Proceedings_Arctic_Aboriginal... - AC Archive Home

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The Arctic Indigenous Languages Symposium concluded
successfully on October 21, 2008 in Tromsø. Altogether, it
attracted 84 participants, including 32 delegates
representing five indigenous peoples’ organizations with
Arctic Council Permanent Participant status, as well as
special guests and speakers, including two territory
ministers from Nunavut and Nunatsiavut in Canada, a
Cannes film festival award winner, a UNESCO
representative from Paris and other Arctic indigenous
language experts.
The symposium was significant for two reasons: it was the
first time that there has been an Arctic Council symposium
focusing on the importance of indigenous languages and
their role in maintaining indigenous cultures and supporting
the aspirations of indigenous peoples; and it was the first
time that a significant Arctic Council meeting has been
organized and led by the Permanent Participants. It was an
excellent example of cooperation between Permanent
Participants and Member States on the Arctic Council.
The symposium was successful in meeting its objectives,
which included: sharing best practices; engaging with policy
makers and indigenous experts on the state of indigenous
languages; exploring the role of language in supporting
Arctic-specific knowledge; examining the ways language is
transmitted through cultural expression; and developing
recommendations on the next steps needed to promote and
maintain indigenous languages.
A comprehensive set of recommendations has been adopted, which sets out very clearly what the responsibilities are
in keeping indigenous languages alive. The recommendations specifically call for action by the Arctic Council,
member states, international organizations and indigenous peoples’ organizations. In particular, the
recommendations call on the Arctic Council to lead in, and facilitate, the use of indigenous languages across the
Arctic. The Arctic Council, through its Sustainable Development Working Group (SDWG), is also asked to
undertake an assessment of Arctic indigenous languages to inform future action on maintaining their vibrancy and
diversity.
The recommendations are a reflection of the depth and strength of the views and ideas heard and exchanged over
the symposium’s two days. A constant message coming through the discussions very loudly was that good intentions
are not enough to keep indigenous languages alive. There has to be action by everyone, supported by significant
policy shifts and access to resources. Symposium participants also examined the fundamental human rights
associated with the ability to use one’s own language and to have one’s children educated in that language.
The presentations of the various speakers all had something in common: right across the Arctic, the challenges
facing indigenous peoples in promoting and keeping their languages alive are very similar. Whether it is a Saami
reindeer herder from Sápmi (in Norway) or an Inuit hunter from Ulukhaktok (in Canada) or an Evenki language
teacher from Sakha (in Russia), all are keenly aware of the importance of their own languages in enabling them to
express their culture and of how this expression is linked directly to their social and economic well-being.
In short, it is impossible to separate indigenous languages from the identities and ways of life of indigenous peoples.
The Arctic Council’s Sustainable Development Working Group must be congratulated for recognizing the
importance of indigenous languages to sustainable development, and the Government of Canada, in particular,
should be congratulated for not only proposing the symposium, but for providing significant funding, which made it
possible.
However, the symposium was just the first step. Now that it
has happened and has achieved what it set out to achieve, it
is time to move on to the next step. Part of that involves
maintaining Member State support for the work that needs
to be done. Just as the Arctic ministers meeting in
Salekhard in 2006 publicly acknowledged the importance of
indigenous languages in their concluding declaration, the
Ministers meeting in Tromsø next year must repeat that
acknowledgement and preferably along the lines set out in
the recommendations presented here.
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Olav Mattis Eira practises traditional reindeer
herding and is an advocate for strong public policies
to protect the language rights of indigenous peoples.
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Duane Smith has represented the Inuvialuit locally,
regionally and internationally for many years on
matters regarding the environment, indigenous rights
and co-management. He is presently on a multi-year,
Canada-led, international research body
coordinating and documenting data on the Arctic
through traditional knowledge and western science.
He is a past co-chair of the World Conservation
Union (IUCN) Arctic Specialist Group Sustainable
Use Initiative.
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was the first Canadian Ambassador for Circumpolar
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! Throughout the Arctic, the viability of indigenous
languages is being threatened. This problem was
addressed by: Hugues Sicard, who provided an
overview of international instruments; Fenya
Lekhanova and Ludmila Gashilova, who outlined the
status of indigenous languages in Russia; Jose
Amaujaq Kusugak, who called for a standardized,
international Inuit language and writing system; and
participants in the general discussion that followed.
Carl Christian Olsen, Puju, provided a concluding
comment.
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Fenya Lekhanova is on the Executive Committee of
the Russian Association of Indigenous Peoples of the
North (RAIPON). She is also a Senior Associate
Researcher at the Federal State Institute of
Nationalities’ Schools of the Sakha Republic and a
teacher and author of textbooks in the Evenki
language.
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Ludmila Gashilova is President of the St. Petersburg
Branch of the Russian Association of Indigenous
Peoples of Siberia and the Far East.
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Jose Amaujaq Kusugak has taught Inuktitut in
schools and worked to standardize writing forms in
Kivalliq. He is President of the Kivalliq Inuit
Association and the past President of Nunavut
Tunngavik Incorporated and Inuit Tapiirit Kanatami.
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Puju completed his doctoral studies in linguistics in
1975 and has devoted much of his life to language
issues. He co-founded the University of Greenland
and taught there as a professor of linguistics and
literature. In addition, he has served as Director of
Oqaasileriffik/Greenland Language Secretariat, as
Chair of Oqaasiliortut/Greenland Language
Committee, and as a member of the Nordic Language
Council, the Commission for Scientific Investigations
for Greenland and the Executive Council of the Inuit
Circumpolar Council.
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The value of traditional knowledge and the
traditional cultures through which this knowledge
has been gained over centuries is being increasingly
understood both inside and outside indigenous
communities. What is less appreciated is the crucial
role played by indigenous languages in protecting
these cultures and in passing on traditional
knowledge to younger generations and the rest of the
world. These issues were addressed by: Tatyana
Achirgina, who spoke about the loss of language and
culture in Chukotka; Ronald H. Brower Sr., who
described the educational initiatives needed to ensure
that indigenous languages continue to protect culture
and transmit traditional knowledge; Inger Marie
Gaup Eira, who used the example of reindeer herding
to explain how indigenous languages most effectively
communicate traditional knowledge; and participants
in the general discussion that followed.
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Tatyana Achirgina is a professional journalist and
author of many works on the social and economic
development of indigenous peoples of Russia. Since
1988, she has worked on re-establishing and
coordinating contacts between Russian Yupik and
Alaskan Inuit across the Bering Strait, and she served
as President of ICC Chukotka from 1994 until 1998.
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Ronald H. Brower Sr. served as the first Chairman of
the North Slope Borough Home Rule Charter
Commission establishing the North Slope Borough,
and as Land Chief and President of Ukpeagvik
Inupiat Corporation for 8 years. He has served as
President of ICC-Alaska and as the founding director
of the Inupiat Heritage Centre and currently teaches
Inupiaq language at the University of Alaska,
Fairbanks.
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Inger Marie Gaup Eira is a Saami reindeer herder
and a linguist with a Masters Degree in Linguistics,
Saami language. She is currently a PhD student at
the Saami University College.
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As new communications technologies evolve,
indigenous peoples need to find ways to incorporate
them into everyday usage. This issue was addressed
by: Zacharias Kunuk, who argued that film,
television and the Internet are excellent tools for
promoting Inuit culture and languages; Piquk Linda
Lee, who described the Rosetta Stone Iñupiaq
Language CD and the UAF Chukchi campus online
classes; Per Langgård and Trond Trosterud, who
explained how computer technologies can help
indigenous languages compete in the global village;
Victoria Spodina, who described the regional
multimedia centres in the traditional settlements of
Khanty-Mansijsk Region; Philip Burgess and Anna
Maria Magga, who described the Arctic Portal; and
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Zacharias Kunuk is President and co-founder (1990)
of Igloolik Isuma Productions, Canada’s first Inuitowned, independent production company. He won the
Camera d’Or at Cannes 2001 for Isuma’s first
feature, Atanarjuat the Fast Runner, and in 2005
was awarded the Order of Canada.
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translating oral history related to her by Iñupiaq
elders and using these stories to produce textbooks
for students in middle school and high school. She
currently works for the Nana Regional Corporation
and is a member of the Iñupiaq Language
Commission and the Aqqaluk Trust Board of
Trustees.
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Per Langgård is Senior Adviser at Oqaasileriffik –
the Greenland Language Secretariat. His areas of
expertise include language technology. Trond
Trosterud heads the centre for Saami language
technology at the University of Tromsø. For more
than ten years, he has worked on language
technology for minority languages.
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Victoria Spodina is a specialist in the languages and
culture of the Khanty, Mansi and Forest Nenet
peoples. She is the author of many publications,
including textbooks on indigenous languages and
their teaching methodology.
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! Philip Burgess works as an advisor to the
International Centre for Reindeer Husbandry and is
Project Manager of the Reindeer Portal
(reindeerportal.org), an online information portal on
circumpolar reindeer husbandry in English, Saami
and Russian. Anna Maria Magga is from a reindeer
herding family in northern Finland that speaks Saami
on a daily basis. She is currently studying literature
at the University of Oulu and working for the
International Centre for Reindeer Husbandry.
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assistant professor of
anthropology at Saint
Mary's University in
Halifax, Canada,
where she teaches
courses on language
issues in the North.
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described the linguistic
situation among Inuit
youth in the Baffin
region of Nunavut, and
her current research
studies the relationship
between language and community in Nunavut.
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Arctic peoples have a very close connection to the
natural environment. Indigenous languages can play
a critical role in disseminating traditional knowledge
of the changing Arctic environment and in helping
the world to address the problem of climate change.
The importance of holding on to the traditional
knowledge embedded in unique indigenous languages
was addressed by: Hishinlai’ Kathy R. Sikorski, who
argued that effective language instruction is key to
the survival of indigenous cultures; Gunn-Britt
Retter, who showed that there is international
recognition of the fact that indigenous languages
contain crucial knowledge of complex ecosystems;
Vera Kingeekuk-Metcalf, who spoke of the
importance of indigenous languages, cultures and
identities in the context of Arctic research; and
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! Hishinlai’ Kathy R. Sikorski teaches Gwich’in at the
university level. Her current research focuses on
classroom cultures that are conducive to indigenous
language learning and on language learners who are
motivated to learn their ancestral language.
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Gunn-Britt Retter is head of the Arctic and
Environmental Unit of the Saami Council, co-vicechair of the Arctic Council’s Sustainable
Development Working Group (SDWG), and a
member of the Saami Parliament in Norway. She is
also involved in work related to the Convention on
Biological Diversity (CBD) in her position as cochair of the International Indigenous Forum on
Biodiversity (IIFB).
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Vera Kingeekuk-Metcalf serves on the U.S. Arctic
Research Commission and has served as the Director
of the Eskimo Walrus Commission (EWC) with
Kawerak, Inc. since 2002. She works to promote
local community participation in research and has
begun several community-based projects
documenting local, traditional, ecological knowledge
and resource management practices.
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Community efforts to promote indigenous languages
need to be reinforced by appropriate legislation that
recognizes the value and uniqueness of each Arctic
indigenous language. Ways to ensure that
appropriate standards are set also need to be
explored and implemented. These issues were
addressed by: Lars-Anders Baer, who described the
process of moving from good intentions to hard law;
Svetlana Semenova, who explained that better tools
are needed to implement language laws in Russia;
and Louis Tapardjuk, who described the process of
moving forward to implement the dream of protecting
and promoting the Inuit language.
#!!
! Lars Anders Baer is a reindeer herder and the Arctic
representative at the United Nations Permanent
Forum on Indigenous Issues. He is also involved in
indigenous-related matters at the World Intellectual
Property Organization and UNESCO and has been a
research fellow at the Nordic Saami Institute,
Kautokeino, Norway and a visiting researcher at the
University of Finnish Lapland in Rovanemi, Finland.
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Svetlana Semenova has a PhD in pedagogy with a
major in indigenous education. Currently she is the
Head of the Federal State Institute of Nationalities’
Schools of the Republic of Saha-Yakutiya.
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Louis Tapardjuk was elected to the second Nunavut
Legislature in the 2004 Territorial Elections. He was
subsequently elected to Cabinet by his colleagues and
was appointed Minister of Culture, Language, Elders
and Youth (CLEY) and Minister of Human Resources
(HR). As Minister, he was responsible for the recent
passing of the Inuit Language Protection Act for
Nunavut.
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