Chapter 25

Warm-up for 25-1


Put yourself in the place of a high school senior in
December 1941 and think about how the news of
war will impact your lives.
Rosie the Riveter by the Four Vagabonds
When the nation entered World War II in 1941, its armed
forces ranked nineteenth in might, behind the tiny
European nation of Belgium. Three years later, The United
States was producing 40 percent of the world’s arms.
Joining the War Effort
 5 million people volunteered for the war after Pearl Harbor
 Selective Service System drafted another 10 million
 George Marshall- Army Chief of Staff General; pushed for
WAAC
 Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps- allowed for women volunteers
in non-combat positions; “auxiliary” status dropped in 1943 for
full benefits (army integrated men & women in 1978)

African Americans, Native Americans, Mexican
Americans, & Asian Americans all volunteered
even though they were discriminated against




“Just carve on my tombstone, ‘Here lies a black man killed
fighting a yellow man for the protection of a white man.’”
“To be fighting for freedom and democracy in the Far East…
and to be denied equal opportunity in the greatest of
democracies seems the height of irony.”
Over 1 million African Americans served in segregated units,
more than 300,000 Mexican Americans, more than 13,000
Chinese, 33,000 Japanese, and 25,000 Native Americans.
FDR persuaded Congress to repeal the Chinese Exclusion Act
in 1943.
Production
 factories converted for war
production


auto plants produced tanks,
planes, boats, & command cars
shipyards used
prefabricated parts that
could be quickly assembled
6 out of 18 million new workers
were women
 women operated welding torches
& riveting guns just as well as
men
 earned 60 percent as much as men
doing the same jobs

Hull 440 was the famous Liberty Ship, the Robert E Peary. The Hull
440 was famous because the entire Liberty ship was built in just 4
days, 15 hours, and 29 minutes, setting a record that stands to this
day. The hull was laid on November 8, 1942 and the Robert E Peary
was launched on November 12, 1942. After just 3 days in the water,
she was delivered on November 15, 1942 for a time of 7 days to
delivery. The Robert E Peary served well and was a workhorse
throughout World War II. She was scrapped in Baltimore, MD in
July 1963.

A. Philip Randolphfounder of the
Brotherhood of
Sleeping Car Porters
African American
labor leader
 pressured FDR to call
on employers not to
discriminate


FDR issued an executive
order calling on
employers “to provide
for the full and equitable
participation of all
workers in defense
industries, without
discrimination because
of race, creed, color, or
national origin.”
Office of Scientific Research &
Dev. (OSRD – 1941)
 created by FDR to bring
scientists into the war effort
 encouraged use of DDT to
fight insects- body lice
virtually eliminated
 pushed for the
development of penicillin
 Manhattan Projectprogram to dev. an atomic
bomb during WWII

early research began at
Columbia Univ.



The Manhattan Project was the code name for the U.S. effort during World War II to produce
the atomic bomb. Sparked by refugee physicists in the United States, the program was slowly
organized after nuclear fission was discovered by German scientists in 1938, and many U.S.
scientists expressed the fear that Hitler would attempt to build a fission bomb.
J. Robert Oppenheimer was appointed director of the weapons laboratory, built on an isolated
mesa at Los Alamos, New Mexico. The challenge was to separate the necessary uranium-235
from the much more common uranium-238. In 1945, uranium-235 of bomb purity was shipped
to Los Alamos, where it was fashioned into a gun-type weapon. In a barrel one piece of
uranium was fired at another, together forming a supercritical, explosive mass.
Another type of atomic bomb was also constructed using the synthetic element plutonium.
Enrico Fermi built a reactor at Chicago in late 1942, the prototype of five production reactors
erected at Hanford, Wash. These reactors manufactured plutonium by bombarding uranium238 with neutrons. At Los Alamos the plutonium was surrounded with high explosives to
compress it into a superdense, supercritical mass far faster than could be done in a gun barrel.
The result was tested at Alamogordo, N.Mex., on July 16, 1945 — the first explosion of an
atomic bomb.
Fat Man and Little Boy were dropped on Nagasaki
and Hiroshima
Fed Takes Over Economy
 Office of Price
Administration (OPA)
agency est. by Congress to
control inflation by freezing
prices & ration food
 rationing- fixed allotment of
goods to ensure supplies for
the military (ex. – meat, shoes,

sugar, gas)


War Production Boardagency est. to coordinate
the production of military
supplies by U.S. industries
Govt. raised taxes to
reduce consumer demand
(less $ to spend) &
encouraged Americans to
buy war bonds
Warm-up for 25-2


Day 1 – Video Warm-up
Recall a time when you felt you were in danger.
How did it feel? How do you think you would
react if you were a soldier marching into battle?
U.S. & Britain Join Forces
 Churchill convinces FDR to 1st
focus attention on Hitler (greater
threat)
 Battle of the Atlantic

Hitler focused on preventing goods
from reaching GB & USSR – U-boats
 (1st 7 months of ‘42 U-boats sunk 681
Allied ships in the Atlantic)

Allies organized convoys; escorted
by destroyers w/ sonar
 (by early ‘43 the Allies were producing
more Liberty ships (140 each month) than
were being sunk



Operation Barbarossa was the code name for Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union
during the Second World War. Beginning on 22 June 1941, over 3.9 million troops of the
Axis powers invaded the USSR along a 1,800 mi front, the largest invasion in the history of
warfare. The German invasion of the Soviet Union ultimately resulted in 95% of all German
Army casualties from 1941 to 1944 and 65% of all Allied military casualties accumulated
throughout the war.
Operation Barbarossa was named after Frederick Barbarossa, the medieval German ruler.
Despite early successes, the Germans were pushed back from Moscow. Operation
Barbarossa's failure led to Hitler's demands for further operations inside the USSR, all of
which eventually failed, such as continuing the Siege of Leningrad and the Battle of
Stalingrad.
Operation Barbarossa was the largest military operation in human history in both
manpower and casualties. Its failure was a turning point in the Third Reich's fortunes. Most
importantly, Operation Barbarossa opened up the Eastern Front, to which more forces were
committed than in any other theater of war in world history.
Eastern Front - The Battle of Stalingrad
 major industrial center on the Volga River; oil fields in the
Caucasus Mts.
 Germans approached city in August ‘42
 conquering most of it winter set in halting advance
 Soviets brought tanks across frozen river counterattacking
& trapping Germans
 Germans surrendered in January ‘43; over 1 million Soviets
died defending city
 *Turning Point- Soviet army began to push westward*

Germany :


750,000 killed, wounded or
missing; 108,000+ captured
Soviet Union:


1,129,000 killed, wounded,
missing or captured
up to 40,000 civilians killed
• Snipers on both sides inflicted heavy casualties and
used the rubble to their advantage. The most famous
sniper of the battle was Vasily Zaitsev who was credited
with 225 confirmed kills between November 10 and
December 17, 1942, including 11 enemy snipers. The
2001 film, Enemy at the Gates, was loosely based on
Zaitsev's role in the Battle of Stalingrad.
• Simo Häyhä, nicknamed "White Death" by the Red
Army, was a Finnish sniper. He has the highest
recorded number of confirmed sniper kills – 505 – in
any major war.[
North African Front
 FDR & Churchill decide to 1st attack N Africa
 Operation Torch commanded by American General Dwight
D. Eisenhower (Supreme Commander of U.S. forces in Europe)
 troops land in November of ‘42 pushing E
 chase & defeat General Erwin Rommel (Desert Fox) in May
‘43
 Meeting in Casablanca


*FDR & Churchill meet & agree to only accept unconditional
surrender
Churchill pushed to strike Italy next
Italian Campaign
 U.S. captures Sicily in Summer
of ‘43 - Italy forces Mussolini to
resign
 Hitler was determined to stop
the Allies in Italy
 Italy would not fall until (2
May) ‘45 when Germany was
almost defeated
Heroes
 Tuskegee Airmen- highly
decorated all black squadron
during WWII
 442nd Regiment- Japanese
American infantry regimentmost decorated unit in U.S.
history
The Sole Survivor Policy describes a set
of regulations in the U.S. military that are
designed to protect members of a family
from the draft or from combat duty if they
have already lost family members in
military service. The need for the
regulations first caught public attention
after the five Sullivan brothers were all
killed when the USS Juneau was sunk
during World War II, and was enacted as
law in 1948. A notable instance of the Sole
Survivor Policy being enacted is the case
of the Niland brothers, where U.S.
intelligence believed that all but one of the
siblings were killed in action. It was later
discovered that the eldest brother,
Technical Sergeant Edward Niland, of the
U.S. Army Air Forces, had been held in a
prisoner of war camp in Burma. (The film
Saving Private Ryan, directed by Steven
Spielberg, was loosely based on the
brothers' story.)
The five Sullivan brothers
Liberation of Europe
 Operation Overlord- plan to invade France & free W Europe
 Dwight D. Eisenhower- commander of Operation Overlord
 3 million Americans, British, & Canadians took part
 planned to attack Normandy
 phantom army created & radio messages sent to throw off Hitler
(Calais- narrowest point of English Channel)
 D-Day- June 6, 1944 attack to liberate France
 *largest land-sea-air operation in history*
 1 million troops had landed after 1 month along w/ supplies
Soldiers, Sailors and Airmen of the Allied Expeditionary Force! You are about to embark upon a great
crusade, toward which we have striven these many months. The eyes of the world are upon you. The
hopes and prayers of liberty loving people everywhere march with you. In company with our brave
Allies and brothers in arms on other fronts, you will bring about the destruction of the German war
machine, the elimination of Nazi tyranny over the oppressed peoples of Europe, and security for
ourselves in a free world.
Your task will not be an easy one. Your enemy is well trained, well equipped and battle hardened, he
will fight savagely.
But this is the year 1944! Much has happened since the Nazi triumphs of 1940-41. The United Nations
have inflicted upon the Germans great defeats, in open battle, man to man. Our air offensive has
seriously reduced their strength in the air and their capacity to wage war on the ground. Our home
fronts have given us an overwhelming superiority in weapons and munitions of war, and placed at
our disposal great reserves of trained fighting men. The tide has turned! The free men of the world are
marching together to victory!
I have full confidence in your courage, devotion to duty and skill in battle. We will accept nothing less
than full victory!
Good Luck! And let us all beseech the blessings of Almighty God upon this great and noble
undertaking.
-- Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower
Using hundreds of inflatable tanks and artillery, deploying the latest sound
technology and posing as drunken military officers in order to spread disinformation,
the Ghost Army is credited with helping the Allies win the war in Europe and saving
thousands of British and American lives.
Over the course of five major campaigns, the 23rd Headquarters Special Troops
arranged 20 intricately-planned battlefield deceptions, from Normandy to the Rhine,
in order to trick Hitler's armies into believing that Allied forces were in places they
were not.
June 6, 1944 D-Day NORMANDY INVASION
involved:

1,200 fighting ships

4,126 landing craft

10,000 planes

24 warships and 35 merchant ships were sunk;

127 allied planes were shot down;

3,500 gliders were in the air behind towing
planes; 100 glider pilots died

10,000 U.S. paratroopers
D-Day casualties were:

2,700 British;

946 Canadians;

6,603 Americas:

Between 4,000 and 9,000 Germans;

Between the 1st of April and the 5th of June,
1944, the Allies flew 14,000 missions losing
12,000 airmen and 2,000 aircraft.

By the time the Battle of Normandy ended
425,000 Allies and Germans were killed or
wounded.

Today in 77 Normandy cemeteries remain
77,866 Germans; 9,386 Americans; 17,769
British; 5,002 Canadians and 650 Poles.
The element of surprise was
truly vital. Germany had 55
divisions in France and the
Allies could only get 8
divisions landed on D-Day.
A military division consists
of between 10,000 and
25,000 troops.
Pointe du Hoc -between Utah & Omaha beach
The massive concrete cliff-top gun emplacement at
Pointe du Hoc was the target of the 2nd Ranger
Battalion, commanded by James Earl Rudder. The
task was to scale the 30 meter (100 ft.) cliffs under
the cover of night, approximately at 5:30, one hour
prior to the landings with ropes and ladders, and
then attack and destroy the German coastal defense
guns, which were thought to command the Omaha
and Utah landing areas. The infantry commanders
did not know that the guns had been moved prior
to the attack, and they had to press farther inland
to find them and eventually destroyed them.
However, fortifications themselves were still vital
targets as a single artillery forward observer based
there could have called down accurate fire on the
U.S. beaches. The Rangers were eventually
successful, and captured the fortifications. They
then had to fight for two days to hold the location,
losing more than 60% of their men. Afterwards
they regrouped and continued Northeast to the
rally point one mile from the gun emplacements on
Pointe Du Hoc.

Army Ranger veteran and local
icon Leonard G. "Bud" Lomell




General Omar Bradley- July ‘44-initiated
bombardment at St. Lo providing a gap in
German defenses for George Patton’s 3rd
Army to reach the Seine River (Paris)
Patton liberated Paris after 4 yrs. of
occupation (August 25)
Sept ‘44- Allies had freed France, Belgium,
& Luxembourg
*FDR is elected to a 4th term in 11/44
Battle of the Bulge- Dec. ‘44
 last ditched major German
offensive of the warlasted 1 month
 Hitler hoped to split U.S.
& British forces cutting off
supply lines
 Germans pushed back120,000 dead, 600 tanks &
1,200 airplanes destroyed
 Nazis could do little but
retreat
Death Camps
 Soviets pushed W, Allies pushed E
 Soviets 1st to liberate camps- Majdanek in Poland
 (world’s largest crematorium & warehouse containing
800,000 shoes)
“We started smelling a terrible odor and suddenly
we were at the concentration camp at Landsberg.
Forced the gate and faced hundreds of starving
prisoners…. We saw emaciated men whose thighs
were smaller than wrists, many had bones
sticking out thru their skin…. Also we saw
hundreds of burned and naked bodies…. That
evening I wrote my wife that ‘For the first time I
truly realized the evil of Hitler and why this war
had to be waged.’ “
Unconditional Surrender
 Soviets reached Berlin in April
‘45





Hitler married lover Eva Braun
& blamed Jews for starting the
war
Hitler shot himself (April 30)arranged to have body burned
V-E Day- Victory in Europe
Day –May 8, 1945
FDR had a stroke on April 12th
& died
Harry S. Truman- 33rd
President (1945-1953)
Democrat
Warm-up for 25-3
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

Day 1 - Video warm-up
How might the war in the Pacific be different from
the war in Europe?
Day 2 - Are their any possible situations in which
you would support the use of nuclear weapons?


Attack on Pearl Harbor missed Pacific sub fleet & several aircraft
carriers
Japanese conquer vast territory in Asia & S Pacific


General Douglas MacArthur





*captured 2 islands in the Aleutian chain – U.S. soil
commander of Allied forces
forced to flee Philippines - early ‘42
(for every U.S. soldier killed the Japanese lost 10)
(took more land w/ less loss of life than any commander since Darius the Great ~500BC)
Doolittle’s Raid- daring attack on Tokyo by 16 bombers - April ‘42


After the April 9, 1942, U.S. surrender of the Bataan Peninsula on the main
Philippine island to the Japanese during World War II, the approximately 75,000
Filipino and American troops on Bataan were forced to make an arduous 65-mile
march to prison camps. The marchers made the trek in intense heat and were
subjected to harsh treatment by Japanese guards. Thousands perished in what
became known as the Bataan Death March.
“They were beaten, and they were starved as they marched. Those who fell were
bayoneted. Some of those who fell were beheaded by Japanese officers who were practicing
with their samurai swords from horseback. The Japanese culture at that time reflected the
view that any warrior who surrendered had no honor; thus was not to be treated like a
human being. Thus they were not committing crimes against human beings. The
Japanese soldiers at that time felt they were dealing with subhumans and animals.”
Battle of the Coral Sea - May ‘42
 5 day battle stopping Japanese
advancement towards
Australia
 1st time since Pearl Harbor
Japanese had been stopped &
turned back
Battle of Midway – June ‘42
 strategic island N of Hawaii
 broke Japanese code – knew
they were coming
 Admiral Chester Nimitzcommander of naval forces in
the Pacific
 *turning point in the Pacific
(Japanese lost 4 carriers, a cruiser,
& 250 planes)
Allies on the Offensive - “island hopping”
Guadalcanal (Island of Death) – 8/7/42 – 2/43
 1st offensive – Solomon Islands
 1st Japanese defeat on land
 over 7000 Americans killed (includes naval battles)
Ralph G. Martin
“Hell was red furry spiders as big as your fist, giant
lizards as long as your leg, leeches falling from trees to
suck blood, armies of white ants with a bite of fire,
scurrying scorpions inflaming any flesh they touched,
enormous rats and bats everywhere, and rivers of waiting
crocodiles. Hell was the sour, foul smell of the squishy
jungle, humidity that rotted a body within
hours,…stinking wet heat of dripping rain forests that
sapped the strength of any man.”

Leyte Island (Philippines) – Oct. ‘44
 MacArthur returned – 2yrs later
 kamikaze- suicide-plane “divine wind” – typhoon that
repelled Mongol invasion in 1281
 (424 kamikaze pilots sank 16 ships & damaged another 80)
 (Japanese lose 3 battleships, 4 carriers, & almost 500 planes at
Leyte- Imperial Navy plays minor role in rest of war)
Iwo Jima – 2/45 - 3/45

“sulfur island” – strategic island – bombers could
reach mainland Japan

11 miles of underground tunnels- island 8 sq. mi.

only 200 out of 20,700 Japanese survived the battle

1st attack on Japanese homelands

The 36-day assault resulted in more than 26,000
American casualties, including 6,800 dead.
"Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima" is a historic
photograph taken on 23 February 1945 by
Joe Rosenthal. It depicts five Marines and a
U.S. Navy corpsman raising the flag of the
United States atop Mount Suribachi. The
photograph was extremely popular, being
reprinted in thousands of publications.
Later, it became the only photograph to win
the Pulitzer Prize for Photography in the
same year as its publication, and ultimately
came to be regarded as one of the most
significant and recognizable images of the
war, and possibly the most reproduced
photograph of all time. Of the six men
depicted in the picture, three (Frankli
Sousley, Harlon Block, and Michael Strank)
did not survive the battle; the three
survivors (John Bradley, Rene Gagnon, and
Ira Hayes) became celebrities upon the
publication of the photo. For a while, it was
believed that the man now known to be
Block was actually Hank Hansen, but
Hayes set the record straight.
Okinawa – 4/45 – 6/45 (82 days)

largest amphibious assault in
the Pacific War

American victory that came at
great price-deadliest battle of
the Pacific

62,000 casualties, 7600 dead- most
in any battle in the Pacific- some
estimates as high as 12,500 killed or
missing

Japanese lost 110,000 men
defending the island

With the impending victory of
American troops, civilians often
committed mass suicide, urged on
by the Japanese soldiers who told
locals that victorious American
soldiers would go on a rampage of
killing and raping.
USS Bunker Hill burns after being hit by two
kamikazes within 30 seconds. 30 ships sunk & 5,000
US troops killed from kamikaze attacks.
New Guinea



The Navajo code talkers took part in every assault the U.S. Marines conducted
in the Pacific from 1942 to 1945. They served in all six Marine divisions,
Marine Raider battalions and Marine parachute units, transmitting messages
by telephone and radio in their native language -- a code that the Japanese
never broke.
Navajo answered the military requirement for an undecipherable code
because Navajo is an unwritten language of extreme complexity. Its syntax
and tonal qualities, not to mention dialects, make it unintelligible to anyone
without extensive exposure and training. It has no alphabet or symbols, and is
spoken only on the Navajo lands of the American Southwest. One estimate
indicates that less than 30 non-Navajos, none of them Japanese, could
understand the language at the outbreak of World War II.
At Iwo Jima, Major Howard Connor, 5th Marine Division signal officer,
declared, "Were it not for the Navajos, the Marines would never have taken
Iwo Jima." Connor had six Navajo code talkers working around the clock
during the first two days of the battle. Those six sent and received over 800
messages, all without error.
Section 3 – Part 2
Atomic Bomb Ends the War
 mainland invasion of Japan
was forecasted to cost the U.S.
1 million lives
 J. Robert OppenheimerAmerican scientist that
directed bomb research
(Hindu passage- “I am become
Death, the shatterer of worlds.”)
 (600,000 involved w/ project- best
kept secret of the war)
 (Truman did not know about the
project until he became president)


Truman did not hesitate w/
decision – did warn Japan to
surrender
Hiroshima
 Japanese military center
 bomb dropped on August
6, 1945 (uranium gun
design)
 B-29 Enola Gay dropped
bomb code named Little
Boy
Nagasaki
 2nd bomb dropped 3 days
later code named Fat Man
(plutonium implosion)



estimated 200,000 died by
the atomic blasts
V-J Day- 8/14/45
Emperor Hirohito formally
surrenders on September 2
on the battleship Missouri



For several months, the U.S. had dropped more than 63 million leaflets across
Japan warning civilians of air raids. Many Japanese cities suffered terrible
damage from aerial bombings, some were as much as 97% destroyed. In general,
the Japanese regarded the leaflet messages as truthful, but anyone who was
caught in possession of one was arrested. In preparation for dropping an atomic
bomb on Hiroshima, U.S. military leaders decided against a demonstration
bomb, and against a special leaflet warning, in both cases because of the
uncertainty of a successful detonation, and the wish to maximize psychological
shock. No warning was given to Hiroshima that a new and much more
destructive bomb was going to be dropped.
This type of leaflet below was dropped on Japan, showing the names of 12
Japanese cities targeted for destruction by firebombing.
“They say temperatures of 7,000 degrees centigrade hit me…Nobody there looked like
human beings… Humans had lost the ability to speak. People couldn’t scream, ‘It hurts!’
even when they were on fire… People with their legs wrenched off. Without heads. Or
faces burned and swollen out of shape. The scene was a living hell.” Yamaoka Michiko15 years old at Hiroshima

On March 9, 1945, 334 B-29 bombers bombed Tokyo,
starting many fires which, whipped by high winds
turned into a terrible firestorm. This firestorm destroyed
much of the city. The attack left more than 83,000
people dead, 125,000 wounded, and 1.2 million
homeless.

USS Indianapolis was a cruiser of the United States Navy. Her sinking led to
the greatest single loss of life at sea in the history of the U.S. Navy. On 30 July
1945, shortly after delivering critical parts for the first atomic bomb to be used
in combat to the United States air base at Tinian, the ship was torpedoed by the
Imperial Japanese Navy submarine I-58, sinking in 12 minutes. Of 1,196
crewmen aboard, approximately 300 went down with the ship. The remaining
crew of 896 men faced exposure, dehydration and shark attacks as they waited
for assistance while floating with few lifeboats and almost no food or water.
The Navy learned of the sinking when survivors were spotted four days later
by the crew of a PV-1 Ventura on routine patrol. Only 317 sailors survived.
Indianapolis was the last major U.S. Navy ship sunk by enemy action in World
War II.
The best-known kiss
that day occurred in
Times Square. One of
the most famous
photographs ever
published by Life. It
was shot in Times
Square shortly after
the announcement by
President Truman
occurred and people
began to gather in
celebration.
Rebuilding Begins - Europe – 2/45
Yalta Conference- Big Three met- FDR, Stalin, & Churchill

German defeat seemed inevitable

FDR makes concessions to Stalin (2 reasons)






1. FDR hoped the Soviet Union would wage war in the Pacific
2. FDR wanted Stalin’s support for peace keeping org. (UN)
Germany divided into 4 zones – Americans, British, French, & Soviet
Union
Stalin promised free elections in Poland & occupied E European
countries
Stalin joined the war against Japan (Soviets invade Manchuria in 8/45)
United Nations would become a reality
Nuremberg Trials
 court proceeding in Nuremberg, Germany1945- 1946
 24 Nazi leaders tried for war crimes (12
sentenced to death)
 (200 other Nazis found guilty of war crimes in
later trials)
 important principle- individuals are
responsible for their own actions- ex- Abu
Graib
Do not copy
 Each defendant was accused of one or more of
the following crimes:
Crimes against the peace- planning and waging
an aggressive war
 War crimes- acts against the customs of warfare,
such as the killing of hostages and prisoners, the
plundering of private property, and the destruction
of towns and cities
 Crimes against humanity- the murder,
extermination, deportation, or enslavement of
civilians

Japan
 many tried for war crimes including Prime Minister Tojo (death
sentence- hanged)




(Tojo received a set of dentures while waiting for the trial. Secretly the phrase
Remember Pearl Harbor had been drilled into the teeth in Morse code.)
MacArthur reshaped economy during 7 yr. occupation (freemarket practices)
also called for a new constitution (woman suffrage & basic
freedoms)
constitution to this day is known as the MacArthur Constitution

World War II fatality
statistics vary, with
estimates of total dead
ranging from 50 million to
more than 80
million. World War II is
the deadliest war in world
history in absolute terms
of total dead. The higher
figure of 80 million
includes deaths from warrelated disease and
famine. Total military
dead: from 22 to 25
million, including deaths
in captivity of about 5
million prisoners of war.
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COUNTRY
Soviet Union
China
Germany
Poland
Japan
India
Yugoslavia
Rumania
Hungary
France
Greece
Italy
Great Britain
United States
Czechoslovakia
Netherlands
Austria
Finland
Belgium
Canada
Australia
Bulgaria
New Zealand
South Africa
Norway
Spain
Denmark
TOTAL:
CASUALTIES
23,954,000
15,000,000
7,728,000
5,720,000
2,700,000
2,087,000
1,027,000
833,000
580,000
567,600
560,000
456,000
449,800
418,500
345,000
301,000
123,700
97,000
86,100
45,300
40,500
25,000
11,900
11,900
9,500
4,500
3,200
63,185,500
Warm-up for 25-4

Imagine you were going away – you do not know
where, how long, or under what conditions. You
can take anything you want and need, as long as
you can carry it. What would you take? How
would you feel? Was it difficult/easy to decide
what to take? How do you feel about the things
you had to leave behind?
Opportunity
 unemployment fell to a low of
1.2% in 1944 as defense
industries boomed
 farmers prospered w/ good
weather, improved machinery,
fertilizers & demand
 women enjoyed gains in new
fields (many lost their job when
the war ended)
 African Americans left the S
for cities in the N in record #’s
 U.S. emerges WWII the world’s
dominant economic & military
power
Social Adjustments
 w/ fathers away fighting,
mothers struggled to raise
children alone
 many rushed to marry before
soldiers shipped overseas
 GI Bill- Servicemen’s
Readjustment Act
provided veteran’s $ for homes &
businesses & educational and
training benefits
 it is estimated the bill produced
450,000 engineers, 238,000 teachers,
91,000 scientists, 67,000 doctors,
22,000 dentists, & more than a
million other college-trained men &
women

Discrimination Persists
 African Americans
James Farmer- civil rights
leader; founded CORE
 Congress of Racial Equalityorg. to confront urban
segregation in the N
 Detroit Race Riot of ‘43- 3 day riot
started by false rumors – 9 whites
& 25 AA’s killed- U.S. army
occupied Detroit for 6 months


Mexican Americans
zoot suit- style of dress by
Mexican American youths-long
jacket & pleated pants
 zoot suit riots- week long riots
in Los Angeles – hundreds
attacked- summer 1943

Japanese Americans

Pearl Harbor caused many whites to panic about a main land attack

War Dept. called for the evacuation of Japanese Americans from Hawaii

internment- confinement- of 1,444 Japanese Americans resulted (~1% of Hawaiian
population)





FDR signed an order in 1942 requiring the removal of people of Japanese
ancestry from the W coast
110,000 Japanese Americans in W states sent to “relocation centers”
2/3’s were Nisei- born in the U.S.
*no charges ever filed against a Japanese American & no evidence ever found
Japanese American Citizens League- pressured govt. for $ for property lost
during the internment ($20,000 checks sent in 1990)
The Following Instructions Must Be Observed:
1. A responsible member of each family, preferably the head of the family, or the person in whose name most of the
property is held, and each individual living alone must report to the Civil Control Station to receive further instructions.
This must be done between 8:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m., Thursday, April 2, 1942, or between 8:00 a.m. and 5 p.m., Friday, April
3, 1942.
2. Evacuees must carry with them on departure for the Reception Center, the following property:
a. Bedding and linens (no mattress) for each member of the family.
b. Toilet articles for each member of the family.
c. Extra clothing for each member of the family.
d. Sufficient knives, forks, spoons, plates, bowls and cups for each member of the family.
e. Essential personal effects for each member of the family. All items carried will be securely packaged, tied and plainly
marked with the name of the owner and numbered in accordance with instructions received at the Civil Control Station. The
size and number of packages is limited to that which can be carried by the individual or family group.
3. No pets of any kind will be permitted.
4. No personal items and no household goods will be shipped to the Assembly Center.
5. The United States Government through its agencies will provide for the storage, at the sole risk of the owner, of the
more substantial household items, such as iceboxes, washing machines, pianos and other heavy furniture. Cooking
utensils and other small items will be accepted for storage if crated, packed and plainly marked with the name and
address of the owner. Only one name and address will be used by a given family.
6. Each family, and individual living alone will be furnished transportation to the Assembly Center or will be authorized
to travel by private automobile in a supervised group. All instructions pertaining to the movement will be obtained at the
Civil Control Station.
Go to the Civil Control Station at 1701 Van Ness Avenue, San Francisco, California, between 8:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m., Thursday, April
2, 1942, or between 8:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m., Friday, April 3, 1942, to receive further instructions.
J. L. DeWITT
Lieutenant General, U. S. Army
Commanding



Anti-Japanese sentiments
have existed in the United
States for several decades
prior to the attack on Pearl
Harbor.
On December 7, 1941, the
United States naval base
Pearl Harbor was attacked
by Japan, resulting in the
U.S. entry into WWII.
During that time, more than
120,000 people of Japanese
ancestry, two-thirds of them
American citizens, were
living in California,
Washington, and Oregon.


Many Americans living on
the West Coast turned
their anger against the
Japanese immigrants and
Japanese Americans
Mobs attacked their
businesses/homes, banks
would not cash their
checks, grocers refused to
sell them food, and
newspapers printed
rumors of Japanese spies


Many people were
afraid that Japanese
Americans that lived
on the West Coast
might be acting as
spies helping Japan
attack the U.S.
Many Japanese
Americans were
fishermen…What
might this mean?

FDR signed
Executive Order
No. 9066 in
February of 1942.
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Declared the West
Coast a military zone
Ordered all people of
Japanese ancestry to
evacuated to 10
internment camps
further inland.


Those of Japanese
ancestry living on
the West Coast
were to be
relocated.
Internment -refers
to the forced
imprisonment and
relocation of a
group of people.

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Fear of disloyalty on the part
of those of Japanese ancestry
was common among many
Americans.
 Nisei: those born to
Japanese parents, thus U.S.
citizens.
1/3 of the population of
Hawaii was comprised of
Japanese descendents, thus
many of them were not
interned, however the
islands were placed under
martial law.
Japanese assets were frozen
after the attack on Pearl
Harbor, making it difficult
for many Japanese
Americans to move from the
West Coast.

March 2, 1942
Gen. John L. DeWitt
issues Public
Proclamation No. 1
which creates
Military Areas No. 1
and 2. Military Area
No. 1 includes the
western portion of
California, Oregon
and Washington, and
part of Arizona.
Military Area No. 2
includes the rest of
these states. The
proclamation also
hints that people
might be excluded
from Military Area
No. 1.


March 18, 1942
The president signs
Executive Order 9102
establishing the War
Relocation Authority
(WRA) with Milton
Eisenhower as director.
It is allocated $5.5
million.
March 21, 1942
The first advance groups
of Japanese American
"volunteers" arrive at
Manzanar, CA. The
WRA would take over
on June 1 and transform
it into a "relocation
center."
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
March 24, 1942
The first Civilian
Exclusion Order
issued by the
Army is issued for
the Bainbridge
Island area near
Seattle. The fortyfive families there
are given one
week to prepare.
By the end of
October, 108
exclusion orders
would be issued,
and all Japanese
Americans in
Military Area No.
1 and the
California portion
of No. 2 would be
incarcerated.
“It was really cruel and harsh. To pack
and evacuate in 48 hours seemed
impossible. Seeing mothers completely
bewildered with children crying from
want and peddlers taking advantage and
offering prices next to robbery made me
feel like murdering those responsible
without the slightest compassion in my
heart.”

Joseph Yoshisuke

"In the detention centers,
families lived in
substandard housing, had
inadequate nutrition and
health care, and had their
livelihoods destroyed:
many continued to suffer
psychologically long after
their release"
- Personal Justice Denied:
Report of the Commission on
Wartime Relocation and
Internment of Civilians

"In desert camps, the
evacuees met severe
extremes of temperature.
In winter it reached 35
degrees below zero, and
summer brought
temperatures as high as
115 degrees.
Rattlesnakes and desert
wildlife added danger to
discomfort."
- Personal Justice Denied:
Report of the Commission
on Wartime Relocation and
Internment of Civilians.

Interns tried to make
the best of it by living
their lives with some
degree of normalcy.
Schools, libraries,
sports teams,
churches, and
Americanization
classes were created.
Photos taken by Ansel Adams
“Germans, defend
yourselves against the Jews
propaganda, buy only at
German shops!”
GERMANY
UNITED STATES
The barracks were
surrounded by barbed
wire and overseen by
high wooden
watchtowers. Privacy
was almost
nonexistent.
GERMANY
UNITED STATES

“I remember the soldiers marching us to the
barracks and I looked at their rifles and I was
just terrified because I could see this long knife
at the end … I thought I was imagining it, it
couldn’t have been a bayonets because we were
just kids.”

From “Children of the Camp”



Fred Korematsu sued b/c it violated his
constitutional rights
Took the argument to the Supreme Court
Supreme Court ruled that relocation was
constitutional b/c it was based not on race
but “military necessity.”

In 1988, Congress implemented the Civil Liberties Act,
apologizing on behalf of the nation for the "grave
injustice" done to persons of Japanese ancestry.
Congress declared that the internments had been
"motivated largely by racial prejudice, wartime
hysteria, and a failure of political leadership" and
authorized $20,000 payments to Japanese Americans
who had suffered injustices during World War II.

Worksheet- Writing Prompts about the
Japanese Internment Camps