio
Kcr,rrou polou Trlg gilooogioq Tra rqv ornrpetri:lnorl roug, og Doripe
nopoz?"uvr1or(Dv,
o Brcyrwororv orrlv wol"uot1 rng TlcDootKnqXprloqq.Ano rqv rpioal
naq rpoXcopd,er
no7,o(
rov Orl"ooogtrcrbvEpeuvrilv, oorcEitol Kpl.Tucqoro Fovtel"o rqq
Tto.psafpsgo
ll.rilooag Trounpocivet o Aulouodvog IOE I.4], rard, ro onolo pio i"e{TlovogEpetat
cboreq 1l"ci:oo'ovo
povoorlpawaoe 6va avnrcei,psvoTnqe(o:cptr,o1qTrpoTFortKorqroq,
eivar gv r6)er 6,raqarcapnroqyvcilpovoqrrlg. H e(olrepucn Tcpaylrorucorrlraonotel"et
rov lrovs6rxo 6rop0conrco
nopaTovro orq Xprlcq rrlq 1].ciloocrg
roro rrlv avu8rott tqq
a A
p6oo ono rrl o1ecrrlrou uTrol$rpdvoupe rov r6opo. Ie ovd0eorl pe pic teroro
.
t
npooeyytol, eTnorlpLaivero,r
en6 rov Brryrworaw
)i(ean,
q roMatd,orrlro. rqq XpioryE r@v
q ozroio,lcoroKrppad(er rnv flKovo l-nog povoolpqvrrlq ovagopdq orov
([OE I.11]).
Koo.lro
20
Glock, H-J.(1996),od.. 282
-8-
Evoq ar6po ot6Xog tou Btryrcevotd,ryeivar q ureppol"trcd6mvor1rtrcr7
md.oryorcfvsvn
orq yl"cilooo.H 5r6aorcal"iaKat q rcatav6qon qg 6ev etvq,t atrorc)amwd (ntnpa piag
voqnrrlg 6uplaoisg tl rcotaotc,orlq Kot T1 ' c,ur6 o 6encurc6E
opwp6q (ostensive
definition), xotd rov oTroto1,.X.Seilvol oe rfoo natEt pia rca.p6xJ.a
rcartou l,6co'Auro
elvat prio rcaper]"al', 6w orcorelei an6 povoq rou rp6ruoercpaOrlang
rqg yl"ciloocg.To
zar6i 0o p60et rrl ot)vogll l€h
aurrlv
p6oa on6 pio 6eucnrcr7
66aXr1(ostensivetraining). Xe
e(arotrouOoriv vo uzrd,plouvor uno8ei(erg rd,norou Troo Tl6n prop(er rn
yl.cilooc, rov orcoio to nq,r6[ 0ealpdtcogauOwno [nB 374). "To rcar6i pogaiver
rnorefowos rov evrltrtrco"FIB160J. 'Oprogoro Trpoolslvro tpyerot 6,19ovoTKoio11
xparcurcrT.To nai6i 0a rcoOioetnavco orry
petarcwrloer" 0c Trlv nEpreplaotei. "To
rcopdrcl"a,Ocr npoonogTlogrvc, T]lv
rcar6rd, 6w
po$atvouv 6a ro pfl.ic
und'p1ouv, 6a ot nolu0p6veE und,pXouv,xtrn. Magaivouv vo g6pvo'uvro pf1,ic,
,
va rcdOowororrg nolu0p6veq, Kkr.u [nB 476J. flporcerp6vouva 6o0ei 116pgooq
orqv nparcrrrq Kor orrlv etrc6varrlq llcilooog og pisg goorcrTEawfdpaoryg,roparqpei
6n'To va pr-trdqpfa yl"ciloooefvartttpoE rryEguorci3 paErcTopiaEon161gro
vo rp@G,
varep'ftffia;, va rnveq, Kfur.' [OE T.Z5]
fra' tqv ovd'luor1 trlg ll"cilooog, o Btryrcworo,w erodler rov 6po y)"anmrcdratTt6&.
AeiXverrt s\ /ott pe ourov tov 6po av-ogdpovrog8rogopa napo6eiyporc1,
6no4 ouro
evog XTroqKot rou porlOou rou, TtpoKetpdvouvo filvrvvorlQoriv
Tro rrlv Koroo6sutl
evoqotrco8oprllrorog
IOE I.2]. Xrrlv ypoper:
I*lt
" Mnoporip-e yc Aavrlororlpe rqv 6i"r1 8roStrcooiatr16
XprloTlgtcov1.6€eorv
ornv ro,p- 2 [ro nap&6etyprcipe rov Xriorq Kor rov pon06 tou] ocrydvc ono
erceivara notXyi8ra pt ro onoia ta nu,r8rdpaOoivouv rn plrpucrl roug ykitooa.
Auta ro TtolXyi6ta 0o ro ovopqoo yl,coooxd, rorXyi$ra rar rcd,nourcd,zou0o
tlild) Tta Fttonpcot6lovrl yl"cilooooo va rlrav wo ytrcooo1Korar1yi6r. (...) Oa
ovopaoor enio-nq yl,cooorrcororpri8r to cnjvo?,.oTrou onotetr^sltato,n6 Tn
ytr"rbooaKor rlq rpd,{erqpe tts orcotegeivo,roDvupc.opevq".
[oE I.7]
I.23) Tropouoto(et ]rra oerpd, olt6 6ugopeq igpwniloeq Kol
[oE
trporplrcer rov
a'vapcborrl
vo eieraoer rrlv nolJ.c,n?,,6rqra rov
ltralootrcrbv
rcotxytSrcilv-'Eloupe
l"orzr6v : reptlpagq ev6q cvnKerpdvou pr
Fdo-nng 6toordoeq
rou, ggrlTrlo"rl evoq repro'ronrcou, rpolou8t rq,ro. rn $d,prcera wos
lopori,
napouotaol rov q,notd€opatcov evognerpoporog pe nlva,reEKo1 6raypd,pporo,
-9-
rl.rc.zr Me rov opo ylatoorc6 rarytti& o Btryrwordrv 6iver 6pgaon oro yeTov6q 6lr
ro vo pnl,&pepia 1l"cbo'oaetvar p6poq praq rcowcovtrcrlq6pco'rr1pr6rqtaq,orrlv onoia
perdlouv fll,or dv0pconot,rcatDulnerar an6 opropfvoug rcovoveq.
norXyr5torinou 0a
O Brryrcevor&rv6ev 6iver 6vav ouorol.oTti(o optop6 tou 17"rootrcori
ova6e[rorue6va rcow6pcilpto'p&, tr?v ooo[a tcov ylcooorrcbvna,tXytstcilv,sgou rdtr
2'.
Lw eivar rorvd, polptoporo, Tro nap66erypa,q
rdroto 6ev urd pXErIOE I.66]
6uvoTc0vronr6rqro (und,p1ouv rotp'ri8ro Trouzcoi(owar oz16evo naiKTIl provald,6rccog
11raorfvt(a), rl 11unap(rl vucnrn (6eu uzr&p1ervucllrllg ,5rav 6vo rcor6[ ner&et n]v
pzcdl"oVTII&xa,t perd,rqv rnd,ver).Ta yl,cooorrc
6. ratyriiErc,"ou1"ywe{ouv perc,(ri roug
pe noLl"orlqrar 8td,gopougtp6noug. X&pq os ourrl rrl ouyy6veu ro ovopd(oupe
6l"a ll"rilooo" [OE I.65]. llcpaqpei
ocr.urcd,plouv norpri8u
TEoo avrlrouv
oe
Kot oro onoia 8rorcpivoupepero(ri rouq opor6rqrcc, or
Drogopenrc6qorrcoydvereq
onoieg d,u.ote rpopall,ovrot
Kot d,l^l,orelovowat
ra)"rirepoq XopoKTnprop6qT1' out6g
flq
[OE I.66]. Tovi(er
opor6rrlteg
eivar
6ct
"o
."orKoleveurcdg
otrto6r4teg6raotauprilvowar Kol prcaivouv
opot6rqreg" [OE I.671. Or orcoyerercrc1E
rl pro ora opro rrlg 6lAng 6ncogo-uppoiverpera(ri rcov pel.cilvprag orrcoy6verog.H
otepe6rqro rou vqparoq 6w dyrcertatoro yeTov6gocr pio rcrt povq iva 6urp6Xet o1,o
rou ro prlrcog,sl-id orrlv enal-Ir1l"ionolJ"cbv rvrilv.
Mnoporipe vo 6urcpivoupe to yl"cooorrd zca,rXyi6uo,e orl"6 Kor oriv0era;
'Ozcolg
avogdpero Brryxevotd,worTlv Tts.pcr1pago
[OE I.47)6ev eivot eurco],ovo yivet ourrl rl
rcoa eivsr ozcl"oq aOv0ero,e)g TEpog
6r&rcptor'1,6ron
rry ox6on rol pt rcdu oJJo.lA.pa
6ev 6Xervorlpa o Twu(oq XopoKrrlptop6qanl,6 11auvOero."Etvar an?r6ro lrcilpa w6q
rerpdlcovou oul orcor.oepaq onotal€irar oz16rcaOopoleurco rcarrca0oporclrpwo; Kar
ro leirro eivar onlo 11 anoteleitat ano lrcilprora roD oupdvrou ro(ou; (...) Iro
pr-l"ooogrrco
epcilrqpc,"Eivot n oTrrucl errova aurorl rou 8rfurpou o{vOetq Kor Troro
2r l-ro,d)J.,crapa6eiyparayLooorrdlv
ptrEne
narlyt6uirv,
IOE I.27],IOEl.7l],[OE I.288],[OE
r.6541,
il.180J,
IOE
IOE
!t.2t7l:
'
H oro,otl tou Btryrevotd,w ora .ryopiolrara torv yi,cooorrdlv nc,rTyt6rrbvSeiXvetrqv cwi0eorl rou oE
pta ouotoKporrKTl
gri.ooogrrq npoodyyroq. O Kopalog entoqpaiver6n av evaqouororp&rqg perd un6
6palvc, anogavOeiort avaro).urye rczroro row6 morleio, rcre patpderqv
ap7.u,crg
6rruorcr,6t6n ogou
to cryordlurye, 6w to ''rycilpt(e.Apa 6ev qnorel.orioe pepoq ereivou rcourctoJ.d.pc,wecpprd pe rrl
M6t1.I-to ptc.6re(o6rrotepqcvcluarl pf. Kcopaioq,K., 'To rcpof74patav 'rca067ou'Kat 4 06a4 rou
'
mrTvumepqgdoooglarcu L. I4rittgenstein'oro Kropcrioq,K.(l gg6),oetr.I l0-123.
-10-
eivar ro cruororrrd' !r6pq rrlq;" 11oclorq azravrqo-qeivar : "E(oprdtst an6 ro n ewoeig
'o{vOero"'.
Kcn rorito 6ev eivor p6pau on&vtqorl oLld, on6pprtyTlrnq
pe rov opo
epd)rqolg " IOE 1.47J.
'Opcoq
noro eivar ro v6qpo pros MEnq; fta 6vo peyol"oopr9p6 repwraoeov ro v647ta
praE }:ErtEeivatrt Xpiort ntE p6oa mr1ylcbooa([OE I.43]). H Xptlotl 6pcogprcopeiva
rcorrcil^er.fta va 6ei(er rqv rcoMarTorqra rav ycrl6eo)v, ovag6pet ro nopd6erlpa
rou Sropadouoro onoio ppiorcerq,to o6q16qproq orpropqXavqg6nou und,plouv l,crp6q
nou ol^eg rouq, )rtyo-nolu, rpoivovrc,t6poug al^ld, 11raOeprd, 6Xer6ragopenrcorpoTro
Xpqoqq (tOE I.121). Mio, f^e€q eivat Duvaro va
tl1er "rcolJd, Dugopecrcd,ei6r1
lrr'loecov zcou o-r:ayweriouv pero(ri roDq pe nol^l"oriqrca,rDugopenrcoriqrp6noug"
IOE I.38]. Eriorlg, "rl l.e(q npltcetva 61erptc orKol€vera arc6oqpooleg" IOE
I.77J. To 6ragoperrrcd,ei6r1lrrloecov eivar 5uvsr6 vcr ovrrorotlofv oe 6ragoperrc&
1l,o:oolrc&norlviDta. flporerp6vou vo onalJ.ayoripe azc6zc},&vegyra ro vqpcr prog
fe(qg ogeiloupe vq 6ofpe rn 11rrlorlrng oro awlmotXo 1],oroorro natyi6r" rcdn ruou
6po:q 6ev eivsr eurcolo. E^o-npa,iver6t "tl XprloTlroDq 6w nafouon(etar pnpoor&
paq 16ooraOapd"IOE I.l t].
H Tavfuaop*r1 yiarcmrcry Xpiory , of pzrrcDporrlg t6torrlrug qg
uTroorcorozroui rdn
Xpqotporcoteircr pio
arcdVqq vo
culzrc,-prcro,zropcrrlpeirar 6rov o'e 6va yl"roootrc6 rorpri8r
l^e€q zcou 6ev oppo(et o' aur6 IOE I.l 16] tl 6tov 6vaq
r,
ouv6uc,o'poqiG(ecovetvc,r arcard7,-Ir1tr"oq
7ra rr1 1trrbooc,,ozuotr "otrooriperol atto r4v
loxtrogoplc" IOE I.500]. nrilq 6pcug8uznorrbvtror orr q XprloTllnos ?'e(ngrl w6q
yl"cooouc6narlyi6q
ouv6uaoporl l.eleolv eivor orutd,?Jq1,c,yra 6vo o'DTr(EKptp6vo
'4,L1,o,
'Otav
I Xpno-nrrlq }€€nq eivot 6(co orc6ra 6pra rou yl-cooorrori narXvt6rori.
pro tetoro Tropofilploq 6ev etvar t6roirepo oTrooagrlvronrr'1,
ogori ro
6pra sv6-c
y?"cooorrcou
natXvt6tou6av eivar auorqpcirg rccOoprop6vo.
OSqToupoorr l,our6v arrl
pd-rn7 tr:,Epuoryqro^, Kav|von rou 6$rouv iva f-arcou<6raryt,i& (P7..[OE I.499D.
florog raOopi(erto rcLutoroqq KovovrotrKornroq;
-t 1-
H axoi,"oriOqorlev6grcav6vcr
ev66rav6va rlOerar q,r6 tov Brryrcwotdrv p6o'cotou
To rp6plqpa rqq arcol,ouOr1oqq
ev6gps0q'rq nou avcrcnioott oetpdgguorrciovapr0pcilvIOE I.185]. Av
zcopc6efuporoq
'*v',
pa0aiva vo avarmioott rqv oelpd,0, v, 2v,3v,4v,..., on6te
rou 6o0eio rcry6vo6
'*2'
Kol paOoivervq,cvo,Tcrfootlrnv oetpd,0,2,
ag Drore0ei 6rt rou 6[veto,to rcavovog
4,6,8,... lt6xptto 1000.llor6 eivar to napd,6ofooe pia t6rorc,6ra6rrcoolo;
'To napd6o(6 paq qrav roriro : 6vog rcav6vc,g6w prcopeiva rcpooDropto'er
rcav6va rpono ercr6leoqg rnq rpee\S Tlori rc&Oeq6nog prcopei vo Tlver
oupprpoor6g pe rov rav6va. H andvrrlorl lrov : cry rcagerl pnopei vo y[ver
ouppfaot6 pe rov rcav6vo, Frropei e(ioou Kor vcr,ouylcpouo0ei pe aur6v. Kar,
d,pae6cil6w un&p1erorire ouppfoop6g ofte oriTrpouoTl' [OE I.2A\
O Brrpcevord,rv en6t6rcet vc e(etdoer rn gf6q rng 66parr1q Trou eznpd,lfur 6vcry
rmr6vog rard, Tnv cKotrou0r1or1rou, Kcr,rKord, zr6oo pruopei,o t6tog va nopi,ro1erro
Kplrnpy opOorqtog Tro rqv arcol,oriOqoqrou. flporcetp6vouvo oTrooogqvrorci q
em1erpqporoLoltc tou, Kot vo 8oripe lEo)Sgtavoups oro rcc,pd,6o(o,olJ.d, rar zcri>g
. ovarpeiror" iocog gavei Xpn<rqrTl q 6r&rcpror1 peto(ri
6uo ep<orr1pdr0)v, ev6g
yruooto\oyrcourcotw6q owoloytrcof, Troulrnoporiv va 6raruzco0orivoq e€rlg:
.
a) flrirq o pc,0qrqc,yvaryfQr (poOc,ivtrvcr,arcol.ou0ei)tov rcav6va;
o Kov6vog orqv petrl"ovru,cr1
9) flofd eivor 4 eoory t7q 66op€DorlETcoDernpd,?uLer
'+2',
aro?rori0qo1rou cno tov Fo0qrq (ornv nepimaoTl rou rcav6vc,
iroJ;0s ouvefoer
povogrou rqv avdnru(q qq oerpc,qperd,ro 1000);
To pcootol,oyrrc6ep6rnpg agopd, rq yv6o-q rou Kcv6vs rcarro ovrol"opr6 Trl gDoTl
rng 66pa"roqgrou rcovovc,,Kot rcar' .er6rctaor1rrl p6ory rou i6rco tot) rcavfva. Ag
rovtoOei otr rd, 6uo outd eprorqporo 6ev eivar rcavta aveldprrlro pero(ri roug.
TrououyXeovrcn,ogori eivar 6uvo,t6vvo')^/opioer rdnorog roug
Ynaplouv TrsprTrrciloerg
rcav6veg6npopgcilvovraqroug.
ApXi(ovrog pe ro f/oorol.olrco
epcilrqpro,o Brryrcgvoro,rvapveiror ort rl rcorov6qarl
rou Kovova rqy &(et atrodermtrcd. aro fio vorynrcqrcatd.maor1
ry avo.rapd.maor1.Aq
unoteOeion pol"rqo,poOqrqqp?€netrov Kovovc,,npolcuTrrer,fotepaano pio vor1nr,c1
6up1ooic,, T1KordUq?"r1yoTlrtlcTlro,rd,oto,oq n o'vsfta.po.oroorl,
11ozoia eivcn oe 06o11
ail povryqE vo,uno6ei(errqv orol"ouOqo-nrou Kovovo.'EvarcpciltonpopT"qpooe pro
ttitoro npooellroq o7.er[(erar|rt Tn 6uvor6rqro Trlq w ]"o1covor1nrc46rcataoroolg vc,
-t2-
M6vo 11owlorotxq
oroLou0qonqtou rcavova.
ofiorel6oerq i6to ro e1eryuornq opeTlg
1e
npaEn prnopetre}.rrcd,vo ernpepadoer ourrl rqv rotav6r1or1,vs ozrexgl,6ser
Kplrnplo KorovoqoTlqrou xsv6vq,. Aev eivo,r aouwlgtoto ro garv6pevo vo
atoOrlproro,
6n
I nenoiOrlarl
6qproupleiraroe rdrcorov,oKolou0oupwrlan6 avd,l"oya
Elerraruvorloerwa npoplrlps,aLl"d,pol,rqrpoona0lloetvo ro hioer va 6rarnoriover
6va Kplrrlptorrlq Kotav6qor1q."
rou. "H egoppoTqrcopop6ver
Tqv ovrTrd.prcerd
IOE
'tooteptrcl 8rcpycola' prer&(erar
I.146]. O Brcl'rcevordwernorlpo[vetort "Mto
rprttlpur." [@EI.580]
e(olteptrc,i
'Evo
62rcpo rp6phpo eivor 6tt pto voqru<rlrcstdorocn pTropetva o6qyloet ot
q o@orq
riroreva eruJ.€X0et
noLl,€gegoppoy66.Tr eivsr our6 nou 0a peool"aprlo'er
eivar oe 06o'qpe
egoplroTrl;'Emo6n rl w l,olcovoqnrcqrcotd.orcoqrl avozrupdoroorl
roo Kov6va.
r.qv peool"dFqoqpiog eppryeiaqvo paq o8qyrloerorqv arcoLou0qon
oro pual,6 rou prcopei vs eppqvalOei
O,tr8qrcoreopcogKr oy 61er rcozcoroq
florg, ar6 a,utrignq epprlveieg0o etvar q azco8errrl; Gl.. to
norKJ"orpoTrognapd6erlpoontv IOE I.1a0(a)]).
eivar rdrora rou vo,oSqyei oe pio rcar;r6vo pia
Ag 6eXroupr 6rt tl voqrtKq rcc,rd,orc,or1
epprlveiutou rcv6vcr.
pia errc6vorl r&rt TropoporoFt etr6vc,,Trouvo pog u7[oTopa)e1
"YrapXer 7,.oucov
Frov opropdvqegappoyq,rccrtto )"o,0oqpou rltav Lom6v noq irnpo rq plo errc6va
Kor vo 6louprerr1 6u0e6rl vo eKgpoororipe
ytcrtrlv d,Ll,q;- I-rarl 0a pzcopouoa;,re
pptorcopoore
. oe rcard,oruorl e(avalrcoopori rou eivar r,opiolq
coq e(nq :
tr
oyrrog."
ottroq
[OE I.140]
Vulolo"pr6q'op
Aur6 oFoq 6ev po,q porl0det r8rcritepa 5t6rt ovnpsrcori(oupe rcar nd,h to i6to
xpopl"r1po.Av 11orcol,ouOnaqevog ruvovc ogeil.eror oe pia epprlveia tou, ncoq0o
Tiver Korovoqrn oDrrl n eppTlveio;Xpera(eror pio eppqveicrrrlq eplrlveioE rcorrdrt
t6roro oSqyei or lno ava6poprl /,opig rrl}"oq, ogou n eppqvei.aofip nporcerp6vrl
' r t a
nepinrcooqeivar rl av*ErKad.maoq
piaE trcgpaorlEpe rcatroryoJ)"4.Apa n sppqveis an6
povn u1E6evpxopef va axord,.eolrrq ytrpupaavupeoa oe pio vor1nrcr1
rorsoraaq (rl
ovanopdotaoq) Kot rllv op0n arco?"ori0qolrou rcov6vc,.
"Ks0e eppqveta rp6petar orov a6pa po(i pe erceivoTroDepFrlveuerrcor 6ev
pnopei vc rou X.prlolFsuoerolq ornprylro. Ano poveg roDg or sppqveieg 5ev
to vor1pa."IOE I.198]
rcpoo8ropi(ouv
-13-
eprilrqpo Tro ro nrilg propi(er
Yn6.pyet lornov rcunoto anavrrloq oro TvcDorol"oyrrc6
rdnoroq 6Vavrov6vc, erct6qano ta opvqrrKd orlpeta TroDTrpoavo.g6p0qKov;
''Efro ernorrloerrnv rpoooXq TrcDq
oKo)rou0eircavetEtov o6o6eiXrrlp6vo eg6oov
pio otcrOepnXpllo-rl,pia ouvq0etu." [OE I.198]
DTcspger
"To vo arol,ouOeiqevav rccv6vc,,ro vo ffnKorvoverq,to vo 8ivetq pia npooroTq,
ro vo roi(e6 Fro napd6o orcd,rcelvar or.rvq0euq(Xprtoeq,0eopot)." IOE I. 199]
Apa p6oo arco1t{a rparcurcr1rt ttia ouvr1\eru i
era ilupo pcopi(er rdzrotoq 6vav
rccw6vc.,6nou q ouvqeera uno8ql"cilverrqv oTroittlo-tlTtcLeruvalqrcnrcl Xprlarl.
llpog oTroguTrlo16v rape(rlyrloecov ogeil"er va yiver pio 6tzurcptvror1.A6lovrag on Tl
rcarav6qo1 ev6q rcav6va 6w q16(er a,n6 pia vorlnrq rcord,otoorl, 6ev o4pro,iveLTro
anv6rltoug ?"o1ou6,6116w ouppaiver anoro oro lruotr6 paq 6rcry Kq,rovooupercd,n.O
Brryrcworow apve[tor 6rr I ratav6rlcq
prcopei vo rporcuryer atrorcktmtrcd, ard
p6lrg 6er r&norog rov rcov6vo vo pnopei vc, rov
voqnrc1q nauvfoerE, 6r1tr"46r1
a
TrpoKrrKrl.orrl XpTlo-q
egapp6oer op0d X@pLqvo Xperoorei rcd,nou e(d,orr1oq, rcd.rcoto
aurof rou rov6va. Eprgovi(etor to i6to npoplqpa 6zcoqKoLorov 6erKrm6oprop6 pa
lrlv eKp60tlotl prog yl.cilo'ooE,6nou o8uvatei to nor6t vo pd,0errn fe[q 'rcop6x1,c,'
ov
orl"cilgtou 6ei(ouv pio rcap6rl"a,Kor rou nofve 'Aut6 l,fletar rop6rcl,u,',lcopiq'va tya
rapcrl^Iq)"oarralOei q rcrp6xl,ope rcd,zcoro
rpozcoorqv rparcnrcry
rou23-
Ag e(etooou[re ro ovto].oyrKo eprilrrlpo Tro rrl guan rqq 66opzuongrcou eznp&l-tr
er o
Kovovoq, Kor or:vezcci>q
Tra rrl gfol
rou (6toD rou Kovovo. Eorco 6rt o po0rlrqg rou
opprcori rapa6etyporoq 6Xere(ooril0ei orqv evdno(r1 qq opr0pqrtKrlg oerpdg ptgpt
'Otsr,
ro 1000.
6pcoqouveXi(erpovoq rou rrlv ovd,zrru(r1
rrlg oelpdq, 6w orcolou0etrov
rcc,vovq.A : '*2', o,2,-Ld.
6vav 6tagopenrco, o onoi,og o-uppfd(eror Frer,lre fl.g
t'E1e,
w6tc96pov vq,6uo1erro0ein snr1arpqpmotrolic rep[ cro].o00qoqq tcov ravovov pE rrg
ncpc,rrlprlostgrou Btryrwcccw repi anoplirnrorqtu,q, or onoieq ppiorcowar crlqeri to nl.eimov. orq
rapcypdgoug [OE I.428] eo4 [OE 1.466J.1-u.auro ro (rlrqpa eivar 6togorrorrrd, ra ouvaqrl &p0pa
rou McDowell (pL. McDowell, J.(l99l ), McDowell, J.(1992))- To rpopl.qpc rqq cnop).eimr6rqroq
agopd q oxe6q piagryooSorciaEiat eKeivouTrouo6qXei otqv em)4p@oi rqg."Ee 6va rca0optop6vo
cntorqpa ergpaoeolv Ftnopoupeva reprypcryoupeeva cwtreipevo ps rn porlOerarcrlv)€(ecov
'ercnlrlporlrevo' 'ov€Kltl4poto'."
r(ct
[OE I.439] I-tcrtov Brryrevotd,rv und.pXetpia eoatepucrlaxEnrl
pnaiu rpoo\oxiag rcarerctriiprqe , Kcnro orlpeio elragqq ppiorerar ptioa m4 ylcisooct[OE I.aa5J.To
epdlrqpcreivat 6uvo,gegp€ to rcilq picr or6ryq eivar or6yq ytc rcrr" rl 716gpia enrOupla,eivar arr0upia
yrc.rcdtt.'H, ytc va Oupq0orlpeta'nepi arol,orl0qoqq ar6g xavovq "nrilg ptc,ewo}"r1rpoe(oglei rqv
errt).eorgrqq" IOE I.461]. H 6prgaoqorrl Xprlcn Kq,rrl 6vo-cooqoe pic qTroK].erorxavoqnrq 6up1ao[c
gcivowat orrlv e(4q ncpdypapo : ""O)"c,pplorowa,r n6n p6oo o8...'. fl6q olppaivet ro p6).og>> + vc
6eiXver;(...) To Fefoq 6eiTyerpovala orqv tgoppoyn rou, secppoTn TrouKcvEL6vcr(olytav6 6v. Aut6
to 6ei{rpo 6w eivat pia pa,Tyaveic,nou iucopeiva rlv npcrfpsroTrorlort F6yo q Wn." IOE I.454J
-14-
irrprTrrfiorq orlg oluoiegtl6n e(oor,o10lKt,oLl"66ugeperorrl pelJ"ovnrrl pr1or1ono
tov rcav6vsB : '*2', v<l000 rar
Aq unote0et6tt oroLouOet
ourov TrouaNooriootrre,
'+4',v>1000.Avn l"otrc6v
vo ouvefoetlpdgovrcg1002,1004,1006,...
7p6ger1004,
1008,1010.
Atdgopoeprorrlpaweyzipoworoe aut6 ro oqpeio.Kotd nprilrotr'6yo,n TrpoqYoupnnl
vor-rrov rccv6va,
A ror
e(doraloq6w 6qproupleirdnoro 66opzuoq;Mrlzro4eile rcacd,
vq,arolou0qoettov rov6va B; Av 6pcogundpler
oto Bqpoper&to 1000,anogd,oroe
rcrvovo,xorc eivo,t6uvu,t6vva
pia r6rou atrcol,ioornv enrl"op1svog6togopenrcori
6Xetvorlpo va, prl.d,ptTto arolori016q evog rcov6vo.O
ov TevrKci>q
opgro'Br1c'1gei
rcar6w rl0etor (nrqpa eml"oyqg
Brrpcwordw 6w upveitar rqv rinap[q E6optD6qg,
rov rccv6vc,,
rca06l,ou
6w 6ul.6yro.
ar6 prlpooe Frlpa."'Otov arcotrougcb
w6q Kcryovo
tov Kovovcrugld.." IOE I.219]
Arcol"ou0cil
Mrlncog 6oov Kolpo o plo0rpqg ov6nooot oootd rrl oerpd, piuyx rc 1000, 6w erle
ur6ryq rou rov rccv6vo A, ozcoEvopi(ape, oLLa,rov rcov6vaB; O Btryrcword,rv dsv
appwpqtei qv itxap{r1 66opno4g, cLtr6 ernOupeivo 8rcpeuvrloerr\ p6oq rqg, Kot
Epyererva r}"ovioet rqv nero[gno-n 6n o po.0qa1qarcoloriOouoearc6 rqv ap14 tov
roo rccryovcrA:'*2', 6an
oro rcapd,6etypo,
rcav6vcr
A rcar6Xt rov B.'ErcavepX6pevor
'*2'
ro0opi(et ano'p6voq rou Troror0c eivat ot
eivsr ru},o1o vo rcoripson o xuvovcrg
vCI.ypopouv perd.ro 1000,6qlo6r11002, 1004, 1006...;Auto
optOpoinou zrprlTrct
vu
orptBcilgetvor 6,ro6ano rouq paotrcofg or6Xouqrou BrryrcevotdrvKor TrpooTrs0e[
6er{errc rapd.69& qE loytrcfiEavayrcadrqragTro rqv oro}"ofhon ro'u Kcvova. Aev
apveirar p6pou 6rt o rcv6va,g enpd.l-}.etpia 66opalo1, dpa 6vrcoqroOopt(tl ro
enopwa pr1potc.. Oparg ou,rl q 66opeuoq 6w rcpodpXetarono pia parcpnrl
xpaypartrconpa rcard. q6ro 1tumr1prcb6ry
tOE I. t 95], oTrog 0a utoOetorloe rl
'zr?'.or(ovu,cl'
Ttpoo6yyrolTro rrl guarl rov Kov6vcov.Iupgolvcr pe ourq
anorca)ioupaq
Trlv TrpooeaTtoq,o rcq,vovoqTropouora(etoroq pio arccpTrrnor6rlporpoxto 4 onoio
vCI,6ypuv r,c6)"oqyiver oTcorrl onTpq
oro onerpo, riror cilo'reol"a ta pr1parCI,
ercrsiverCI.r
nou apXi(ero poeq,ngvo egoppo(errovrav6va ([OE I.218],IOE I.219]).
-15-
'Opcog
rcorieivq,tro nap66o(o oe pia dtora npoodyporl;
'To rc.pd,6o(6 pag rltav totito
: wog rav6vo,g 6ev pnopet va Trpoo8ropio.er
xov6va tp6ro erc6leo1g rnq rp6(qS pori rcoOerporcog pnopei vq, yivet
oupprpaor6qpe rov rcsvova.'IOE I.201]
EppnvsDovrcq ounl rqv rapdypc,go o Kpfunceovog6per on ro napd,So{o etvar
a t
nKarnKtmrc|za.Aw DTts,pget
dnota orov rcav6vc,Trouvo rdver rov poonrn vo
ouveXloet6ncoguzco8eu,nruer
o A, rcar6p 6rccoq
o B. Av zrpoona0qooupe
vo rov
rcetooupeYra ro I'd,0og roD 0o onotrlloupre pod
rcpoonaOcilvtag
vc rou
a a a
Tropouotoooup.e
q ooorrl epprlvefa rou Kov6vcr,0a o6qpl0oripe oe pio ava6pop4
.
'"
,5
X@pfertLoE" . Apa 6w pnopei o rov6vaE vc e6o0e[ n],arolwrd, oo vo, nporco0opi(er
61"ara pell"owrrcd prlpota c,n6loyrrc4 cryc,yKor6rqtc.
fl6oo toXpp6 pzopei va eivor 6va retoto rcopd,6o(orotd, rou n[orovrolrof; Evoq
nl,c,rorvrornq 0a pzoporiot vo crcavuloet 6n q d,rcapnrq ot$rlporpop& 6ev etvar
ovrircaprrq ener6rlpp60qrcetuorqpaOqrnq o\nlpTroposva. orcoLou$rloerrov rcuvovo,Kcr,l
ezer6rl un6.pyetduarcol"ioorrlv e€TlTqotlrou Ld,0oug.
rou. H $uorcol.io orqv e€rtfrlo-n
tou ldOoug ogeil'eror orq, 6pra Tnq Tld)oooq (rcpopi,rlp.crorqg epFTlveioq)Kol Trlq
guo-traiga6uvcpiog va 8roofoer rcdnorcgq or6rlporpo1rd p61pr ro d,zcerpo
(rilore vo
gcvei pc,r[ perd, arc6rcanrotooqpeto, 6noro Kor ov eivcn rdge gop&, und,pXer],&0og).
Mra KowI at-o0r1oTl
rqg ovnKetpsvrK6rqroq, er8rrcd,
Tro rnv nepinzoq;.qpa0qporrrcrilv
tuncov,r&ver azco8ercro
ro leyovoq on o rcavovog,+2, rca7opi(etar6 lt6voEroo Troror
0a eivar ot opt0po[ zou nplnet vo ypogouv perd, ro 1000, Kor oDTrcercptp6vcr
or
opt0poi 1002, 1004, 1006,...llporcetprrivou
tcilpa o pa0qtrlg vo lpdryer o i6ro6 auroriq
rouq opt0;rouc,, np€nelvo t(orovoTloetrov Kovovo. Av tcilpo 0c, prcoprioerva ppegei
zucvroo'rqv d,rcaprcr|or8qpotpoT,rd,11c,v etvar Suvatdv vo rou 6o0et pio nero,gtKrl
e€qTrloqrou ld0ooq rou, eivar otrl"o(nrqFa.
'Opcoq
4 ril'atcovtKrlorl)J'qryqtou Kov6vo ergpa(er ourrlv arptpcilgrrlv Korrnlaio04or1
rqg ovrtKflFwtrc6rrlroc, Ttou i,pyprat vo Dtooriloer rrlv op$orqra rcpioealv
n
rcercot0rloscDv
ano rov eTnKpeppopevooXenr,oopo.H ovru(erpevrrorqrc elvot rcou
t^. Kripke, S-(1982),aeL.7-54.fl6pa ano rov o.vronotog ouprgovei 6ragcovaipe rnv rpplveia rou
:t
4
Kpinre, c(i(er va 6<iloet.npoooT.q
oe aurq rrlv rlo.ooxq nTeovrcpose)'Jr6rl,11onolc,anor6leoe qe
pa0po to ivcuopro ytct q o{nrrlorl nepi yLooorrrlq Kovovrolrorrlrac
t'llflalo
:up9,ouo pe 6oo zapouotao0rlrcovtrponyoup6rrq yro rq. npop).r1pctazupro1q epprlvpioqoe pi.c
epprlveic.
- 16-
ro Kplrrlpro op06rqrog, 6,fl 6r1l,o6q erntprina os rd,0e 6u6trsoia rqv
Tcap€XeL
vo 6ei(et
$r&rprorl avdpeoaoe rcd,tropq6 rot l.av0aop6vo.O Btryrcevord,rvxpoorcaOei
roo tr).aront6pq6 eivat ro\amfTrq,t 6ev pnopei povoq roD vo
ofl ourrl q tsrc6oye6ry
6uil(er our6 ro oioOrlpa ovoogd"l.sraq ratd
rllv TtpoTpororcoirlorl prag dtoroq
6raxprorlg.
""Otro ra pqpara 61ouv r,oolog 1ivet" orlpafvet: 6ev tya raa d,M"qezn},op1.O
rovovaq oqotou ogpoliorrlK€ pe 6va optop6vov6r1pc,,yapu(et rn Tpoppq rqq
rov XlJpo.ALl,& av tlpsTpanrd, rdncoq etor TlrcryTl
tllpqoTlg rou oe o1"6rcl"r1po
poq0orioe;IOE I.219]
poq
poS,ncbg0a
nepfucrcoorl
H un6o1eor1 roD zrlarcovropori eivot rcl"aorq, 6t6a arc6pc, Kot ov rl draprccrl
or8lporpofd urcdpXer,6ev gaiverar xcbE0a ptropohoeo 1ta0r1v1;va ppe1ei oe atsrqv.
Aw pnopei arcorcleroarc&q i8ro vo rov 06oer zavro nlg, r(ot pna(it roog rapap|vet
6va ayeqtpcoto1,dopa, pe o7cor6leopa,vo pqv pruopei o pa0qrrlq va 8nrpivet ov
rl avtrcl0eror orov ercdotoc rov6vo, ogori 6ev F.lroper,oTroq g&vr1rce
o-DpgcDvei
vu rcdvetrcdat6zoro p6oolptoq vorprrrlq 8upyaoi a526.
Trpoqyoup6vog,
'Opcog
ov Kor o poOrpqg6ev pnopei vu Bpe0ei,ocrgodrlpotpol36q p6ocoFlog voqarqg
rcrd,otaorc I prog epprlveiag, 6w 0a pnoporio'evo ro rcdverpre rn poq0era pioq
reXyrKrlg;Aq unore0ei 6rt o po0Tltrlg ple rrl poqOerapiug relvucqq rcorurp6pvttvs
avepeiorrl or8qpotpoXr&,tee 1qrc yvaspf(etaw6; lkbg pnopetq i6u, 11or6rlporpopa
6n 6vrcoqtyet eznprpooreizravlornq; Mrlzcogener8rl
vo rou Sciloerrqv ercoJ,r71euory
rrbpo Ocreivarol"o ra arorel"€oporo ocoord,;OpoX ocootd,coqTrpogtr; Iro rapd.8etlpo
lroq enpa,meto
qq IOE I.185], o poOryr1qaxolouOrbwogrov rcuvovoB,Oe_copouot
ocoor6,Kor ov ognvord,vFovoqrou, 0a e(aro?"ou0orlotvo (er pe aurq rqv renoiOqcrn.
Ti0erur rcarnal"t (Tltrltro eupronq orrlv or64porpo1ra, rcr 6ror oe r&Oe rceplrctcoorl
e(arcol"ou0eivo uzr&p1er6vo oyepupcDtoloopa peto(u tou pcrOnrrlKor tou Kovovs.
tou rcav6voB, o po,0qrr1g
EevetXbrccprpiaevSa(q o16 tov [6to
Kutd, rqv c,rco7,ou0r1o'r1
l,
,
t
?6
rcvoveg
Auro ro orlpeioava6eucvtier11avc)"uol rou ll6apg, o onotoqenrmlpoiver6n "Or o,rcapnror
nou erreivovrqr olo anerpo0a rltav dlrrlmor av 6ev pnopouoeva ppeOeindvol rouq cur6q Trou
re0erp6vougrav6veg 0a rltcv apncq enog
arol,ouOeirov rovova. fll4pqg rc0oSqyn6n crd toug 11611
cv unrlpXerd.rr mo puaLo curori nou np6rsnot vo,touq orol,ouOrloer,ro onoio ga tov pale. ncrvol
roug." Bl. Pears,D.(1989), aeL.466. Kor ouveli(erraparqpdlwog ott "H rewpuq 0€or1tou
Brryrevoraw sivar6rr cur6q nou c,rolou0ei rov rovovc 5sv pnopei vq c/.sl mry;lofa 6vc,vor;rrr6
ro prlpard rou, Kot Erol o nlcttrlvrop6q, o onoioq xa0rma rrlv
e(onl"rop6nou 0a rca0o8rlyrloet
rou an6 rov rcavovu.va e(a.ptotat an6 qur6v rov Fn 6u06otpo e(orhop6,.tov ogqvet
ru0o6r17qcr1
cporl0qto.E66 pptorerc,to ropcLoytop6q."BL Pears,D.(1989),oel. 470.
-t7-
pTropeiva oDpp@veipe rcv rcav6va
rov Kovova 6n 6rcave1,d0og.Na yrari rcdtt 7ro1)
ptropo6peva rc rcavoult€va rcv rapapa{vet. Mnopet, p6pau, va eivar nopon},avr1nrcr1
a ,
q epretpia an6 toug poOqponrcorigruTrouq.'Evc,grcav6vog,6ncoqo oyrl:oy+2 guorrcd,
o i6to6vo 6et(erTrotogeivcr o en6pevogoprOpogperd tov 1000'zcpogovcbq
Kor !.t7ropet
'Optrog,
pfa rnon awi\pacry lrTtopeiva ryo670erpdvo ar6 rcdrorcv TEIDeivat
o 1002.
1164
rcfuoyogrryEawfmory1E rtxnrKrlqrcat6p atrd rcdxorcvrlon rqv trta1atver.
Agori Lonc6v ot rcovoveg, ot onoior d0evtar atorc).etmtrcd,arc6 pio ercr6g ro1)
uiroKelF6vouovoTKc,r6rqra,6w pnopouv on6 p,6vorroDg vo rcopd,o'Iouvro rprttlpta,
op06trltag, rote fiotog ra nop6ler; Ernorp6gowoq oro yvaorc)"oytrc1
eprilrqpo Trctro
rrirg pcopilet Kovergroug rccru6veg,11
ar&v, qcrq0c, rpov p6oa cr6 pia TrpolcrrKn,an6
'Opcog
wa 0eop6 Tl at6 pia ouvrlOero.
rcar nd,},r 6ev pnoporiv ourd, vo sTnKupcboouv
arcopovg, roug u1v op06qra. ErceivoTtoDXpetd(erur eivar q rcoworrlra([(DE I.202D.
fro va ppeOeirdnorog orrl otprlpotpoXtd, ytew(eror rrlv nporcrrrrl, rov 0eop6, cqv
.
. V
'
a
t
olvqOeta. fta, vo J /opt(er orq orrv6Xera6a 6vtcoqov6pr'1rce
n&vcorng Kol 6w 6perve
orrlv anopcr0po ytewlttot
. A
q rorv6cqro, Tl TrpaKrllcqpero(ri d,lJ,covcvOpciizcolv.
Orc6te
11ot6qpotpoXrd pzropetev tel.Et vo ovrrp.€rcozno0eioE rorcoOerrlpswlon6 roug i8roug
roug avOpcilnouq,ogori erceivoteivor oe 06orl vo eTnKupciloouv
rryv op06rr1rcr.Aev
rap€yet, rccrpta,poqOera q uto06rno.n rnq arcoryrlg 6tr
Drcapgerpto d,rcaprcrrl
or8qpor poxls. Trou erreiveror oro_ d:rerpo, npoepy6,pryq vno pia poKprvq Kor
puorrl pr,b6tl Trpoypr.crtr6rqto.
Opcognoto 0a rltav 11ouvrlnetorrlg nopo6oXrlgon ot rcovoveq1to rqv eDpoicoorltou
vorllroro I rcpotpTTvrotono pria poKpr-TlovoTKor6rqro; H o,r(tprlon yro roug l(ovoveg
ogopa rr1 1?"riloooKot ro po)''orrlg orn o/Fon rou ulrorcerptfuou
pE rov rcoopo.Av or
rav6veg TrouuTtopaotd,(ouvr11Tl,cooorrq Xprloq ryto6pypvror arorc),etmwa arto z;r1v
eicoreptr,rl TrpoTpartrcorqrc,,r6re q y7'"cilo'oa6e-v 0a eivat nap6. suag arcatrnnoE
TurbpovaErou Koopou, Xopi5 o dvOpconogva 67,errapta arrverogopa oE ourn rrl
p6rpno-rl,Kot Kor' en6rcraol orrlv errcovc,Trou ofrlpad(er Trcr,rov roopo. 'Oprcoq
oro
uorepo gil.ooogtrco 'ep7otou Btryxevorcrw, rl guorml yl,cilooa e(arcol,ouOeiFev vc
atvo,t "lvcilpovog rou rcoopou, a)'}d, 8roproprpcbverort6oo uno rnv e(olcpucrl
npoTpoxlr6rqro, 6oo rcq,t an6 rov
i6to tov
dv0pcono. Apa ry yAcbooa 6ev
\nltopgcbvnat p6vo ar6 tov rc\cpo, oJ-L,i(.
enrleov \rupoprpcbvet
q oXlo4 paE1ta(f
- 18-
rot). H of6oq eivst opgi8poprl Kor po(i e(etrioo'owoqtocro q ll,rilooa 6oo Kor o
p6ocoauttlq27.
tov uvqJ,oppav6poore
Koolrogorccog
i
trtEe(anepw7EEpaypaurc6r4taEpovq uiuzuOuvr1
Av 6po4 ercp7\evtmeiq oov€,togopd
re ope6 Kor l,avOa,opwo 0o eivor n rcorv6cqra,.Av n
ro rptrqpru op0oqtog 0a Divovtor
rorv6rr'pu ertrr1g0etrogpia opogcovlaoe "Jvcilpeg,
rcv6vu,, on6te 6Xovtoq 1d,oer rcoOe aioOqorl
rel"rrcd, ox6 6vov rcl"eroryr1grrc6
ovnKerpewrc6rqrog,rl e8pai.orq tou vorlporog pod(er o6uvcrrqtt. Mio noporrlpqol
oru66ooqqo1enxcloporioro
rou Brryrcevmd,rv,11onolo ovorpei rqv orcotoTtpoozcd,0era
nri:gavarmiooel ro ev 161ro(qtnpa, eivar q arc6l"ou0r1:
' E6ci)0a r1Oel^e
vo 7r€rrd,zotog: op06 eivcneretvo ?EouF.oogaiverot op06. Kor
aur6 o4patVerpovald rcoge8cb6w pnoporipeva prl"dpeyra op0o' [OE I.258].
? ; ^ . Y
'Opcog
ogori o Brrncevotdrv einraleitot trlv rcow6rqra, nog arcprprilqovnpetozrl(er o
i6tog'qv ouprgcoviaavd,peoooto p6l"qrng;
'"f)ore eor-rl,eg Trogq crupgovlo,avd,ptoo oroug avOpcirzcoug
a,nogcro[(ern eivar
oooro Kol Tr,1,d.0og;'^Ioo't6rcar1"d,0ogeivat our6 nou l,6ve or dv0pozrot-Kor.
o)pgo)voriv ot dvOpcozorpr6oa orq yl"ci>ooo.Aur6 6ev eivor ouprp,coviaoflg
0l.l.6 oq lropgrl rrlq.(cotlqroug" [OE 1.241).
Tr/6FLeg
a
O orwyponr6g 6pog ptopgn(coqgavd va T"rioerrrlv opxtlcrlorcopia,Erlprouplei o,rc6po
neptoo6cpeg. Mzcopeiva ova(r1qOei a ooyKporE{aur4v rry oultqrov{a aua,ueoaoe
,
r'
r
e,
1
,
,
poprpEgkoriE KaI rE@Eavaduetat rc)trcd,q rcavowmtrcorrpa; Tt etvat arr6 oq
(corlg rou rnv 6ugoponowi
popgrl
ano ;ria ouvo0potorl n.l1aicov rceproro,rrrcdlv11e(coteprrccbv
Tvoptopotcrlv;
"fltilg pnopcb va arcol,ou0r1ocoe,rou rav6va; " - ov auto to epcilrtlpa 6w eivCI,ro1errrc6 pe crdeq, tote e[vot oXenr6 lrt rrlv Strarol"6Trloq tou port arol,ouOcil
'Otov
rov rav6vo pe rov rpono Trou rov' arcol"ou0cb.
flq
e{uwiqoco
tt Arttl
sivcrtrcrt pic pcotrrl rapaqprlorl nou EratpeXerrIV spFnveiqrou fl6apg, 6ncrlgnapouora(erar
orov 6eritepor6po rou Pears,D.(t989).
tt Kd,tr teroto gaivetcrtvc. anopp6erqno rrlv Trpoyprcttorrrq
npoo6yytol tou Kpinre (p7* Kripke,
S.(1982))qrqv €pFTlveiqrou Btryrevotarv. Irrlpt(6pevog orqv napcypqgo 20?, Oeolpeiott ro
napc6o(o nou ei6a,psfiqv niottrlvrxrl owrp.errirnrorl.rourw6vq c,iperat cn6 pric oKrTrrrKr.crrrqi"rlcrr1,
oncrlgr4v cnoraLei, 11onoic eivat 11oupgtovio,rqq rcotv6rrlrcq. Me sutov rov tpdno cnrnrco,Orora
ng
d,t71ercEpe ouv9firceg
|rcarciiynorlE, perc,toni(owoq ro riwpo pdpouqorq oupgolvic,
ouv1frceE
peta(ri rcov pel.citvrqg roworrlrag.'Etot dp<oq6ev T.aprpa.ver
unoryq rou rqv repucrroorl va rcdver
oovo)rcd.7a0oEryrcow6r4ta. M6oa ano auro to rplopq Trrprorcnra 6rroq to aroLougo potd(ouv
anodeKrcLAv q roworr;ra rpiver olvol.rrc on o qho5 flpi(eL rore eivat o.l,qOwo6tr o ql,togirupi(er.
Ago0 q nleroryqgia ratd, tov Meoaitrlva roprpr(6tcw 6n o'HJ.rog.ppi(et r6re aur6 0a rltw o),r10w6.
va ouFpopgol0einpog to n6ptoprsrqq rorvdrrlra-crpoKsrpevouva
Enm)',€ov,o Kor6pvucog0c oger.l^e
arotr ou0rloet op0c touq rav6vtg rou ll,orooucori narXyt6rou nrpo cno aorpovopurd (rprpc,tc.. To
p61J.ov6progan66er{ero l,aOogoe fia rcrota npoo€'yyroq
-r9-
8xaroLonosrq rpr&vcooe ppaXcil8equn6orpopo Kol tl rodrna lrou orpcpcilver.
[oE 1.2t7]
flpotori eierdooupe rov 6po popqi &tiE, Kot rt ouTKporei ro otr1mpapa rqg
Kovovrortl(orrlrog, . eivot Xpllo'tpq pio avoxegal"oioon. Mia aprcetd,KororoTnoancrl
pag va 6ofpe 7rcDg,
I'trlv npoond,Oero
rcq,r&
rpoog6pet o MaxJrlrd,ouetr2e.
log
rov Brryrcwor&w, arcol"ou0ei rd,rcotogtouq rcuv6veq,rplner vo czrogfloupe rrl
orlvoyq
a Kor rrl X&pup6q. H Xr,culJ"aeKrrpooonei rqv rcpolerylorl oupgalvo pt Tqv
Xlo-r}-tr
onolo, q orolori0qoq
sv6q rcov6va 6ev eivq,t rtnorc d,tr-],oTcapaq erpeorl piog
epprTvefaErou, 6q1"a6r1q crvnrccmd,oroorlptsg 6rgpoorlg rou pe r&noto uLlr1. H
eppqvetc rcilpo 06rer wa 6il.qppo 6oov agopd aur6 noo np6K€rror.vo eppqver0ei.
Anatreirar ewe pia vo4urcr1rcatd.maorTrou rcp&rrovra QyoXd.oytopdE),eite 6vog
o onoiog
rov6vaq rpolp1opevoq orc6 pia npolparrrc6qro ercr6grou u7rorcetp6Vou,
empd,2v\etpia, Ioy.rctl ovoTKot6qra oTnv srcol"ouOqol rou Qilarawop6).
Xe rd,Oe
zcepircrolorlq eppqveia (eire rng eocoreprK4gvoqnKrlg rcotd,oromlg, ewe ro1)
te0erp6vou rcov6vo) poq ogrlver opor1Or1toug,
rcl"arcovtrcci>q
6t6n ovrrper@rcl(oupeprta
t
a
A
a A
-
t
I-tcrvo onoga-l10ei11XlmLl,a petd(erar q npcrcrrrrl, o 0eop6g,
uva5-popr'1
X(DprSr€l,og.
'Opcog
q ouvrlOera. Eror 1,orn6v cnorcndtar 1rurbon rcov rav6varv.
ot ourrl rrl
o geop6q
8ro8rrcoolorcdnotoc, npbnervo 8cboerro Kprrllpto opOorqrog. H zcporcru,ol,
Kor I ouvrlOeroopeil"ouv vo wtol0oriv oe pia rcowSrrlta, r1 orcoia rel"rrcd,naptyet ta
A a a ^ ,
Kprrrlproop06rqroq. E6cbaryi(oupe n&l"rto ovtol.opr6 eprilrqpa (peta rqv ov66el(I
T
rou nopd.6o(ouTrouTrepulXeto 7d.o,t@vtop6g)
Tro n guarl rtov Kov6vov Kor rq olcdorl
, F
,
roug pe fllv rcorvorqra. Av cn6 ercefrot nipo. zpoozroOrlooupeva, pporipe rdrt Trouvo
ourd ro Kptrnpro op06qroq, (apa Kor roDq t6rouq roug rcv6veq)
Drrcoro7,oyei
grdvoupe oro ppaXril6eg un6otpcopa ntpav rou onolou 6ev pTropoufm vo
q Xd,pup6Tl,6ql"a6r111ororyq 6a o rav6vaq
Trpo1cDprloouFs.
E66 opcDqTropot-r.oveiier
npor,e-rntetaTrcTq ouvoiveol rrlg rcoworqroq, Xoptq opoq vo uzcapXerrcaa oro
unopoOpo ou'nlq
rqq
ouvo,iveorlg Trou vo
.6togul-dooer pia
aioOr1or1
ovrtKelFevtxorqtag, ogq\rovroq 6ror rcaOerl oro e]eog evog KowomoLopxou
2n
McDo*ell, J.(I 984), a,eL.275. H 6d.rptoq avd;reoc oro ] /ooroLonr6 Kor ro owoLolrrd ep<ilrqpc.
6ev Tiverat pqro mov MarNrd,ouaL, on6re q npoand0erawopprovtcqqrrlq Trapouoiooqqtou pe 6oa,
nporlp0qKov 6rrlv ncporioa,epyooiq a,norei.o$val0uvrl rou Tpagowa. E[var 6po4 aprerd,por1gr1rrr6,
ntoteuco,va unapler oro gowo ourrl rn 8rorproq, rborevc cvc6ernr0owar rcalroreg
Lem6g anol:rioeq,
napo)eg tq 6uoroLiegnou orrlvd epgavi(owau l-ra pu rapouoiaoq rou ouTr(Erpqr6voudpOpourou
MarNtdoue). xar rqv Kptrucrlrou aorel rooo orqv ovdyvcocrlrou Kpinxe ooo Kor rou Pan (Wright),
pL Towopspa,B.(I995).
-20-
rcat& rov
Trpoyponolrof, Tl eu6q oXetrlaopof. Tqv Xcpup8q er.cnpooolrcei"
q eppqveiarou Kptzrrce3o.
Mordrtrrdouel",
tou vorlporoq Kol nlv npoond,Oeru,
Mia or6po fiopornpqon ooov ogopd rqv e8paicoo-n
va nep&o$ Kovsiq ov&peoc oTro q Xrn-rL),oKol rr1 Xdpup8tl. Yrdpler 6vc 6url"6
zuopayovroorn 6rc,p6pgool
uirrlpo Trouogop&t6oo rqv o-uppetoXrltou avOpri:rnvou
rrlq Kovovrottrc6rqrogTlo vo anogeuX0etto napo6o{o rou r}"crtcovropoti,6oo rco,r11
ave(d,pqrqg rou u7toKfllr6vouTta vo cnogzu10ei o
oDFLpsrofqproqzrpoyprarrrc6Tntog
ofrruclo,p6g. Kcr orrq 6rio repr:rrrboerq rl ovnKerpanr6rqro pTropelva ava(r1q0ei
eire oe XopaKrnpronrd,rqg e(corsprlcrlgTrpoypoxll(6rqtcrq,eite o'e1oporcqprorrrcd,tou
i6rou rou cv0pcilrcou(6zcrlg, TLo rapd6erypro
, ro TeTovogon t"1er pro oDTrcercptpwr1
t
prcl.opr,cr1
oryrcporqod3 .
'Ooov
arpopd,'rnvonFato86rrlorl proq fe€qq an6 rq popgq (cottg,pzropofprtvc 6or5pe
pia onpovalcq 6ragopozcoiqorlan6 to Tractatus. Erei q voqllaroS6ttlotl tcpoepy6rav
a t
rqv np6roorl, p6pog trlq oTroioqeivcrt I ev
oTroro leicrtx& @pgpo(6pwcr, 6q?"ct6r1
l"oyco )te€q. Irtg @iooopwtE TpeoveEro crulrgpo(6pevo ouTKpotoriwot' arc6 rr1
Itoppi ktiE. Emzcl.6ov,o Brryrcevot&wp' aurq rq volporo6oqorl
pord,(etvo 661etc,r
ndvcoan6 ro o},ov"[]B 141].
popgqgohop6: "To gcDgovstelJ"erotsDrorcd,
rcdruoroq
eivor rcatpto rpoyn6orepq rapc,trlpqoTloro lvlrEk
6rd.0eor1q
otrtonr.crlq
Ev6errcnKn'rnq
priozcporooqo-rlpoiverrcaro.l"apoivro
pia yl,cilooo" [Mn.B- oe7".
Btplto : "Kc,ro.l.opcrtvco
30 eLtr.prqp.li2.
ivlopqrl (artlg
Iro npcilto rapc,6o(o ei8ape ott rl t8rorqto qq orc6ryqqvc ulroorootonoui ron
TrpoKo?ai
riaveq Kor aut6 owsvalcr,arar orq ylcilooa 6nou Tropofilpeitor
cvtrTroprcro,
to "Iro 'un6orprolra'unuplerpovo ro ru7-aio'6pa cvd nooa orrTprl mo p6trr"1,ov
rl Xpqarlrrlq
quvop*ntrt
dxgpaorlgar6 rov
crryKsr(prpevqg
Fou Fropei anLciqvc,ncryetvo oulrpopgrilvetcrTrpoqro
Kar auro ga unovopare ava6poptrco,
rov napovrc.roXuprop6pou on propcitva
nponrno nou ava.p8var.
"
rpyuq06 yrc rov XapoKrnpofllg Kcrovoqonqpou. B).. McDowell, J.(1984),oei* 283.
t'
oro
Mia nporaol ylo rov orprprpcopoaurcirvtcov 60o atrrlpinolv, Xoptq pripcravo Trpoounoypd,gercr
rov i6to rov Brryxword,w, eivar ott 4 e6pciorcr1rou vorlpwoq t(apraun (q 6eopalrrct) ano rrlv
ave(aprqrrl rou unoKerp6vounpaypcrtucorrltc Xo:piEva avdyaa, oE ourllv
t2 H rilooo orrl\r onolc avqrcerq rporccq, xur te).rr& etvq.tuna,rOuvqyra rn vorl;raro6qrqoq,pnopei
ltr
vo t6to0eioq o,wavcrtrcoqrnq Fopgnq (rrltlg,11oroiq 6ncoqei6a.pevorlproto6oteita lLtuooxa oqpeia.
-21-
q xpllorl r€(ecov 6(ol an6 ru opra tou avdoror/,ou yl.oro.orrcou
fiCIrrw6rou. Tigetar
l'ourov Evo (qrrlpo opto06qo"ng avd,peo'oo'e op0r1rcu,rLav0oop6rrq
y}"coo,orrr1
xpTlorl,
11onoia ETiLct)y$avstot
pe fll XpTlon rcuvovcov.Me rrlv ovt1prercbrnoq
tou 6erirepoD
nopo66(ou avc6ei1oqrceo pol"og rrls rcow6rqto6 orn 6up6pgcDoq
autrirv rov
rccvovcov(rcat napdlJ,ll,a onoppiggqrce o nl"c,rolvrop6g Kor yu10l.o10p6E),
o
toug
onoioug paoa'iveto dvopolnogp6o@ alg rparcnrcr1g,Trls ouvrloer
ss, ircov geopcilv
evrog nlg Korv6rrlrag. H rcow6rrlro ercl"appdv€ror cDsouppatvfa
ot popgi kt\E, n
ozroia avtavq'Kl'&rat oro 77'cooorrc6unopcOpo rcat rcd,g€
TrpooTrdgerae(cvt\T*cng
8rrcarol'6TronqTro rnv orol'ori0qorl rcovrcovovorvfipooKporjer
oe cur6.
xe prc npootrd0slovo cpOpolOoriv
6oo ro 6uvot6v neproo6repa,,,ror' o.uyr(porqo-n
aurof rou uzu6po0pou,pu, npcilrrl Tropornpqo.qeivor
6a erceippioxero t o rp6roq TroD
rpdnoope- o Brryrevororv ouvexi(a o,rrlv
[oE r.zr7]ox e€ns:
'r3rot
'Na!
T619 pou 6pxerc,rvo 7ro :
arpfcilg wep1cil.,
floparqpri e,riong6a :
"To vo 6rcatol'oyeiqng eyDei(ergdpxeror o€ wc,
cl,og. All,d zo 16l,o96ev eivar
pepawEnpord'oeq Trouop6oo4 pog *a.rouv
evrDTrcooq
cogarqoeig, 611lo611
6ev
oTrotrsitai epeigot i6tot va 6oupr *d,'. eivar o, opilrrt'uoi
;;;il;ovrCI,r
orqv
rcarXyr6tori.,'[fIB 2041
F.io-nrou ytr"cooorrcori
fu
tov Morclrlt&ouel'33
r1 rcow6rr1taEev avrrH.eron(eraroq.q
ouvd,gpororlrcanorc'v
c'v0pcilzrolv
TtouoDvarvouv61owog ols Kprdpro rt unoorqpt(et
q zul^eroryrlgto,
o:g 6va
taipraopo e{coreprrcri:v
r /opropd,rcov,q cDqeva ofvoro oxororrprolv.
"H ll"cooo-tKllrcoworqto 6ev exl,cppdvrror
cog6eopsutr.svrl ano 1taralpraopcr
oe e(coteptrd'pcopiop ota (yeyov6ra oro oTroia
o ro0 tuoq iyer npooFacrq),olld
' og ptfa rcav6upa va'ouvawrc|war pna(u
rouEra avilpcit;;; *[r1loro.,ao
AiTo zno rcorcoavog6per:
"To ouotaonrco or'1peioe[vat o rp6nog pr
rov oTroioevg,np6oolno
'
pTropetvq
n swoei rcsnotogo.itog xopig rccpiaepprlveta.-,,31
"4vcopi(er
o Mcrsirooue?' orqpi(erar og'ev6g ornv
oTroppurrl rng epprlveiag oq rponou
orco?'oriorlanqrou ravova (toE I-201]),
og' errlpou orrlv ovoyKa,r6rqra rrlq
rorvorqtag ([oE I'20?D,
Tro vo DTroo'rqpi(er6n q Drd,rprorlavdpeoa o.e opgo rcar
" rro ap0porou 'wittgensrein
on followinga ruIe,.Bl..McDowell,J.(19g4).
tod.n.,
oe]..286
" 6.n.,oel' 286
-22-
?,av0oop6voeivur Duvarq Xopn ot pia rrcov6rqru vo. oovawtofwar rs. av0pcilrtrvo
Vg tTnKolvcDvoriv
nvzupars qwavarc).amtrcd.,
Xoptq q peooleptlaq proq eppqveiog.
'Opco6
eva ]'d.0ogoe ourrl rqv avdpcDoqrou
or lreroyw6orepo dp0po rou ovo']^/copi(et
Brryrcwotaw
"Av rc&roroE6uB6oer rov Brrpcword,rv og ereivov Trou rcpoog6per pra
eppqveia Tto ro ?roq ro v6r1pa Kot q rcorcru6qoq
KorooKzuoortKrl gr-tr"oootprKq
etvar 6uvard., Xpqo-rtlonorrirwaqcrvOpdlrnveqc,l"Iqlezn6pdoerq Trou fvowor
cDgrrov6g vo neprTpogoriv pe 6poug noD 6ev rpotno06tout' ro
ava^tr"qzrdg
v6qpa Kor rqv rcorov6qol, r6re apveitor rrl oogrl 06or1^touort rl grl"ooogia 6w
3o
611ro1xpto !16.'r
rccry
6va 6oypa, rov 6va ouo-rcb
epnep'd;yer
H row6rrlro ergpd,(erpic, oupqcovioavdpeoc,6€ ttopgdq(rong. Xoporcrqptonrd,tcov
popg<ilv(rottE,cfiEoro. ozroiaeival 6uvar6v vo ava6fetar q Kovovr.oarc6rrpa,eivat : o)
pto}"onr,c1q
et6ogtou (corxoripoorleiou 6ncog
griciecoq,ogori agopd 6vc or:yrceKprpevo
*tro.t)
o dvOpcoreg,p) aol"rtropuolg grioeo4,6rccrlqq urap{q 0eopcilv,€tocc,f6euo,1q,
to grtri, Kl"rr 6) tqg y}"cooorrcr1g
qng orlpTrepryopdq,6no4 ot Xerpq,ryteg,
o-utrrctptgopdg,
'Oncog
natXytsro oro orcota oupperdXoupe.lt
q onota rceptrleter rc, d,rcerpo1?"rooourc&
ernorlpaiver o Brcyrword,w "To vo 6rot6ooerq, vq, p@Teq,vo (avc,pretps;, vct
Vo rp@g"
rcoupw1d,(ergeivar p6poq qq guorKqg pog rotopiog 6no4 ro vo' Tlapilolro;q,
vcr rclvergKor vo rcct(erq" IOE I.25]. Apc ourrl rl oupgtovla oe Fopg6q (ror1g6Xer
rrov
olrQKpuoroll"ro0ei o'rqv guo'rlcl rotop[c, roD ov0pcilrcouKol q orcol"ougr1or1
rovovolv eivsr Fio tpuotrcfi'awi6pam1, elioou onpovflKn p€ ro vo rpoq, vo
Yno oufll rqv ewou pl,6noups ytori
roupevrud.(erg,KJu7r.
"ro vc c,rcol"ou0etq
rouq
rcavovegeivor OEMEAIQAEI oto yl,coo'otrdpoq 7rorXyi6to."[|IOM VI-28].
Ie aur6 to orlpeio 6Xerw6tag6pov vo 6oripe prCI,
oqpovrlKrl 8tcrgopozcotrlola,vd,;reocr
orrlv npcilrpq Kor uortpq or6ryrl rou Brryrwotorv. Evcil oro Tractatus q ?.opr,r1
onoteLei ro a priori rqq 1),rilooag ([TLP 5.4731J), crzcoreT,.cilvrcrg
pia evraio Kot
a6tagoponoiqrrl 6oprl rou crulxpocei ro urcopoOpornq T),.6cro'crg,
oro uorcpo
grlooogtxo 6p1oo Brryxworaw errorlpoiver rqv nouc0,,iarcovltr cooorrccirv
nurXydrrilv
To onoia 6gv pTropouvvo una7.0ouv o'1 6vg evra.io or-rvo},orov6vcuv, 7[ou 0a
to a priori rcovnorrci,trrov
c,nore2,orioe
exgpd,o'ecov.
Av e(orcolou0oupevo
1?.cooorrri>v
tt
McDo*ell, J.( lggl), oeL.5l.
tt
K,,rt4, B. (1995), oe,\.209 orou neptypogowqt curq, ta teooepa ei6q 1opoKrnpronKgilv,evdllivetat
cvarpopd ms avrioror1c ltopia tou Btryrsvmaivtro0 6pyourou luropouv vs cvu(qrr1Oouv.
-LJ-
outd, 0a ova(r'pqOor5vorouq
prl"6pe Tro a priori otorleto orq ll"cooorrdg ercgpd,oetg,
TpoprpotrKougKov6veq nou 6r67couvro ercd,orotell,oootr o rat7rll6q ot onolor 6w
'To a
o7.eri(owor ;.r6vope 1,6(erq11npotdoflq, oLtrd, Kot pE XerpovopieqTl npd,(er-c.
priori rqq yl,rboooq6w efvor {wo:'r- d.}-}.oon6 rqv t6u qv erc&orott poppq (or1q,ooo
aoc96g Kr ov oKooytrar rcd,ntetoto, TrarL6w und,p1er,6ev prcopetva undp(et drcore
'rno rd,rcrl'qn6 erceirn1,
vc orcaryoupe'38.
6ev 6tari0erot q,U,opd,Ooq
Meprx6q TropoTqprloergan6 ro llepi BePafirqtaE
Ie aur6 ro onprio oq rcdvoupepia ptrcprlrap6rcpaoq un6 rqv Tropeiaroo lapdooer 11
e(6roor1 torv tprcbv napo8o(cDvo-ng QtTooogwtE Epelveg, Tro .va e(etdooupe rov
p6l"o rou.o7roBd,0pou,
oro oTroioovrovarc].&ratrl oupgovla oe popg6q
1rucooro7ropx6
(orttg. Eivq,r Dtagolao'nrrig peptrc6g Tropornprloeq rou Brryrcwot&rv oro llepf
BepanvpaE. Avug6per rqv rinop€q ou1'KporrltrKrbvnopo8olcilv nou iupoprord(ovror
pe roug pewpeo66eqn&vol otouq onotouqppt(er \Tcopra. ([ItB 3411).Anoc?"oriv ro
na,rXyr6tri:v([ttB 88], IITB 524), fIIB 5581). fivovtcr
uzc6pc.0porov 1l.cooorrc<irv
2r'r'
gcrvep6g6Xt p6vo orlg orc6yetqKot orlg rcpotd,oeqrou ovOprinou, alJ"6 rr-lpirogorov
rp6no lre rov orroto arcpyei, o'rrq zcpd,(etqtou (tlIB 20q)3e. Aut6q or nopq,6oX6g
,^
pnoporiv vo X,pqflporcoul0ouvcoqrav6veg el6yXou d,I}',covzrpotd,oecov.
O Brryrwo, d,rv
oglver uvotlro to w8elopevo vouTtoorouv or t6regrpo7rolrloflq,ot orofeq opog eivar
o6toporeg.
Ercoq on6 aur6g oq @TKpornareg rapa6oXeq,unoplouv or epTretpu(iqrpiawoerqol
t r - A
onoieq pnopei vct 6ra,yeuo0oriv aru6 veooTroKrq0eioegepzrerpieg, onore Kcr,r
anopptnrovrot. "Bpiorcro rcpaTqaroro orcoio,eire empeparcil',uovrCI,r
eire oXrorcorq 6,r.rl
pou epretptc." IIB
161]. AU"o 6va ev6e1opryoeivot va unoplrlOouv oe 6tre1Xoano
npotooerq Kor ette vo oTropprp0ouveite vCI,livouv oro6erc6g.
flJ.eq epzrerpuceg
tt
Mnqltaq, A. ( 1998),od,. l2- Ero a,p0poouro q,varrrSooerat11ouvcarlq mr1€rpn;roro).o7iayta rd a
priori qq ytrdloooq610 Tractatus Kq,rrrlq Eragoporoinonqarc6ro riorepo gr).ooogtro €pyo tou
Brryrevmd,rv.
t'f,o,
to poLo tou unopdOpoutolv yLoloorrdlv narprt8tdlv elet ev6tag6povva 6er rcveig nq drorrlreg
/tou tou ano6i6ero A. Snoll, npoorc0rilwaq vo unooTrlpi(eron o Btryrevorary elvcr 6vag
p{ooramucrig lroppiE (p7..Snoll, A.(1994)). Opoq q npdracqtou repl Oepeltorparicg,
1epeLrcrcpdt7q
propei va 6epei rqv [6ra KprrrKrlrou c,sKti o McrNraoueL oe 6tr6 rou TrpoTev6mepo
gp0po (ereivo
nou dqpoorefrqre to 1984).BL rrrorpw, ae),,.22.
.,A
'/-a-
Ev661erot erioqq or t6teq va orcoretr6oouvrcvovu eL^6y1ourng op06rqruq d,l-l"ov
tKcilvnpor&oecov
epTrerp
"Mnopet vo eurcD0ei6n peprrc6gnpotd,oelg,fiou 61ouv rrl popgrl eprttpmrbv
nporoolCIv, Troyrril0rlrav rat Lerroupyloov oq 6iq,ul"ot yra 6M^eqeprerptr6g
npotdoeq roD 6ev rltov ndpeq aLl,o peuot6q'Kl aDrrl q oX6oI d,ll,o(e lrs rov
X1r6vo, 6q1"o6r1 01 peuordg zcpotd,oerg rcoyrci:OqrcavKct ot naTwqpeDoroTcoq0rlrcav"
FIB 96].
"Tqv i6to rp6rooq prcopeircdnoroqvo rq lreroletproOei,aMote cogeleyX6psvrl
dlJ"rrlvrcpotuoecov"[[B 98].
on6 rqv eprcerptarcord,ll,ore coqrov6vo e1,611ou
TrooTrpowarpep0qKovprcopeivo yiver
Mu, orrvorcnrq nupouoiooTl rov Troporrlprloecov
pe ro rcapd,8erlpaw6S
rc,t IIB
norapori, onorgepgovi(erol orrg ilopo,(pagoDg[fB 96] 6o9
99]. Eotco 6vag zcotop6g, I rcotrr1tou onoiou ozcorel^sitatan6 orcIqp6
FpdXonou p6veravalJ"olcotoqon6 rn poq rou vepou.A€ uzro06ooupe6n ot 610e9ton
ulrr6, arcotel.oriwor rcar crzc6or€peoTrotqpevq6lrt o
rcotapori, elcc6qazr6 ppc.Xcb6eq
g9l.H potl tou vepou prnopeiva rapcotipet p6pog cDtrlg qg 6pFoo, I ono[a
'Etor,
to
onoriOeror or rdnoro dL1"o orlpeio, 6nou w6e7pp6,rcog- orepeoTroreitor.
ttIB
or6peo ulrrc6 pnopei vo peror ponei oe dppro Kot q dppoq vo orepeozrotq0elXro
zcapd8erypd FoG, ro
ppoXcil6eg ul,rco etvor ot ouyKpo'rqnrc6q nopo6o16g, rl
7Eou,po(i pe Tq ouTKpoTrlrurcEg
dppoq etvar 01 epnstprr6qzcpord,oetq
orepeoTrorrlpsvTl
l(o1q d,ppogaou
zrpord,oeo)v,
ncpa6o16g,etvc,tot rcov6vegel"eyXoud,lJ"ov tprrrerprKcilv
tc, npo:rcroeq.H o16o4 rov tpTrsrprrcrbv
rcrvelrarpe xo vepo ot un6 e\.ofXo epTr€rprK
nporuoe(DvTroue1.6y7puvrgeivar un6 6treyXo,pnopel vo a.]Jd.(et ([IB 96]). Ar1]"oEr111
dppoq pnopel eite va oTrooTroo0eisr6 qv 6X0q, eire vo orrore0ei oe rduroto 6L]"o
orlpeio rrlq Kor vo, ortpeorcorq0ei. H pepcdrqm
porl roD vepo6, q16(et
irgu 6ulyd prag6u,rcc,r61et
rcarc rq
an6 ro arl,6vqto rrlg Korrrlq rcn oz16rq orrpeorrlto filg
o1eTlq.Av rar o Btryrcword,rv agrlver avorXr6 to w6e16lrryo vq, lrffororno0el q Kotrrl
rou norupou(FB
g7l)o', tl Kc,r vc q,lr.orto0elrara o8topoto pc0p6 ro ppaXril8eg
ro
ui.rrco,e(arcoiouOoupeva, prJ,dpeTrc &a nototro. To ppoybEegul.rrc6,64?'"a6Tl
y),"rooorrco
unopaOpo,eivar exeivo Trou6uv61ettrq o10eq,rqv rcoirr1Kor ro vepo nou
oo
Ag oregro0ps rqv nepinroorl Trourd,noteqan6 rtq o-uyKporrytr6qrapa6oXdqergpd,(oyrcn
/rpoorcor.orq rar 6ror pzopouv vo Bpe0ouvmo otolo.otpo n'og orerrrrrtorrl.
-25-
pdeq cilote napa rtq 6noteq perapofuiqva e(axol"ou0etto orivolo va 6yetrn popgq
,roru,lrou*t.
I8rcotrrcrlTlcirooa
'Evo
arc6ranobou(qqpdvo
06parcrorrlv rioteprl gulooogio tou Brryrcwororv eivat
ro azrorcatroopevoernXeipqpa rcotd' rqg r8tcocrrlq /,cbooog. Avnrceipwo e(6tooqq
azrotel^etro evdeT6pevo6rup(4E piaE 6rcurcr1E ylcisooaEyw rrlv avagopd, 6e
aw\1para. Mia Trpd)Trlanopta agopd, tov ot61o rl rouq ot6loug rou Btryrwotdw,
ercr6q pdporo srt6 rqv cwd,6e(r1 roD o6fvatou proq r8rconrrlq ll,cilooag Tlo rqv
eiva,r cprcet6q Kot culyd
eml,ofg
1?"cooouc1ovagopd, oe croOqporo. Or
all.qloouv6e6pweq. Xq otrvagq 8eutepoTsvrl pftr rolpogto riloov eTnolptov0ei11
,
ro rcrvnov6 rydypa rca?'
e-yaxpada (solipsism), o rc7aoorc6EgawopevaTtopfiEaz,
eaoroa3,11cnr66afq rrtq avayKatotrpaE Trc rrlv rropouo[a rcorv6rrlrog orq qu(Tl'rqoTl
nepi yi"cooou,olgKcwovronrc6rqtog, rcaOcbqKo,t optop6veg zcopo6oX6q1to rrlv
rocDreprK6rqra xai rq p6on rcDv aro0rlpd,rcDv.Mta t6tou
ro@repuc6qro anotelofv ro
nopo8olq yro rrlv
6e6opwc, rov aro0rloecov(sense-data)cogeococptrd,
rouq.
voqrucd.ovnreipevcr oro orcoiq.61errcpovoprcrrl rp6opooq o rcd.toX6g
-,
.
('
,
^
t
To qfto mpa6o(o TtouoDv8rletotl-rr ro ernXetpq;rarcoro rqq r8rcotrKllgll"dloooq eivar
ro a,rcolou0o.
"AlJd 0a zropa8eXretqpdpau 6a uno,pXet pta 6ugopd avdpeoc orq
ru6vou
oupreprgopd ru6vou,orsv buvo8a.r€ror cn6 n6vo, Kot.orrl oul-tTreptgop&
-To
"Kot
pe1al"ritepr1
0o,
urr1p76e;
flota
Dtogopd
rcopa86Xeoaq
r6vo."
Xopiq
6pcoq(avd ror (avd, grdvetq oro 6upTr6pagpo6a ro aioOrlpa rco0'eout6 eivar
6vo droro. " - Kd0e d,LLo.Aev eivar 6vo,r&r1 sl^}"d,orite rar 6va rwora ! To
oupndpaopo rlrov oni"rbqon evo rlnorc, 0o e(urqpetouoe to i6ro ooo rcu,rrfoo
rcrtr, Tro ro ozuoloopolg dnora 6w pnopet va ewcoOei.To povo nou rc&va,pe
qrov vo oropptryoupeq Tpotrporrlcnnou e6d)npoona0eiva poq eoFco0ei.
'r
O Brppr6cr,q;enrlepef ;ricrKa,vrtavrlavoyvoorl rCIv napoypdgov flB 96 6coqnB 99 (pI. Virvidakis,
avilpeoa
rrq nopalpogouq aur6q,rnver apXrra ro 6rcXcopropo
S.(1984),od* I87- 189).Eppqvzuovra,q
(ooeq crnoreLouvrcrv6r,egetrdyXou).
oE rlrrElprrric npotd,oerq(,ooegeivat un6 Oeylo) rcl TpaFFon^r(69
Or epnerpx€qnporaoaq crwrotorTp0vorrq a posteriori anrv0arrreqnpotaoeq rou Kwt, q rtrrtoryrlpia
rov ypapFcrrxdlv orrg cvolurrrdq npotaqeq, Evd)or m)yKporqrx6g nopc6o16q(ppaXril6egu)'xo)
cwrsroqo0v mrg ouv0atrrciga priori rporaoetq, agori gaivrrar vcr61ouv 6vw urepBatotroytrco
/.apoKrnpc.
tt
Bl,. rrlv npooAyyrorlrou ll6opq oro Pears,D. ( I 989).
ot
Bi.. McDowell, J.(l gg2),oel* I 56-157.
-26-
To nupa8oio e(crpuvi(etur povd,la ov ryKorul,elyoupeopronKs rqu r66srcDgrl
ytrciloocr)ertoupyei navra pe 6vo tp6no, e(urqpercl n&vro rov i6ro o'ron6 : va
pe onlac, n6voug, rca],o
oNeTrK6g
pera6i6er or6ryerq- aq eivc,r our6q ot orc6ryerg
rcorroxo, 11o,n6r1itortulJ"o."IOE I.304]
fro va cpuvetroro arcprpiogeivc,t to nap66o(o rcor ncbqovrtpero n(erat
wto rov
'nl
Btryrcword,w, nptret vo e(eruo0oriv ot oDvrotriloegroD troD utpoporivag' ev66
q6orytotv arclrypdray, ag' errlpourrl ytraoowr1avagopd,oe autd.'Elovrag ovarcm(er
0o emotp6ryoopsoto nopa6o(o yto vo 6oripenrilq
rqv avrloror1Tlem1elprlpocol"oyto,
ovtrptronl(etor.
flporcer;r6vouvo yiver yl,cooorrcrlovcgopd, oe rfos oioOqpo zr6vou, nptnet vq, eivot
nou 0a ernrpdyouvrd,n r6rorc.
oopeiq rd,notegr6t6rqre6rqq Ewonq tou c,roOqporoq
t6t6rrlteg eivot rg uzcop(q lLorcorcqg
@a uzroornptX0ei6tr. ot 6uo r6to:'r,q GvsyKa,feg
Xpqo11g6rcrogouwel€ttor oe pia rcow|npa, Kot q ouv\eorTroD aw7rytarog p€ rry
guorcq ryaypanrc6vyra. H TcpcbTnavnrl0etar orrl 6uvat6rqta riroplrlq 6rconrcr1q
q . a
yl"cilo'oog,Kor 116zucprl orqv Tcpooefpoq rou aroOqpcroqoq rfoa eoolrepuc6vorlnrc6
i..rt$
Ttpoo'pool .
exetTrpovoptoKTl
ovrrKErplo oro ororo ro DTroKelpevo
orpfrbg ernzoeitarpio r8rcoarolyl,rilooa.
Evo nprbto epcilrqpaagopd ro rrcDq
vc, rparrlool 6va qprepol"6po
"Aq qovroororipe rrlv ar6l.ou0qnepitwcDoq.@6tr"c0
ps
Ilra vo to r&vco
olerurcd rnv nepro6rrcrlen&vo6oevogoprop6vouaro0r'1patoq.
auoleri(o ro otoOqpa pt ro oqpd.6t S Kor rry qp6pa nou 6Xcoro oioOqpa
yp6go ro o-r1pa
oro qpepol"oyrol.!ou."IOE I.258]
orll A6r S 0a eivat KcrrovoTltop6vo oTroepevo, pTropcilva orvelioco rcod
Io
nop6porc,otoOrlporozreprypdgovragro pe ro i6ro
ovul"oyo rpono Kor vo o-ro7-ed(co
Agou
or-rppol,o.Mnope[ pe out6v rov tpono va 6r1prouryq0eipia r6rconlcly],cilooc,,11onoia
'Orov
0a eznnryXdverrqv flnru1rl ovCI,gop&
oro raOe aio0qpa.
2€co"orlpspq ro nproi
svotcoooS", etpc,roe 06o11vo Kq,rovorloolKc,t' ororl"ero-rrrcorqrooe Troroaio0rlpc
avopepoprar
ot
H svot.uorl trou einTerpdrder 6epei a(toorlpeiorq eniDpooqano qv rpoorlpyronrou fl6upg Tro rov
o/.rlpcrtotld rrlq ivvorcE evogaro0r1p.croq,
q onoic onq,rreicA' woq pic rpoylaloorrrl epnerpiaun6 rr1
guotr4
orrlv
rnidpaoqq
olyrpoqcq
rou uTroKEtp6vou
(onoq pio eni6pasq 610 va.rptr6
Fopgrl
o-uorqpra),Kct o,g' er6poutr1v avriotorlq Ie{4 an6 rrlv rcowrgl)"orcorrr1/pnan, /gprl orqv oroio 0a
onorrrloetq fuon tou ato0qparoq picr raurorrlra Kc,r0a pnop€oa vs onore].Eoerawxei;revo
avagopaq. H ).efTl'egcppo(etu.t'orrlv unobopl rou 6Xerrpofiorpomel ono rrlv npollcooorrrl eprnepta"
pc,(i rrlq uno06oetqano rry rowrl qq Xpncrl Trarov oroao rou npoovag.6p0r6e(pi..
roupatr.cilvra,q
(1989),
Pears,D.
od.. 332).
-21-
Mia reroro 5ta6rrcooiapora(er egtrcn1,au"o orqpi(etct ornv nopc,6o1q6rt erceivoq
nou 0a,rc nedtyet nptnet va prl"aet i6ry pio ll,citooo. Av unote0ei 6a 6ev ropier rcdrt
reroto, Tro vo zceniler to eyXeipqpc Au rphtfl vo pTropouvvo oaoTmo1orjv 6uo
nep6proroaroOrlporoTrporerp6vouvo rouq ono6o0etto i6to or1pd,6uAq rovroOei 6n
oe rco0ewagopa ro olpu6r S 6ev prcaivetoev pia topn6l,o o'ro svrlororxo oioOr1pa,
oLl,6 ro svnKo0rord,as.To npopl.ripo Tropouord(eror6tav 0a prlorponotrl0 ei (avd, ro
or1pd,6tS pa evo oioOr1pc,S I rap1poto pe ro a,pprc6 So, p6,ocoev6g drutnrcoit
\eucnrco{toptopo[, (onaq rlprypagerot orqv IOE I.258]). Aur6 opcog6w propef va,
yiver 6t6a 6ev eivor ot 06aq ro uTtoKetpwo qr6 p6vo rou vo nap&oyet rcprcr1pn
op06qtas 1tc rrl pno-rl tou S, 6r1tro6q Duvororqtu 6r&rprorlg avd,peoaorq ooorrl Kol
q l"av0aope'wlXprlon rou.
"oe ourq rrlv reprnrcoorl 6ev 61ro rcprrqpto Trc rrl op06rqtcr- EDci)0a r10e1^e
rcweiq vs ret : op0o eivar erceivoTrou pou gaiverot op06. Kor our6 oqpoiver
'opg6'."
!rovay6.rrog e6cil5w przopoupevo pr"l"d,pe
Tta
IOE I.258]
Iuvenri>g eivo,t 5uvsr6 rqv en6psvq pop& vo Xpqorponorq0et ro orlpd8r S yta 6vc
o[oOr1pa6tagopearc6 an6 ro So. lev und.pXet4 6woru roD orpdJytaroE6fiu 6ev
urapyet 'xcitpoE'),ta rrlv awmapd.fueoryTrou 0o to ovoTvoploero6.To orlpo8t S
to erdotote a[o0qpo Xoplg va nepuiXerrcd,nnou 0a ro ovrxrcopoO6oer
ovrrrco,Otord,
pe
Trpoqyoopeveq
X,pllosq,-6w roparctpmeroe rlrcoro Trou0c, pnoporioe vo ouTKpr0eipe
ro rplyov oioOr1pa,.Aev rl0eror (tltnpu oKeTrrlKroporiTro rrlv op0rl Lerrouplfa rnq
6ev Lertouplei I pvrlpq, propef mo p|)Jov va erav670et or6re
IwipqE.Av nopo6trcd,
6e'v 0o uzropXericpopT'"npa.Ernril,6ov, 6,rs6 oKrTmKrop6q TUp@ srt6 rq pdpq-
0a
apoporiot o1t povo rqv r6,ronr,cr1
1l"cilooaTro rrlv avogopa a,ro0rlparo)v,ot-l,o rcd.0e
lpinry rryEyAtbooaq,efte avarptpetanoe aw9r7paru efte oe avnrcefpevarou e(areprcois
repiyupou. Etvat tr"ornova,vayrcaiaq napouotc rrlg yl,cilooaq rou opnleirot oe pio
rcorvorqta,TrpoKerp6vou
vo eivot Duvorq q avnnopd.Oeorlrord, rrlv cvogopd or
atoOrlpato, 8togopenrcd,6w pnopei ano povo rou ro unorcetpwo vCI,e(otoprreuoer
6vo.aio0rlpa pr6oco
woq eooteprrcouDerrcrrxou
optopou, Kor vo Xpnorpozcowi
op0o ro
ti
Auto p:ropeivc,'gwei ra.Lrirepc o.vicpoupe unoryq rqv repfucroqrlcnra,rluorucnqxpncnq rnq
yLtbooog,oncogyto ropir6etypu otcv ovarpovo0pee(attiag evoqcro0lparog n6vou 'l-lovd,col'."H
Y}'trroorlrl6rgpc,oqrou novou swtxo0rmd, ro (egowlro rat 6ev to neprypdger"[OE 1.244Jou
Ttlu 6u*ryr1 7oyrco6Xdspooawmapd.fuer4qava6eroruer4 avd).u6rl rou Kourofyrcou, oro
Kouroulroq, A.(1989).
-28-
H rcorv6rqto eivar
awtototXo oqpo8t S oe pel),ovnrcdqepgavfoergrou q,ro0r1poroq.
ro l(plTrlprc,op06tnrog ofll ouvogrl yl,cooo-ricl1
oe 06oq va \rcltoprpcboet
XpTlon.
'Opcog
Tl Ve7gnotrTpTlgnopouoiaorl eivCI,tarel,r16Sroc lrerd(etar vq, galnororiv
rorcoreg ernrcl.dovrwy€q rng gDoqg rou oro0rlputoq. Yrcaplouv 6uo pet6copa
epcorqputa. llpcbtov, aprce( arc6 p6vq rnq q rcorvorqto Yto rq 6tap6pgcDoqqq
Kovovronrc6rqtog;Aeurepov, lrrlTroq(eXyrdtot 11rinop(r1 tou iErou rou aroOrlpctog,
Kor pe rolo rp6no ouverog6per orll 8qprouplia rou lcilpou rTlg svrt:rco.ps0eot1q;
ArcoreLei rcleovoopr6ro yeyov6q 6tt q o-r:(rlqaq yiveror pcr aro0rlpora rcot 6Xr yra
aurrceipevorou e(crlteprrcori
Xcbpou;
A ^ t ' ( -
Ta npopl"rlpora oro oTrofapnopet va o6qp1o'etq pov6n],eupTl6pgaoq orqv Kowq
avag6pet o Brryrcevor&w pe ro orcoOdptoro
1l.cbooa,goivovtot oro rcapd,6erlpoTEoD
roud :
"Ag uno06ooup€Trogrco06vog6Xerorc66va,rcootf p6o'aoro oTroioppiorcerolrdrr
Tcou0o ro ovop&ooupe'o-rcoOdpt'.
Kaveiq 6w picopeiva 6a p6oo oro Kourl tou
'rat
(6ptt
lf9. notg
rco,Oevaq
tt eivor 6vo orccr06ptpov61a p1^6nowagro
d,liLou
6trc6tou orca06pt.- E6ci)0o rltov priporc, 6uvar6 rca06vogva 6Xeroro Kour[ rou
ratr 8tagoperrrc6.Mdtrtota 0a prcoporSoape
vo gcvroororlpre T@e sur6 ro
rEpaTILa
atr-L&(ercruvrilera. A)rld rr 0a yrv6rav ov Tl le€n 'orcoOd,pr'e[Xe;no
-Av ouv6po,weouro, r6'c,en Xprlo-rl
Xplo-rl oq ll"cilooo ourrbv trov avOpci:ncov;
oo, rl 6ev 0a rltcv Tro rrlv unodpravcn. Ev6q Tlpo1lre,,rog.
To Trpa1pdprioc oro
rouri 6w 6Xerrcapia0ean ;r6oa oto yl"cooorr6no,rpri8r' oute coqranrl'yrc,rl ro
rourl 0o pnoporioevo elvor o,6ero.-'OXt"pnopei rcd,zroroq,
vo 'cnl.onoqoer' roug
'6to'
rou Trpa11laroqroD ppiorcerar p6o'o oro rourl
opoug
ano),siperar
o,n6r;nort lo cv eivar." [OE 1.293)
To ercd,ororeaioOr1pc,6w np6nfl vs ertrr1gOeioq rfuaeoalreprrc6voqarc6 avzrrceiprwo,
oro onoio 61errpoopoorl povo exeivog Trouro rcarrlXer.Ar<6pa Kor ov ppeOetpio,
Korrl l^e{q nou 0a enwp&wt qvr6g tcov ltr cooorrcbvrcatXyr8rdlvrqv ovorpopd oro
er&orote aio0rlpa (p6oc oTrorrlv enoval,qnnr6rqrcr 11irarcorCI.reXyuq Xprlarlg), ro
aioOrlpoauto 6ev0a rl7,erruveva ouotoonr6 po},op6oo oro Tl"oloorrconor1vi6r.Kord
qrrveretq.eivat oo vo prlv unc,p1tr l(or. q n?',avqetvo,tovatrogeuKrrl ooov agopil ra
l(ptrrlpta op06rqtog yto rq yl-cooolKrlovogopa. Enzleov, ro a.ioO4pa6w np6nsrvo
svnptr@zno0eioiq6va awrceip€voTtoDpnopei va e(aroprreuOei,Ko,r' avcl"oyo tp6rro
pe ro ovrtKeipreva
rcu eEoteprrcori/.opoD (Pi,. IOE I.290]). fr' aut6 6w 6Xervolpo
vCI,6uyt(€vrp66n rcd,zrotoq
qv
rcpoooXrl rou navol ?ou, oTrcDq0a c,zrcrrrofoe€,rag
!
-29-
ro ctoOtlpo "6er/ eivat rca, orite
r6orsplr6q 6erxnr6g optop6q. Xupzrepo,opranrcd,
6pcogror €vo dnora! To cr.rpn6pcoparltov anl,cilq6n 6vo rinota 0a e(urqperorioe to
i6ro 6oo xar 6vs rcd,n,Tro,ro onoio opoq rlnoto 6w pnopei vo,nnol0e[." IOE I.304]
Av to oio0qpo 6w oyrnrprbverarorq guolrcll Trpoypanr6rqro, q 6nota ovopoolo w6g
pilyer rfua p6]'oq
aro$rlparoq 0a eivar oov pia Sto8rrsolo, rcotd,rqv oTroto,rc67rotoq
va rcetfxfl evo or6Xo, p6vo nou o o161og opi(etot rd.0e gopd oq ro
TrpoKrlpr6vou
orlpeio Troofrurcder to pelog. Xe auul Tnv repintolcrq, ar6po Kot cry undpXet pia
6n out6g
Ag urcoOdooupre
rorv6rqro, 6w pzcopeivc nopd,oxetouoroonrq por1Oero.
Trou piXyer ro p6l"og eivor nloco oln6 6vav roixo. Ar6po
Kor ov q rorv6rqta
ernpepordloel6a 6vrorq 6prfe to p6l,oqrcot6tt 6neoeoe pia reproXrltou e6dgouq,6w
,
eivot oe 06crnvo rou net xd,rr ouoroo'Trr6 1u rov ot6Xo, c,gori re?"trd, o m61og
A '
opt(erot rdOe gopd olg ro oqpeio rcou6neoero p6l,oq.On6rs oe rd,Oenepitnaol 6Xer
TreruNstro oro1o, ou.d, 6tor lovetor q irryora rou or61ou. Xropig rd,n vo Deopeuertov
G , ? .
o161o orrl guorKrl rpoyponK6tqro,
Xdvercn 11 6uvor6rqra 6d,rcptor1qovdpeoa oe
,
Treruxrlpevqtl oTroruxlpevq piVq tou p61"oug.Avd,l,o1q etva,rq etrc6varou rpolori nou
'
rcrveirarano povog roD Xopig rcapicroLlql,eniEpoorl pe rov nepippo Ko,l11rprprl 6w
npotpyeror p6vo ano rqv rcowr1yl"ri:ooa. "E6ci) 0a rl0etr"ovo zro : 6ev cvrlrcerorrl
pn1gnl o rpo1oq, 6tov pzcopeircaveiqvo rov Pdfe. <rerclvqor1X@prqvcr r,cvr10eiran
d0,J,o."
IOE I.271]
H anairqorl rou Brryrcwororv Tto ouv6eorl rov
aroOrlpd,tcovpe rq guollcrl
rpaTponrorrltc,, 6* orllro,ivtt, p6poro, on np6ntr vo und,pXetrcot pta otiv6eorl tou
erd.orote cto0qpotoq' lre rrlv e(aneprcrl guotoToyia rou avOprirnou,6nrto6rl pr rrlv
roporrlpnorpl
oulureprqopd rou. ft'
our6 Kor
o Brrpcword,w 6ev npiner vo
erd'qgOeiog 6.rag "lrtroFgreop€vogoupTcrptgoprorrlq"[OE I.307] Trouopvettq,tvu
napo5eT3eiqv unaplq ooov 6ev o,vrovo.rclcilvrutornv avOpcilnrvqoupreprgopd.
Avarp6pelro ropo8etllro svoq ryupd,rpouTro rov onoio 6ev eivor uprceregor w6ei(erq
rrlg clupreprqopitqtou aogavoug Tro rrlv elo,yoTrl fl)pTrepoopd,rolv,au'd, rp€nei vo
npoore0ouv rcq.tdTJeq napo6oXegrou fegeuyouv ono ra orevo nl,aiora ourcirvrorv
w6et(ecov."Auto nou rovoupe oto 1l,orootrca,lrcq TrorXyi6ranavrCI,orrlpt(erc,r rcovco
oe lrto orcDnnpTl
npoilnoOsorl" [OE II.v]. E(erd.(er oro i6ro no,p66erypa,6nolg rcor
?
-30-
al,l,ori (tOE I.250]) ro ev6elopevorrlq rpoonotrloqg, Kol 6ev cnurtet coqavayrcaiarnv
unop(r1rqq ovdororfrlq oupTr.eprqopdg
Tra rrlv ano8oorlryoq croOrlpcrogoe rcdnorcv.
To oioOrlpa o16 ouv8eSepevo Fe rq
qDo'lKTlTrpoyportK6rqta eivq,r 6uvd.per
ovtavortr&orpo orrlv fl)lureplqopd sv6q ov0pcbnou, Kol ou un&pXouv euvoir6g
pTropeiovrcogvo ovrovord"so0eioe cucqv. Ot ouv0lKsq w6elop6vcogva
or-rvQr1req
6ncogrqv 6woor1tou, si"Id tl
opopouv rov e(coteptrconepippo rl ro t6to to oioOr1pa,,
6ev puopei vo opvqOei o'to aio0rlpa rrlv
np6orcc,rpl ozrouola outcilv rolv or:v0r1rcrilv
rirap(r1 roD.
Aq ernorp6youpe 6prrlqoro 7ropd.6o(o.M6oa arr6 to ernleipqpo ra,cd,rqg r6tcortKqq
rrlg
ll,cilooag, gavqKe lrto fi)TKeKprpsvrlovrtpetcilTnol TnggDo-rlqrou oroOrlporogl(CI,t
crvagopaqtou p6oor rqq ll,coootKnqXpTlarlq.To zropd8o{o oyen(erat pt q Xprlo-qrqg
1?"ritooaqTro rqv ovoqopo ot 6va oio0qpa. H o1dorl pero(ri tr6 le€nq Kot rou
aro0rlpotoq oro orcotoourrl avag6petat 6ev eivat povo8poprl,4LLd,opgt8popl. Aev
npoo6i6et trrovo.n ?G€qrcd,rtoto aio0qFa, cboteva nerriXetq eloropiranorl ro'u, ol^ld
Kor ro crioOqpaorn Xprle rqq l6€qq.
ono av0po:rcooe dv0p@7to
Av 6eXtoupe6rt ro ercdororecioOqpo 6rc,qoponoreiro,r
ro zopd6o(o. Kord, npci>to1"61o,Tl napaDopl ourrl eivor
apXl(er va 6rcrgaiverCI,r
21,oy4 6ron f,o aioOripa, 6vtoq ouv6e8epevo Fe rrl guoucn rcpbyparrrorqta,
oe dvOpolro, €yptpia povo6rrc6rqra cgori ro vzuprro
6rogoponolsfrorano dv0pco7ro
rc i6ro,.
ouorqpo q I guorKrl 6uTKporrl6nrou rca0ev6q6w pTropouvvo eivo,rarcprpcbq
ntpa a1o aq onoregopororqre;o7.Emn?"6oV,
I ?'e(tl ovnrcoOroruaur6 ro a,io'Or1pa
a7
Kata rov Hacker q r6rcrlrrr6ttlta rov arogqpd,rrovouviqraror : (a) orrlv cnoKLerartr4 ratopl roug,
rar (p) orrlv cnoKlerorrcfl Tvofiual npoopooq rou unoKapr6vouoe aurdr(yrc to (nrrlpc rng
rEurrrrrorrltagpl. Hacker, P.(1990),rop. l, oel. l7-35). Or 6uo audq 96oeq eivot pal,rma
oDqiocuv6eopeveq ytarf 4 t66arrlg anoxl:rorrr4q ratong svogcroO4paroqo6r1yeio'rr;vnenoi0nart
rqg cnorletmrrrl; Tvcootrrlg rpoopaoqg oro aio0qpa rccrr6ror apXi(er va 6repoltctar rcvelg cv
unapler pia,t6toru,alyl6oos 7(ou0a avag€psro,rot auro ro aioOqpcr.Apvoupevogrnv urap(q aurqg
rqq ytrrboocqo Brryrsvotd,w cpveirct napctrl.fl.o rqv cnoxlermucq f,tilan rcr rcropl rrrlv
aro0rlparorv.fra rov Hacker 0c rgtovavorlrogereivoq nou gs roplpr(6rav ";lovo cyitlyvcopi(u to ra6e
vq,6rcrunrboern nc,pcndvco
aio0rlpa pou". Atort cv Ttpoono0rloer
0c
Wtrlpi(eL 6,tt rcc,tvc ctpOp<iloer
etvat nLiov yvolmo Ka.torouq uno).ouroug,dpc o oplxoq roluproproqrou eivar aron96. Kad ovctroyo
rpono, o ra{uptoFoq"p6vo eytoo
Ey,a(fi voub9at)our6 to aioOqpe,",ouveTayerarrcorrororT,eoverrtrrl
yvcrlortrq npoopoaq 610 sv ).o1roaigOr1pu,rcattnou eivar drono o0pupolvoFero npoqyo0pevo
entleiprlpa. Apo,6w eipat p6vo eldl rou {co n vouiOcoauro ro c,(oO4pa.Kan rdroro 6po4 agrlver
avotXro ro w6eX6Fsvovo apveitar o Brryrwardw rqv 6to.goperxorrlta wog aro0rlpatoqcrd €vav
ov0porrcooe ranotov c),.}.o,Tqv uTroKerpevtr6rrlto
rou notonro0 XopoKrnpcnou propei.vc,6ler pta
epreptc. Kat o.uroiocoqcnotel,ei napepprlveicr.
To a6t6to6oepgavi,(erst6tw 7[vernpoona0etava
-3 1-
\OEI.244], alJ"d,eivar 6r7p6ma.E66 ppimnar rc trapd6o(o,6r6n pe aut6v rov rp6no
q 64p6ma ]"e|n por&(er aviravq va <rulJ"&petrl1v 6rcrcep6v7ra tou oroOrlporog, rrlv
6nora on6prcoor'16rcgoponorei ro 6va aio0qpu src6ro aLl,o. Yrcapyerl"ouc6v o
ta oro0rlpaxo Troureprrleiouv 6rogopearcoicvOpolnor,Kd,r
vo rooTrc8ol0ouv
rcivDuvog
neptttd 11awnopKro. H nopdlpogog
ov rc&voupe6va Ftlpo napan€povo Oecoprl0oriv
pe ro rcoud Kc,tro orco06ptxuta?'r1yetcoge€nS:
"Av eppryerioouperq TpopFartKRrng 6Kgpoo-qgtou orogrlporog oripgrrlvo pe
'ovnretpevo Kot uruocqpovol', r6re ro ovnKeipwo arorLeftrol
ro un6SerTpo
an6 rr1Oecbpr1or1."
[OE I.293J
'cvtrrcetprlo-Kot-uzcoorlpoval' 6ev eivar rap& ro drcapnro pow61,o
To uzu6Serypc,
yl,rilooog rou Tractaftusoro ozroio o,oKeirat rcprarq c,n6 rqv apl;rl rrlrv Qdooogrccbv
Epnvcbv. To aio0qpo oe 6va teroro powel,o X&verur6r6n crcpfri:g 11cruriororfrl l^e6rt
cvnrcq,0rord,to ato0r1[ro Kot a,ut6 nou €pleror o'rrl 06o'rl rou oroOqparog eivor pia
6r7p6on l.e€tl anol^l,oypsvn a:r',6Tqv ouv8eanl lre ro eKdotore oioOr1pa, an6 Trp
ercd,oroter8tarteporqrCI,.EvcilLorn6v n Korvq yl.ci>ooaetvar ovoyrcaioTro rqv ovogopd,
rou cno0rlparogo8rlyeirel,rxa orrlv eiagd,vraq rou, rcd,rtnou efvar rcp66o(o.
fta vo onol),a1oripe ono uuto ro rapdDof o, npenervq, eTrcurol.etg0ei,ro pow6l.o Trlq
ylriloooq oupgcDvo!t€ ro un66etlpa 'avnrceipsvo-Ko1-ufio6rlpcrorl'ro onoio flre
uto0erq0eloro Tractatus.Aq Oupq0oripe6a
To napo6o(o e(agcrvi(etc,rpovd,Xacv eTKorol,ei.ryoupe
rl
optortrc&rqv t66a TrcDg
yl"rilooo Lertoupyei nd.vro pe 6vo rpono, e€uqperei ravro rov i6ro orcon6 : va
- oq eivar aur6g ot oreryergo1ertrc6gpe onincr, n6voug, rco1"6
pero6i6er orcdryerg
d.tr-l"orcorraro, r1o,n6r17rore
IOE I.304]
t{ y}'cirooo6ev }.errouplet nuwCI,pre6va rpono, o4 axcrpnrogirudlpovoqtou r6opoD,
cru[rgovo Fe ro povtei"o 'ovttrceipsvo-Kor.-uTrost]pavcnl'.
EznnL6ov, 6ev e[urrrlperei
nawa. rov i6to crrcozco,
vc, p.rro8iSerorceryerg,
6111,o611
ogou ei8ope Kor Trrpunrriloerg
cvtcrvcrxJ.aonKTlq
Xpncqg rrlg yl66osg, ortq onotec avrtrcoOiorc,rot ro a[oOr1pcroTro
rqv avriorotfq ?o(n.
Apa ro eTnxeipqpqrcard,rrlc r8uotrKnq1l.ri:ooaq pcopei vu
er6co0ei,
Kct oc n mipiry rou povteJuou1?,ciloouqfiou uro0erqOqrceon6 rqv opxrl rcDv
O0'oo'ogtrccilv
EpeuvcilvKor ep1orov os avri0eorl pe rrl yl,cboo'ooiurogrrlv Tropouoiaoe
a,pgpa:0eiaurn rl Dtcgopettrorqra preevc avayrcala64p6otopr6oo.Euver<ilq,to ryopi4pa apTi(eroXt
tooo qtTv otror)t-etmuoT
rcatoXi, did. ar4 ylaoorci rn€ 6rcrwroot7, rc.t ogeilet rweiq vg dwpanvrloer
trg enwrdroErgnou eler autrl q \npopnrcirqta orrl 6qp6oro ylrrloornt Xpnq
-32-
o AulouorlvoE Iuln )e(rl prtopei va 6Xet rorrcfLeEXpr1oery, trepwo6tepeEatr6 pfa
avagop6,E.
Aut6 rcoul.rlpe "rtprlpageg" eivar epyol,eia1'rd,oprop6vegXprloeq. Xrc6ryouro
oX66roproq pn1ovTlq,Flo ropTl, 6vo npopol,rx6 o1e6td,1poppoTrou ppiorcerar
pnpoorc, o' 6vs lrlxovrKo. Yrapxet rcd,nto aaparcl,avrlnr6 vo, orc6grtoor lrls
Tclprypsgrloav p[a err6vo rcDvTeyov6rov : iocogva orc6grtror rcovetgpovoXd
rouq nivareg rou Kpepolle oroug toi,loug rov oTnncilvpog' TroDpora(ouv onLcilg
vo cvoTrc,prorovouvrccilqgaivetut wa rupdlpo, Troto etvo,r q rcatd,orool rou.
a6pavetq.)IOE 29I]
eivcu,oo vo 1'6yc,pe,
(Aurot ot rcivsrceg
H f^e€tl eivar low6v o6povqq oro reptypogtr6 pow6?"oTrou etye uroOerqOeioto
Tractatus. Eivar to povtelo tnq 1l.ci>ooogoq evoq d,rcopntoupcilpovo rrlq e(rrlcpu,c16
'Opcoq
ortq
TrpoTponK6rqroq,Trou rov perp&er erqpeo(6pgtrTl p6vo on6 our6va8.
Qilooorptrc1EEpnvsg rl yl"rilooa Kot ot rcov6vegTrourqv urcopaord,(orwKoroTrrpt(ouv
a v
plo l.ropgn (orlq. H eri6poor1 nou 66Xovrc,t6w 61erqpepopqvia ],r1hlg, aL]"d p6oa
ror Drcrpopgrbvowotan6 q o16on
orov rcogrlpeprv6pio tou ru0ev6g 8ropoprpcovouv
'
'
'
'
gKOCrOre
D7[OKE1p€VO'
u'Awgtvar
F€ TOV KOOFO, evOOpOrOvOVTOg rnv 7[poOTlTlKn TOU
p6vo o e(olteptrc6grcepiirupogTroDeiqpe&(er rrl /"rbooc, empd,lJ,ovrogplo d,rcaffi,
.cDgTcpogro uTroKtipwo, 0160rl ps rov r6opo, 41"1,6
Kor ro [6to ro urcorcelpwoern8pd
. q ,
ndvol o'rq ll"cilooo Kor orqv crvtlototfn o1eorl TrouoTrorca0iorororpe rov e(coteprr6
nepiyupo,X,opqp6poravo oTroK6nreruta,r6 aut6v.
Aurocrvagopri
Mra zu)'oyr1ozcoplapzopei vo eTtp0ei coq?rpogrrl guorl rrlg ovogopdg oro t6to ro
uroretpwo (outoovogopa), ono4 ourrl arvtel€ira,r pe rq Xpnoq roD 'eyd)'. "To Eyrb,
ro Eyrb eivor to po0rd lruorrlprrbSeq!"0'.
Aq tovroOei 6tr e6d)ro epcilrqpoTro ro Elcil
.,SO
ogopd rry0ior1rou uTroKtry?vou
eivar Fraroguotx6,6r11"o,Eq
6T0r,rc1opo'u.
tt
Aq 9uprqgoripernv arlruovrvrtrctiLeapicryro rrl 17.rilooaoro Tractatus(B),. Poicqq, B.(1996)). Tcr
oplpa,ra crrrgoeL. l7 rar 2 I eivot ev6errrrra Trs rrl ox6on awrrerpuirouD,6iscrrg
o0prgolvapE ro
powdio'owrreipevo-Kor-uTro6rlpovoq'.
oe
Not ebook s4.
, 8 .1 6o, e l . 8 0 .
'o
H curoworpopo preoutfl trlv Ewoto anoreJ"eipev pEpogaurou Trouovolrd.(oupeauro7vcDoia,oMd
eivcr Tprlotplovo wagdpoupe pfa Surptoq nou rc.ver o Kp. Patr (Cr. Wright) avagepoprevoqoro
(tlrnFs rrl5 ourolvtooiaq, oro Wright, C.( 1997). Dlp.grova ps rov Pdn ro unoreipwo rsver 60o er66v
oproioyieg (cvogop6q) yupo a,no q yvdlo"qrou rourou rou ; garvoytaur6Eopol.oyisg (phenomenal
avowal) rat optolofec,6ruflea4E(artitudinal avowals). llcpa6e{pq,rc gorvopevrrcbvopoloyrdlv eivct tc
eEqq: "eipc,tpurpoorcarrlv nopro", "KorTd,ro
ro pol,6r pou", "o c,€pcrg
na[pverrc pal]"ro Fou", "foro prc
dqft
oto 7-eptFou", r].n. Or opolo/eg 6rd.0eoqqogoporiv 6rw Wxotr"o1rc6Xaper<rnprop6onroq
"ti.pctt crcototog lq,patcrlpag", "tiplor rqiorrrmog", "rldvrq, Ouptapratpe aryapicrqarl rqv rop€a oou",
-33-
"lkdp1er 1"ouc6vrpdlpan pd aruorc,, orlpgtovo pe rrlv orroio propel on]
gr-l.ooogia va euuol0eiKorl ylo ro eyril 6Xt rcoro rp6no ryuXol,olrr6.(...) To
gr-Iooogrrc6eycil6ev 6rvar ro ov0prilrnvoov, otitt ro avOpcilrnvoocilpa, orite 11
avOpcilmvqVufn pe 'rqv onofo, aolo]"ettcl Tl yulol,oyra, a]^1"6to ptroguourc6
unoreiplo, ro 6pto - Kot 6Xrro p6poq- rou rcoopou..'(TLP [5.641])
Ero Tractatus o Brryrcwo'rd,rvroveircr rpog rli1vq@Kparfa, 11onofo te]"rrd, e(agovi(er
ro uTroKripwo(TLP [5.631]), rono0etrilvrog ro oro 6pto tou rc6opouKol 6Xt p6oa,oe
aut6v. fra vq, 6ei(er rcdrt t6roto Xprlortlorroreirqv avaLofa pe ro pdn Kot ro onarc6
rue6to,Kor ouTKerprp6varc rparo 6w pplocetot p6oo oto 6eritepo(TLP [5.633]).
H e(ogdvrorl roo uTroKflp6vou Drorrlpetrol Kol ortg Qilooocpw1q Epeoveg,6pa4 pe
6rogopetrro rpolto. H eycorpoda 6yerrepooer r1.6ovoro o16Xac.rpo,Kot worpeitor"
'
'
rqq tot(DTncrlg
r8tcorncrlg7l,ri:ooag, ag' wog l,61co
o7r@gpTropelvo 9ovel oro tTnxetpqlro Koroi fllq
r\q avayrcalaqotv\eorTEr@v arc9r1pdr(Dvpe u1 goow1 TEpaypanrcitrpa,og' et6pou
^'
-!--!-^
^"''- -tag.Xcopf,g
o
out6,qng 6uo npoiinoO6oerg
Aoyo r'ls qvaynanE TapoDolagrrygKouorry
ppioxeror ot a6wfo6o orqv zcpoonaOerd,
rou vo ovogepOeio'earo0rlpora.
eycorcpdrqg
"Oproq pr Trorotp6no e(ogavi(etar ro oTroKeipwo oe repurrciio'ergouroovogopdq;
6rccoq
or ar<6l,ou0eg;
llcbq pTropouvvo eppqveuOorivTropornprlo'etq
'
"To 'sfci' 6e'vrcarovopa(etrcovevarcp6ocozco"
[OE I.410],
'nOrovtr6co'61c0n6vouq' 6w 6ei7yo oe rcd,noro
rup6oomoro orcoionovd,er,agori
rcord,ronorc rp6no 6rol"ou6w {6po Troroqroug e1eu" IOE I.404J
'4.B.' ar6po Kol ov
"H 16€I 'eTio'6* onpoivet to i,6tolre ro
eiproto A.B., orite
'ro
ouT l rq onyprl'. AlJ"cr
oqpaiver to i6ro Fs rrlv 6rcgpoor1 zrp6ooTroTroDpr-l"d,er
'n.8.' Ko,r 'eTcil'
oqpoivouv 6togopenrcd rcpaypa:'o..
ouro 6ev orlpatver 7r@q
rilq ncilg or i"6(etg aur6g etvar 6tc.gopenrcd.6pyavo p6,oc oTTl
Xnpoivet ozctr
poq."
persqpaon]
[Mt. B. oe]". 105 ocqv d,^1..
ll"ciiooa
O Nr. fleopg ernor'lpoiverort ro uzcoxeipwo e(agovt(eror pod avaptpnat rcatd.
awoptarc rp6ro, oc vo rpotnori0erat oto yLrooorro no,rXyi6t,rbore vc, givor rei'.rrcc
o06oto. Aurrl arcprprbqr1uuroporq ovogopA o5r11eiorrlv etrc6vc.qg e(og&vrorlgrou
ulroKgrudvou.
"e1olnryweig oroloug" r</.n-H cu(nrnorl nepi aurocvagopctgouq QrToooguctgEpeveg aoTplettat
lcrrpio4ps rnv e(€roor1oocovovopd(et o Po.tt garvolt*rrciq opd,oyieE or onoieg ogoporiv to Eytil coq
psroguouc6
unoreipwo.
-34-
Mis aM"q 6rd,rcproqzrou rcsvero Brcyrcevord,rvot Ttlptxfiriloergouroovogopdg, eivur
'eTcil' @E
avapeoo orrl Xpqo'q rou leyri:' @E urorceqttvou KcLl ofil Xpqo-Tlrou
awrKetlttvou.
nepvnao'816orn Xplol rou 'eycil'rou 0o ptoporiou
Yndplouv 6rlo 8rugoperrrc6g
'rl
'tl
vs rtq ovopdoo
Xprlo-rl cDquzcorceiptvo'.
XpTlcrqcog ovareipsvo' Kot
to
e(r1g
etvar
: Tonaoo ro X6ptFoD',
flupo6eiyporo rou zcprbtouei6ouqXpqanq
'ryrll.cooa56ra n6vroug', ',l1ro 6va rcaporipzral"ooro rcoftel"o', 'o dvepoq
'Eycil
ro poLl"rd po!'. flapo8eilporo tou 8zu€pou ei6ouq eivor :
svq,rcard)ver
plenco ro ro6e', 'eycbnpoonaOcilvo oqrcciloco
to X6pr Fou', 'vopi(ol Trog 0a
pp6(er','eya61olrcov6Sovro'.Mropeivc,6et(er rcavetgrq 8rorpopol.6yowag : Ot
ruepucrciloergrng Trpd)rng rarqyopiog nepr6Xouv rrlv ovupci:pror'1 ev6g
116uvat6rqtc
alTKeKprp6vounpooantou Kot undpler oe our6g rLSNepvrxcboerg
ogcl";lorog rl rcatrr5tepc: Ynapyet rpopl"eryTlyro rr1 6uvor6rrlro orpdl,potoq.
[Mr. B., oe]". 104 ocqv eL]".pretoqpaan]
TrporlToup6vcDg,
orav e(arpavi(erq,rro 'rycil tr6ycorr1g
Eupgolvo pe ooa erncilOrpcav
Kor 6Xt,cogavtrrceipreoo5l.
auroprarqgavagopd,q,at,arptpetar@Eurorce{pevo
H e(opdvroTlrou uTroKtqr6vou(1,6yro'nlq Trpotno0eolqrou oro yl,cooorKonarlviSr),
oupprpd,(etorKor Fe pto al-trq Traporqpqor1rou Btryrcword,rv, aupgcDvcpe rqv onoia
yla va avorpepOet
ro uzorcetpsvoorov eaut6 roD, 6evetvar avayrca,iova *et rcdrotov
6eopopa({ rco. A,et eivar azopoirqro vo rcorto(crlorov eour6 pou Tlc,vo
aw1r1rr1prctco
7ro 'Eycil Tnoreuc'D
ort...' H ovspopa lre ro 'eyri:' 6w lerroupyei ag arc?4u7pwrcr1
rcaradetm wr1ava rpop a (yterceptual demonstrative)52
Mrpoq 6pcogooa 1"6eto Brryrcevotd,rvTto rrlv avo,gopd,oro u7rorce[prevo
lcopig rqv
ovq,TKarorrltoarOrpqprorccbv
6eopci:vpe ouro, o6qlouv oe 6vo,Kapreorov6 Duropoyro
rnv ovro?uoyicrov voqrrrcci:vKa,tguorrcbvdrorqrolv rou uTrorcerprirou;
lloporqpqoeiq
rcou.cr}"s
o7rcoq
or q,r6l"ou0eg8rlpnoupTouv
epo, qpanrd,.
,
"Eivot Lor:tov anotrrirolq6uva,to orr ar:yKercptp6va
ryuXol,oprcogow6pwo 6w
vo,
tpeuvl0oriv
guorol"ofa,
rq
orc6
ytor[
guorotroyto drcora 6ev
orq
lrroporiv
q,utq,.
" lZ 609]
vonoror.yeioe
"frorl vo pnv unapler pta ryuXotr"oyuo1
oporopopgio orrlv onoiq, rcoppia
opotopropgioorq guorol"olio, va pqv ovnororlei; Av ouro ovoororcbverflq
aryowqpoqyto rqv otn6f,lro, r6re eivq,r,bpovo uvcororat0orivJ lZ 610]
5'E1e,w6rag6pov
va 6etraveiqrolgxpnorFonoriournrn 6d,rpro1o'EpcvEmo eqarpeJroregaiaro
(Evans,G.(1982),reg. 7),nporerpevou
nepioutowo,gopdq
vc,avalfoet n6 rrpurrrboeqLd,1ouE
rard
Tnvsurocryc,gopa.
',
52Ie c,uroro oqpeiounaplet
p€rovEpcvq(F]..Evans,G.(l gilZ),reg.7).
Sta,gorvia
-35-
oro emleipqpcrcor&rqg t6rcomcqg
tlcbqolpprp&(ovrarpe 6oa erncilOqrov
ll,cboooq
yra 'q ouv6eorlrng 6woorq rou oroOlparog ps pia npoyl"o:ootm1sni8paoq orrl
guorKq oulrp6rqorl rou uTror(flp6vou;Evaq r6rotoq olppf cotiog pzropeivo
vo eTn1trpei
rqv q,noLl,oTTl
an6 ro 6rfu1ppa(q
ernreulOeiav boriperov Brryrcevord,w
ryeu8o6ilrlppa): etprarto ocbpopou q etprorp6ocroto ocilpopou. To
w8eXop6vcoq
orc6l,ou0o
XolpioTrouncpc06ter o ll6apq53etvot aprcerd6ragolnom6 Tto ro TrcDq
npoozra0eio Brrpcword,rv vCI,r,cvq0eiovd,peooorouq 6uo rc6l.ouqauto0 rou
'e'ycb'.
6rl.qppc,roq,suv6ud,(ovtog to Kor lre rq Xprlaq tou
6 A t
"To lryov6q 6tr 61erv6r1pa vq, uro06ocono:q al^}"d(coto ocbpa FoD, aLl,d 6ev
6yetv6qpova uzro06ool6n.uzcdplero eour6g pou X@pigwo oci:pc,,8eilyer 6tt 11
16€Tlielrb' 6w ;-rnopeiva cvrlKoroorq,0ei pe 'rn gp&arl "c,ut6 -ro ocbpc,"'rccrt
'eycil'6Xerv6qpo p6vo 6tuv onapyet cruarpopdoe 6vo
ratnoqpovo 8eiXyer6tr to
ocilpa.Kcd avd^l.o1orp6no, mo orcd,roo poofu&g 6w rouri(trc,r pe 6vs rcopp&rr
'rca0ap6'paor-X,rd,
lul"o'Kor rour6pova Ew pnopel ranoroq vo pfiqoet po 6vcv
oro ocdlo o onoiog vo vo FtTlv 6yer wo oqpd,6r tl fua or-rppol,o zrou vo
54
cvaororlei oe cut6v. "
Aroga,iveror ?rom6veva oirrl pa e(d.prqorlErov volnrccilv r6rorrltcov rou uTrorcerpdvou
on6 tr1 guom6q,X@pLqvaavdyowqr oe aur6q (p1".rcurIOE T.412]).ss
5tPears,
D.(1989),oeX.)Sz
'o Wingenstein's
I 932-1935,ed.AliceAmbrose,
lecrures,
Cambridge,
Blackwell
, lg7g.
55
va zuXailronloc'l
rouqI. Bpprdalq, K. Kopaio rar A. Mna].rdnou 8rdpaow
Enr0uprcil
popg6qnq na,porioaq
eplcoiaqKatFr porl0qowra0oprmrrd preng rotrrittpeg
npoyev6mepeq
va uzrev0upiocrl
neprt6
rapcrrlprloerq
tou teLtro0
rouq.'loo:qeivat
ort ta ld0r1Kc,tor aduvapieq
retpdvoupe pa,prlvouv
cnorletmrrc&.
-JO-
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pbfuat rur pbfua a)E',oro
rov erryorcbv
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ovoruzcop€vo
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oto Moore,A.(1993),oeL257-2g3,Kor
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Koro rpcbrpog
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q,tcilvc'.
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on Certainty,OxfordUniv. Press.
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L.(1961),On Certainry,
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on self-lvtowledge,
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OUP (uno6rc5ooq)
-38-
't
spTooiayr,aro ptrotrtD1loK6 p&0qpo
t'H Olloooqia KOi ol tTrlotrlpuEorov 2Ao slrilvc"
06po:ttrl loro ptKtortK rl o, Poqrl rcli Ta.fio.paTgr^{a
lTIE"
6r66oxolv:Apr,otei8rlgM naLtd,E
A&poErouPl"6
rIEPIEXONIENA
1.
EIEATOTH
1.1.
Iotoptrcd ototlei s. "fto',ttq czc6yelg TrouerErKpcrto6oav
Trptv rrlv "roroprKrl cnpogq "
1.2.
flapdyovcg
rcat e(etri(etq rou ouv6pallav
orrl
6qprou pyicl tou v6ou ps6,usrog
I .3.
2.
fevtrc& XcrpcnciqprorlKd, tou roroprrfl.orrrco6 pe6pntoq
THOMAS KUHN
2.1.
aapouoiaoq rou povt6X,ouav&zctuiqq
Euvozrttrcrl
rqq efirorTlprlgTrouzrporeivaro Kouv orrl "Aopr1rov
Eznorqpovtrc6v E:tavaot&oeov"
.3.
IIVIRE LACATOS
4.
PAUL FEYERABEND
5.
LARRY LAUDAN
6.
.
O EKOYz\IEMOE TOY IPO|PAMMATOE
TFIE
IETOPIICETIKHE ETPOOHE KAI H NEA
rIPOBAHMATIKH
H IITOPIKIETIKH
ETPOOH KAI TA rIAPATO]I-A THX
1. EIEA|O|H
1.1. Ioropr,r,sir orotyeio T\a tlq
ttroro pr r.itotr,nrlor pogrl t'
OzccuqTvopi(oupe Kot sx6
ur5ryerg rou etut,Kpa.ro6oavrprv
npoTlyou,uevecrapcr66oetq, ev6
qtl,ooogtrcdq euroyetq (zrou 5eo'x6(ouv) oro ztr"aiotc rrlq
rrlv
or
emorrlpovrrcrlq
rcotvorrlrcrqCIqta 16,1,1repinou rou lgou orcivs eivot aur6g rou Koytr, W
rtq enorq.uovrrc6g cr,vcrKctrat&(etqorrl guorrcq Ksr ra paOqpattrc& (retr1
l gou ,u€ ap1j q 20ou ot6va) 6q ptoupyoOvrar or npoDzo0€<rsrg"fta rrl
gtl,ocrogrrcrl rcpttrrcrl iou avot6po 6pyou rcr ri0evrcrr or. picoetg Tra 'n,q
pe"c|tcettu e(el,itetq
ofil
gtl,ooogia.
flto
ouTKeKprprdva, q
a-priori
enorrceio rcLovi(ercr,r,rl i,vvotcr trrtvet rcevr1arc6 efio7cre[crevc6 an6 Tov
<Dp67rceKor rov
npritpo
Bt tyrevordrv
. etoicyercn orrl
grl,ooogrKq
.a..a.rtr
ou(rlrqoq ro (nrrlpo rou vorlporoq. Eqpetoveror 6tot prs arpoqrl Epoq
rr1 yl,6oso 6nou n 6In
rpooraOers otp6gerar
xpoq rq 1,o7trcr1
Kcn rrlv
oe orivtcrErl Kcrl oqFoolol"oyiaoDorTlprl 6t&rcp1oq crvcrlr€,ocr
Me
autov
rov
tpozco, Stcrpopgcovetor pia v6o
Fcrorl Tta trlv
rptl,ooogtKrl
cr,vrlp€t6ntor; trlq einotqprlg Trou 6,yet cDg arot6,)ueolro rrl
ouyrp6rqon
rou t6rcritepou rcX,&6ourlg
qrl,oooqicrq rqE entotrlpqc F€
rcupioplq ercei &zroyq autq rou Lopro6 eprEsrptcporiKor, 0etr.n.apo6. H
ve& crurrl ovtttqryq
Eyet 0ep61"ro rlv
epzcetpicrrccd ev6rc9 6,perot rcuploq
"
Trcr rq loyrrcrl 6optl rrlg ezrtorrlprlq o1e66v s7rorc1.etorrrc6pelrlpo rq6
eivcr or Lo^1rrc6qoTt oetc, av&,peoo orlq zrpot&,o'etqTcou repvTp&gouv
ropcrTlpqoetg Ksr oroug v6pouq Kccrrrg 0eopieq Tcouor. rcrpcrrrlpqoetg
uut6g r?rrKupovouv tl rccrroppizrtouvl. Epoxrlporq, 6rcc6 rl quorl rrlg
I Ao1rr1 av&l.uo1 qq 6"i,xup1qyv6o1 q - ellftetprxrl0eprei.iool rlq enorlpqq fio.pa(@I\ npo#to€ov peoo eyneqiuq rca0dlqgariToupl etco rqv Kcvaavl' o0v0eorl
KaL ilErotp6cpoupt6E rlooorrcrl EpfteLplcq orota 8,sv ETar sxont,eia icap& un1^aoe
ra;rorcrolprci,a lpeta(a"at a1rci:l-oorloE r.rcti
tTttorrlpovtKTl6 clvcrK&X,DVTlq,rs
oroia
6ev
ur6rcetvrsr
oe
l"oytrcr;
ovdl,uoTl, or)orcrorrrd 6ev riOevrc,tl .
flapit aut6v rov cruroreptoptop6 rou, ro np6ySsappsrou Aoyrrcof
Epzretptoprou6ev rcutop0ooe vs tnrr6Tet rouq o'r61ouq rou ro i6to eiTe
06o'et orov
rou.
eaut6
TltoroTloteitat an6
rrlv
H
a6uvopicr rou
6uo16 pt& rou
vs
aurr1, 6ruog apgroe
vcr
orcrvrr'1oet nerorrr&, ornv
' a
eoolrspr,rl rcprtrrsrlrou 66X0qrce,ro rccrt6orTl
oe ouvotr,trcdeu&l,oto oro
v5o perlpaTrouovczurrrilOqrca
orrl 8eraerio tou '60.
1.2. flup&Tovteg nar, eiel"i(er,q rou 6Dvripal"l"aycrrr1Drlproupyia rou v6ou
ps6par oS
ct
sf el.iietg
oro
x6p.o
rTlg gtl,oooqiqq
rrl6
szrotq prg
Trou
ouv6pal"clv orrl 6qpto vpyia tou vriou periparoq eivar oXTlpartrc&or e{qq
1) H i6tc q peiororl t4q o(rorur.ortag rou l,oyrrorl OetrKr.opoli l,6yo rrtq
a8uvcrpiaq tou va o;tovtrloer zerotrrc&
-
'rcar
orrlv KplTlrcrt tnq etco,yc'yqg
rqg eznrcupoors nou e iive orco tov
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rqq toroprKrortKnq orpognq Kor Tl ouoroorrrcrlrcocdppeuo'l'l
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orsprrcrv" Teu Ko16pvrKou, Tou fcl,rl,aiou
Kcn rou
Neutcova. Ozcog
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ro 6pyo ors0p6g cou Kouv Trousqpcryt<rr
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<rro "Encyclopaedia of
Unified
Science" TEou 6reu00ver o
Carnap.
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rov ou(qrqorov
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tO ThomasKuhn ripe.ro 6t6omoptr6 tou 6i.rl.olpoo16 ro Haward.
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rou rpoyp&ppatogIotopiaq rcarOil"ooogiaqr1q Enor'qlqq oro Princeton.
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rou ezrtrcparorivorc(
rX,criota r'rtg ertorq provtrcr;qKotv5tq rdg, ev@ ctppnreg e[vcrr or Trcrpa6oylg
o'rivoLo KpuprprEvov Tps-ll4q-r.*ru rcczv6vcovlrou
vorlpato6oto6v sut&, TEouppi,orcovrsl oro prlro ezclneDo.To flcrpo6erypo
rofi
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6t&otaorl zrou Trrptrcieiet "rcDrolp6voq
voprouq,Oeropieqrccn6tsdtrcaofeg
reipaportolro6" [S.S.R.1970,o.l0]. Bsoi(ercrt 6e, or 6vs "ro1up6 r]r|y7n
pego6oLo1t6v... orc6pq Kcrr
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evvoroX"oyrrcc6v,
, O '
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vo
6ranror6o'oupre 6tr
vztapyet
pia
"KuKlur,K6rtya"
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o pi(erur
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orov
oprop6
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t i
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cxopeoa o' uvtic,. H M. MasterrnaJx
.
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L4
eflorlpqq
rou ?tporEivtl o Kouv 6zcolg78.X.oroug 6pouq "rzrov&orooq"
Kot "Kqvovtrrl emorqprl" TEou0s aval,u0oriv rapcrr&tcu, Eivat 6vo oqpeio
?Eou6ev ezeiqyettat crpKEt&,ots niaiora tou ptpiiou Ka1 yro to onoio o
Kouv
crvag6pet: "...;rp6rcttrcrt Tra prcr rcurc.X,rrc6tqtaorou6 6pouq Trou
pztopei vo
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To v6o povt6X,o avazttu[rlq rrlg eflorqprlg, ?roDnpoteivrr o Kouv p:copei
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rep{o6oq 6rou }riu r}"et&64 ovfllrol6ptevov "oy,ol6v" Kc!1 "o?r6\yeov"
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povCI,ovtololrrc4 entLoyr1, pe0o6oloyrxq xareri0uvorl, xorvrl
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pe pro le€n, yro
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rooreprrc6 evog flapa,6elypatoq Kor un6 rqv
rcu0o6qyqoI rou
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cr'1
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Trou rptrcer vCI,l.uOoriv,xr6
orlpcrolo KCI.r,
l"qtreg pe066ougKc,t ro rcprcrlpra,emo,rTlpovrrc6rqrog[AEE,orcorirtr
.102].
YnupXouv rperg Korqyopieg rcpoFlqp&ccov ---"opoo6rcpto1t6E
roo
ysyov6roE,ouvraiplanlta r(Du ysyov6ratvlts rty 0eapfa Kat
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rqg
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Qo'rooo outd, 6ev e(avtl,o0v, 6rcoq 0o 8rorcrorcbo"oupe
rcc,porcd,rco,
ro
ouvol,rr6 eripoqrou 6pou ercrotqpq[AEE, o'.99-100].
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'
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a
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rqq q6oqg
IAEE, o,.101],u,1"1.d,
"pe r6oeq trercop6petsqKot o,,e16oo B&0og,7roual"l"rcilq
0o rlcav a8rivoro
vct,ro gclvrootoipe" [AEE, o.89]. "To vo gripergo'e rc6pa,g
6vo,rp,5ptrqpa
to'o6uvopeipreto vCI,ndayparcbver
KccvovtK
T1S6peuvq,g
ro ovopevopevope
6va v6o cp6rco, rc&tt Trou urcattel rqv enitruorl rorrcl],alv orivOerov
lrerpCI,purrrccbv,
evvorol"oytrccilv
Kc,rl.loOqpa,rrrcbv
TpigcDV"IAEE, o. 103].
entocrlpq pnopei,vCI,XopoKrT]proreialq pro
Me Li"1al61to, q Kcr,vovtrcrl
auorrlpcr npooDtoprop6vq 6paotr1pr.6rr1ta
erc[]uuoqgyplrpov, (puzzles o l v i n g a c t i v i t y ) , 7 r o u o ' e r c c r p p r lnae p i n r o l o r l 6 e v o p q t o p q c e l r q v
pl(ovtcrr rs"
eyKupocrlcatou lla,pct6Erypuroc,.Qq ypigor rcopcr,Xspc{,Krq
ro ono'to, og'evog 6ro,0erouvl,rloq, q orco[o,
erceivCI,
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A ^
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,
t
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,
euguicr" Kor rrlv ercrbe(r6rqrcrf,ou
Kc,t og'
epeuvqcri [AEE, o. 103-104](rcpinlptoen)"oyr1E
ryophrTtrtdratv),
"Kc{,v6veq
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er6pou ercrl,qpcbvouvrcd,rcotouq
l6
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rov olro8ercccbv
CI,Droi
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CI,urtq".IAEE o. 105].Or rco,v6veq
u,r6 rrq pqr6q
TrouovCI,gep0nKcr,v
rpoqyoup6volq,6qi,o6Tl
napc8oX6qcou flo,po8elyprucoq
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Qor6oo rCI,rel,eucCI,lCI,
"rrpo6pXovro,tan6 ru, napo8eiypo,co,".
o o r X o p i q r c u v 6 v t q "[ A E E o . l l 0 ] r c u O '
r c o O o 6 r l y q o o ur vT l v 6 p e u v oa, , r c 6 p K
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oro rcl,olora,proq povoEtrcqqrcovovrrcr'1q
rc&rcoro
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Kor urco06orov " ol,l"& anl"cilq
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6rr "pTcoporivva ouv66ovto,t,p6o"co
rcl,eupdtou o6puroq rqq errorrlpqq, Trou6,yetrl6n
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enlceuypo"
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ro rTlq ouvolr'1qrov
IAEE o. I 14 Kc,t oX6l,to 1]. Me i"i,yu l-6yta,,
tu orcolcr
epeDvTlrtrcbvnopa56o,6ov elvur tCI,flapa8elypro,ro,
Kcr,vovrrccbv
rcatTcpoqyoup6vcDq,
6ev tc,Drt(ovro,rpe Ko,v6vct
6pcoq,6ncoq8teurcptvtoope
nl"rlpeq orivolo rcav6vorvIAEE o. I 10,1l4]. Iuvoryl(ovtaq, Froporlpe vd,
noripe TcoqTl Kovovrrcrlentocrlpq olcogrqv sEecd,oopep66prcri>po,"eivcrt
Trou eTrrruT1d,ver
6ru6rrccro'lo,
rII poq €o
pia Kcr,re(oXqvouoocDpeucrrcq
tou gd,oprocoq
Ko,ttqq oKpi,petaq
rqq, {n ouvelrl 8qla6q erc6rcta,oq
orcorc6
rqq errorqlrovrKrlqyvcboqq"IAEE o. l2t1t
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q
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Motputa
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avcipulieq. Ot o,vcopatr
ieq elvot rpopl,qpCI,f,CI,.
orr7prl eprpcrvi(ovrcn
rc&,noro,
ertorrlFqq. Fivat
Trou6ev oTcorel,ofvrro orl"ofq yptrpouqrqq KcrvovtKrlq
11pp6veq
touq Kc,t fiapa ttq e7rCI,vertr
TrpopfTlporolroD, nupd, tq orlpcrotCI,
Terorou tiDouq ittruco,
rov elrrorrlp6volv,Trc,pop6vou
4,LucCI,.
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prloerq
(avropatr,ieq)
ouvrlOcoqrcr1ya(ouv
eke urc6v6eqTrcr,pctq
Trpopl.tlpcr,ro
rou 6p1ovro,rot ovrl0eoq pe ro ro16ov flop&6trypr.ct,
Kc,rovo,rcul,6ryerq
e t c e o n ? " e n r v o r 1 o . t r q "K c t r e n r c u l I e q " K i r r o r o v v 6 r o v 0 e o p t c b v "T [ o u
apyi(ouv vo TrpqpirLl"ovtsrIAEE o.137]. Ercer8rl"Ko,v6vs llapit8etyptcl
tou" IAEE o.153],rco,t
6ev l,river lror6 pe rtrrlp6tqta ol,u rcLrcpoptr"qpo,tir,
e n e t 6 r gr r q T r e p r o o 6 r e p eqqo p 6 g o r t l r r o r r t p o v e q6 1 o u v n h l p l
eniyvolorl
e fra rov Kouv, n 8nptoupTlo"Kc,vovtK6venrotqpovtrrilvnapa6oot0)v"ctroceLeircptrrlpto
olptp6rqrcq rnq ertorrlpqq.
t7
eivcr,tcog6vcrpo0p6 guotol,oyrrc6grcol
CI,urofrou yeyov6tos, ot CI,vopCI,tr,'reg
" ro llopoDerypc, 6qla6q, pnopeI vo ouoooperler
CI,vCI,pevopeveq
ieg Xapiq ouco vCI,oqpaiver 6rr or tTrrocrlproveq
ovolpcrl,
ld,vouv rqv niorq
rouq oe aut6
plo u,vcopatr"ia
ftepinrcooTl
rt rt
To epcorqponou ti0trCI,telvo,ro't TroLs.
0ecopelror c6o-o oqpovrrrcrl ciro're vCI,
ouoocbpeuorl rcDV ovcopcll"rcbv
pt(etot pio o'uvroprl,
rcptoqq.Aq rpioq, Ic,po,Krq
ot rcutuotoo'Tl
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KorvorTlro,XaveLrnv tprroroorivrl tqg o'to llupa6erypcl Kor 06cet ot
o t r g r o B q r r l o nr C I , O e p e Lct co u r l , u , 8 o ut q q , 8 q X a D Tpl l o ,n e p t 6 6 o qo n o u 5 e v
rcuptaple[ 6vo flop&6etypo otr,i,u urcoplet plo peuotq rcord,otoo'q
6 r a p r a l q qa , v & p e o ' o , o .ut o u p p i p o , o t o u qt p 6 n o u q o o r c q o q qr l g
6rcou 6rdgopu llopo8elypato,
6peuvag
vtic, KCI,r,ru]*O", ouvund,p1ouv Ko,t
ovcrri0tvrot.
6ev elvCI,ttoo'o on'].r;, ytuti rl
H a,nd,vcqorlo.' ouc6 To epcbtr'1po,
Kprcnpto,
6 Ei1,let'6tt 6ev rolriouv rcd,vraro [6rCI,
rorop[o rov eTrrorrlFrdrv
orire 6Xoupe nd,vto,prcpoot& pog 6l"a.to, 6e6op6vo,tou.TrpopfTlporoq.
'Oncog
leg Tcou0s oDqyrtoouv orrlv
l,6et o [6tog o Kouv, "ot c{,vcopotr
crl,l,oyr1flapo6etypotoq,r.0unp6rcervo gtd,o'oDvptXpt rov.TrupIVo rlq
yvcboqq"[AEE o. 136] rcpaypaTrou
oqpalvet 6tt-Octn ptnet vs
vrcap1auoog
rou rc]"q,6ou.
0ep61"ra
Olyouvca paotrcd,
llap6lo
rbu "rc60e fipoplqpo Trouq rcavovtrcr1
ercrorrlpqOecopel
prcopel
a epyu)rerorccbv
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olg
vo er6co0e[cr,ropia d,]"i,qonctrcrlTovio olg q,vr6v8er€qKq,rercopr6vcoq
f i n y q r c p l o r 1 q "I A E E o . 1 5 3 ] , o u t o 6 e v o u p p a i v e t y w r i " o o o r c o t p 6r C I ,
ouvelt(ouv vct,cllro8etrcvfovtot
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rou (evvotol,oytrcoriKcr,r.
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our6g, otqv ap1Tl
c{,vrrpecconi(ovtor
Kc{,r
IAEE o. 149].Eror, or ovrrlprcrl"i,eq
i ypi,got. Arcopq KCI,to'rtg aeptiutcboetsrcou
toutr"u1rorov, oq c{,n}.o
6uve1t(ouv vCI, ovO[oravtctt "or
f t e Wp 6 v o u v "
[ A E E , o .1 5 5 ]
Kot
errorrl]roveq elvCI,trp60upot vcL
vcr
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l8
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r p o T r o T r o r q o e r rgq q 0 e c o p i a qr o u g
vCI,
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e(ogovioouv rcdOeeFgcr,vrl
o'0yrcpouol" IAEE o. l5l].
, a ,
Arc' ouc& Troupotr"tgctvCI,g6pa,ue,
|rtror
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7cporcq,l6oet
rcpior'10a npener vCI,eivur ouvrlOcoq
rcd,rtTrrproo6repo un6
pricravcopul,io,"
un6 opqropqrrlori
[AEE o. 156] ette ene16rl"06ret rca,0apd,
o p t o p 6 v e qp q r 6 g K C I , r . 0 e p e l " t d l 8yeetvqr K e r i o - e rt q
o u f l a , p a 6 e l y p o , r o qe"l r e
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ofiou6or6cqca,".
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v, "Tr' c,urofqrouq i,6yougr1yro
[AEE o. 156].
nap6potoug pta ovcopol"lagcd,oervCI,CI,vrrprrolni,(rror6X, rrCI,
rcd,notouq
o:q6vagor6pr1 ariog Tpiqogrnq Ko,vovrrcrlq
eTrrornrrrlq,
n prerdpaoqornv
|
' a
rcptoq... 6XeropX[o-et"[AEE o. 157]
Auc6 6polq Trouetvcrtt8roltepo o'r1po,vttrc6
Ku,rnp6net oncoo'611rcoce
v o t o v l o o u p e e l v a t t o 6 c t " p [ u t T r r o r q p o v r K n . 0 epc ioa , o n ' r q o r r T p r l T r o u
CI,7rorctd,
ro rcripoqflopa6elyporog,6ev xd,verrqv eyKuporrlcdr
rqq rupl"
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urcupXeteva evollaxrrr6 flopd8rrTpo yw vu nl.per.rq 06o11
a a a ,
rrlq" IAEE o, 150]. Apcr yrCI,vCI,61oupe petdpaorl 6r rp[oq Ocrapenet vCI,
6,yetepgovtotei 6,v4,v6o flop&Detypc,?rou6terc6rrcel
vo CI,vrrKorsorqoet
ro nair6: "H. an6qaorl rlq
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fla,pcc8eiypocog'
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Kor rrl or5lrprorl rolv flcpc6erypdtolv pera(6 roug". IAEE o. l5l1tt
Arc6 rn ortyptq Trou ( erctvir,q per&,pcro'qoe rcploq, 11 avcrlpcrl,ia
"o,vCI,yvopi(trct,t
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6ta,gopettrcrirv
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t0 "ad hoc" tpoTtoTroinoqproq 0ecopiaq,eivar Tl eK rov uot6pcovava6rirp0poorlqq
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vo rrl
6tc,rye66ouv.
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lrla eTcrrrlpovtrcrl
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ouvdnetd,qq 6pletq,r o€ awi0eorl pe to 7e7ov6ta. Mio "CI,vropo,L[o"
rcurd,qv opo].o7iarou
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trlq OBropi,aq.
O Kouv
apveita,tarcptpcitq
aurrl 14 troytrrl. H an6ppuyqpraq 0eorpiaq6ev elvat picrEucdrrcqoX6on -?eotpia',xpaypaflKot4rt --- aflit p(a tptaSr'q --- IIo.pdderypaI, npaypaurc6tqta,ITapaderypaII.
l9
pr6ouun6 rov ono[o "or rcov6veqrqq
0eapo6vratad hoc rypoo?ppoytg)"
KovovrKnq enrorr'lpqq ylvovtor. 7rpoo6eurrrcd,
o'uyKe1up6vor". Evro
A
" e f o , r c o l " o u 0 e vi o u r o , p l e t 6 v o , l l s p d , 6 e r y p a , i l " 6 " p o ' r o r r p e u v q r 6 q
oupgovoriv rtrqpog oro not6 eivat a,ur6ro llcrp&6rrypCI,"
IAEE o. 157].
Mol"ov6cr Tl pqrq avc,yvcbptonrou yEyov6cog 6rr ro llopa6erypcr
nol,ri ond,vrc,ou,upai,vrr,n rcpi,oqprnopeiv'
rctroviorrlKeovtlro,vopecDrc,
o'uv6net6g
trlq TroDTropa,p6vouv
urc6 rcd,rcoteq
a,ve(aprqrsq
CI,vc{,yvcDprorel
o n 6 r q o u v e t 8 q r r l e n i y v o o r l r n q . A r u 6 o u r 6 g r r q o ' u v 6 n e r e q";p 6 v o 6 6 o
"q e[ao06vq6q ev6q llapa6eiyporog" rcou
prord,(ouv
vCI,elvCI,t
rc40o1"trc6q":
rcploqq,Kc,rq "enCI,rc6l,ou0q
oTroreLeIKor ro Iercivqpcrrcd,Oe
1c1'&pcrlorl
T r t o t n p q q "I .A E E o . 1 5 8 ] .
r c o vK o v 6 v o r vr q q K a , v o v t r c rel q
Elvor nL6,ov npoqav6q 6rt, rco,rd,rq
6rd,pKrro rTlg rcpioqq, ro
rlv
IIupd,6erypo6ev pnopeI zr].6ovvCI,rcoOo6qyr'1oer
rca,vovrrcr1
6peuvu.
rcol"riur6 auro Trouovopooope
Eror q enrorrlpq rou o6Ke[to,t urc6,Xet
og tDt6ppu0ptl
rca,vovrrcqentorrlprq Kc,t propeI vo Xc,pCI,r(rrlptoreI
ccilpocqg r8t6ppu0pTlg
enrocrllrqg,ai,Id,(er KcrrTl
enrotqprl. Eca rcl,d,ro'ra
g6oq rqq 6peuvoq,q oTroiotcirpa Xaparcrrlpi(trorolg t6roppu0pq6ptuvo,
Kor n . orcola o'uvlotq,tc(,t cn6 tlg e€Tlg 6tq,6rrca,oieg:(i) Tov
rcporaotov yLa rn tr"0or1tcov
ro)"l.ontrgoroop6 tov .o,vcrtrO6pevcov
_
rqv
6rc5qhq
d.Tcorouq
Kor
6rcgpoo"q
6ubop6orcetoq
avcopcr].icbv
enro'rqpovegrou ouvo6erietq,tatr6 rTlv ert0uplo roug vo 6orctpd,oouv
"yv(Dpi,(errrCI,6cr or Kcrvovegcqq
orrSrlTrore:Av Kc,r o eTrrorqFrovsq
vCI,rouq
6 peuvoq etvsr o1errrcd,overuprceig,0s lupoo7rcr,Or1oet
rcavovtrcrlg
erpopp6oet pe ftepto'o'6cepqan,6 Trptv ercrpovq ytCI,vCI,8tclnrotcitoet
v ov ,l . e r t o u p y r l o o u v
o K p r F o go e n o t 6 p o 0 p o K o r o t n o r d , 6 r c r o o rp1T c o p o r S
cp6noug yLa
To,uc61povq,,04,
ava,(qcr1o"er
orTlv rueprolrl trlg 6uorcol"iaq.
p"6,yta vc(,
locogrcctt
rov rcirvetrctdtvrulccoororc6,
vo peyevO0ver
rov rcl,ovto
Trro6ql"cocrKo...
@ctpuq 6c0otrtqv evruTrooq6tr elva,ro 6v0pofioq Trou
\Vagverorqv rrJXq,fiou 6orctpct(tt7rtryl.p"arapovo rco,tp6vo Ttcr,vs 6er tI
vs prope[ vo pavt6ryet
0 a o u p p e i , T r o ua v o , ( q t e [6 , v ag c { , t v 6 p r e vTo",@ p i q
rlv
orcprprl p6ol
r o u . . . @ c { ,T c p o o ' r c o 0 eoIu v e X " 6 Sv c t 6 t s t u n 6 o e t
o q n p r l p 6 v e q 0 e a l p i e q . . . "I A E E o . l 6 L - 1 , 6 2 ] , ( i i ) T q v K c r t o g u y q o r r l
KCI,t
ot
rqg errr6rrlpqgptCI,
ors 0ep6tr,ra
grl,ooocplarcarrqv svrrDrrctand,vco
a
"0epel,rcilDerq grl"ooogtrc6q uval0oerq
Trcrvo ottq
epeuvnttrc6g
20
fiapcr86oerE" Kcr rl
paotrc6v uzcoO6oeov (arcopq Kcr
lrTropefrc&l"l"tota "vct tivcrt 6vag azroteX"eo.ucnK6grp6roq
ovuraptcrov)"
^lLa vo
"eviTveuorl
rc6pog ptsg Ttsp&doorlq Ksr "{La vc npoto0el
petco0ei ro
prio
Kcrvoupyrcr" IAEE o. 153], (iii) Tov oqpovnrc6 p6]"o orrlv npooSo rlq
rCIv
6peuvag,
vorlrtrccbv
Ttttpd,pr&rov 6ql,aoTl
rov
6tovoqnrc6v
KorcroKeu6v Tcou7ttpr1/p&gouv c{grlpqp6veg Stcrta(etg Kor eEer&(ouv ro
8uvatq crfiotel.sopato .urcg Tcttpspattrcrlq 6to6trcoofo6 Trou 6zo6 cpuivetar
s.n6 trg l"6f erg 6ev ertrel.eltot
oro epyolrqpto
aA.Xs.o'rrl or6ryrl: "...o
crvcrl"utrrc6qvoqnrc6q re tpcpcrr1o.u6q... ETet oXeStuorel ^(td vcr erc06ret
orrlv uzc&,pXouoctyvc6oq ro zccito flopcldetypro tr.s tdroro
o6q1et orov rpoo6roptopr6 rqq pi(crS rlq
rp<izco Trou
rcp(o'qqF€ crrcpipero, TroDDev
lrropo6p€ vcr netriloDpr€ oro ep7crorrtp.o" IAEE o. 153].
H tSt6ppugptl 6,peuvo TEouoqrcetrar rcur& rq Dtdprcerc rnq rpioqq,
,
.v
G
'
Kcn ouv6rersq 6nou .uia ar6
)CcrpoKrrlpi(etat anc66t&cpopeqerc6'r1l"riroetq
rrq rro
ou1v5g Kcrr Xflpcnccqptottrcdq sivirt
o
tcd,Lottlaor,aop6g
ro)v
avancrhSryecov. Ol,eq *ct-qi, o6r1yorlv oro oupn6,pcopc{, 6tt "4 rcpiorl
,
tour6lpovo
To,Xapcbvetrd, orepe6tuncr Kcn rpoog6pet rc emrX,6,ov
'
A '
'
c! Fta
petapoX"q flapadei,Tpatoq.
0epetr,t66q
cvcrYKcno oeoo ll€vcr yra
|u
Fra ue
lvfeprrc6ggo p€g, o o'rcel"et6qrou v6ou flopclOetTpeitoq rpgQtoyp'&getcn
anc6 rq
6oprt Tcou rl t6t6ppD0p1 €peuva 6[vet orqv svo)puLicr". IAEE
o. 165]. Yzccrplouv rp€r,g6uvctoi tp6not ytc vs rcieioet pio rcpi,o'q:eire 11
"rcavovrcq entotq pr1 rotog6pvsr
vo
Xltpoyoyrloet
ro
rp6Ftq pa rou
rporcoisi rqv rcpioq" eite to zrp6Fiq,uo crut6 pr:rcrivetoro zueptgoproKcrt
(e1vr6rcr
arc6pccKcn otrq pt(rc&. v6eq rpooey"lilet;"
"1tad "czvOfoto,'c,cll
eite efltel,eltcrt
"1rts6.fiaoq cr 6 tva flap&6er^{po.oe rp(oq o' 6va vto af
6nou 0u avcrdugel pro vtu aup66ooq rcuvovr,rcrgg
€peuvaq". IAEE o. 159].
c,rr66 rou
utlroc) o tpttog rp6roq Kcr,r&l,q(qStnS rcpioqq (nou eivat rccrr,
lrcrgevDtag6per) 6ql,abrt "rl petapaoq o' 6vs v6o flap&6e1Tprq,azcotel.e[
a t
enuv6"oraaq"[AEE o. 165]rccnnp6rcetrarTLardct "rol,6
Ino sTrrorqpovr.rcr;
Stccgopetrrc5 s,T6 Fia ouoo@peutrrcq 6tcr8trcaois" (6rll,a6rl "p[o
DtoStrcaoicrTou elcrrDyp&,vetsttl€ rq 6r&p0pool Kot rtlv ezdr,ctool rou
rou
zrol,ro6flapadeiyparoq"). "flp6rcerrcrl pirl"tr"ovyLa prs.ava:r.crtaorceuq
A a
a
,
t
Trourponororei optopiveq
zcedlouslto v6,a 0epeX,tcr,
Fra ovcn<orcrorceuq
,
a
n
A
rou re6[ou, 6zcoqrcur
ur6 rrc Trrooiotletcil6erqOaopqtrrc69
?evrKsrioetq
2l
ruol.l,6qan6 rrg pe066ouqKor ttg egoppoy6qiou lla,pa6eiypro,rog"
IAEE
o. I 54]. Mta napaDerypatrxrlal"luyq, (pla eTrro'rqpovrKTl
ercq,vd,orq,oTl
0 )q,, p r o p o r i o e v o r e p r T p a , g e l e e i o K u h n , p e r o t ro y t a e v o q
611l"o611
6 r o p o c r r c o ut o r o p r r c o 06 r c o g o H e r b e r t B u t t e r f i e l d , o q " y 6 p r o p o r a l v
rou oqpatvrr "vo, rcpcrrd,q
npayp6.rolvan6 rqv av&,no6q",pta 610,6rrcCI,o'[o
6nrrl6lrptv, a],l,d,vCI,
6e6opr6vov
rTl ouvCI,ppotr"o7elq
rqv [6tCI,66otrrq
o'6vcr
v 6 o o ' u o ' r q p oo p o r p a , [ r o6v 1 6 o t o v 6 i v o v r a q r o u q p i s v 6 o , 6 o , u r l " . @ C I ,
pTcopo6oe
popqTlg[gestalt
oKolrq vo,Trtptypoqe[oCI,vpro,a]"1"ayTlorcrrrcqq
shift] 6nou 6pcoq"ot enrotqpoveq 6e pl6nouv rcucr oCI,vrcd,rr&l,l,o.
ro pi,6nouv"[AEE o. 16.0,Kor oX6i,ro 5].
svr[0eru o,rtr"cilq
Me guoTl auto rou eloupe 7rrr. oq rcilpa,,lno cuyKercprp6vrl
q,fiq,vrqoqo'ro epcbtr'1po:
"TI elvCI,tor Erctorqpovrrc6q
Ercovuo'td,oerg
Kor
rcora elvar q l.ettou pyiu rous orqv o,vartu(r1 rlq eTrrorllpqgl'
, eyet og
e7rCI,vCI,ord,oetg,
0o Xopor(rqplo"oupe
e€qg: "...pr rov 6po tTrro'rqpovtrc6g
ercelvo ro Lrq ouoo'opeuttrcd,(crouvelq) CI,vCI,7rru(rarc&,
ercero66ru,,o'rq
pr(rrco
rov er6rrcci)v
6rd,pKrrorov onolcov"ot ?rtTtot0rloetq
lreropd,tr"l"ovrq,r
pbu r1 ev
flop&5etyptCI,
CI,vrrKcr0tororar
e€' ol"orcl"q
Kd,r"6vo rcc,l,rocepo
p6percr,7ro
flopo6eryps". IAEE o.167].
6va v6o Ksr oo'upp'rpcroco
'
rou v6ou flopa6-elyparoq,o
Qq rEpoqrqv "ovoKriluvq" (ercrv6qoTl)
Kouv i,6eL XapoKrqprorr*&,"...to v6o flapd6er7lrc, rl pia Ens.prcqq
avq,6t&,p0pcDorl,
epgcrvt(eccrt
uru66€L€qrcou errrp 6,net pia pel"l,ovcrrcr1
(o,gvrrc&, preprrc6qgop69 otrl
p6ol
rnq vri1ro,g, oro
pual"6 ev6g
orqv rcploq.llor0 e[vo,rcrKprF6qn q6ort
enorrllrovCI,poOropuOto'p6vou
crurorirou reLrrcoriota,6tou --- ttcbE6va arolto slttvoei (r7rcaraLapaivet6rt
rav 6ta06otpatv6e6otrt1avertv64oe)6va v6oq6Trova pil,et fi(ry ,o ol,ivoTo
-- etvsr rcd,ct
nou 0o napcrpeiveteDcilc,ve(rlvio,oroKc,rlocogva pretveryrCI,
povo 6,varpuyqa. I1e6ov rud,vrorr,tKeivot Trou
fiI"vrcl Ag tTrroqpirvoupe
ercrvorloerqv6o:v flopoDeLylrctrov
eTrrruyl&vouvaur6g rrq 0epeLrc,rc6q
elvot tl no}"rl v6or tl rotr"ri rcavo0Orrororov ropr6a rou onolou to
Ilopd,8erTlroul"trit,(ouv" (6nl,oEq, Eftet8q eivor e).d,1toca6eopeupr6vot
rcc,v6veg,
elvCI,r6e 96o11
afto rouq rupa8oorcrrcoriq
, vu Souv 6tu ctutol
pl(ouv 6vs prc6otpo not1vl6t, Kc,t vcr
6Xouv nir,tpretvo, NapaKrX
22
va "oul.l&pouv 6va, v6o oivolo
lrpo67rct0r1oouv
fiou pnop6t vo rouq
o v r r . K o r d o r q o e t " )[ A E E o . 1 6 5 ] .
pel"ecrlo'oupe,
tivd,t auto tqq ptr&paoq-c
To (r1cqpoTrouar6pervt vCI,
o,n6 ro 6vo flopab erypcro'ro atr"l"o6qla6r1 r6q Kc,t ywr,i (Tts rcotoriq
llcp8stypd, 6vc,vttrou
l"oyouq Kc,rp.e nord rptrq pro) tTrtKpa,te[ro 6vCI,
o K p t p c o qr o o q p e i o , o ' t a v t t O e o q p e r o v f i t o " t e p 6
& l , l , o u g .I ' o u t 6
Truptlvo" xTlq nopo,6ootoKTlqgtl"oooqioq rqq
erctotqprqq,o Kouv
tou
Tl enttr'oyr1
KCI,t
Trporelverrqv d,roryq orr q en[],uoq tov 8tc,gopcov
oe op0o},oyrrcd, rcprcrlpto rcov
Ilcrpo,6eiypcrtoq 6ev pooi(etot
Oeolprdlval"tr"d,orrlv "rlorTl';: Ot entocqpoveq ptl"d,ve
CI,vroyovrorrrcciv
ytr"ciloou"Kot eivat u6rivoto vCI,ouvevvoq0orivytatI p6oa
"6rCI,rpoperrrcq
tov rc6opo,
flopcr8etypa,capl6rcouv 6ta<popettrcd,
aa6 rc1 6roqopectrcd,
l,etroupyoriv ot 6tagopettrcofq Koolroug.H no'patqpqoq, q aorpal,qq
Kctt crucr1ar6 to flopcr6etylrct.Mnopei
F&o-nrou 0ertrcto'lroi),e€opcd,ccrt
rco,refloou entaprcgiq
vcr 6et ro [6to svrrKelpevope 8rogopectrcofq
Kcr,veiq
Gestalt. Ta 6taqoptttK&,flupa8eiypatc, 6ev
rp6rcouq,6rcoqo,rrqa1"1"a,y6q
61ouv rorvS p6rpo orilrptoqq. Me Xiya L67to'cccIlcrpobelypatoe[va,r
ao6plrsrpa Kcrr T.o rqv enrxpd,tqoq r6norou, "6tv urt&p1etavtbtepo
rcpr.crlptoan6 rq oupqorvia torv,pe)'cbvptoq rotv6trlra"q" tl.S.n. o.94,
re70l
to rcupicoq
Erer$q 6i' crurrl oKprpcilqrqv d,noryrltou Kouv, 6yrcttrCI,t
'
'
K
o u Kor
Trpoplqpacrrcqq
r p o p ^ q p c r t K r l g rrou
qg T
c t v C I , T p e T c T t Koo' T o t x e t o T r1g
n Trto pt(oorrcrottrcq
rou 7ia trlv rcopelarqq ertocqpnq, Kol, ener8q
rl"eupd tqq orSLl,qyTlq
porc&l'eoertq
pioq tou TcouTc
enrnL6ov o,ucq etvcrr q rcl"eupd rqq Oeco
f i e p r o o 6 t e p e q o v t t 6 p d , o e t qr o v g t t r " o o 6 Q o vr n q e r t o t q p q g , 0 a r q v
pa:
6te(o6trc6ce
crval"6oouptrir,ncog
Kc,r'op1qv,
o Kouv 0eolpe[ 6tt
"ro
TtpoFlqpa rqq erci,oyqq
6ev propei vo pu0prto-telpovo un6 rq l"oytrcrlKc,t ro
rropCI,oelyporoq
n e t p c r p o " o n 6 r e " 0 o n p 6 n e r v o e ( e t d , o o D p eo u v o n t t r c dt,T l p 6 o q r c D V
'
b t a g op d l v T c o u I o p i ( o u v r o u q u n 6 p p . o 1 o u qe v o q n c t p c r D o o r s r c o f
F r C
roug" IapFir,vovtaq
6tcr6,5Xouq
flupa6e iyp.arcg uito rouq enCI,vclotd,req
nol"6 "oo 1ap& un6ryq" Lroq"TC!r6roptx& 1e1ov6tu" p6oa on6 tu onotc,,
6)$*rc[,Tcou
"6rr rl rTcrorrlFq6ev relvet Trpoqto t6eCI,t6
0o Ercrnrorcil6oupe
np6u rv r n 6u('('o p eurrrcrlovritrnvq "[aEE o. 170-l7 l].
/.J
tqv "c,vd,yrr1yw otr,l,oyr1rqg orlpaoiaq xov
A<porl eTrro'qpc,tver,
rco0repcop6volvotrceiolv evvot(iv"
p6o"o ofio
rqv
Enrorrlpovtrcrl
" proq ( enepuop6vqg
6e[1ver ort n "]"oytrcr1TropoycD7rl
Erco,vd,o"rCI,oq
Oecopioqono pla veorepl "eivCI,troq 6va Bo0p6 rcl,ootrl" orc6re rcal o
F&o'tt tou onotou pro (enepuop6vrl 0ecop[u 0a
lreroo-Xntrorro'p6q
eplnccooq
p f i o p o u o ev o 0 e c o p q 0 eei 1 6 t r c rn' 1
r q S o u y X p o v o u6 t o 6 o 1 o ur I g
(rcatftoDlrTlope
I vo.rrpq.ylraroTrovy0e{
ltdvo ar6 trTvr).eov€tcruifi0ioryptaE €rc
KaI rcdtat an6 rry oagti rca?odt7yryory
r@v uotdpav etuorc6trrloryq
rrtE Trr0
rqq
rrpfogauTg 9eatp{aq)elvot an)"a 6va orpccq1qpo ro CI,7ror6}"eopc,
e q o p p oy \ S r o u o n o l o u 0 c rq c o v " l t i o 0 e c o p l oc 6 o o T r e p t o p r o p e vrqo u 0 o ,
provoaut6 TrouelvCI,t
rl6tl yvcoor6"[AEE o.178-179].
lrro'roTcororloe
6e[Xvouvorr "q tTrtorTlpovtrcrl
enovd,orCI,oq
Auc6q or TcopotTlprloerq
pia prrar6nt6q toD evvoroluoytxofg&.opatoqp6oo on6 ro orcolo
7rporcol.ei
rov rc6opo" on6te ro
or enrorrlpoveq ovttl.o,ppd,vovro,r
6ro,6o1rrcd,
flopa6etypclra 6rag6pouv ouoroorrrcd,ogof po6 6ivouv 6tugopertrc6g
rou oriprcovroqKor yrCI,
rq o'ulr,Treprgopd,
rctrnpogoplegyro rouq rcq,rolrcoug
Kc,totKov". IAEE o.179]. Earnl6ov, ""t1 o,rco6o1qevoq
flcrpa6eiypoiog ou1vd, crnctte[ 6vo v6o rpoo6ropto'p6 rqg avir,].oyqq
aurcilv rov
ercrocrlpqq" rcuOt 6tt,. 6zcotq ol,}"&(ouv rd. Trpopl,tllrCI,rCI,
. (rdt6r.epa
trpop),qytarapnopet vq, arco6o0o6voe il,lA emorrTqq i vd 0eapq0o6v
eTnor4ltovtrccitv
aorT4tavra
i avrt7era va yivoov ra i6m rp|runa nrypavurccitv
enre6(easv),"prt' rov i6to cp6no otr"i"d(ero-u1vd,Kd,r to rcptrrlpto Tcou
i"riorl ur6 .pia perCI,guourcq
6raXcopi(erpro' fipayp.arrrcqeTrrorqpovrrcrl
6vq, 71"olootrc6 tl poeq;roctrc6 nut1vi6t. H rcovovtrcq
elcrornpovtrcrl rcopd,6oo'q, rou rc1yir,(et o,rc6 pio entotTlpovrrcq
ugolp.ron,
5ev elva,t p6vo aouppipuorrl [incomputible]oi]"d, ouXvo
enuvd,orCI,orl,
pt tqv ncrp,&Eooq
Troueiye
ftpayparrrcaaoupperpn [incommensurable]
'Etot,
e r o d , y t r o rT r a f i p 6 r q g o p i r s 7 c 6t o v K o u v
T c p o q T q 0 e i["A E E o . 1 8 0 ] .
olq ooDppetpiaKprtrlpiotv:"...q ercl"o1r1
q 6vvorCI
rlg crouppeploq,apTu<6.
; ? .
epolcqp"ara
flopo,6eiyyt"aru,Tevva
rcacd,rcav6vcc
avrU).a16peva
avir,preoc,o.e
ercto'tqpqq.
. e[vc{,to6rlvclcovcl tru0o0v pe ro rcprrrlpro rqq rccrvovrrcqq
Tcou
v oto ti elvcct
o1oi,6q 6ragcovof
An6 rTl orrTprl Trou60o errornprovrrc69
o.rorI eivo,tl"r3oq",eivctravan6geuKro"rcd,0eflcrpit6euypro
fip6gltllro Kc{,r
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vo rKclvolrorei},i7o 11notr,0tct Kptrqpro Trouro 16to06ret
vo epqavi(erc{,r
-l
1.
4
--
24
orov eour6 rou Kou vo c,8uvucelvCI,r.KovoTrorrloer
optop6vo a,m6ro
rcptcrlpra Trou 06cet ro di"tr"ollap66ttypro,".Enrnl,6ov, tfter8r1"Kc,v6va
rou 06ter Kc,r rccr0c6q
flcrpd6erypo 6ev l"rivet rcor| ol"s rCI,Tcpopl,Tlpoca
7cpoplq,ud,cc,
71016611oflcrpa8elypacc6ev ogrlvouv ro [5rCI,
d,tr"urCI,"
rc&vru
yro ro "ltoft. rcpoPfnp.o,rCI,
6va,epcbcrlpo,
elvo,t7rr.oo'I,ua,vrtrcd,
CI,ropei,co,r
vo
ener6'qavcr(qteira,tor " e(coreprrcd,
tru0o6v", rou oroiou q o,nd,vtr1or1,
ave(d,prrlra atr6 u7v tcavovrcry
Kprrll pro" (evreAcbq
enorrTtrtq)"KCI,Orord,
rrg
rov llapa8erypa,ccov
t7rovc,orclrr.K6q".
6rupd,1eq
IAEE o. 187].O roroprrc6q
rqq enrotr'1pqqroD e(ecit(et rqv 6peuvo rou rapel06vroq o,n6 rTl
rcleovercrrrcr1
06o11rqq ofyXpovqq roroproypag'roqplcope[, rurd, rov
"vo
9peOei otov netpoopr6 vCI,ro1uprorei 6ct 6ta,v ro
o]"l"ir(erpa(i rouq". IAEE o.
flopc6e[7paro, a],]"6(ouv, o i6tog o rc6o"poq
Kouv,
"or, enrorrlpoveq6oul"e6ouv
188].Merd, rqv FrctotrlpovtrcrlEno,vd,otc,oq
o'6,vu Etogopetrrc616opo" IAEE o. 188,214]yro,rio,uc6Troua,],i"c(erelvCI,t
"vo ono6cilooupe6oo o'upBcrivouv
rCI,[6ra,.cu 6e6op6vo" 6ev lrTcoporipe
proq tTrrorTlpovrrcrlg
ercuvd,orooqsor Frro tTroveppqveiCI,
o'Trl 6rir,prcera
6e6op6vov" yturi, q oro0ep6rqrd,rcDV[6rrov
pepovop6vcovKor,o.rc,Oepcbv
propei
"To)v 6eSop6vqDv
6ev elvCI,tocgr]q", "'tl eppTlveuctrcrl
6ra8rrcaoia,
yto,rl
rco,t
p6vo va 8rruKptvio'et6va flopcr6etypc,
rco,r
61t vo ro 6topOcirorr"
"rcgppiu o'uvq0rop6vq6vvoto rou . 6pou eppqvelo,6ev d,vrrorotyei o'
p6oa,an6 crq oroieq yevvr6tot 6vo,v6o
ercid,pryetq
our6q ctq rvopCI,rrrc6q
Trouuro0etei 6,vu
flupuDerypo". IAEE o. 200-201].Eror, "o ercto'tr1povCI,q
'
r(r
por&(er 61t pe epplvewr1, o,l"tr
Trou
v6o llap&6erylrCI,
o p&I}"ov pe rcd,norov
;
gorcorlq.Evol CI,vrrptrron[(er
pe ovrrorpenctrcorlq
xo 16ro
96peoe yuo,)"ric
Kor evcil tyet enlyvolorl o,uro0 rou yeyov6ros,
o0vol,o CI,vrrrcerpevrr:v
cpruvercoor6oo vCI,ra pl"eret evteicirq6ra,gopertrc&,
ot noiic{, oqpelo"
olg-6vapaOpoon6 to
[AEE o.200].H i6ro q d,peo-qtplrerplct,rco,Oop'r(eccn
o
flopir6erypCI,
evrir or 6tepyao"ieqKc,ror perpqoerq Trou uval.crppir,ver
'etvctr"rcL
i Lerpropoi)6ev
enrorrlpovCI,q
oro ep7oornp,o (or epyoorqprcrKo
pe:o.
t'a1LcL
on6 to fla,pir6etTpcr
oq TErorcotd,l"tr,qIo
Duorcol"toq"Trouenrl,6yovrCI,r
G G '
5e6opr6vo" rqq
epTrerptoq aLluu pirLtr"ov "rc/
6vra
CI,?rorcrr1O
rr1 orlvDeoqrou flupo6ei,ypatogpe rIv upeoq EILnerpiCI,"
[AEE o. 205].
25
ercvd,orooq,yevvlofvrq,rv6ot ypigot roug
Mec& rqv tTrrorrlpovrrcrl
vCI,CI,vr1veuooupe
rpoqyouprevcoq
oTEolouq6ev 0o pTtopo0ocrpe
ol,l,o ro
oqpovrrrc6tepo elvCI,totr "Il ui,l"oyr1 6ev repropi,(erCI,rlrovo o'rCI,
Trpopf'nporo"" o,ut6Trouo,I},d,(et,elvc,t"o]'6r]'rlpo rc nL6,yroTsTov6torv
rou ro llopd8srypc,"tqoppo(el orl g6o"rl"IAEE o.220].
xsr 0eo)prcilv"
o'ro ap1trcopoq epolcqpcryrCI,
ro rcord,elvor 11
Enro'rp6qovroq,tcilpCI,,
6 r u 6 r x q , o f sp r r r l v o n o f s 6 v a u r o r y q g t o f l u p & 6 e r T p ou , v r t x u O l o r d , 6 v a
n a t r . r 6 r e p o , 0 a p n o p o 0 o " c r p rved , e r c u v C I , l , d , p o u p e , 6rrct C I , rot p X I V o r
enro"rqpqKc,r
enrorqpoveqnuuouv vct eivat 6eopeup6votorqv rcuvovrrcr'1
ps rqv erciJ"uoqypigolv Kor a,pXt(ouvvCI,
pe
a,o1oLo0vto,r
vCI,
CI,o1ol,orivror
rov " etrey7o rou [6tou rou flupa6eiTpa,roq".O il.eyyoq ouc6q, "6ev
caucl(era,r
nori,
pe
rIv
urci,rl ouyKproq
ev6q
pepovcop6vou
|taducaofa enil"oorlEypfea)v)rapa
fla,po8elTpocogpe cq g0o"r1"(6tratE6111
"ororetr ei pia rl,eupd, tou CIvtCI,yovroprorl
a,vd,peooo.t 60o uvctrco,l,u
flapa6eiypaca,
rqv ugooicoo"qrqq eTrro'rqpovrrcrlq
Tcou 6rerc6trcorlv
rcotv6cqrcrq".IAEE o. 225].
fr'aurq;
o r i y r c p r o l o p o g r o v f l o p a 6 e r y p c r , r opv e c o , ( rri o u g , o
roroprrc66 6ev pnopei vcr, XpqorlroTrorqoe,f,g yvcoor6q 6ru6rrco,oieq
Kd,rrlg 6td,ryeDoqs
el"671ourov 0eoprcirv6rcolguuc6gtrlg enutr"r10euoqg
tatptd,(et
ro epcbtqpCI,.
ov pi,apepovolp6vqOeropta
yrcrri, ytu rupir6rLylrCI,,
pe rcr yeyov6ra (6ro5rrcsoiCI,
enul"rl0euoqq)6ev 6,XettDraitepo v6r1pa,
ccgorlq on&vrr1or1elvCI,r6cr "6-leg ot orllrovnxfq gecrlpieq6tqv rotopfa
oupq@vorioavlrs ro yeyov6ta liyo orqnol6", ev{irro €pciltqpa"rotd, arc6
pe rcr
6rio cp6XouoeqKc,r avrrttOepeveq0eop're6ro,rptil(er rco,},r3cepo
v' o,ncrvrq0e[(rcataur6 no76
7eyov6TcL"iTet voqpu a}"l"d,eivor a,Drivcrto
rqE etroT7qrcoue(erd(em) yta,tl
7ty6rcpoar6 rolE tdtolE roDE€TltotipoveE
"o.r o7cs6oIclvcoyovrorrrccbv
llupoSeryprd,ccov
elvor fiavrore, coutr"itltocov
t , I , q ' e v 6oqt t
c o g6 v c rB a 0 p o , 6 16 r c r g o p e r r r cour p c r r o r e 6 s " .A u r o o " q p r u l v t C
rq priOptoqrou
fiou 0o poq eni:rpe7rCI,v
6ev rtrrl porivrut or, o'uvOr1rceq
(6rraq 7r.X.rqv
60o flopaDerypd,rovpe rcd,nora6tq,6trcuoicl
ctvrCI,yovroporl
rqv npoplqpdrav Trou)"6v€Iro rca06va)rcot,c,g'et6pou, ott o
rcarapdrprynry
KoDq(i)v"ofiou "crv Kctl.o
6ricl,oyoqrov Srionl,eupdlvpor&(et pe "6r&,}'oyo
cov &}"tr"o
oro 6trc6tou cp6ro 06uoqg
rcaO6vuqetrri(er vCILrercr,orp6ryer
rTlq, Kov6vcrq6ev el"rri(et6tr 0a
rqg eTrrorrlpq6Kcn rov TrpoFlnprir,tolv
26
oTco8ei(errq 06o11rou". IAEE o.228-229J."H 6iup&1q a,vd,peoao e
6ev avqrcetorqv Kc,rnToplo,
fla,po6eiypra,co
rotv praXcilv
rou l,6vovcatp e
yrCI,rl
ca flopa8elypotuetva,raoflrperpsIAEEo.229].
o,no6et(erg"
'Erot, eiproterl"eov ot 06crr1vCI,o piooupe pe
oKpipero rTlv 6vvorCI,
rqq ooupptcpiuq coqto orivolo rov )'.6ycov
"Tro. rouq orcofouqor onaDoi
avrf 0erolv napa6etTpd,talv6ev xutaq6pvouv vo oTroKCI,raorqoouv
nf rlprl
rrrrKor,vo)viapetcr[6 ,ouq'; IAEE o. 229] Ko,r vCI,ro,(tvopqooupe CI,urouq
pr6oCI,
rouq i.6youqoe rpttq 6tugopertK6qrcorqyopieq,or oTroi,eq
oro 6pyo
rou Kouv galv erclt vo 6,Xouvd,vtoo F&poq. H uvd,truoq
, Lornov, rqg
6 v v o t o qr r l q o o u p p e r p i o g6 X e ro l qe ( q q :
A)Aoupperpia pe0o6o)'oyrxrbvKprrrlplolv: "or onu6oI rrov o,vrt0rrov
napa,6erypd,rcov,ouXvd, 6ta,golvoriv nd,val oro
rcord,l"oyo rov
flapa6erypc,np6rcr vo trrivrr.Kc,r
npggfqp&colvTrouto rcdOeu?Eovrtqro
or optopoi rcou 8ivouv yro rqv errornpq, 6ev
rouq Kcr,r.
ro rcptcrlpto,
rout[(o.vrq,r"IAEE o.229]. Bl"6aouFt,6qi.o6q, 6rt 11peropooq crn6ro
oro erc6pevoouvo6e6erut.c,n6 pr(rrc69.
6.ro rcu0repop6voflopcr8etypCI,
pe0o6ol"oyrrc6g
ul,tr"ay6,q
rqq 6peuvaq
6nou ercr6gan6 rqv rcoceri0uvoTl
c r t r , L & ( eK
r c , r o i , 6 t o q o o p t o p 6 q r n q e r c r o r q p q q .E n o p 6 v c o g , 6 e v
,;.
plcoporipeva ptlqo'ouprepe an6Lucouq6pouq yLa rqv eTrrorqprovrrcq
p60o6o --- aeo6 q toroplvi 1peovaaTrorcaT|nret
ro oxsrtrc|v1EX.aparcr1pa
ptaq rcorvqqpe066ouTrou0a X"p\otpeueog
CI,lcouo,ia
Kor.ouverccbq,
vo prl.rlooulre
yrcr,ouvevv6qoq (erctrcotvolvicr)
F&oq, 6ev pTroporlpe
.Kcrr
fiou unootq pi(ouv 6tugopertrcd,
rov eTrrorqp6vcov
llopo,6eiypocu.Aucq
q rcl,eup&cnq 6vvota,q"o,oultptrplo", CI,vrrKporigr
Lr,rcan6 rrq pootrc6q
0eoerq roD Loytrcori0ettrcropoli,o,urrlv Troutrporelver rn povol"rOrrcr'1
q0on rqq eTrrornpovrrcqq
opOotr
o7rKorqcoq.
'octgoritCI,vec,
yevvto0vrcrtcrltoru
B)AoupFstpla evvotcilv:
llapa,6eLyp.uru
elvd,t <puotrc6vo 6rcttrlporiv6vo prey&]"oroooot6 rou
rcula,r6cepo,,
- rou tvvorol"oyrrcof KCI,ro pyovrrcorie(onl,ropof Trou
1"e(rl"oyiouKCI,r
T.prlorlroroto6'o'uvoro
fiapeL0ov rs. no,pu6ootcrrcd,
flopcr6elyprcrca.
Ird,vtcr 6pcoqXp\orpolrotorivrCI,oro tyeiu Trou61ouv rclrlpovoprloetpe
ot
rpoTro. Itcr nl,cr,lorarou v6ou flcrpu6etyproroq,
rov rccrpu6ootorc6
n a l , t o i 6 p o r , o r 6 v v o t e q K c r tr s . T r t r p d , p o r ur c l qp o r i v v 6 e q o p o r p c l i , e g
27
o16oerg". IAEE o.229-230].H eTrrornpovu(qens,vd,orooq7iporco,l,el,
peroo1qpc,rropr6 trou o8qyei orq
6qtroDr'1, rvCI,v rvvorotr"o7rrc,6
r c o t v 6 t q r o g . O r ' e r r o c r l , u o v e qT r o u
6rlor6pqon rqq errorTjpovtrcrlg
q,utoperoo1qpCI,rt
opr6,e(arcotr"ouOorlv
61ouv ufioortI rov tvvototr.o7rrc6
v c rp r l " o u vp r r t q [ 6 t e gi " 6 ( e t qo ] , ] , on p o o 8 l b o u ve v r e ] . 6 qv 6 e qo q p o o i e g
eiva,rq o,vuTrop€is
6uvorotr;ccov
o'rougrcutrrorlq6pouq " ro CI,7cor6l"eopo
pc(o'qq Qterd.rppa6ry
oporpa,i,crq,ueca,rp
lrlae 0eatptaEoroue opouE lilaq
enrrcorvcovtog
d,i7r7), ftpuy1Larou ouv enI.ytror rcornd,}.trqv q,Duvc,pta
TrourcrvorivtCI,r
oe 6ragoperrrcd,
rov r7rrorl'lpovcrlv
llopaSelypclro.Aurq
pia al,l,q poorrcr1
q n),eupil rqq 6vvoraq "c,oupptrp[u", CI,vrrKporiet
.
a ,
0errrcto'po6,
Lo1upt(ecat6rt uruup1erruvra
outrl 7rou.
ueoq rou troyurcori
"
n 6uvCI,r6rqro Ava,Tcoyrlq ol 6vvoteg Trou Xp\o.rpo7rororlv6uo
llopa,6eiyp.aru,6ev picoporiv vo uTro10oriv
orrq rcl"aoorrc6g
8rarpoperrrcd,
A
a '
a
@ynq6qtra6r1,q ra,l"t6cepq0eopla 6ev p:ropel
l"oyrrc6g6T.6ottg ftapa^f
tr"oytrc
a uro rTl veotepnrcd,vrorevo Tcporcfver
C)Aouppsrp[a cvrri'qarrxrlq rxuv6rrl raq: Aurq q,nbcel,elcqv "tp[tr1 Kor
crrc6rqv onolc,,rcsrd,rcd,noro
rcrogepetrtcil6qnl.eupd,tqq oo'ul.rpecplog"
c p 6 r o , o u v i l y o v t o r K c Lor t 6 6 o T c p o q y o r l p e v e g . " Mpei a r l v v o r on o u 6 e v
or.ono8oi svciOetolvllapcc8etypictcov
vo e€nyrloo Tceprooorepo,
l-rTcoprir
Koopouq"," pl,6rcouv
oorcofv ro 6pyo roug p6o'o oe ptagopectrcorig
6 r a g o p e c r r c dn,p & y p u r a , 6 t u v r c o r r o r i va r c 6r o 1 6 r oo q p e l o o r q v l 6 r a
r c o r e 6 0 u v o q ["A E E o . 2 3 0 / S S R 1 9 6 2o . 1 5 0 ] .O t e z c t o r q p o v e6gq, l " o 6 r 1 ,
- Trou 6eoperiovrct oe 6totpopettrcd,flopo6 eiyparu, 6ev rccrotr"qyouv
o.ul.r.repq,opCI,rCI,,
ol"l,o n 66opeuo'r1uurrl
ccntr"alg
oe CI,vtrrcpou6pevo,
elcrlpea(er &peoo KCI,rrnv avrrl"qnrrrcr1rouq rrcov6tqrc rcir,rrfiou
p6rpo
oqprolver orr 6ev prcopel vo und,p(er rcorv6 (uvrrrcerpevrrc6)
Kcn rcard,ouv6nera orice "el"n[6c{,ntrrlpoug
o'uyKproqq6rio 0ecoprcilv
iaS, ctv 6ev rporlTq0ei pio
rrcrKorvcov
(napoEerTporrKrlqoLl,oyqg) yLa rI
pttct,otpogtlqt2
e;.rrcerptcr
priu Tl f,Tlv al,Lq opd,6o"
KCI,t
rl
"oKprpcbqener6ql"elner 6vc rcorv6(avrrrcerpevrK
o) p|rpo oriyrcproqg,
ILerapoo"rjclTtoro 6vo flapildetypraoro irl"tr"o6ev prcopelva nI.pet trl
pe rrlv
tlopgrl evoq orlori prlpcrtoq610 Xpovo Tou ftpayp,cLroTroreirar
tcupia"orcog q
6011or1rnq LoytrcrlqKcrttqq ou66repqq e,u7rerplog",
t2 H "!rcraorpoqq" Z,pqorponotei,tar
rs,t&,to ncrpd,6
0pqoreutrrrlqrimqq.
eqpoqg atrl"cr7rlq
1\,
28
evol"loyri rov gestalt, rpi,net vCI,ouppe[ pro Kr 6€ot (6f 6paE Kar'
ouytruafa)q vo pTl ouppei rcc,061,ou".
avd.yrcr1
{AEE o.23ll. Aurq rl
pto d,l"lq poorrcrl06oq
nl"eup&rnq 6vvorog"uouppetplo", CI,vrrKpo6er
rou troytrcori0etrrcropoti,ourllv Trouogopd'cn 6td,rproTlnoporqpqorlq
yro pla 6tucr5no:o'q
rnq pa,o'trqq
Kc,r 0eolpioq. Enet6rl 6e rp6rcertCI,r
r p6caoqq ol,orclqpou rou
pt pl"iou rou
Kouv
---6rt ,u€rd. rryv
(oov oe |tarpop€rrKotErc6opoog
oI €Tctorrltrtoveq
ercavd.oraorl,
€rcrorqpovrcrT
rov [6ro, q oqpooto rqq oe o16or'1pe rrq &]"]"eqt:
a,rc6
uTcrpcovi,(erar
oe d,].}"o,
H perd,Oeo'qrqq eplcroroofvqq s.fto 6vcr IIcrpa6erylr.CI,
o , u v r o r & , , 6 r o l qe i n a p e F n o e p n e r p [ up e r c { , s r p o g r lnq o r c o l c r" 6 e v p n o p e i ,
aa?2r,1
^aa
"rt1vrrc6q rcetOoriq,
Aurq oqopd,rcupicoq
6polgva,ytver pe e(avc,yrcaopr6".
'
'
'
'
efirLerpqFCI,ToKOt CI,Vrt?rtxetpIpc,To,ot Ftct Kcltc,oroon 6fiou 6gv
t lo
u r c d p l o u v a n o b e i ( , e t E "K o t T r o u y L ' o u r 6 6 e v p r o p e i v C I ,u r c i r p € e p
and,vtqorl " "or pspovopr6vor tTrrottlpoveq,
povo,6trcr1n rcaOo}"trcr1
uroOeroriv 6va, flup&6erTpo yro rcd,0eelDouq 1,6yo KCI,rouvq0o:q yto'
"
rotr"l"oriq 2"oyouq raut6lpovc{,". IAEE o.233-234]. O prop6vor on6 oucor3q
a
A
,
, '
roug l"6youq, "6ev 61ouv rcupprlaoX6oq pe rTl ogcttpcr rqq i6taq tqq
.entocrlpqq" --- |tratE lr.X.lrsraet)otrco[ 16yot, uyaia
ysyov|ta rrygC@iE roo
tTpoo@tnrc6rrpa, e0vrc6117ra
-etuot1ytova.,,
efir6erpqparo Trou paoi(ovrCI,r otn "GDIKptrrrcr1 trca,v6r1ro,rov ctvtrnd,l"cov
vo, 1,6vouv Tcpoplrlporc,"
Ilapadeiyparoq trt
6trary o toyuptop6q r@v oradcbv evdg v6ou
"1tttopo6vva llooov ra ryopAaltq.ra TTIDo64yr1oav6t
rcpio7 ro ra)"r6 " Kat 6rt
"ro v6o ITapd,\erypa emrp|net
rpatvop|ve)v,ra onoia,6oo rcary6 ffiucparo|oe ro rah6
rrlv rrp6Ple yr1
llapd.6ery'lra,6ev
0ecoporivrcrt
pnopo6oape
otire Kq.v va Dftlvna.oro61te"
errorrlpovtq
"ro nto olpovrtrcd, rccttrcl Trro rc6t6trKd," X,opiq alot6oo vo,
utc6 Touq
p l c o p o r i v v o 0 e c o p q 0 o r i ve n a p r c q , r c c r O ' 6 r te l v o , r r o r o p t r c & c t , n o 6 e 6 e t y p 6 v o
6tt "c,x6pc, Kor 6tqv neptolrl tqg [6toq ?qg xp[oqq eivor e].&1rotq rl
uTrspo1rlrou v6ou an|,vavtt 610 napa6ootor6" IAEE o.234-237]. M er(t uno
rcata,l,r1yeroro
ol,o, c,uril, o Kouv oupTcepoopCI,ttrcil
onou8aio
p6tr"o rou
no,t(ouv "or.
vo CI,vo6ei(ertov
uTroKerpevtrc6qKcrt atoOqctrc6q
t3 FIapoSeiypara aouFpttpiac,wrapTouvroLl"& p6oa otq "AEE". Ev8etrcrtrcd,
raportprouFe
^!n
150G.S. Kouv 1.962)
6rcounupouot&(owarccrpo8e[TlLcna
mtq oetri6eql0l-102, 105-106,
KpttrlplcovKot trlv aouppetpicr
rnv a,oupperpiceevvorcilv,rT1v coup;.tepiape0o8oLoTtrcclv
awil"qnttrcr1g ucov6qtaq awloto t1c,.
29
" --- pia vda ?eatpia,utropeiva Xq,parcrrtptorct
"rcopg6r€pq
", "irto
eKTrprTloerq
rcard,77r77q"
yro
i "arl)"o6orcpq"ot oy1orype rryvrdrd. --- orTlv CI,Tcoqooq
rqv erctr"oyr1
erer6q oKptF6g "pro rrlrorou ei,6oug
ev6q flopa6eiyprcrrog,
(6q
r e l , r r c qo 1 1 6 g o o " q . . . 0 a
a , n o g a o qp T r o p evI u p o o r o t e I p 5 v o o r q r l o t q ! ' "
, ' a A a r
o'rlpr10el oXL c6oo o'rtq tTrtrerl(etq xou ftapetr0ovcoq6oo ottq
-- o etutorTlttovoq,
"rlp6,nervcr,Tcro'Terier
tou p6],tr"ovtoq"
uT[ooX6oe16
6rr ro
v 6 o l l u p d , 6 e t T p a0 o e r c r c u 1 t t . . . "I A E E o . 2 3 7 , 2 3 9 1T. o y e y o v 6 q6 p a l qo c r
o,ucq q nlotr1 o'tqpi(ecur ev p6pet o'rrlv unop(r1 rcpi,oqg Kor o'rTl
ouyKprrtrcqrrcav6tqto erll"uoqg yplgcovrcat ev p6'peror "!rls Fdori oNL
op0ol"oyrr(Tlorice ot tel"eurq,iCI,
ovd,l"uo"r1
6olorrl", "6rv
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32
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35
3 . I M R E L A C A T O S ( 1 92 2 - L 9 74 )
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ol"l,&q Buo"trrlertorqpoioytrcrltou ir,roryq,8roruncirvero,r
oro apOporou
"Nfe0o6o).oyia rolv ttpoTpappd,rolv srrrorrlF.ovrxqg 6peuvu,q" Trou
D q p o o t e u e t otro 1 9 6 8o r o " C r i t i c i s ma n d t h e g r o w t h o f k n o w l e d g e "K o r
rrlv llap6ppao'r1
onorel,eI ouotCI,ottrcd,
rou (oro ouv66pto rou 1965 o-ro
Aov6ivo) p6poqrou oTrolouo,gtepc60r1Kt
orTl "Aoprl rov Enro'cqpovrrccbv
rou Kouv. Yrqp(e po0r1cr1q
EnovCI,ot&oe(DV"
rou K. fl6rcrep KCnp6l,og
rqg
ouo'rr1pd,trepLgapcrrccop6vrlq
oXotr"r1qrou
"London
School of
E c o n o m i c s " ,r c d , tirr o u , 6 n c o g0 u 6 o 0 p t , 6 r a g a i v e r c l r c s tc r r 6 r o 6 p y o r o u .
pTroporipre
e\' ap1nqv' ovCI,g6poupe
Xuyrcercptp6vo,
rcd,noto,'paorr&
or1peio
6rcou o Acrrcocogorcol"ou0eIrov fl6rnep n ooto't6repo, q,vcx,Oeolpei
pa,orrc66eTrro'rqpotr"oyrrc6q
rcd,rcoreg
entl"oy69 rou: (I) crno66yeru
rIq 6vvoro,qrlq
l"ertoupyrrc6tr1ca
0epel,ra,rcq
rpo66ou orqi
rq
erc,orrlpTl,
(II) 661ecoropro"p6vapuorrcd,
orotyeia (oXt 6pco5ola) o,n6rq Oirplu cqg
0eolprcirv
erippoonq rov tTcr.orqlrovtrcciv
Kol, (IU) CI,vo,Tvopi(er
cDgpeyir,l"rl
ouvetogop& tou flonnep grTlv eTrtotqpotr
oyi,o,rTlv "CI,vrrKCI,rir,oraor1
rou
tqq 0epetr,i,coonq
KevrprrcoriTcpoPftlpclroq
rou rctr,CI,oo'rrcof
op0ol"oTropori,
pe ro v6o npoFtrqporTlq Kptcrrcq
S fipoo6ourrlq €lrrorlltilq 6nolq Kc,rrqv
n p o o n i t 0 e t o 6 t o p o p g o o n q o v r r K t r p e v r r c c i r vK p r r q p l o : v c r u r l 1 q r q q
rcpo66ou"[I.Airrcatoq-1970o. 179].O 16r.oqpa]"rocu, rcpo"1ap0.
6vcl Frlpcr
fieWoo.orepo0ecopcilvtctg
6cr 11"op0o?'oyrrcrl
Oecbpqorl
rov rnrorrlpovrxcbv
tautl(erat ps rov npoo6roprop6rov xprrrlp[olv rqq rcpo66ou"
Oecoptcilv
[I.Airrcorog 1970 o. l5] Kcrr 6cr "rl np6o6og yiveror rprrrlpro
rrrrorrlpovrr6rqta.S" [I.A&rcorog 1970 o'.I l8]
06oerq, Trou Ocr
r<or0o ovol"0o"oulre
orq ouv 6,yewrou Kerp6vou
ercelq^plooupre
36
416 rIV crll'q pept6-,nup'61"oTrouo A&rcoroqrorupiqrror pqca
6cr
6ta,9olve[ pe rtq ovtrLrlvetq tou Kouv (6ncog Kcr,r pe a,ur6g
rov
Oeytepd'prevrKCI,t
Toripl"tv) Kc,trpoonaOeIpe rIV r(prrrrcr1
rou vu ori:oer
evvoteg 6ncog n .rcpoo60g Kc,r n opo0troyrrc6rqra, rqg ento,,rr1pnq,
oTEogeriTovtatropd,trtr'qla TrpoFfTllro,ro6nrrlq ouco rng CI,ouppetpiaq,
6prpreoa
Qaiverc,tvo oulrpovtl pe ro ur6po0po rqq orc6ryr1g
rou Kouv.
'Etot,
yivtro,t o 6ericepoq rcriproq errpooofiog rrq roropr,l(ror'cTlq
o'cpogr'lq-Iupgcovei yw rnv uvercd,pKrrCI,
rqg tr"oytrcr1q
cDq0epr61,to
rnq
tTrtorrlpovlKTlqorc6ryqq,ytCI,rIv CI,vCI,yKCI,t6rqco,
peL6rrlq K0,rrtl orlpa,o-[u
cqq toro piuq rcov yeyov6rov Trouo-upB,&l,1,ouv
orqv CI,f€noqrqq yvciloqq,
TLa co 6tr povd,6o,ovd,l,uo'qgrlg
enrorrlprlq 6ev pnopeI vo elvat Tl
entp6poDg Oeolpiu, 6rcr:q Kor yLa rq oqpaolc rTiq ouv6,yewg rqq
,
entorrlpTlg. @eropei a6tapgto'Br1cr1co
6rr urd,pXer yvc6oq q orcoiu
ou€dyeror KCI,r
auc6 TrouTcpoyporrrcd,
eivo,r vo ppo6pe 0-6ri
1perd,(ero,r.,
ouvlo'rcr,rorn ev 1"6yolou6qon Kc,rncirqI rTrrorrltlqnpoo8eriet.
'o
:
Ad,rcacoqoupqrovel pe f,nv d,roryq rou pierce, ,5rr Tl olrl0ero,
urc6Kertototq p60o6o,Kclt F&oq autori rcporeivetpla, etrrcuortrcr.1
X,foq yrcr
rTlv crcoguyq rou'oKtlrrtrctopo6
o"uv.56ovrog
pe popgq errcrolaqrrl
pe0o6ol"oyio .pe rrlv ofTl0eto 8to,cunrirver
pia. ouvgetrrcrl(rcdi enop6volq
ovu,rcl,r1cq)
rcp6caorlofppovo pe rIV orcola q rca1,6repnpe0o6o)"oyiu
elva't autrl TrouTrpooeyyi\etTreproo6cepo
rlv oln0erCI,.
H a1,rg0e
ro 6polq
oleti(ecut
rc1"6bvpe Fia 6taro0qrrrcr16vvora oupgolvlaq fipoq rqv
nparparrx6cqra Kor
oxL pe rTlv ovrr.rcetpevtrcr1,gtl"oooqtrcd,
npooDtop rop6vq ol"r1
0era.
H rcripta 6oul"etd,rou Ad,rcaroq oleri(rror pe aur6 Trou i.6pre
op0ol'.oYrKrl
crvodDTrp6tqoqrqq trrrorrlp.ovmrlgnpo66ou" 6vc{,06pa pe ro
oTroioei,XCI,v
u,ololq0e[ rca,to Kouv Kc,ro flonnep KcrryrCI,
ro oTroiooprcoq
o Adrcotoq eKg6pet rnv Trto orlpavrrrcrilootq d,noryq.Xuyrcercprpr6vo,,
K c r r r l y o p eti o v K o u v , 6 t t T E a p ' 6 t r "Tor o u6 [ v e t 6 p g u o q o r r l o u v 6 l e t o r r i q
enrorr'lpnq [I.Airrccrroq F]7a o.fi|],
TEotTpdget rTlv rorop[a rrlq
e n r o r r l p l q c o gp i a o v o p 0 o l o y t r c r6l t c r o
6 N . nn e p r 6 6 o vo p 0 o l , o 7 r r c 6 c r 1 r-o- -q
ra ilTavaora.rrrcd,
eneroildrcaq lh€ptord.oerg
Xpryorpororcbrrioq
lJuortKtorrc4q
.-
a
37
psra.orpoqiE"II.Ad,rcaroE]968 o.]5lJ
Kc,r ulroorqpi(er 6rr ov 6ev
pnopei vo 6o0ei pia op0ol"oTtKn CI,vc,oDyKpornon
rIg CI,vrrKCI,raocaorlg
(o,l,}"ayqg)rcDv 0ecoprciv,q eppnvelo rqg eTrtorqlrovrKqsatr,],uXr'1g
0a
np6nervo,oge0ei oroug ro.toptrcorig
Kc,rtou6 ryuXol,6youq.
Entyerpcilvcosvo Bel,ctdloettqv op0ol"oyn(TlCI,vCI,ouyrcp6rqor1
rou
rrtg onotaErl eruorrTltovuc4
trp6o6oEe[vatpta arco7oo7iaaTr6
florr ep (pd,ory
a.vurcpo6oetE),
rpotelver oq pc,otrcqpovd,6cr
ercaofeEtcar efttx€ryo6peveg
pel"6cqq,ovd,l,uo'qg
rcarcr(tol"6yqoqq, 67r rrq pepovopr6veq
Oeolpiega),}"o,
r r q 0 e o l p i e q t v e ( e l " i ( e t 6 q I u D q t e p o p 1 q p 6 v ao r i v o L q , 0 e o l p r c i >Tvr o u
XspoKrqpl(ovccn arr6 6vtoveg o"16oetqouv6lercrqKor ro onota o 16rog
'EvCI,
€peuvTlttrcaftpoTpapporq,.
ovop&(et eTrrcrrqpovrrcir,
epeuvqrrKo
ouvloro,tc{,rsfio pio oerpd, 0eo:ptcilVKor cr,lro6vo orivolo
Tcpoypoppro,
pre0o6otroyrrccbv
rcov6vcov,611l,o6q
elvur pls oriv0erq ovt6rqra, Trou
po0qpurrrc6qKor rCI,porqpr'1otorc6q
anorel,etrq,r arc6 oetpd rcpotd,o'€0)v,
Trou
rccrv6ve€
0ecopieqKor tupttrrc6qreXvtrc6q.Arco roug pe0oDol"oyrrcoriq
eupstrx6
op1nq
,r',
ro
eptuvTlrrrc6 fipoypoppo, d}"l"ot trog
(apvqrrx6
"norofq 6p6poug6peuvoqnprinervCIq,Trogriyoupe
ulrct7operiouv
ouvo6eriouv e('
otot;geio/negative heuristics) Kot
arcol"ou0rlooupe (0e1116 euperrrc6
6trl.or
ororle[o/positive
Trororig v'
"
heuristics)
1970o. 132].[LA&.rcocog
Ee 6rt ogopd,6vo speuvrltrx6 npoypqrFo,o Ad,rco,cog
6rq,Xopieer (i)
q,ur6 Trou CI,7rorcsl"eI
ox]'qp6 nuprlvo n upvrltrrrl euperrrcrl Kq,r Trou
q,Tcocel,eltar
Trouq elrrorqfrovrKrlrcouv6rqra,
rcato€rc6pa,ca
arc6napcr8oXbq
pe0o5otr"oyircir
0ecopeiyLa 6e6opr6voXpovtrc66rd,otrlpa o6rd,ryeuo'xo
KCI,r
un6 opgtoFrltqo'erg uno
Tcpoo'rCI,reup6vo
(ii) aur6 Trou sTroKal,el
q?,.o16
Tl 0errrrg 6peurr.rr1,
Tcpo6ror.eutrx6
Trouo7rorel"elrCI,r
urc6plo oerpir
r o p o 6 o f 6 v ( r c o , v 6 v erqp, o D t a T p o , < p 6t 6qe, e q ,o u p p o u l 6 q )T c o up r c o p o r i v '
poo'spp6(ovtat 6tor cirore vCI,Tc
poBl,6novcur n vct
a}"i"ir,(ouvKCI,rvct,7c
(enepvtorlvtar ot
ut6trereg Ksr or
a v o l p c r l , i e gT u o u p z r o p e l v c r
6qproupyq0o0vo.eKolroroorir,6ro.H eecrrcrleupertrcrl6ql"o6q, ctrroretr,ei
6vu 6uvaprrc6otorXeIo TrouotrcoSopreiro,t
ory6"-ory0.
Ksr TrouTrpop],6ret
Kor ttg avolpatr.leE
rcarl.6veL rct rcpoFTltictro.
cou TrpoTpdppcrroq
Xpqo,rpon o t c i r v r c g6, n o r E i p e w l t r c , t F o r l 0 q t t r c 6uqr o 0 6 o e t gF t o K o n 6 n & v r o , t q v
rcpooruoicr rou o'rclqpo6 nuprlvu " ocil(er o'tov entorlpovo an6 rn
38
o olrceav6g
rov a,vcopatr
rcbv"tefl.Ad,rcoroq1,970
of yluoq rou rou 7rporcol,el
tcbpa ev6q epeuvqrtrcoriftpoypdpparoq,ogeil,erat
o. 135].H rco0r6polor1,
vo uro0erqoouvro orcl"qp6 rou fiuprtvu
ornv ar6gooTl rcov eTrtotqp6vcov
ps --- o
Kd,r Kcrco,ro Ad,rcocoq,eivd,t pla a,n6qooq ouppocrrcoriXd,pc,KrTl
a L a a ,
t6rcg NapaKr4p{Qt d71aorc rq 1te0o6o)"oytaroD @e popAi pt(rcot
ouppauopo| (radical conventionalism)--- lcou e(vat opoq aro,po,lrqrnyrd,
vcr, 6rurr1pr10eito
6trcalolpd,poq orTlv op0ol"oyrKTl ovd,l"uoq rqq
6rr
rrcrorqpovrrqq npo66ou. Avti0erc,, q 0etrrcq euperrrcrluaotlOtrCI,r.
q @rpo6rcpopT|netvda yeyovdta'
ororlero0ecel pia l,oyrKrl rqg a,varcd,luvq
vieE poq0r7nrc6E
uro06oery,vda trte0o6o\oytrcd.
orca)"otrdtrc
tccuXpryory)oTrotei
Trouyevvd,
rcatvdeEKarso?|voetE|peuvaeIl.ld.rcarcq ]970 o,175fi, npl-ypCI,
crlq Oeolpqttrcqqenro't1pl6 (or ndtdE lep{eq e{eAiooovrat
rrlv CI,urovopio
0eaprcbvTroD6ev etrr,repttyovra,v
6prE
avarr6ooovrag 6va |ircruo oovarpcbv
ortE apyrc1E?eatpqnrc|E6tamrcboe6). B6pu,rc,,ro rcor&TcpoPi.Tlprc,ta'0o
Kd,rto npog to
rcorv6cqtCI,
0ealpq0o6v oqpovrrrcd an6 rIV tln 6rqpovrrcr'1
ovnouXrltrrc6g
on6 "ryu1oLo7trc&
nori 0o otpcrgeiq 6pduvu,5ev e(o,ptd,rot.
ovrr:po,1"[eq"
[I.Ad,rcutoq1970o. 137] u],l,u orc6
n re1voloytrcd,ercelyouo'eg
entroy6qcou ltpoTp&pprc,coq.
rrq npotrcd,plouosqpe0o6otr"oytrc6q
va rcd,voupe
oogrl cov 6po
6vretr"cil6
Iuvoryl(ovrcrqKor Trpoo'na0rirvtoq
epeuvqtrrc6 Ttpoypoprpo,1"6pe 6tr uut6 ofioreJ,eitut un6 -'prla o.etp&
(tc.X.fr, Tz, Tl) 6nou rd,0e tnopevri 0ecopianporcrirctet
un6 tTlv
0ecoprc6v
rpoo0r1rcr1ptoq FoqOqctrcqqun60eoqq (evcil
H 6tdp0pcoorlro:v aTci
6tocrlporivrcrt6tr"aro o,r0tXeiorq5 TcpoqyoriFrevqq).
Tcponyoripevrlpe tqv
ot (eprretptr6q)
p6pouq 0eolptcbvylvetcrt Tto vCI, ovrr.l.r.trcorcto0oriv
C I , v o p a L i ,peeq r q v r c a 0 o 6 r l y n o r' no u " 0 e r t r c o 6e u p e r r K o uo r o t l e l o u " l 7 r o u
o orl"qpoq
KCI,r
npoyp64rCI,roq
flr rTlv npoUn60eo'q6tr 6ev "7cpoopdl"l,eror"
r c u p r l v c q( y t c 6 o o r o , t p 6 , p 6 B a t a , n a p c r p 6 v o u p eo ' r o e o o t e p t r c 6 - r o u
epeuvrlcrrcotft poypaqlr"aroq).
'Orcolq
tcrutl(er
ovctq6pupeKq,rorl'lv op1,qrou Kegal"aiou,o Airrccrcoq
rqv
rqv ftpoo8o
np6o6o Fe rqv errorqpovtrc6clro, rco0rotit,6r1tr"cr8q
16Evc, onL6 nupd6erypd,epeuvrlrtrcorl
ryoyp&lttroroqelvat aut6 tou Nerltovc,onou ot 4 v6por
tou Nerirovo, Kor rl. appl qq papriqtoq anotel,oriv to orcLrlporcuprlvoevcbor vopot tou
K6ti"ep eivarpia np6o0erqurc60eor1.
17Xro "0errrc6eupetrrc6ororXelo'l..rou rpoyp&pporoqTcourporcoOopi(etqv ropeia qq
6peuvaqogeitrerat Kst o ouve;6r1q
1cpor<rrtpaqfilq efito'rlpovtr<1qavimrru(r1q.
39
KprTnpro
tlrtotn,uovtrcocqcoq. I. ta
opOoLoytrcd,rqv
ovCI,ouyrcpocrloet
vo
Ko,ru,q6per 6,uolg vo
tDto,icepoorlv0etq avd,ncu(q rqq
rcst ercl,entuop6,vr1
plo, euKopTrrTl
eTrrorqpqg,iou X"petd,(etur
rpCI,ypotrrcr1q
vo ccvsl,fooupe
6vvoru, rpo66ou, rqv oTiolCI,0o 7rpoolrc,Or'1o"oupe
icopcrrc&tol.H np6o6oq opiEtrCI,ron6 ro
Ad,rcutoq alg crSfrloq tou
orcouro epretptrc6Treptel6pevo
fieprelop6vourov Oea:ptcbv,
eFTrrlpr,xori
proq geopioq elvu,rro o'rlvolo tov yeyov6tcovfiou oucrl e(qyei. "Mlu
povo
geolpio,l"orn6v,tivu,r "airo6erctq"Ti "ertotqpovtKTl" (rcpoo6eurtrcrl)
oe o'1eo'qpe
TrepteXopevo
epTretptrc6
enrrctr"6ov
ov tyet ercrBeBorcopr6vo
rIV
rlq
Tcporc&co1o
(q ovcinCI,lo),6qla6q p6vo ov o6qyel 6rrlv
ovsrc&Iuvqv.6cov
Teyov6ro)v"[I.Aorcoroq1970o. I 16].Auco oTlpolvet,6tt
, r p o B l , e r c evt6 o
q v 6 o 0 e c o p i a y L a v o e l v o r r c p o o 8 e u t t r c r cl p 6 r e t v C I T
yeyov6rc,, evcil opto'pr6vegon6 out69 rlg Tlpopl'6ryetqnp6,rcetrul v0
enul.q0e6ovtst.'Evo, epeuvqtrrc6 np6ypoplro trilpa, elvo,t 0ea)pqtrx&
v6o, d,Tvcooro
npoo6eurrr6ov rcuOev6s 0ecopiarou Tcpopl'6retrc&,noto
tqg
cpuotrcoKcLl6l,a 6oa e(r17ei q TrpOqYoripevq
go,rv6ptvo, e(rlycilvca,q
Q e c o p i u€ g ' 6 o o v e ( , ' o p t o p o r i q v 6 a $ e o l p i c re t v c ( t e ( 6 l t ( q r q q
ar6 ttq
rcpoqyofpevqq.Elvsr 6e epretptr&, rpoo6euttx6 &v rc&,rcoteq
poq oEqyei otqv q,vq,rcd,1'uvq
TrpoBl,eyergtou enal,q0eriovtut, 611l,o611
'Eror,
n poypoppoa(to}'oTeltur orq:
6vu epeuvqrrrc6
ev6gv6ou yeyov6roq.
i . n p o o 6 e u c t x 6 , 6 c g vT l 0 e c o p q r r K r lo u a v d , n c u ( q( r c p o o 6 o gu) f i e p B c r l v e r
rou crvd,nrufrlpe rnv 6vvota rcupioqrov Trept0roplov
rnv ep7cerprrcq
rou
np6pi,svqqv6arvyeyov6t@v "6o.0 Kcrtpoq 0eolpr'1ttrcr1
rnrrD?(or5q
ouvell(et pe
6oo rca,tp66qtr'46r1
npoo6oqTrpoqyeirut rnq elrretpLKTlq,
v6o yeyov6ta" [I. A&rcocoq197| o. I l].
Tcpoptr,6rcet
entrux[o,vCI,
rc&rcota
rou crvomu(r16neto,trnq
ii. exrpui,lop6von ordorpo, 6ro,v n Oeroprlttrcr'1
pe rnv 6vvorcrrrlg onotulicrq rp6plevqq
eprelprKnqrou crvir,rcru€nq
On6rr, ctv 6,va npoypa4pocrDuvotelvc{,rpopt6ryet 11
v6arvye^Jov6tcrlv.
v s X , t r p t o r e ip e e r i r c o t rtop 6 n o v 6 o 6 e 6 o p 6 v o , 8 q p t o u p l e i t u1r 1o v c t ' Y K r l
su0s[perov nopo6oXrbv(nou ap1trcd,6ev rclovi(ouv rov
rcpoogrlKqq
Kc,ttK tov uot6pov (post hoc) e€qyrlotov' Tore ro
orcLr1p6nupTlvct)
np6ypopFoapi((et vct eKgul"i(eror.[I.A&rco,roq197| o. l2]
40
Kd,tr oqpavtrrc6 rou np6rcervd, elrroqpd,voupeeivar 6rr o,goriorTl
llpoypoprp&ro:vour6 Trou ev6ta,g6per
pe0o6otr"oytorov Epeuvqctrccbv
e l v a t o r l r p o p l 6 r y r r qK o t p e p t r c 6 qe K r o v u o t 6 p o v e n a l " r i 0 e r i o e rpqn, o p e l
proLov6crnepr 6yet
6va rp6"fpoppo vo eivat rcpooDeutrrc6
opKer6q
uvo:pal"ieq Tl rcpripet rcd,noteq uno06oetq Trou 6ev Ftropof v vo
"
6 r r c o r o l . o y q 0 o r l v o p r c e [r c i r n o t e qf i p o p l " 6 y e t qr o u v o e l v s t e n t t u l e i , q ,
porlpreveq
Or TroporTl
vCI,o6qyei aur6 ot v6eq avarc,l-riryerq.
6q1"CI,6q
Kot vu Ko,ruyp&govrCI,t,
0a rcp6ret p6pota,vo, eTrto'tlpo,tvovtc,t
c,vo:pul"ieq
6va o7rorcl,etotrrd,ruOoprottrc6 otorleio
ol,l"u 6ev d,Tcorel.oriv
cIg
npoo6eurtrc6rqtogrou epeuvqttrcorlftpoypd,ppotoq.O fipoypo,upto,ttop6g
r q q 6 p e u v o , qe l v a r 6 p y o r o u " @ e t r r c o fe u p e t t r c o fo t o t l e [ o u " r o o r c o t o
on],cbq,Kot 61t vo erctl.6oet,rcd,notCI,
Frlcopeiva enrtr"6(rrvCI,7rCI,polrep[o'et
pe0o6oXoyiu tov
tlcto'rrllrovrrccbv epeuvqttrccbv
a,vcopul,io. H
rTl l"ettoupyrrc6trlco rov
6ql,o6rl, 6ev CI,vCI,yvopi(et
rpoypCI,pp&ccov
reproo6tepo
$toryeriorov o'rqv ropeia rqg enrotrlpqq Kot ev8tcrrp6petot
O Ad,rcatoq,oorcei rptttrcrl orov
encrl"rl0erioerq.
yro rrq rcepro6rrc6q
fl6nnep 6rt unrpc6vroein oqpa,olatov Sta,ryefoeovrcstOeopei6ct 6vCI,
p6vo o,pvqtt16 orot6tr"eopc, (arc6dto4 avd,peoa orq ?eapfa rcqr ra
6vctolorcl"r1po
6e6optva rqe raparrTpqory)6ev a,prcelyto vo CI,vttrcpofoet
'Ofolq
etrovetl,rlprp6vo,
ovclg6po,p-e,lre TTlu
epeuvrlrrrc6 ilpoypoppo.
orpurrlytrcqrou 0ettrco6eupettrcorioiotleiou, o,uc6pnopel
KopTrop6po_
elre
vo
(erepaoce[
(rrpoo?i*rt por7?r1urciEutr60eoqq, €TravepprTvefa
spntttprccbvyeyov6rav,a77ay4orqv "Tapd,rrlpr7orcrcq"
rcd.norutv
ltaE 9ea:pfa)
, I ,T c o p o p e p r o t eKl C I ,vt c a q e 0 e i Y t c t
F e p r r c . 6 fqi e p r r c c c b o e t vqC
" "ptio e(rlyqoq elvc,t6va pqpo pTtpoot&(elvcrt
pel"l"ovcrrcqr7rCI,ve(6ruorl
eire,6r
ov e(r'1yeitoul,&ltorov
eTcrorqpovtrcrl/npoo6euctrcq),
6111,o,611
rcd,rcoteq
cLafio
avolpalleq,nou 6ev e(rlTorivravtTrlorqpovtK
an6 rrq Tcporlyorlpeveq
ouveli(ouv vCI,
rrg rpoirrd,pXouoeq0eolpteq".Or un6l"orTrtgavcoputr"leq
Kot eite n ]'uoq rouq
err(ofv, ovCI,yvolpl(ovtcrr
n o1"rog Tcpopl.Tlltoro
ad hoc
6peuvcreira 661ovcor (ercuOopcr
urc6 tr1 petr,l"ovrrrcr1
uvop6,vrrCI,r
e € n y n o e t g . 1 [8I . A d , r u c o q1 9 7 0 o . 1 8 2 ] . I - r c r6 o ' o u q0 o , e p p q v e f o o u vo u r q
t8 O Ad,roroq, 6ev 0ealpeievrel,oqcrvrreTrtorlpovuc6q
ng "ad hoc" e(r1p1oetq,rco,irtq 661etat
oov rcpoootptv6ql,0oerq Vt7'pt filv TtpotooTllrtaq npoo8eunrrlq e(nyqonq. B6paro,,6vo
"ad hoc e(q7qoetq" elvcrt erguLtop6vo Kot
lrpo^lpcrypaTcou ouooo:perietarcorcl"etonrcd,
owreTErorrlpovtrco.
4l
tcrlvepeuvqrrrccirv
rqv CI,vtKrtKotrltatqq peOo8ol"oylog
fipo^lpoppd,ccov
oq
rov r(pr,rTlpicov
op0ol,oyn(Iqo€rotr"67qonq
rov Oerr:prcbv,
eyrcar&l,erryq
Ocr
(6vo orq orc6yqcou Aorcaroq.O
roupe 6tr c,ut6 elvq,tevcetr"cirg
rcp6,rcrvCI,
I6yoq ourrlg 1116 pefcoorlq rqq aropryfag ralv Kprrrlpiolv yivera,r
unoxlerorrrq, Tro vo 6tortlpq0ei to 6tra,[coporrlq op0oloyrxrlqrptrrxqg.
pe Fdon
frs co Ad,rcoroq,q erro'rrlpI pnopei vo avul,uOelopOotr"oyrrc&
rqv onro0oDpoprqo.Tl
oprop6vo:vprlprd,rcov
rrlv rp6o6o KCI,r
rTlq,6rou opoq
q c,(toloyqoq rcsOeentl"oyrlgpTcopeiva yiver pr6vorK rc'lv uor6polv(o''
out6 0o o,vaqepOoript7rclpc,rcutco).
ep euvqrtrc6 npoypoppo rou
To
Ad,rca,coq,plroporlpe vs, co
pt auto Trouo Kouv ovopd(et rcavovtrcq
errocqprl (o-rcr
Tropopor&ooupe
a ,
ouprpcctver
ercovd,orooTl
rclaioto evog flopa8eiypacoq). H eTrtorqpr,ovrrcrl
c6re orrg neprntciroetgTEourcotd ro norlv[6r rrov ovrcr,yolvrortrccirv
flpoypopp&ccov,lupBd,vet X6pa ro
ev69 epeuvqctrcori
fer6,pCI,opd,
yto rov Kouv q roroplo rqg
un6 rcd,noto&i"l,o. Evcil6prcoq
npoyp&pprocog
enrocrlpqg eivq,r pis
a,rcolou0ia poKpc6v nepr66olv "Kovovrrcqq
ozc6 ouvtop.egrep166oug "Kploqq" --ercrocqpqg"Trou 6to,rc6rcrovrot
ouvirap(qq
qlupa.X|pev.atv II apa\erypd,rcov
yto to
Ad,rotoq, Tl
elvor p&l,l.ov
Kq,rn 6rop&1r1tov epeuvqtrrc6vTcpoTpoppd,ccov
ouvrircCI,p€rl
nl,q,loto c,(totr"oyq6qS tolv epeuvTlttrccilv
o rcav6voq u,gou to
npoypa4parolv6ev !r7ropei napo vcLeiva,rouTKprrrKo 5uu plcopo0pevo
pr}"rlooupsyw rcp6o6o,enul,rl0euoqrl "op06tr'1ro,"ev6g ftpoypapporog,
Xoplq vCI, e(ecitooupreoDytcptttxd,rtq l"0oetq fiou Trpooq6per ro
Ko,Lrrg l"rioerqTrouTrpoog6povcoran6 aL)"a
ouyKercprp6voftpo"lpaVLLa
rng [6taq (Tl tqS a,p6ocog
er6pevqq) erolqg.
epeuvrlrrrcitltpoypd,ppota,
t6oo
"'Ocro voplrepcr upyioet o CI,vrCI,yovro'p69,
yLa rnv
rcCI,l"fcepo
7 r p 6 o 6 o l' il . A & r c o , c o1q9 7 0o . 1 5 5 ]
ufio tva
Tcpoypd,pputoq
To \en6paopo, tcirpc,,evoq epeuvrlctrcori
cr,l"Io(ro rooDrivopotqq EntorlpovrKnq Eravi,.mooqq), ouvrel"eltat 6tsv
6vo epeuvrlctrc6ftpoypoppctfiou apTtoe vCI,ercguli(rrq,t c{,vttrcc{,0lotCI,tctt
rou rpoptr6neror ano pia v6cl Oeolpioqv evtoiliet Fe trlv
I-ig ro A&rcoroq,6vo ^1eyov6q
ave(&,ptqcaarc6to c,v qco,v
npo[no0eoq 6ct 6ev 6ler lprlorFoTrorq0eioq 6opq rrlq 0eolp[o,q,
q6r1Tvolor6nprv ar6 q np6tooq cqq ve&qOeopiaq.Awi0erc,, yro rov flonnep 6va Teyov6q6ev
unopaOpou'
crvctrotetreicprlparou "TvcDocrco0
pnopei.va0eolprl0ei6rr evrol0erpio 0ecop[c,
enolrlq.
42
ar6
npooSeuttrc6tspo. Me
&tr1,o
6va,
rqv
t?u,Kpd,rqoq -rTlq
o Ad,rcatoqopi(er 6va
npoo6aurrrc6rrlrog6vovtt tqq ercgulrottrc6tr'1cc,q,
d,noryrl tou, Kpttrl pro o,itol"oTqoq q Tov
6vavrt rqg eKgul"top6vng
ftpoypapp&cov" rTlv rcpoo8eucrrcq
epeuvqcrrccbv
ovrr.Ka.pevrrc6
, rcCI,t&rTiv
6ql,a,6Tlaut6 rou ovopd,(etrprrrlpro
peco,c6Tcroqq
rqq TcpoFfqpattrcrlq,
q
npopl'qpuroOeoicrq. Etor,
rp6o6oq
nopc,pr6vet rcpttqpto
rov
efirorq'povtrc6rqrCI,qKcrr rcatd, rTlv CI,vrrKocd,o'ca,or1
epeuvqtrrccilv
orqv Tcopetusv&ntu(qq rqq ercrotqpqq
fipoypappd,cov,oqori pto o}"tr,ayr1
proceI oq eTno'rnpovtrcr"p
ercc,vooro,oqp6vo CI,v elvat
0o, Iopcr,r(rrl
rcpotrno06ter
Emer8q6!rcoq,rl EntocrlpovtrcqEnuvd,orCI,on
rcpoo6eurrrcq.
rqv on6pprvTlrou orl,rlpof Trupqvaev6q epeuvnttrcorlfrpoypdppacoqKc,t
-- ot avri?eoqltt rqv 6m6oyr7?eo:prcbv
p6oa o'6va sps0vr7nrc6
Trpiypalrpa-orcd,vtoro v6o rpeDvrlrtrc6rtpo1poppoelrrept6let 6Lo tct ororXelo ev6q
rcaL16repou, Tl ouyKptctrctl anotfpr1oq 66o avt[0etolv epsuvl'lttrcolv
,9
puol(etot oe 6rio rcup&yovreq:
ltpoypoppd,co:v
?
A
-
c
|
-
-
r
6rcou 6va
a) rrlv a6(4o'q rou errpeparorpfvoutprttptro6 rr€pts1op6vou,
CI,vKorc,q6pvet vCI,
elvot Trporrp6tepo (rcpoo8eutrrc6tepo)
fip6ypcrpprcr
ercrl"forr oprop6veq an6 ttq avo:pcrl,tegTcou 61et o.uvct,vrrtoet6vu
oSqyeI ocqv t7r1ruXr1rrp6pf evq
rcuLr6reporcpoypol.rpo ouy1,p6votq
:u6
v6covyeyov6rov.
rc&rcotorv
b) tqv lreyotrrlcepq "euperrrrl 66vcpq"' (heuristic power) rou orlprutvet
ort 6vo, np6ypcrppo elvcrt rporrp6tepo ytuti €yet peyul'ritepcr
.
r
t
t
a
a
"
Dqla6rl elvat ro.xup6tepoon6 eupertrcqd,royr1.
rpoBtr"eryqq
neptOdlpro
l s t q y o v r p 6 c q r or o u T r p o y p d p p c , r o6 q l c 5 n p e r q v
A u r 6 , t o o S u v o p ep
ruco,o'rceuqptoq o,rcoLou0'toq
evDel6prvn (petr"}"ovrtrcr"1-u7roo,X6prevq)
0eolprcilv fiou
0a
pl(ovcat
XapcrKtq
ur6
eup0cepo splcetptrc6
reptel6pevo.le
Me
p&on,
trotn6v, rqv
a a a t t ' ,
TcpoTpoppo,rov, evCI, vto
pe0o6ol,o1io tov
epeuvqttKo
epeuvqttrccbv
ltpoypoptlct Ktvtttot
6rqv
re I-ra rapd,6er7pcr,
Tl 0eopia tou Kon6pvtrcounap' 6tro rou 6ev gatv6tav neptoo6cepo
epnerprrcdan6 outrl tou fltol"epalou (ciwi0eto, eile oopap6q orcttrc6qKc,t
0epetr"ro:p6vq
6uorcotrieg--- or gd,oetq qq Agpo6[cr1qcvoKc].rig0qrccvl0 1p6vto petd, tTlv
5uvc,prrc6q
ev6q
fip6pl.eryrl rouq) uneploluoe 7rcrci rltav F6poq ev6q npoo8euttrcorinpoYpd,Ftttffioq,
Tcpo1pr;14tioroq
lre peTolrireprl "euperrrcrl 6rivcpr1" nou .&,vot7e v6ou6' opi(oweq Kot
enrruXieq
"unooX6tc,v"pel.Lovttrc6g
43
Kore60uvoq rrlq
rpoo6ou
ov
rCI,pouor&(er o0(r1oq eprerptrcori
plo,rrirota s6(qoq. I-t'
rl o,vun6o1erat"6tt 0a 7rc,poDotd,o'er
nepr eyop,i,vou
op0ol"oyrrcq o(rol"6yTlo,q, ro)v epeuvTlrrrcolv
rcpoTpappd,rolv,
0u np6,net vCI,i,oppdvovrCI,r
urr' oryrv Kor or, 6rio a,urol
out6
Kcrr rcutCI,rTlv
Tlapa1ovreqnpo66ou
"
eltrreryicfi7epe7fasoq Kqr "eopenrcr1
6t5vap4
6ncoqKc,rro yeyovoqotr ro o1ettrc6popoqrouq pfiopel va norrcil"l"er
rcu,rd,
rCI,5rd,gopa
e n e r o ' 6 6 r ur q q t o r o p i o q r c o v t T r r o r q p 6 v . ' E r o r , o A & r c c , r o q
ercettrotso Kouv Xprtotlrotrorcf
7.y.
opOoi,oyrxdxpttrlpta
eyrcu0rDprler
rcotvclvtoToyucd
i yoyoioyrca
ro
onola, opoq roluouv p6vo ot
o ' u y K e r c p t p 6 vXop o v o c t g o r i 6 v o n p o o 6 e u c t r c 6e p e u v q r t r c 6T c p o 1 p a p p o
-,--orav
plcopeloe rcorcotu&tr"tqrepto6o vCI,percrrpafiEloe ercgul"ro-p6vo
Tt.X.tt enpepafaor7 npopT|vle@vyw vda yeyov6ta q.vurcaraora?efair6
--- Kot CI,vrtorpogcog.
ad hoc e(r7y4oe@v
arorcLewurcd.
ouooc(tp€o6ry
o' out6 ro na,r1v[6ro'uvoyorvroporlepeuvrlttrccbv
IuprnepcroFc,rrrcd,
orite psg ev6tarp6petnor6 r-poypoppo eivar Tcrorcovrd,
Tcpoypoppd,tc*lv,
rqv 6vvota,rqg CI,oupperp'roq.
ftu vCI,
o'rrlv olrl0ero, orite Xpetu(6pcco,re
ouyrcplvoupe6rio Oeolpieg6ev poq Xper&(ecarvd, rrq trerogp&ooupeoe
vrrcd,6va &1"1,o
co6
rcotv6rDiolpu.Moq evErcrg6petp6vo rcor6 rcpoypoppcr
ev6q
Trrorcpoo6eurrrc6,
TratI q rcpoo8euttrc6tlcol(or n eupertrcrl66vc,pr1
p7roporivvCI,
ri\youvev6e16pevtq"srci)l;6rtg".
ulreprcu,tr
Tcpoypol-rpr,oroq
B & o r 1 c u r c b v , 6 X o u p e p i o t K r o r v u o r 6 p o l v o , v o K c , r a o r e ur Il g
un6tr,urcr
rqq errorllpnq, q oTroio,Oeopeico,r
ouv8uaop6vqpe rTlv
1o,r0picrq
.und,pf
tr pio rcCI,td,
rpootyyro'Tl oupgolvlcr
pre0o5ol,oyia6cor cboce vo
eneto66ru.Auto, oqpulvet
avd,peouorr,g 6rio, toul,d,Xto'rovyLa rcd,noro,
ra. ro,roptrcd,
enero'o6taFre
v' ovol,u0orivl,erctopeperorcit
orr X"perctqeror
Kot vct,
Fooq rq pe0o6otr"oyicrrov epeuvnrrrccbvrpoypcrprpritrolv
, v ,
rcpoo6ropr.orsiercrov uot6pov Tro rco16i,oyo rc&noroXopaKrqptocrrc6
uTreploluoe xcDVd,].l"olv.'Onrog5ev vftap1n otqv ftpayp.artrcotqta
neIpopcr"--- yrc ro AitrcaroEauro ot 6pot
"6rdryeDoq"Kctr"CI,rcoqcrororrrc6
rpdret vo.€Ttctvoprorot5v
1t6oaatt6 rry trropucdE6ru5rcaoteqyrcri p6vo trtloa
--- 6rot Kctt"q
tK r@v uotdpatv,arrorcro|vrcd.notov6r71tq
arc6autdE,617),adr1
o p0otro7rrcotr;ta o'rqv erutotr'1pq rpoyap(t rotr"0 ap^(orlpa s.TE'6oo
',
'
I
or. Trtproo6repor,rcort6te urc6prqpe 6uvcrtornro
relvouv vo, Trror6ryouv
'
'Etot,
rptir,oaireo' 6vo un6 rd, tcto
" [I. Aaratoq 197O a .174].
}.ir,Ooug
,
,
t
a
44
"
Nc,poKrqptottKdKc,ryonteuttKd, orotyeia rou Tpyou rou Ad,rco,coq
n
pe0o6o)royiaoucq, Froq6[vet op0.ol,oytrc&
rcptrqpra av&]"uoqqercei Trou
ul"l"eqlxpooeyyloetgotcorcofv11enrtp6rouv ort8rlroce, a,l"]"d,ro, Kprrqpro,
uucd, 6ev elvc,t 6va orivol"o pqXCI,vrrccbv
evcol"cbvyro cn i,rioq rcov
pra op&6unupa,y6vcovrou Foq0ouv
TcpoFlqprd,ccov,
41"1,&
tTrrorTlpovtrccbv
rqv af roi"6yqorl rov Trpoo'qep6prevcov
l,6oeolv.To rcptrqpto a(tol.oyoriv
ol"tr"d,
ro rpeuvqrtrcd,n poyp&p.rpcrcs
6ev urcoSerrcvriouv
orov ercro'rqprova,
ri,'
vCI,rc&,vet.'Eror,6ro,v Tl peOo6ol"oyicrov epeuvqrrrccbv
rpoypoppd,rolv
rcocatr"qyer
avol,rlovroqpia toroptKn Trepi,rctcooq
o'6va oupr6pootlo yrCI,
rq
oXecrrcq npoo8eutrrc6rrlro
6rio
ftpoypoppd,ccov n
yLu rnv
rrlq on6goonq rov trrrorlp6vcov,ro rcdvetzcd,vro
op0ol"oytr<6tr1ro
rK rcov
uortlpov."H
pe0o6oloyio tov
e p e u v T l r r r c c bf ivp o T p o p p i r t c o vr c a p 6 , y e t
rcptc4pto Trou FoI0oriv tov erctocqpovcrvo ercctpqo'etrTlv roroprKq
rcur&oroon p6o-4,orqv onola ncrlpverrrq anogdo'erqrou,6ev fiept61er
orl1
opoq rcrv6veqTcouvo tou l"6vecl vc,rcd,ver".
[P. Feyerabend"Ev&vcrcr,
"
M60o6o" (r. 2311 ro p6vo foD lrlropel vo rcdverelvar vo rcplverrK r(DV
K6,tago6 6naE einatrteq
uor6prov cr1 oupfitprqopd, tou. Bd,oq outcbv
orpogyE'.'ev6qercrpo).rctrttvoo
tpst)vnctrco|
6uvar6rrTraprcg "\r1ptoopymrTE
rlpoypdpparoE6ev propei v' aftorcLetorc[--- Dev urcd,plerrcuv6vaqTrouvcr
i"6er orov enrorrlpovo vo orCI,lrornotrvCI,
8oul"erieryrCI,6vCI,
ercgutr"r(opevo
'fro
q ertpovrl or rcd,rcotoercgu1"r(6pevo.
rov Ad,rco,coq,
rrpoypoppo.
1rratqKaI oe 6va v6o np6ypal4ra,ftoo napd. rrc apprc1g
rlp6ypoppo
vq. unsprcepd.ou6va rc7up6 rdtfrepo
urooX{o€tE, 6evrcard.rpepe
eivor
pio
np6ypaplra
o p0ol.oytKn 6 paotri pr6rqcu, u,rc6pq Kd,r orcrv ra
d,vro7ovro'rrrcd,rlpoTpappara 6Xouv KuprCI,pXr'1oer.
H ori(r1or1 rov
CI,vrrl.tcr16pevcov
0ecoprcbvpon0i{, rrlv lupoo6o evcb n 6ta6rrcaola,rqq
"or,l 6rc,pKerornq
enrtr"oyrlq
eivar o'uvq0olqViu pctKpo6povTl7crp166oq
o r c o l o , q ' e l v aot p 0 o ] " o y r r c v6o 6 o u ] " e u e tK c r v e [ qo e o r o r o b r 1 T r o ror n 6 r r q
(av p&1"ro,rCI,
pTcopei,6t Treptoo6rspeqcrTco
pis)" [I.Acrrcoroql97I
0ecopieq
o.I 21.
Evo, a)"}"o; nol,0 oq;rovcr16 ototlelo
orTl pe0o6otr"oytatcDv
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6peuvcrqeivcn 6tr rcL 16rcrrcr rcpttqpto,
rrpoypappicccov
pe rov cp6ro Trou
plcoporivvu o(tol"oyqOorivLL' 6,vu tp6no o,vir,l"o7o
fipo"lpdppcrra" rcr 0eoporipe
a{roloyorivccn rct eprttptrcd,.epeuvrlrtrc&,
45
roroprKo, epeuvqrrK& Icpoypir,ppo,cu,
Kor or Trpopl,6ryerq
pe F&ot'l rrg
oTroleqanogooi(oupe yiu rqv Trpoo8euttrc6tqro
rov rrpoypoppora:v
11yra
ro Bo0po ercqul,roporiroug t[vo,r, ouoro,orrrcd,,
TcpoBi,6ryerq
y1o rT]v
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oylo rcov roroproTpcgtrcd:v
6ql"u6Tl,poq trrrp6ner vo uf roloyrgooupe
Epoypoppd,tcov,
epeuvqrrrccirv
rou 61ouv lrpoto0eI o'rrl
oDTKprrrx& rrq 0ecopfeqop0o]"oylrc6rrlruq
gtl"ooogla crlq erctotqprlq.
M e vq po our6 fiou pol.rg einape, 0s rel"et6o'oupeCI,vCI,q
r
ep6prevo
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nol"u ouvonrrrcd,o-rlv 7rt7roi0r1oq
rov o,nopolrqro Ko,r
tTlq toroplaq Ko,ttTlg grl"oo'orpi,c,q
rrlq enrocrlpqq
6qproupyrKoouv6rCI,o'po
rcal orq 6turcptonnou a,ut6grcd,verpero(ri tooreprKqq (internal) Kc,r
e ( c o r e p r K T l(qe x t e r n a l ) t o r o p i o g . f r o , r o A d r c u r o g ," q < p r ) ' o o o g i ar o r v
eivur rrvq" Kc,r"11rorop[a
rrcrorqpci>v
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rcDv enrorrlpcirv T@piq tq rpr?'.oooqiarrlq enrorrlprlg eivar tuqlrl"
(gttr,ooogrKrl)
1J..Etot, rc&0etTrtorqprotroTrrcq
1971r,o,.
0ecopia
[I.Ad,rca,coq
rccr0opi(erpis 6rogopettrcrl0ecopia op0ol,oyrrc6rrlraqKor q 0ecoplcc
op0otr"oyrr6tqtoq
rou
rcd,0e toroptoypogrrcori fipoyp&prparog
d,rot orqv op0ol.oytKrl ovoou7rcp6cqor'1
rqg enrorrlpqg o'rTlv
ovrCI,vq,rctr
piq ocrgqqovrrorotyia ovdpreoa
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o'rq p60o6oKc,toxllv roroptoypctglatrlq €rctortlpqq.
lotn6v, q 6ritrcptontooreprKnq - e(coreprrcrlq
I-rc{,ro Ad,rco,tog,
TcoDyevucd.too|ovapefpe r4v avu6rcoro74|ruvoryrtrcryE
rca,t
toroptaE--- rcc,ipvetpicr icl,l,r16rd,ocooq.Eoorteprxrl rorop[a,
Korv@vrcqE
roropicrg
epprlveup6vrl,
oro qcoqprog optop6vqgrprtr
elvar q Kovovto'rtrcd,
oooqioq
r n q e r c t o r r l p r l q ,r o r o p l s , q o r c o l C I , 6 e vf i e p r i " o , p B a , vcerrv c r g o p 6 9o . r
e€co
errornpovrrcorlq rapayovreg, Korvovtrco6, 0pr1o"rceurrrcofn
" ei,vo,r 6q)"a6r1 rcd,geerrl,oyq rov
nol"rrrrco0eoprrcou
XspoKtqpo
errorqp6valv, rou 0a XctpcrKrqptoreiopOol,oyrrcqoro gog tlg
pe0o6oi"oyloq rou
uto0etelta,t. E(clreptxrl rorop[a tcbpo,, elvat Tl
reptypc{,qtKq
1610pianou cauri(erc(rpe rqv Korvolvtol.oytrcrl
epTcerprKI
yevrrcit,pe rcd,0e
(Tl Korvc0vrol"oyt(ouoo,)
rotoplo, KCI,r
tr pq op0ol"oytrc6.
Irriv
ouoic,, 6r1l,a6r1,o Ad,rcotoqrourl(er ro ftepLe1opevorou 6pou
" e 6 0 ) r e p t r c 6 qp" g r o u o p o u " o p 0 o l o y r r c 6 q "K c [ r o u " e ( o l t e p r r c 6 gl"r e r o u
'Oro:g
eivd,r 6e' aurov6qro
" s v o p 0 o l , o y t r c 6 q " [ T . S . K u h n 1 9 7L ] .
. r ? 4 A - ,
l ^ a ^ r r t
46
ev6ta<p6pecatrpotopltrcu yto tqv 16o:rrprKrl tocopio 0epcilvco,q
rqv
opOotr
oyrKqq 0eopiaq roD
e(olceprKrl6va ovc,1rcoloouprrl"rlpopo rcd,Oe
rqq emorllpqq.
06l"etvcreppqvefoet,5l"e6ttq nl"eup6qcrvd,nru€tlq
afi'6rt ovCI,g6pape
cDSccbpa,or rcd,Oe
Agof 6proq,olrog rpcrivtrCI,t
pre0o6ol"oyi,oovrtoro ryei pfo optop6vrl toottptKn
totoplu,
pia
wropfaq u1EemovTtrtrTE
opgo)"oytKiavaoDyrcp6qoq641a6i tryqTrpayttanrc4g
op0o7oyrc6r4raqroD ry ev ),6yatpe0o6o),oyfaopi(et --1tepd,oryra rcprcr1pta
ro
ovd,l"oyo,pe ro roroproTpoqrrc6ftpoypoptlo rou entl"6Terut (6ry1adr7
a(ro76yqonr@v 6rcp6pav ?e@ptcbv
np6ypappa Trooetrrcpdna rry oDyKprcrcr1
q ropq avd,peooorqv
rqE rpAooorpfadOcrpetuciOeto,rKCI,r
op7o)"oyuc6rr7rae
tov e(coceptKnroroPtazo.
eoorrprKn KCI,t
z0Ttot, p6oolrov roropto1pogxrirvrcpoypoppdtrrlv,
un&p1ernpoo8oq6It p6vo 6rqv enrmqprl
aLLd Kq,roflq 0eopieqFaqTrornv errctqpovrrrl Tvriloq.Mta t6tota Oeolp(aop0oLoyrrc5cgtaq,
6va rcpo6eucrc6roropro7pogrKotp6Tpoppa p&or1tou orcoiou61outrte
rpooEerlerov o,TcoteLel
Fia peLrrolpdvq op0ol.oymr1o,voou7Kp6tqorltrlg ernmrlpqq, 6nou peyclftepo p6poq qq
npoypctrrcrlq ematrlplg Iopcmqpi(erat op0otro7trc6. 86poto, rcc,v6vo,toroptoTpaqtr6
ftpoypo:llpcl6ev pnopei ror 6ev 0a qtav rcot oow6 va epplvefoer 6Lr1 fi1v totopic, tolv
enrorrlpri:voq opgotroTrKrl--- 0o rlrov o6tov6qto vo Oepo0pe6tt bev unrlp(ov lov0aop6va
prlpaca11d,6rreqrcploetqorrlv rcopetc,fflqe7rtorql,,qq.Otovopoq rcpoc6tvetctpla petrttop6vrl
q "Eoolt€ptx4 rotoplc" trcexteivetct cnoonrbvtaq66crpoqan6 qv
0eolpla opOoLoytrc6crlrcq
"efcorepmrl rotoplcr" (Xpero(erat 6tr"o Kor l"t76tepo ouprtr"rlpolpaon6' "elcoteptrcofq"
nopdToweq)[.Ad,rcotoqt97l o. 32'331.
47
4. PAUL FEYERABEITD( 1924-Lge4
)
O n. Oeyrep&purevt, orco68ooe Aorpovopto, ivlo01ponrcd, Icrropis,
Of crtpo Kcrl Orl,ooogis,
Kcrttrpopvrs,
rel.eutoicr
Ai8corce Qtl,ooogio
Eznorrlpol,oyta
Ap6vw
oto
oro
flave:trotrlpro
6i6clcrrce F6uo
Oecrpol.oyio.
flcrvemorrlpto
1116 Zupi761q ev6
flp6rcerrat
rStairepq zepizrtootl oro X6po rrlq Qtl,oooqiag rrlg emorllrqg,
11,6ov arcpo;i,eq Kcrt pt(ooraoarcdg
oopapogdveraq
zcou Erurcatfler
o;rtoyetq. Eivat
yra
rrlg
:ucl
pia
p€ rtg
roX"6ptoq rqg
rov e?norrlpovtrc6 Xr6po Kcr tyer Ficr
avap1trcr1 Oeo pia yw rrl yvcbcrq rrlv ozroia 6ev Oeopei zpov6pto r@v
DrcvoouFr€vov, Tov e?norrlprovcuv Kcrl rov
r&0e eiSouq op0ol"oytor6v
rrlv eu0rivq yta
a\rLa rccTlpcrr6v el,erS0epov ztol,tt6v. ?Eoucvolappdvouv
rouq . 0eopo6g, rrg tdeeq Kcn rrq pog66 Srtlq rou ot [6rot 0eopo6v
yrcl
Ktvrlrozcotqgrtg
avti
fvootol,oTia'r
"Aair6g
ertgupq tE E:
yta el,efgepouq crvOpcirzroug"o.l0]. O
[fl.Oey Jlpc,*tcev'c "fv6oq
(Deyrep&.1ncevt 0eo peircn 6vcg cn<6pq oq pcrvrtr6g erczrp6oo?Eoq trlg
roropllcrorlrcqs orpogqq, rou onotou 6p.cugot arpcrieg g6oerg, Ttou Ocr
avsl,6oouF€ Toparc&r<0,o6qyo6v oto pt(r,rc6o1etr.kr.6p6.
M1ypt rllv
ero"p1 rou 6qpooreur4rce 'q rcpturcr1rou A&rcatoE orov
Kouv,
o @e7tep&.pmevr 6top6pgCIq€ picr ouTKeKptpevq rcptarcq oro
io7tr6
0ertrcop6. Kat6mv
ot6rl,qpo
6p,oq, &.pytoe vs ocrrcei oaprottrrl rcprttrcrgoe
Kcrr orov lf6mep,
ro :rLoioto tou l,oyrrco6 geflKrolrof, rcaOcug
?cou rctvr6rav orcr ,6pta rou
6&orcol,6g rou.
Erl,rlprl
Loytrori
0ettKtopo6,
rcptrtrcr1 &orcqoe orov
?Eou uzcrlp(e
Kouv
Kcrt
a)r)"&, Kot orp
Adrcatog rov onoto 6poq rov ei^1por peyoin erctpqo'q. @eoporioe rrl
pe0o6ol,oyio ?rou zrp6tetve o A&rcorog ocrv W:'o,qqtecrpivo o,vap6lop6 (0o
ywri) Kcr,1ro A&,rcarog ev-crvo;pyie.orivtpog5 tou.
eEnfTloouW Tco,parcdtou
To t,ouo TEou ouorcrqnrc& rou rpoo&,zrtet etvat 6tt
avnlqVers,
ev6
EToov [6teg
o Adrcrtoq 6ev tol"pd, vcr,tr5 ergp&oet Fe Tcappqoicl.
To ?Erooqplovtrrc6 Epyo rou OeTtep&pzrevr eivsr ro "Evd,vtlc drrl
M60o6o" ro oruolo eivcrr ctqrcpcipdvo orov I. A&riarog. O O'e7tep&,ptcevr
tTet
dq.rrooreriser Kur
roLilc,
&LXu
6,pya, o:cog Kcrt eDguEotareq
48
crravrrlcrelg
or
/
r(ptrtKdq
fiou
rou
6ltvav..Auto
6ev
opoq
0a
rcr
o1ol,r&ooutt€ o autq rqv rcpouoioorl.
Kdvovras o,p6trc&pia ouvozctrrcqrdpouoiaoq
rc&norov 06oec6vrou,
prpooriFs vcr zrouFe ra e[rlS: O Qeltepdprtevt, 0eopei 6tt "rl ertorrlprl
eivcrr pia ou6r,cr6trrd, cvap1r,r4 6paorqpl6rqtcr"
Kcrl 6tt
"o 0eorprltrr,c6q
oyap1ropoq eivar lcto avgporrrotr.r6g Kor nsproo6repo ratdllqtog
evgapp6ver rrlv
rp6o6o
an6
6rrl pi\owal 6rrlv fvvoprl t&€q"
6tr
or
vcr
rpot6,oer,6 ?Eor)
eva),Lartlrfg
[8.M. a.47).
Kcrtd rq Tvaip.q roD, q t?trotrtpq 6ev 6,7et zcpooDeuoet.rort. Fe 9&oTl
pia
pe0o6ol,oyia
op0ol,oyrKrl
Xaporcr1 pilet
Kcn
yevtr&
6l"eg ttq
evteX,6q rapor)"avqttrc6,g. H emtulia
preOo6oloyieq rrlg emorlFqg
lnaq
0ecopiaq 6ev ef crpr&tcn an6 op0ol,oyrrc& em1erpqprata a1,tr"& o;16 rqv
net06, rqv pqropucrl, rrlv ilpofiay&v6a Kcn rrlv zpanrttrcrl egcrptloTTlrTlE
[E.M.Krq.3-4].
H
np6o6oq, e(apt&tat
rrl
zroX,6 rEEproo6tepo ar6
Eqptoupytrc6tqte rou e:rtotr;povo rap&.crn6 trq pe066ouq Kcn rqv e(ouoicr
ftcr tov Oeytep&pzuevr, I
rng i6tag tqg errorqprlg.
epzrodi(er rrlv rp6o6o,
p6vq o;p6Tlrrou 6ev
ei,vcn q o;p1!4tou "6lcr e2urrp6:rovtul" (anything
goes). Ol,s cut&,, cr,ro6etrcrr6ovtat "T600 an6 Trlv e(6tuorl rov roroptrc6v
66o KcrL an6 t.q 0eorpqcrcrl av&,luoq rng o"1toi1q r56ag Kcrt
yeyov6rov,
rpdEqg" [E.M.<r.5a].
rapcrzr&vo oqpaivouv 6tr,6ev
To
ut&plouv
rcev6veq letrou pTio4 trlq eznotqpqq nou vcr, pag :tap6,1ouv p6oq
o6te
. A ,
rcpttrlpto lupo66our erct6q ioog ov Oeoprlooupe rp6o6o tov g\o,p6totro
orrl
yv6oq,
yovtpotqra
6rlX.adrl rrlv
rrlg
oriyrcpouorlq ro1,l,ar1"c6v
eval,lcncnrc6v Oeopt,6v rov ozcoiov 6poS rl enrtulicr 6ev e(crpt&tcrr, ozcoq
etzrape ant6 opoo2"oytrccl eTflIetprlF,crts, al,}"o
pTlroprKrgtrav6rrlrs,
rTlv ret06,
rpoo6eriet
Fdot
Trpoypoppatov,(A&rcatog)
rl
znore6et 6rt q &roryq Troq n
flapo6etypdtcov
epeDvrlrtr6v
(Kouv)
8pcrotq pt6tqta
eziluolq
eptuvqttrc6v
zropa66oeov (Adouvrav),
ouvror& curcrlc&rq, 6zrcoEauta:u&tl. oDvror& rot 11&zcoryrl6t
eivcn lriu
rlv
rqv Ttpolro,yuv6sKor rrlv ?Eporcr1rcr1
egclptloTrl.
flto ouTKeKptpdva, o Oelrepdpnevr
eunotrlpl
on6
TtpoFftl pdtov
q emorrlp4
?toD ttpoyaprr
e|qyqttrco6g rcav6veq Kct oageiq pre066ouq. I-t' out6v,.6ev
p€
vr6,pyet
rcappfa pe0o6o )"oyia TEouva 6rrcar6vrror an6 rrlv tOrc( tqv ezttotq pr1 Kcr,t
49
'Eror,
TEouvo pqv agrlvet o;ll' e|co oqpovttrca yeyovotu.
Tl dvvotcr rTlS
pe066ou6ev o6(eror orite p€ rn 6oul,erdrou A&xa-uog
n 6oov sX"trov
06Louv Ficr op0oX,oyrrcrl cvcrouTrcp6tqoq trl6 ezrtcrtqpqg Kctl rcpttr;ptcr
per&peorlg s.T6 rrl
1tiq 0eopia
orqv
&1,1,q. Xaparrqptoarcrg
rl
eivst
rcptnrrl roD orov rel"euraio @q ?Epoqro 6tt our6g 8ev rca0opi(et 6vcr
lpovtr6
<ipto Wa&- ro ororo
Evs. eKg utrt(6 F€vo itpoy pappcr np6ret vcr
Kar& ouvd,zceto, "triv poq erlrpfrerar
eTKcrrcr,tr,qg0ei.
p.ari
vo
lrqv
"Consolutions
for
reptpfvoupt
re pr.oo6rtpo"z1!
the Specialist" in
Criticism
vo rreptp6voupt,
FI.Oeyte p&pzcevt
and the Growth
of
Knowledge,2lSl,
f,)o'r6oo, eivct
Xq.pcrncqptortrcq Tl 7or1te[a rou crorcei o A&rutog
Vo eivot o
orov @eltepapzcevt. Avti, ottog "guotoioyrrccr" 0o neptpd,vap^e,
ovop1rrc6q Oeyte p&pnevt pootrc6g zroX,6.uoqto6 rct' e(o1r1v o p 0 o l"o7to'trg
A&rcnoq, oro 6pyo rori. Oeytep&p:revt yiver.an TcpoFofrl Kot tTttlepyooia
rov
r6e6v rou i6tou rog
A&rcato6: l'Ka0c6g 6pog q epgdvroq
6vc rep&otto
Aorcatoq] ovrrTupoo<ozceuer
Frtpa ?no ripa
[tou
Kot s.n6 rrlv
ilponlprlflrc6tr1ta rclv npoqyof prevov an6ryeov, rccr06q6,"7eto5Tlyrlctetortg
TEroev8tag6pouseg roroprr6g rcur gtl,ooogucfg avoraL6yerg, Kot Kct06g
galvetat vct,TrspEX.?L6va oogrl o6qy6 ]reoo oro Lap6ptv0o rnq toropieiq,
Ir?ropo6F€ Vo rrlv
D?roorrlpi(oupre X@piS vcr eyKcrrcrl"eiyoupe rov
cryap1rotlo. Mropof F€ arc6pa vcr rapcr8eyro6pre 6n, or4v zropofocr q6oq
rrlq
qtl,oooguclq
ouvei8lorlg,
p1o
avop0otr,oytrcr1 0eopia,
fiou
rpprlverietat X"av0oolrEta og pia v6a rpoo6yTrorl rou Op0o6 A6you,
Fnopei vcr,czzrotel6oet alto'cE).eopantrc6tepo6pyavo czrel,eu06pooqgrrlg
orc6ryqg ar6 6vav ol,og&vepo avup6lop6 Eou 0a cp6poEe tov rcc06vcr".
Kor zraporc&ro: "49o6 ol,orcX"qp6oo ro 5orcipr6 Fou, Ocl TEpoolopqoo
ouvezc6g orov
A&rcrroq
avtt
vc, ouveltoo
vcr 6tatupravi(o
rov
It O A.drcroq, ardvrlo€ cro @e-yrepdplr€vr
6rl n awipplort rou aurr;, eivc,t6o1eq rpoq ro
rou tcpoTps.ltqroqF€ rqv c,rogooq av
06Wylr:ri ouy1ove0er.rr1pe0oSol.ofKrl o(toL6^1'r1srl
0a rpEm vcr ouvelioer o emomlFovaq va egcppd(er to np6ypag.ra.Arcurpivroe elctd.6ov
6tr eivar pev 1p6oqrou gil.oo6gou ?rlq errorrgprlqvc, ouorrlvel ep€uv1ar6q anog&oetc,a)")"&.
propei rdrotor enovrlpoveqvo err1,6(ouvvo ouvelioouv 6va erguLrop6vorp6"ypo:Itlr:pE
otpoqiq: "€ivclr releialq op0oLopr6 va r{tlr;- roveiq 6va
rqv elriEcr ptcq ErlproupTucrtg
prryoxlv6uvo rcnlvi6r
awo nou etvor, avopOotr"opro eivar vo atro1orlre0eto,tqtco rov
(.lg7l)o. l0 ].
and its RationalReconstructions"
rci,v6uvo'[I. AArooq "History of.Science
50
orpoK&l,uztro avo,p6topto!"fE.M. rceg. 16, o.2661.Eco i6to zcve0pao [6tog
ouveli(et: "H p^e0oEol,o7iarov tpeDvrlqrc6v rlpoTpapporov, Ttv.ptyet
aAn2t,
rcpttrlpta fioD poq0o6v rov
emotrlpova
rcotdotdoTl peos orTlv ozoia
raipver
vcr elfirprloer rrlv
totoprrc4
flq azoqaostq rou, 6ev rept|,yer
6p.oq rcrv6veq rou vct rou l"6ve ri va K&ver". [E.M. o. 231]. T{: "O Op06q
ar6
A6yog,
6zcoq opiletat
tp(erg
roD sTttortlpova. Me 6e6opevq outq rq l.oytrcq rcat rinote alu)"o,
"6l,cr ernp6,rovTor".
Aur6
rov
oq;raiver
6tarpop& av&peoa
reptyp&Vrltrt
A&rccrtoq, 6ev rca0o6qyei &.p.e,oattg
orov
rog
6ev or6.pye1 "o p0ol,o1rK&"
Adrcatoq Kcrr oe p6va, eq6oov
0eopo6p€ r&,vtote oq prftpo l,oytrcrtg t,a rcptrrlprcrrou A&rcoroq". [E.M.
o.232).
Met&
o;n6 out&, pnopo6F€ vcr, e:ravol&poupre,6tt
rcappia Kcrvovrotrrcrl u-p1i rcat 6tr 6ttotog avslrioer
rrlq eztorrlprlq
plulnet 6tt
6ev
6ev ur&.pyet
rcol,& rq p.e0o6ol,oyicl
vnopyer rcoppio pre0o6ol,oyta ?uoD vs
XapaKrq pi(et roDq orconorSqrrlq Kcrr vcr rcatsu06ver rouq or6louq
rIE:
"flp60eort pou 6ev eivcrr v' crvrrKoraorrloo 6va oriv.olo yevtrc6v rcqv6vov
p' 6va &?uLo avd0er'a, zrpoOeoq pou efvat va, iceio,o rov avayvdtorrl 6rt
6leg ol pe0o6ol,oyieg, an6pq Kcn ol rcr.oeuv6r1req, 61ouv ta 6pr,ri roug"
lE.Id. o. 641.
O Oeyre p&.pnevr, ovcr6errorrlerF€ 7rol"ri zcto pt(oozraoarco rp6zo rrlv
6vvota rrlg aoDprtl€rpiagrat tov oDveTrrt6v tqg. Oeopei, 6tt Eev u:r&p1et
pa0po TEou vo vopprozcotei ro r8tatrepo
crvrrKelpevtrc6 u'zc6
rcripog rrlg
e:norrlpqq rl rqv ovCIrtp6trlt& rqq oe o16oq p uL)'eg Frcpg66yvoottrqg
, a ' f r r r ' '
tStorolTlorlq rou r6oprou. Etocryet 6tot 6va zroLu 6vtovo o1errKrop6,o
vcr rer,,5tt
orotoq qt&vet, yro ztap&6etyFtcr,
6ev un&.pyerl,6yoq vcr
Oeopeitat 11Auirrcrl Iutptrc4 rcol"ritepqr1 zro a(r6zrorq az6 ro pouvtori.
flto ouTKeKptpt'vc, rl oaupperpia orcr rcetpre.vo
rou Oeyrep&,ptcevr
eivot zr&vtote ouv6e6epcvq F€ tTlv otLa-rq oqpaoiaq rcDvemorrlprovrrcov
6pov Kcn p€ rqy a6uvapta l,oytrr1q rapsryayTlqrou nporfnrer erei. O
ttq 6rogop6EroD yapi(ouv rI 6trcqtou
t6to6 6,yettovioet ezavetl,TlFrpsvo
0e6prlorl rrlg ooupp€tp'to4 anr6 rrlv avtiotorlq
repro pilerat 6rlv
rcupioq orTl
evvotol,oTtrcrgoou plwpia
rou Kouv: (a) o i6rog
ev6 o Kogv paailetat
pe0o6o1.o7trcq Ko1 avttl"r1n-nrcr1dou pyrerpia, (F)
H
5l
Gveyv6ploq roD yeyovoroq 6tr 66o gecopieqeivor ooDtrtt€rpeq 6ev
o q p c l i v e r6 t t 6 e v u r & p 1 o u v r p 6 z r o t o r i y r p r o q qr C I v Q e c o p t c i v . f l c r p ' 6 1 , c r
eivor rvruTroororrl q opror6rrlrcrrov azu6ryeov
rou Oeyrep&,pzevrp€
ao:,6,.,
rrlv e[6X,r(q rov avul,r1ve@vrou Kouv, n6 ozoieg 0o Tcdpouor&ooup€
oro tel,eurcio Wpogrou rap6vtog rcetpdvou.
O Qeyrepupnevr lre rrl 06o'q nepi coulrprrpiaq rou utogerei,
entrlOetcn orX,qp,&oto pt(trco eplEetpto.qo,6ql"a61lorrlv azoyq 6tt ctg
6e6oF€vrltrpovrKq onypnl rl szcrotrlpqpropei va XprlorlroTtoteip6vo pia
oerp& 6ra6o1trc6v0eopt6v X,oyrrc&oupPrpootorvpreta[ri rouq evc6 5ev
a 6
ptopei vc uzdpX.eL
a)rl,ayrl vorlpcrrogrCIv 6pcovrcararq per&Fcoq azc6rr;
,
1 1
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ott rccrtot 6rio outi,g oDv0'qrceq
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nopa6eryparrKtg atco rouE Oetrrctoriq.
zropopt&(ovtot
rlTlpog rqv &zcoryrlroD aveT@111topori.
Aut6 oqpaiver 6tr or 6to6o1trc6q
Oeo pieq Quu pTEoporivva 'oDTrcpr0o6v F€ F&otl ttg rcX"aootrcEqLoytrcEg
trre066ouq a7u1,q,sut6
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oriTrcproq F€ Faotl tqv al.q0ogaveta (fI6TcitEp) al"i6 6ev crTrorcl,eietarq
rcr, ozcoio 6poS- 6ev pnopo6v vcr
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53
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:
'lvfore
rl Kptnrq oe prptriorou Acrrotoq [n.Qelepcrprrsvr 1981
ciotles for the Emperor's
y!
BergainBasement"British Journal for the Philosophyo[ Science,32. 7 01.
54
emorrllrovrq. B6pato, to Tcp6Fhpo 6ev to 6,1ouv p6vo ot e?notqpoX,6yot
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55
s. LARRY LAUDAI{ ( 1e41-
O L. Laudan, nqpe ro 6t8crrcoptro rou ozco ro Princeton Kcr,1orrl
ouv6,1erc 6i6a[e Iotoplcr trlg OtX,ooogiaq tqg Enotrl]rqg oro Pitts urgh.
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svrlKsrdorcroq
R. Laudan er66ocv ro "scrutinizing Science" oro orolo 6ev rcpoozccr0ouv
vct,6torye6oouv n vo etal,q0eDoouv crnoryetqyto rrlv aLl"cryr1gecoptc$v
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57
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o'
6va ptrcp6 1povtrc6
6t&otqp,c, o oroioq 8ev ouppo6i(e1 Kcr,r'ov&yr1 F€ rrl yevrrcrl np6o6o. H
eivat ouvdprrlorl rrlq
cr?ro6oXtl,lotzc6v,,u1cq epeuvTlnrcrlqzccrp&5oorl6,
o,LL&.KcIt tou oDyKptrtrcoi pu0po6 rpo6Sou tqq
ouyKprnrcrlq ttLrlp6tqtoq
Tcap&8ooqqoe o16oq pre&tr}"€q rups65oerq. Or 6e emorrlpoveq pTroporiv
vcr l,APouv 6tdqo p€q ev6td,peoeg yvootcrrcSq ot&,oer6 crvdpeoo orrlv
crr6pptvTl tnoq rap&Eocrqq, 6nog it.X. va uto0etrloouv rl
azro6o1r1rcat rlv
vcr cr,pvq0orivvcl uroOetrloouv rcd,rotcr,Fr€prlrTlg.H a:r6gaor;, t6pa, rou
enrotqpovd Trcrrrl ot&oq ?rou 0a utoOetqoer azevcrvu oe pia epeuvqttrcrl
rcrp&8ooq
etvar
op0ol,oyrrcr1 6oo
e(opr&rar
nop&6ooTJq, rrlv otcoia, 6zroq eiEcrpe, o r\douvtav
ave( &.p:'r1ta, (6ql,a6rl
vc rI
Xapi;
ouv66oet
ax6 rrlv
rp6o6o
rnq
eznyeipTloe vcr opioet
Fr€ rrlv
crfrl0ercr, rrlv
rov cp67co,o'crur6 co v6o povr6X"o
0epreti,ooq,K.Ir.). M'cur6
€pTcerprrcq
€rroarlpovtrcrlg op0oX,o7trc6tqtaq crg' ev6q q 06oq trls crouppretptaqy&.tet
rrl oq pao[o rrlg
trsldppao1g rca:-v'a(ta)"oyqooupe 66o 0eotpteEpe fd.oq re rpop)rapars. Troo
evalorp6,rpetcrtrl rcaOtep@p€vrloivdeorl tov
'Etot,
crvti ot e(el"iE,eq
evvotrirv rqq op0oX"oytr6tqtoq Kar rrlq zrpo66ou.
76vo0v---, Kor cq'et6pou
crrlv
vo
emorrlpq
rcpi,vovtat W
rrlv
ltpoorpuyrl o'
q*o
rp6turto
opOoloytrc6rrl-rdq, y.o,pancrlpl(ovtal oq op0o1"oytrc6qerceivegot ef el"i(etq
rtou e{vcn zrpooEeuurc6g q emorrlprl 6ev rpoo8e6er euret6riot ezrtpEpoug
orog,&oerg rov efirotrlp6vov
op0oloprcrg
eivat op0oLoytrc6q, al,X.& avrlotpogcr eivcrt
rcrpouor&(er oogrl Kur ouv e6rl zrp6o6o. tuI' &.)r)"a
eret8q
X.6yta, q opOoX,oytrc6rTlrc rqq emotripqq ouviototcrr otTlv e:rtX"o1r1rov
ol,1,ay6v: "op0otr oytrc6 orTlv eznorrlpq
0eopqnr6v
rpoo6eurtrc6tepov
ou(crver rrlv rtpoo6o r<ov epeuvqttrcrirvtapa66osov
eivar ott64rorc
Kcrl
0earpt6v" [A. Adouvtcrv (1977) o. 124).
A(i(et
vc otclOoripe l.iyo o'6va
faporscqptortrc6 rou povt6lou
av&zrtu(qq rqq eznottl pqg rou A&ouvtcrv, ?EoD6,yet vo rc&ver F€ tov
'
9
.
? q.
t
,1
a
--
ave(&prrlro o propr.6rrlg ucpo66ou,oq srorel,eolrorrKotrlta ezcil,uorlq
npopfqp&rov. E66 ux6.p7et,rccrtd,tq yv6prl pog, 6vq, np6phpo. Aut6
'
6yrcettar oro 6tt yra vo X,etroupyqoetro p"ovt6X,orou A&ouvtcrv
,
,-
. v
f n^--ypet&\eror vct p?ropei va yivet crrp'ev6q aTcapi0pTlorltou rl"t1OouqKot tqq
or1praoiaqrov irpo Ff q p&ro:v (eprerptrccSvKcrt evvotoioTtrcc6v)nou 1"6vet
59
n ag1vet &X"uto q Oeopto (q eptuvTlrucrl rcrp&6ooq) rut'cg'
0ecupt6v.flpo0rco0eoq
ouTrcptrrrcqerrcipqorl 1ov
uzrol"oytop6
q
eivat
.trtaq pe065ou
rcato1q
"flq
er€pou rl
€vcr r6,roto
e(atopirceuoqq
r(Dv
TcpoFITlpdrov Kcr guorrc& q uz60eqq 6rr pia 0eopia 6ror 11atr,1,t6gX,6vst
6 v u T l e T l e p a o p r ^ 6ov po r 0 p r o T r p o F f T l p & t o v . ' E r o r , 6 1 o u p e
6va rcoOap&
rtototrrc6 povr6,1"o arcrrrei
te1vrrc6 Ep6Fll lra, <lruou 6va
rcoootrrcEq
evcb o arptprlg rp6roq ps rov oTroio ytvetot
rapapdrpoug a(tol6yrlo'qq
pis r6,roto ouyrcprttrcrl a(tol,6yrlo'Tl 6ev eivcr,r(erc60apog.O
A&ouvtav
npoozr&0qoe vcr azccrvtrloet oroug eznrcptrrigrou X@piS 6p,og vc 5ivet,
rcor& tr1 yvcbprl !,ctg, ouotcrqrtrc1 ozc&vr1oq oro zcp6pl,qpa.
roul,&lrqrov
Eu,u.rupt(rilrevoq trJv &zcoryl rou A&rcotoq yLcl fflv
crvflyrccn6tqta rou
6qpnoupytrcoriouv6taopof rrlg roropiag F€ rrl grl.ooogia qg
o
noce6et
r\douvrcw
6tt
a.-
e peuvrlctrc66 zrapa86oer6 rp6,net vcr
ot
t
ernorrlpqs,
a
,
,
,
,
rTlv toro plKq € ptDvcr,, rpapcl TEouorl lrorver oTr o
orcr9@flqovTar cr,?Eo
F
r.oroprrc6q n
o
o p0ol,o7trc6tqta
e(ovultottrl
gtl,6oogog
tov
rrlq
entotq pq6
rpoTuorlotrloeov
rou
Ocr erscrprloet
rrlv
zcopel,06vrog pE
pia
ovol,uoq rrlq ercootote tq:EoplKrlq repirtroo'qq Kcn oXL tl€
rc&:roto lrcpqTl ovtqroprKrtq op0ol,oyllcrlq ovaouyrcp6rq<rrlq.'Eror, ro
povr6l,o roD A&ouvtav 0a ,rmopoioe va Xd.parfirlptotei og "op0oloyr.r6q
1980 o.6 t I ). Opgotr,o7trc6q,"1to,ri ETooye, ro
61rrrrlo116g" [H. Krips
8trcaicrllravcr rcpivoupe rqv op0ol,oytrcorrlrcr rov ouver6qr6v a:cog&oeov
ev6q errorqpova
rou rapel,06vtoq
Kor o1errKr,opog, "6rcrniq rcpioq ILo,g
e{upt&tot 6peoo, 6Xt p6vo sr5 r,u roroptrc& ototletcc Trou 6to06toule,
aLlrq.rcar crr6 ttq rca0tepoFeueq t6te ge0o5ol"oytrc6,greucot0rloelg.
T61,o6, 6va
arc6pq
Xapo:tfirlptortrc6 oqpeio
rrtq
Oeopias
ror)
Ad,ouvtav eivar rl arouotcr r€proptonrc6v ouv0qrc6v. Eto 8il,qppcr rou crv
Occ rplxet
va 6e1te[
Fdcr oetpd, o1ettrc& ou0alperov
(eucrorqprl-Fterag uotrcr1, e oore ptrcr1-e(<oreprKTl t<rropts,
emorr;pq)
TEpoKetpevou vc
,
,4
n
.
c6ptprt -crvc6ptprl
Kcrrcrorrloer l,ertoupytrc6 6vo
auorqp& e?norrlpovrrcrlg op0oX,oytr6tlrcg,
n
6t1oro pq oeov
fr
rl rou ov 0s npoteivet 6va
rco0oltrc6 povri,Lo cvOpozcrvqq op0ol.oyrrc6trlrcrq Trou 6pq
eqopp6(erat orrlv emotrlpq
ptovt6l,o
8rioroX"a
eznl.6yer rq 6erirepq irioq, .E o;toreieopa
vcr pret6vercn'rou)"&ytorov rcat& tr1 yv6pr1 lrag, q rcprttrcq ipp6l,etcr rrlq
oriv0eorlgrou.
60
6.
O EKOYr\ITNIOE TOY EPO|PAVII\{ATOE THX
IETOPIKIITIKHE
ETPOOHE KAI II NEA IIPOBAHI}IATIKII
H "I<rtopucrotrrc1 orpogrl",
crv6rcurye,6zcog avcrg6pcp€ Kcr,r orrlv
etoaToyr;, oE pey&l,o 9c9p6 ezc6 r1v cTrorD1io rou l,oyrrcou 0ettKropo6
vo g6pet stq rt,paq to 6trc6 rou rp6ypdpprs. Xopiq or rl(Trp6crorot rrlg
"otpocpqg't autrlg va 6ql6vouv 6tr 6qproupyorlv 6vo e(' olorctrrlpou v6,o
nl"aiato Tt 6tt napdlouv to v6o 0epr61"rorTlS emorrlFIg, rccrt6pOooav
ercgpd.(ovrq,E6va o6vo7o ar6ryeatv r@v oroiatv ro erircevtpo firav 4 e(il.tirl
rqE enor4p7E --- va 6ei(ouv 6tt q ezrrotrlpq ouvtor& 6vs gatv6p€vo zcol6
rrto orivOeto crzc'6oo ntoteuccv oq t6te.'Erot
v6eq ?Epooeyyioet-cKot
0enrcor6q
npcotoyovrot6g
a:rovr'rloouv
zrpopl,qpartolroug.Ozroq
Kcrl e pfielptot6g
eznrcptr6g toDg'yra
crvayr&qr1Kcrv
a
vo
opog
or
l"oytrcoi
azcovrrloouv
A a
vd, uTtspctonioouv r1q 06oetg rouq, 6tor
tTlq
orouq
eprl,oriTloov rov rc1,&6op€
"roropttctorlrrlg
<rrporp{g"
orouq
Kor 01
v'
avuyrdorrlKcrv
6trcoriq aoug enrrcpttdg. lvlraivovrag
6tot
"oto
yqneDo" T@v crvcr&iov
6I.q
q
toDg, Kcr,rnpooTta06vrcr6 vcr o6oouv dvvoteq
opgoLoytrc6tqrs
Kcr,r rl 'zrp6o6og, crvuyrcd,orrlKcry vcr
6rcrgopo;cot4oouv r1q 6vvoteg roug Kcrr yevtrcd,vcr rcd,vouvuTro1op'r1oetq.
Ev6etrcrtrca Fropo6F€ vct avogE,poutl€ ro
e€rlq: lvlet& flq
rcs0oLtrc6q
crvnSp&oetq rov gtl,oo6qov rqq e?norrltrrlq orn 06oq rrlq ooupll.rctpiag, --6troo )"Q?qrce, fa
trapd.6erylta, 6n
av q rcd.0e eTnorqlrowrc7 ?eapta
ercppd.(rrar orq 6m4 rqE yAcbooa Kqr rca9opi(et rq 6w4 rqe sprrilpia, tdTt,
rcappfa ?eatpia 6ev ptropei vq. avrtqd,orcetpe pfa d.774 trpd.ypa TraDoqpatvet
6n
66o 6tagopenrc1E 7easpieg propei
v'
aroreA1ooov i1ioo,
rca76E
eyall.arcnrc*E Lioery rcat ry epretpia 6 ev 0a pro p ei vq. rat{e t rca7opronrc|
p67o orqv em).oyq rqE paE---
rccri ctrov eKguX.rop6 r6v
evvot6v trlg
rpo66ou rcai rrlq op0ol,oytrc6tqtag zrori er6<pepeq uto06tqoq trlg, "ot
vc D?rootqpif ouv rtg 06oerg roug W rp6no
rsroptrcror6q" ?EpooTro0orlv
6.,,rolq1,ty6te po 6uvcptrc6 rcci pt(ooracrrtrc6 cr,fi'6fl oro (ercivq.qa rouq.
Azravtovrcrg, yrc ropdSerTpo, oe t6rotou
trirou
enr06oetg, o Kouv
uTrrprovi(et rq olproolcr rqq soup,ustpiaq rov evvotriv oe crvrt8tcrototr.rl
6l
F€ rcr al"}.a 5uo ei6Tl ctouppretpiog (aouppetpta .ue0o6ol,oytrc6vrcptrqpiov
trcov6tqrsq) ev6 orrl "AEE" 6rcog eiOapre
,
Ks,r ooupperpicl ovrtl,qrnrrlg
tovt(6tav
ve6tspo
q <rqpaoia trl;
rcei,uev& rou,
sou pFetpiaq avrtl"r1attrcr1gtrcuv6rr; aaq. Xta
o i6tog ovcr?v@pi(et 6rr
prropei vcr uzc&p1et
oriyrcproq Oeopt6v orrq zreprrut6oetg emorqpovrrcrlq cl,l"ayr1g, rl ozcota,
oriyrcptoq "ef crpr&'cat otri 6,va p.eiypcrcr,vrrKrrpevtrccivKctl uTEoKerprevtrc6v
nupuy6vrov
Tl rcorv6v Kcrr otoprrccbvlcprrqpiov". [T.S.Kuhn (1977y) o.
325]. Ezcricl,6ov,o [6roq 0ecupei t6pa, 6tr ot ezcrorrlpoveglucoporiv vo
rporouq
61ouv
rcupicug p€oo
emKolvoviaq
yl,ooo6v
6to<popenrccbv
rrlg
ercpoOqoTlS rCIv
<rrtq ozcoleg egpd(ovrsr or 6rilgopeq 0eop[eg,
ptsq guotrcrlg yl"oooa6
8ts8trccoicr Ttou ?Ecrpsllttl.[(etar F€ rrlv ercp&,0r1o'q
Kcrr tntaDy1&,vetcrt pSoo rrlg e(otrceiooTlg l.l€ rs uzcoSeiTpara. O i6tog
6cr uzc&p1ouv ro,payovreg rou eivar oTcogcrotottrcoi yra rrlv
:
a(tol,6yrlorl rov Oeoptc$v --- 6ratg 7T./.4 arcpipila ptaE ?eapiae o€ o76o4
l|yerat
a a a
p€ ra. ropiopata
rcat rq.par4pqoeav, 4 ouvdtew, @E TpoE.roy
nsr.paptd.r@u
aTto6ercrdE0eatpied roD ro[tta, ro pd.olta
eaor6 r4E rcq.t@g npoE ug rca1otrtrcd,
sgq,ppoycitvrtlE, q arTtrnrd
crvcrpgtoprltqtct
rqE *in, q yovtp6r4td. r4E
l,ettou pytrcoi
or onoior eivcrt
aXj"6. 5 ev etvcn oe rcappio
Tclpircrcuorl
zco1 p e orlK& rcso
,Ker.lr€vrKoi
rl u
uTco1peottrc&
o l,trcoi. [T.S.Kuhn- (1977y)]. Or
nlutlpo q ovrrKel
rccgol.trcoi.
.uevrrcoi n
e?norrlprcvrrcrig
Oeopieq rou DtaseXovrar'q piu rqv ottq
e(arcoLou0oriv
6prr:q,r6.vra rcatd tov Kouv, vs etvcrt ooripp€rp€q, 6zcou rl a,ouplterpio
Oeprel,r6vercnr6pa qrqv a},X"ayr1
rou vorlpcrrog rov e?Ercrrrlpovrrc6v
6pov.
Yio0etcovrcrg rrl 06oq rou Quinc, yrcr rqv . "cr,zcpoo8roproricc
rrlg pt(rrcr1q
F€r&gpoorlg" o Kouv e(orcoX,ou0eivcr 0eopei 6tr 6ev vnapyer l,o1rrc6g
tp6urog ouyrcptorls 6uo 6tagopeqrcov 0eo ptcov, crgou orTlv ouoio, out6q
eivar eKgpao'p6veg orq 8trcrgroug i6te y1,6oou. Eunzcl,6ov,6ev ur&p1er
6uvat6trlrs eqsppoy1q r@v l,oytrcov Kcr,rrlToprc6v
ropsyo yig, ogou orlre
ot
eprrerptrc6g ouv6,zrereg6uo avriOerov
8reruto0otiv
oro
i6to
rStcopa. Me
0eopr6v
5ev pTropo6v vct
Xiya 1,6yra, Srio Oeopieq eivst
ooripp€rpeq ywri 6ev uzt&pXeLrcotvr1y)"6coa orqv onola vc F?Eoporivva
eKqpooto6v rlqp.@g, 6rcrt 6ote
vc uzc&p(er or5yrcptoq W rrl Forl0ets
rcu0clp& X,o7trc6v pe066olv orlpeio ?Epoq orgpeio. Evcr &tr1,o ev6etlfirrc6
orotTeio rrlg'cvcrztpoooppoyrlq' tori roropucrorrrco6rpoyp&plraroq eivcn
a t a
Tl ?rporepororqtozcounatpvet q 6taooorl t6v evvot6v rrlg zcpo66ourcoi
E?.
rtlq op0oLoytrc6rrlrcrg, rca0cbgrcoi q peyol,uttprl papriqta:rorl
i6to
arc6 rov
Koriv,
rov
orn
5[6erot,
Xprlo'Tl rnlq 6vvoraq flopa6erypd
oq
urr66etTpa --- to otoio pd.itora,utropet v'avrtnaraota9et rcaf ot tepio\o pq
'uzcoloprtoe@v',
'rcX,cr6trcr1
rcpio4g --- rap& og
Frrltpcr'.Eror, ).6"1a tStotov
ro perlpra&.pytoe aqa oq&. va y&vet ro Suvaptop6 tou. Xupalfirlptonrrl
eivat q 5r1l"oor1rou Alan lvlusgrave: "q toprvrl drco\rrl rou Kouv yrcr rrlv
Kovovtrcrl
entotrlp'4,
lrou
goivetat
0a
6tt
rporutr 6o'et
cvclrcrp aXTl o' erceivoug rcou avr6Opcrcrav piarcr evitvtta
or
eX.&1rotr1
rsivo
Tron
e[6sv 11v6.ruoov 6tr ei6av orqv zrprritq 6rc6ooq" fAlan lvlusgrave "Kuhn's
secondThoughts,Brir.J.Phil.sci.22(1971
), 2911.
ouorcrottrc&,
Met& 6pog rcai ax6 crut6g xr6 ef eX,ifetq, 6ev ccvS,rcurye
yevtrcrl ouvopTtcotrrcq toro06,rqoq
rappia
travr;
vct rcairiryer ro rcsv6
Ot to.u:ig ev6tag6povroq rori crvs6etK'''/6ovtcnF€r&
Tcou6qptou pyTl0r1rce.
rrlv "czTroyorlteuoq"rou 6qpro6pyTlor o oDolcrottrc6qercgul,top6q Ksr Tou
roroprlcr.orlrcori pe6,uotoq propo6.ue vcr ro6,ue 6tr eivat oxrtpottrc& or
eErrq:
1) ErnorpoqTl
oe rcl.ooorrcd gtX.ooogrrc&, epcotrlFrcrrcr6zcoq (rc.X.) or
6tcrcpop6grou
t
suro
rou
rou Karcr,oKauaoflrcof e,r.r?Errpro.uou
tr€
npoyp&lrraroq
''
KstcroKeuccorrrco6peal.topo6. Xapcrcrqptcrnrc6 ptpl,io
,
^
t
-,
r6,rotou ei6oug Tcpopfrlpono.u6v,eivat ro "scientific inrage" rori Van
Fraassen.
2) AvfurrD|rl trlE gtlooogiag
rcov empEpouq enorlp^olv rou €yet r,crpioq
vcr rc&vet. W rov rccl0opto,u6 tvvoroX"oytrcov zl,oroiov
23
:cpoozr&0etaevvotol.oyrrc6v aTEoocrqqvioeov.
Kc[,r .ue rqv
3) H Drazriorooq, 6tt ro zcelpapa €7et oyvorl0ei Kor Tl Trporcr,orl^{ra
d qq
npoo6yyloq
Ttsrpspcrttrcrgg:rpalcrrrcr1qoro zrpoorcrlvro. H ouvagrlq
Oeopei rrlv zrparcrtrcrl?Erooq grzvtrrcrl ax6 rrl Oeopia Kcrt
ant6 trlv zrclpatqprloTloe 6tt aqop& rrlv cvdntu€tl rtlg erctotrlpqq, ev6
ava6stK/6et
tlv
?EerpcrFrocrcrlrparcnrcrl o€ 5eozc6(oDocr 06oq. Oq
u FI.f. rc0opropoq evvoroLolrro6 rLaroi,ou qq levrrrlq 0eopi,aqqq 6I6"tK 6lqta/gtiooogtrd, rpoplrlparo rtou nporr3rctouv on6 q rcpcwnrrl p11avrrr1/povt6Lo eqrlTncrqqorrl
Biolofa rrlq geopiaqrrlq ei6t trlq rar eprorqparc:oftroqq rirop(r1 zeleoloi'iaq, rl 6vvorc rcct
to rp6pilpc rou
o p6loq qq ru1,rlq,I guorrn eai.oTrl, rl 6v'rotcrrrlq TrpoocrptrocinK6rqcaq,
av(Y{a^!rc.uo6.
rc.Ir.
63
XaporrqplorlKcr,ptptrio outqq trtq t&oq6 pnopo0v vo Oeopn0ouvro
"Representing and Intervening experiment" rori Hacking, ro "The
neglectof experirnent"to6 Franrclin,rccri'to"lfow experirnentends" rori
Galison.
T6l.oq,avssetKr/ferst 6vu veo povt6l"o orrl grl"oooqia tqg surrorrllrqq,
gut6 rou "Ko[vc)vr,no6Kataorstuartoltof", To ozroto 61et rtq pi(eq rou
trlq yvc6o'q5rrlg o'1oX"r;g
rori E6rppo6pyou rcoi
ororiq KorvovtoX"6youq
zori 6rcrvcv yLa.ptcr Kotvovroioyrrcq rpooeTyroq rrlg
orqv.Trpoo'?raOera
ertorq puqg (Srong program).
Bctorrc6g oc61og, rou
Kor.vovrKou
I
povtrc6v
KcrrooKeuonopou, eivcrrq svasuyrp6trloq napel,06vrov eTErcrrrl
yeyov6rCIvlreso rrls Kotvovtrcqqgeo piaq yro rrlv eflorqpovrrcq rpcrr-crrcr1
orrlv orcoio KevrptKo p6tr"o8radpcppcrri(erq oro\rrl 6tt rl yvc6o1 eivat
Kcrt.u6vo rcotvovrrc6rpoi6v,6ql,o6rl 5ev vn&.pyerorite
ororcX,erorrrc&
zcp6o6oq,ofre cX,'n0etaorite :uirora av&l"oyo,yrori 6l,s eivar Kolv@vtrc6q
,
KsrcrorcsDeqrcot ef apt6vtat
crn6 tou KotvCIvrrcorlg.
oDo1eflopofgza. Aut6
r zuori 6ev 6^1et Ttver
c(7Eo6eKr6ant6 rqv zcX,etov6t4ta rtbv grl,oo'6g@v, telvet, eX,X,eiryet&l,X,ou
rot X,6yo rorl ei6oug rqg ezr4eq.\potoX"oyio;S rou zcof Oriorcol,aurc6rcsrrctt
,
a
A
,
,
fia
t
,
rcupiap1o. E6o op,og, 6ev OcreneKro0o6pre
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64
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