Ecological Scoping Report

Transcription

Page 1 of 81
CONFIDENTIAL
Derbianus Breeders
D. Furstenburg (March 2013)
DERBIANUS BREEDERS
Ubhejane Game
Scoping Report
for
Lord Derby Eland Project
March 2013
Prepared by:
Deon Furstenburg
Senior Ecologist and Game Production Scientist
ANIMAL PRODUCTION INSTITUTE, IRENE
Agricultural Research Council
Private Bag X 2
Irene, 0062
Tel: (012) 672 9322
Cell: 072 575 3289
E-Mail
[email protected]
Website
www.arc.agric.za
1
Page 2 of 81
CONFIDENTIAL
Derbianus Breeders
CONTENTS
1.
UBHEJANE GAME – INTRODUCTION .......................……………….
4
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
Location & Size………………………………………………………..............…….…….
Altitude & Topography……………………………………………………………….……..
Climate……………………………………………………………………………………….
Soil……………………………………………………………………………………………
Biological Region……………………………………………………………………………
Objectives……………………………………………………………………………………
Existing Animal Species – P3 Exemption Permit……………………………………….
4
4
4
4
5
5
6
2.
TERMS OF REFERENCE………………….…………....………….…...
7
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
7
8
9
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
2.11
2.12
Rainfall Map of South Africa (IGKW - ARC)………………………..…….………..…….
Geological Formations of the areas of Ubhejane Game Farm..…………..…….…....
Bioregion of Ubhejane Game Farm (Mucina & Rutherford, 2006)………..…….…....
National Vegetation Veldtypes in the areas of Ubhejane Game Farm, (L. Mucina &
M.C. Rutherford, 2006)…………………………………………………………………...
Climatic histograms of the National Veldtypes in the region of Ubhejane Game Farm
Geographic location map of Ubhejane Game Farm…..……………………………….
Topography of Ubhejane Game Farm..………………………………………..………..
GOOGLE satellite image of Ubhejane Game Farm………………..…………………..
Infrastructure of Ubhejane Game Farm…………………………………………...........
Relocation – Global Biomes map..............................................................................
Relocation – Vegetation Africa Anomaly map...........................................................
Relocation – Vegetation Africa map...........................................................................
3.
CAMEROON PARKS...........................................................................
19
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
Description.................................................................................................................
Topography...............................................................................................................
Climate.......................................................................................................................
Vegetation..................................................................................................................
Lord Derby Eland.......................................................................................................
19
21
23
24
29
4.
UBHEJANE GAME - VEGETATION & CARRYING CAPACITY ……
35
4.1
4.2
VELD TYPE: SVcb12 Central Sandy Bushveld…………..………..……………………
Habitat Suitability............................................................................................………..
TABLE 1: Suitability of the habitats at Ubhejane for different animal species.............
Carrying Capacity…………………………………………………………………………...
TABLE 2: Animal stocking capacity of the land in LSU and BU..……...…..…….……..
39
42
42
42
43
4.3
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
5.
MANAGEMENT STRATEGY – Ubhejane Game………………….……
43
5.1
5.2
5.3
Fencing & Camps infrastructure.………………………………………………………….
FIGURE 1: Game Production Systems at Ubhejane.....……....……….……..….……..
Development Strategy….……………………………………………………………..……
Lord Derby Eland……………………………………………………………………………
43
46
47
48
6.
QUARANTINE......................................................................................
49
6.1
6.2
First Quarantine – Cameroon......................................................................................
Second Quarantine – Ubhejane Game, South Africa..................................................
51
54
FIGURE 2: Outlay of quarantine camps at Ubhejane Game.....……….……..………..
56
7.
TRANSLOCATION...............................................................................
58
8.
BREEDING & MANAGEMENT............................................................
60
9.
GENETIC PURITY & FITNESS............................................................
62
2
Page 3 of 81
CONFIDENTIAL
Derbianus Breeders
10.
BIODIVERSITY...................................................................................
64
11.
IUCN....................................................................................................
74
12.
CITES..................................................................................................
74
13.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY..…..………………….………………….…….
75
14.
BIBLIOGRAPHY & CV……………………………………………………
77
14.1
14.2
Selected Bibliography……………………………………………………………..………..
Curriculum Vitae - D Furstenburg.............................................................................
77
80
Annexure A Conservation programme of the Western giant eland...........
Annexure B Immobilisation and transport of giant eland............................
Annexure C Derbianus Game Breeders Proposal in respect of Permit
Conditions to be imposed to prevent cross-breeding dated
22 January 2013 ....................................................................
Annexure D Derbianus Game Breeders Lord Derby Eland Veterinary
Protocol..................................................................................
Annexure E Standards for quarantine facilities, Derbianus Game Breeders
3
Page 4 of 81
CONFIDENTIAL
1.
Derbianus Breeders
UBHEJANE GAME INTRODUCTION & OBJECTIVES
An assessment of the ecological, habitat, environmental and infrastructure features of
Ubhejane Game Farm for the translocation, introduction and breeding of Lord Derby eland
Tragelaphus derbianus gigas. The land was visited and physically inspected on 21
February 2013.
1.1.
Location & Size:
The land is situated approximately 60 km west of Bela-Bela (Warmbaths) off the R516
national route towards Thabazimbi, between 24°39’3” and 24°40’49”South and 27°54’30”
and 27°56’42” East, on the plains of the Sandrivier catchment (Terms of Reference 2.6).
The land is in the Limpopo Province and comprises portion 21 of the farm
Rhenosterhoekspruit. From GIS, ArcView 9 mapping from the national 1:50 000
topographic map 2427DB the land-unit measures a total horizontal surface area of 675 ha
and a perimeter boundary distance of 12,06 km (Terms of Reference 2.7).
1.2.
Altitude & Topography:
The altitude ranges from 1 170 m in the North-eastern corner, to 1 116 m at the exit of the
Sandrivier on the western boundary (Terms of Reference 2.7). The land is a flat plain at
the bottom of the Hoeksberge of the Waterberg, with a shallow drainage, the Sandrivier,
that crosses the land in the centre from East to West. The facing aspect of the plain is
West with a gentle slope of 24 m over 3,4 km, that is 7%.
1.3.
Climate:
Climate parameters are shown in Terms of Reference 2.1 & 2.5. Long-term annual rainfall
precipitation varies from 560 to 600 mm with a 71% stability, which is a poor stability. The
bulk of the precipitation occurs as thunderstorms in summer from November to March.
Frost occurs periodically in mid-winter at an average frequency of 10-15 days per annum.
Overall annual average temperature is 18,5°C with an average winter temperature of 11°C
and a summer temperature of 27°C. Average minimum winter temperature is 3°C and the
average maximum summer temperature 29°C. Average extremes are -1°C and 38°C.
4
Page 5 of 81
1.4.
CONFIDENTIAL
Derbianus Breeders
Soil:
The soil is deep sand that derived form sandstone and siltstone of the Swaerhoek
Formation of the Waterberg Group some 1 800 million years ago (Terms of Reference
2.2), and alluvial silt sediment along the floodplain of the Sandrivier.
Alluvial silt on the banks of the Sandrivier
1.5.
Biological Region:
The entire of the land lies in the central area of the Central Bushveld Bioregion (Terms of
Reference 2.3). Therefore the land is optimal suitable for all animal species that naturally
inhabits the Central Bushveld Bioregion and marginally suitable to various animals from
other bushveld and savanna habitats.
1.6.
Objectives:
1.6.1. To translocate and introduce a population of 80-110 breeding Lord Derby eland
Tragelaphus derbianus gigas from Cameroon to Ubhejane Game.
1.6.2. To quarantine and adapt the Lord Derby eland to the local environmental conditions
and forage before releasing into a free roaming breeding system.
1.6.3. To DNA and register each Lord Derby eland individually on the National Register of
wildlife by Wildlife WS Stud services 2
1.6.4. To breed Lord Derby eland pro-actively to establish genetically pure populations at
pre-registered accredited game ranches in South Africa.
1.6.5. To save the Lord Derby eland from rapid global extinction.
5
Page 6 of 81
1.7.
CONFIDENTIAL
Derbianus Breeders
Existing Animal Species – P3 Exemption Permit:
Permit No. CPM 006774
Period:
12/10/2012 to 12/10/2015
Species:
Blue wildebeest
Bushbuck
Buffalo
Common duiker
Common reedbuck
Eland
Gemsbok
Giraffe
Impala
Kudu
Nyala
Red hartebeest
Sable antelope
Steenbok
Waterbuck
Plains Sebra
Connochaetus taurinus
Tragelaphus scriptus
Syncerus caffer
Sylvicapra grimmia
Redunca arundinum
Tragelaphus oryx
Oryx gazella
Giraffa camelopardalis
Aepyceros melampus
Tragelaphus strepsiceros
Tragelaphus angasii
Alcelaphus buselaphus
Hippotragus niger
Raphiceros campestris
Kobus ellipsiprymnus
Equus quagga
Permit No. WIM 00178
Period:
13/11/2009 to 13/11/2012
Permit No. 050-00027
Period:
08/08/2006 to 08/08/2009
6
Page 7 of 81
CONFIDENTIAL
2.
2.1
Derbianus Breeders
TERMS OF REFERENCE
Rainfall Map of South Africa (IGKW - ARC)
7
Page 8 of 81
2.2
CONFIDENTIAL
Derbianus Breeders
Geological Formations of the areas of Ubhejane Game Farm
8
Page 9 of 81
2.3
CONFIDENTIAL
Derbianus Breeders
Bioregion of the areas of Ubhejane Game Farm (Mucina & Rutherford, 2006)
9
Page 10 of 81
2.4
CONFIDENTIAL
Derbianus Breeders
National Vegetation Veldtypes in the areas of Ubhejane Game Farm (L. Mucina
& M.C. Rutherford, 2006)
10
Page 11 of 81
2.5
CONFIDENTIAL
Derbianus Breeders
Climatic histograms of the National Veldtypes in the region of Ubhejane Game
Farm
11
Page 12 of 81
2.6
CONFIDENTIAL
Derbianus Breeders
Geographic location map of Ubhejane Game Farm
12
Page 13 of 81
2.7
CONFIDENTIAL
Derbianus Breeders
Topography of Ubhejane Game Farm
13
Page 14 of 81
2.8
CONFIDENTIAL
Derbianus Breeders
GOOGLE satellite image of Ubhejane Game Farm (For best view zoom in to
500%)
14
Page 15 of 81
2.9
CONFIDENTIAL
Derbianus Breeders
Infrastructure of Ubhejane Game Farm (For best view zoom in to 500%)
15
Page 16 of 81
CONFIDENTIAL
Derbianus Breeders
2.10 Relocation – Global Biomes map
16
Page 17 of 81
CONFIDENTIAL
Derbianus Breeders
2.11 Relocation – Vegetation Africa Anomaly map
17
Page 18 of 81
CONFIDENTIAL
Derbianus Breeders
2.12 Relocation –Vegetation Africa map
18
Page 19 of 81
CONFIDENTIAL
3.
3.1
Derbianus Breeders
CAMEROON PARKS
Description
Geographic location of Wildlife Parks and Reserves in Cameroon
Three Parks have been identified in the Northern Province of Cameroon and incorporated
into the project, from which Eastern Lord Derby Eland are to be captured and translocated:
Bouba Ndjida NP, Benoue NP and Faro Reserve. These Parks host the last remaining
viable populations of Eastern Lord Derby Eland in Africa and thus on the Globe.
The infrastructure and logistics of management of these Parks is very limited and mostly
almost non-existing, contributing to the risk and danger of foreseen extinction of the Lord
Derby Eland.
19
Page 20 of 81
CONFIDENTIAL
Derbianus Breeders
Entrance gates to the three Parks (evidence of very poor infrastructure and management)
The applicant, Dr. A.D. De Swart, communicates with Park Officials on site.
20
Page 21 of 81
3.2
CONFIDENTIAL
Derbianus Breeders
Topography
Bouba Ndjida and Benoue NP is situated in the northern Lowlands of Cameroon on the
Benoue basin, between 300 and 400 m altitude, and Faro Reserve on the edge of the
Adamawa plateau but still on the Benue basin at 350 to 500 m altitude. The Adamawa
plateau is rich in volcanic ashes, granitic rocks and basaltic flows. The Adamawa plateau
is the main water dispersal centre of the country. The Benoue basin is formed by the
floodplain of the River Kebi.
The soils are from the ferruginous zone at rainfall of less than 1 500 mm and a dry season
exceeding four months.. Chemical weathering driven by water is limited, with mechanical
weathering predominating. Soil profiles are shallow with little Fe and thus grey to brown,
with high water and nutrient retention capacities. Low rainfall limits vegetation growth and
organic matter accumulation resulting in low amounts of nitrogen. A high amount of soluble
products result in nutrient imbalances which inhibit uptake of other nutrient elements
required by plants for normal functioning.
The Parks are relative large in land size and measures respectively:



Bouba Ndjida NP
Benoue NP
Faro Reserve
220 000 ha or 2 200 square kilometre
180 000 ha or 1 800 square kilometre
330 000 ha or 3 300 square kilometre.
21
Page 22 of 81
CONFIDENTIAL
Derbianus Breeders
Topography, altitude and latitude of Cameroon
22
Page 23 of 81
3.3
CONFIDENTIAL
Derbianus Breeders
Climate
Between latitude 6° and 13° the climate is humid tropical (also known as the Sudan
climate), greatly affected by the relief and oceanic effects. The three Parks at hand lies
between 8° and 9° N.
The area of the Parks has two annual climatic seasons:
 a dry temperate season, 5 months, from November to April
 a wet warm season, 7 months, from May to October.
Temperature:
Temperature of the Parks averages between 21°C and 30°C, ranging from a minimum of
16°C in die winter to a maximum of 38°C in summer.
Temperature: 8 year average at the town NGAOUNDERE 7 35 N, 13 56 E, 3622 feet (1104
meters) above sea level. Situated on the Adamawa Plateau to the south of the Parks
Fahrenheit
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Avg. Temperature
70
72
76
74
72
71
70
69
69
70
69
69
Avg. Max Temperature
86
88
90
87
83
82
79
79
80
82
85
85
Avg. Min Temperature
52
55
61
65
64
63
63
63
62
61
53
50
Avg. Rain Days
0
0
0
3
5
5
11
10
6
2
0
0
Avg. Snow Days
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Temperature: 8 year average at the town GAROUA 9 33 N, 13 38 E, 800 feet (244 meters)
above sea level. Situated in the Benue Basin to the north of the Parks
Fahrenheit
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Avg. Temperature
78
82
90
90
86
82
80
78
79
80
81
78
Avg. Max Temperature
93
97
103 102
96
91
88
86
88
91
96
94
Avg. Min Temperature
64
69
78
80
77
74
74
72
72
73
67
63
Avg. Rain Days
0
0
0
1
3
4
5
6
4
2
0
0
Avg. Snow Days
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Rainfall:
Rainfall in the Parks average between 900 and 1 100 mm per annum.
23
Page 24 of 81
CONFIDENTIAL
Derbianus Breeders
Monthly rainfall distribution at NGAOUNDERE
3.4
Vegetation
Vegetation in the Parks is of the Benoue savanna belt. It comprises of humid Sudanese
woodland in the south, dominated by Isoberlina trees, and shorter open mixed wooded
grassland in the north. Anogeissus forest and semi-evergreen riparian forest along the
Benoue River. It is a type of wooded savanna where shrubs shed their leaves in the dry
season to withstand the bush fires and harsh dry seasons. The savanna gave rise to the
Grass Fields most sought after by the cattle farmers.
The vegetation in the Parks include the National Veldtypes of Cameroon known as:
 Deciduous woodland
 Deciduous shrub land and spares trees
 Open deciduous shrub land
Dominant grasses are:
 Hyparrhenia spp
 Andropogon gayanus
 Imperata cylindrica
 Pennisetum pedicellatum
 Digitaria spp
 Setaria sphacelata
 Pennisetum purpureum
 Andropogon tectorum
 Panicum maximum
 Chloris spp
 Paspalum
 Melinis
24
Page 25 of 81
CONFIDENTIAL
Derbianus Breeders
Deciduous Sudanese woodland savanna
25
Page 26 of 81
CONFIDENTIAL
Derbianus Breeders
Vegetation and Veldtypes of Cameroon
26
Page 27 of 81
CONFIDENTIAL
Derbianus Breeders
Vegetation and Veldtypes of Cameroon
27
Page 28 of 81
CONFIDENTIAL
Derbianus Breeders
Some of the recorded browse plant species in Sudanese Savanna, also found in the
Parks in Cameroon
Anacardiaceae:
Annonaceae:
Apocynaceae:
Arecaceae:
Bignoniaceae:
Bombacaceae:
Caesalpiniaceae:
Lannea** acida, L. microcarpa, L. velutina
Annona senegalensis, Hexalobus monopetalus
Saba senegalensis
Borassus aethiopum
Stereospermum kunthianum
Bombax costatum, Ceiba pentandra
Burkea africana*, Cassia sieberiana*, Cordyla pinnata*, Daniellia oliveri,
Detarium microcarpum*, Piliostigma reticulatum, P. thonningii,
Tamarindus indica
Capparaceae:
Capparis tomentosa*
Celastraceae:
Maytenus senegalensis*
Cochlospermaceae:
Cochlospermum tinctorium
Combretacea:
Anogeissus leiocarpus, Combretum collinum*, C. fragrans, C. glutinosum,
C. micranthum, C. molle*, C. nigricans, C. tomentosum*, Guiera**
senegalensis, Terminalia** avicennoides, T. laxiflora, T. macroptera
Ebenaceae:
Diospyros mespiliformis*
Euphorbiaceae:
Euphorbia** poissonii
Fabaceae:
Indigofera sp.*, Pterocarpus** erinaceus, Pterocarpus lucens
Hymenocardiaceae:
Hymenocardia acida
Icacinaceae:
Icacina senegalensis
Lamiaceae:
Hyptis suaveolens
Loganiaceae:
Strychnos spinosa*
Mimosaceae:
Acacia ataxacantha*, Acacia sp.*, Dichrostachys cinerea*, Entada
africana
Olacaceae:
Ximenia Americana*
Rhamnaceae:
Ziziphus mauritiana, Z. mucronata*
Rubiaceae:
Crossopteryx febrifuga, Feretia** apodanthera, Gardenia** ternifolia,
Mitragyna inermis, Nauclea latifolia
Sterculiaceae:
Sterculiasetigera
Tiliaceae:
Grewia barteri, G. bicolor*, G. cissoids, G. flavescens*
Verbenaceae:
Vitex madiensis*
Vitaceae:
Cissus populnea
* Species that also occur in the Central Bushveld Savanna Biome of South Africa, Ubhejane Game.
** Genera that also occur in the Central Bushveld Savanna Biome of South Africa
21 similar species occurring at Ubhejane Game is also present in the Sudanese Savanna
where the 3 applicable national parks appear.
28
Page 29 of 81
3.5
CONFIDENTIAL
Derbianus Breeders
Lord Derby Eland
3.5.1 Taxonomy
Kingdom
Phylum
Subphylum
Class
Subclass
Infraclass
Order
Family
Subfamily
Genus
Species
Animalia – Animal, animaux, animals
Chordata – cordés, cordado, chordates
Vertebrata – vertebrado, vertébrés, vertebrates
Mammalia Linnaeus, 1758 – mammifères, mamífero, mammals
Theria Parker and Haswell, 1897
Eutheria Gill, 1872
Artiodactyla Owen, 1848 – artiodactyls, porco do mato, veado, cloven-hoofed ungulates,
even-toed ungulates
Bovidae Gray, 1821 – antelopes, cattle, goats, sheep, bovids
Bovinae Gray, 1821
Taurotragus Wagner, 1855 – elands
Taurotragus derbianus (Gray, 1847) – giant eland, Derby Eland
Direct Children:
SubspeciesTaurotragus derbianus derbianus (Gray, 1847) – western Deby eland
SubspeciesTaurotragus derbianus gigas (Heuglin, 1863) – eastern Derby eland
29
Page 30 of 81
Past distribution
CONFIDENTIAL
Derbianus Breeders
2006 distribution
30
Page 31 of 81
CONFIDENTIAL
Derbianus Breeders
Total population numbers are estimated at 11,000 with the major of the populations in
Central African Republic and Cameroon in areas where human population densities are
low. Numbers and population sizes are gradually declining across its entire range.
Eastern Giant Eland are one of the most sought after antelope trophies
3.5.2 History
Dr. E. J. Gray described Giant eland Boselaphus derbianus (Gray 1847) on the basis of
two skins of animals shot in Senegambia with Mr. T. Whitfield (collector of the 13th Lord of
Derby). In 1862, after having visited Senegambia, W. Reade informed of the existence of
an enormous antelope that the native hunters called Djink-i-junka („the bush used to be
dark”) and describes the occurrence of these animals in the shrubby and impenetrable
landscape. A year later Dr. Martin Theodore von Heuglin organized an expedition to the
area of the White Nile (today’s Sudan), where he found the horns of a Giant eland that was
described as an eastern subspecies of Taurotragus derbianus gigas (von Heuglin 1864).
This place was 6000 km from Senegambia.
From then to present time this antelope was only of interest to hunters for its size, bright
senses and difficulty of hunting of this antelope in blind bushy terrain. Scientific knowledge
was completed only on the basis of tall story of hunters. The result of this disproportionate
human conduct is the rapid decrease of Giant eland population. The Giant eland is
mentioned many times in the reports from explorers and sport hunters. The first
professional works involving its description and taxonomic categorisation were Flower and
Lydekker (1891); Lydekker (1893); Lydekker (1914); Roosevelt and Heller (1914). Dorst
and Dandelot (1970) and Kingdon (1982, 2001) engaged themselves in the Giant eland’s
morphology and distribution.
In 1990 it was declared Vulnerable by the IUCN, and in 2012 the population trend is still
recognized as Decreasing. The western Lord Derby eland, Tragelaphus derbianus
derbianus has already become critically endangered.
3.5.3 Phylogeny
Fossils suggest for African branch of Tragelaphines for at least 15 million years. It seems
possible that all African Tragelaphines derive from a single immigrant ancestral type which
subsequently branched into a larger and smaller lineage. The elands have almost certainly
evolved from a giant form of kudu that was abundant about 1.3 million years ago (Kingdon
2001). Phylogenetic relationship among the nine spiral-horn antelope species of the
African bovid tribe Tragelaphini is controversial. In particular, mitochondrial DNA
sequencing studies are not congruent with previous morphological investigations (WillowsMunro, Robinson, Mathee 2005).
3.5.4 Status
The Giant eland has two sub-species with differing distributions and conservation status
(IUCN 1996, 2009). The Eastern giant eland - Taurotragus derbianus gigas (Heuglin,
1863) was formerly found from Nigeria, through Cameroon, Chad, the Central African
Republic (CAR), and the Democratic Republic of Congo (formerly Zaire) to Sudan and
Uganda. Now the numbers roughly 11 000 individuals distributed over Cameroon, CAR to
31
Page 32 of 81
CONFIDENTIAL
Derbianus Breeders
Sudan may be confirmed. The population decline is attributed mainly to poaching and the
1982-83 rinderpest epizootic in Central Africa (Bro-Jorgensen 1997). The population in
Chad, Nigeria and the Democratic Republic of Congo has become extinct (East 1998).
The Giant eland is on the Red list of threatened species since 1990 and the numbers still
declining.
The Western giant eland - Taurotragus derbianus derbianus was in the beginning of this
century probably found in Senegal, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Sierra Leone, Ivory
Coast, Togo and Ghana and might never have been widespread in West Africa due to the
narrowness of the belt with a suitable rainfall of 1 100 to 1 300 mm (Spinage 1986). In
1990, Giant elands in Senegal were estimated of about 1000 individuals, of which 700-800
were to be found in the Niokolo Koba National Park (PNNK) and the remainder around the
Falémé River (Sournia and Dupuy 1990). The rapid decline is ascribed to heavy
poaching. The population of Giant eland in the PNNK was observed in the framework of
aerial and ground based surveys in the park (Dupuy 1970, 1971; Galat et al. 1992; Benoit
1993, Hájek and Verner 2000; Mauvais 2002, Renaud et al. 2006). On the basis of
observations and the results of the counts it is estimated that the likely number of Giant
eland is presently around 100 – 170 individuals (Galat et al. 1992; Benoit 1993; East 1998,
Chardonnet 1999; Hájek and Verner 2000, Renaud et al. 2006) and all of these authors
also draw attention to the fact that it is an endangered species or rather one on the edge of
extinction. This population is probably the only sure distribution of Western giant eland in
the world. It can be stated that no study has been carried out on the western sub-species.
It seems the state of the population is critical and requires practical measures leading to
the species’ protection.
The Western giant eland is Critically Endangered (CR C2a (ii)) (IUCN 2009). Considering
the fact that no more than 200 individuals of Western giant eland is currently dwelling the
West African savannah and live mainly in the NKNP (Renaud et al. 2006), this
classification is fully justified.
3.5.5 Biological characteristic
The Giant eland is somewhat bovine like the Cape eland, yet more elegant, in spite of its
size. It is a massive antelope with body length of 290 cm in the bulls, 220 cm in the cows,
and its height at the withers is between 150 and 176 cm in the bulls, 150 cm in the cows.
Males can reach weights of 450-907 kg, females 440 kg. Horn length ranges from 80 to
123 cm (Kingdon 1982; 1997).
Its overall colour is ruddy fawn or chestnut, sometimes with a tint of bluish grey in adult
bulls. This depends on the animal’s age and the climatic period or according to BroJorgensen (1997) it may reflect the androgen status reaching its extreme in mature bulls
during rutting. It has roughly nine to seventeen white stripes on its flanks. The adult bulls
grow a knot of brown hairs on the forehead. It has a black mane on its neck from which a
black stripe continues along the entire length of the back. From the chin to the chest there
hangs an enormous black and white dewlap. Two white cheek spots and a white stripe in
32
Page 33 of 81
CONFIDENTIAL
Derbianus Breeders
front of the eye are present on each side. The ears are broad, rounded and prominently
marked, as are the hocks (white and black). The dark tufted bovine tail measure 55 to 78
cm. Both sexes have large and massive horns, especially the bulls. They curve in a spiral
and can reach lengths of up to 80 to 123 cm; those of the males are longer and more
widely splayed and have a looser spiral than in the Common eland. They are a greatly
prized hunting trophy (Dorst and Dandelot 1970; Kingdon 1982; 1997). False hoof glands
and probably apocrine glands under the forehead tuft are present. The hooves are not as
broad as those of the Common eland; the false hooves are large. The cow has four teats
(Bro-Jorgensen 1997).
The western subspecies Taurotragus derbianus derbianus is characterised by smaller
size, bright rufous ground colour and about fifteen body stripes. The eastern subspecies
Taurotragus derbianus gigas is characterised by larger body size, sandy ground colour
and around twelve body stripes (Dorst and Dandelot 1970; Kingdon 1982; 1997; Ruggiero
1990).
Ruggiero (1990) pointed out the lack of knowledge on the Giant eland’s ecology in his
treatise, the main idea of which can be best summed up with the following quote „Will the
world’s largest antelope, a shy inhabitant of the densely wooded savannah, become
extinct without ever having been studied in the wild?“ This appeal inspired Bro-Jorgensen
to start the first study of the Giant eland in the wild in 1995 in northern Cameroon and
brought the basic findings on the species’ ecology and ethology (Bro-Jørgensen 1997).
Presently research on Giant eland is limited but ongoing in Cameroon, in the Central
African Republic (Chardonnet et al. 2004) and in 2000 research commenced in Senegal in
the framework of a Czech development project and the Project of the Czech Academy of
Sciences.
The Giant eland’s habitat is the savannah woodland that stretches across Africa from north
of the 10°N latitude at the Atlantic Coast in the west to not far north of the equator on the
west bank of the Nile in the east, i.e. from Senegal to Uganda (Bro-Jorgensen 1997).
The Giant eland is predominantly a browser. Leaves, shoots, and fruits of woody plants
are the three major components of its diet. Twenty-eight woody species were recorded as
part of the diet of the antelope in the Niokolo Koba National Park (NKNP), for instance
Boscia angustifolia, Grewia bicolor, Hymenocardia acida or Ziziphus mauritiana, and fruits
of Acacia spp. and Strychnos spinosa. In addition, clear browse marks were found on the
species Feretia apodanthera, Gardenia sp., Grewia flavescens, Hexalobus monopetalus,
Mitragyna inermis, and Pterocarpus erinaceus. Although the rangers did not mention
Boscia angustifolia as part of the Giant eland’s diet, the browse marks on this woody
species were very conspicuous and corresponded observations from the Bandia Reserve
(Hejcmanová et al., in prep.). Isoberlinia doka was indicated by the rangers, but they
referred to their own observations in Cameroon. This species has never been recorded in
the NKNP (Berhaut 1967; Anonymous 2000; authors’ observations). Microhistological
analyses of the Western giant eland faeces from the wild and from the Bandia Reserve
confirmed that the major components of the diet remained the same at both localities and
33
Page 34 of 81
CONFIDENTIAL
Derbianus Breeders
the basic diet has not thus been particularly affected by captivity condition. The only
exception was important content of additional forage (peanut hay, granules, and cotton
seeds) and slightly higher content of forbs in the diet of antelopes in captivity (Podhájecká
2008). The recorded browsed species in the Bandia Reserve were trees and shrubs
Acacia ataxacantha, A. nilotica, A. seyal, Combretum micranthum, Grewia bicolor,
Hymenocardia acida or Ziziphus mauritiana and forbs Achyrantes aspera, Peristrophe
paniculata and vine Merremia aegyptiaca. In the Fathala Reserve, 32 plant species were
recorded as the part of the Western giant eland diet, 15 of them in higher quantity. The
most important and most preferred plants were Acacia ataxacantha, Azadirachta indica,
Combretum glutinosum, C. micranthum, C. paniculatum, Danielia olliveri, Lonchocarpus
laxiflorus, Maytenus senegalensis, Prosopis africana, Pterocarpus erinaceus, Saba
senegalensis, Terminalia avicennoides, T. macroptera and pods of Piliostigma thonningii.
The last named species was selectively browsed when antelopes did not receive pods of
Acacia albida as additional food and can therefore be considered as potential additional
forage from the wild (Foltýnová 2009).
3.5.6 Breeding
The ISIS Report (2008) states, that only the Eastern giant eland is held in captivity. The
Western giant eland have never bred in captivity as far as 2000, when the first herd was
captured in Niokolo Koba national park in Senegal by the Society for the Protection of the
Environment and Wildlife in Senegal (SPEFS). So far the Giant elands are held in semicaptivity in the Bandia and Fathala Reserves in Senegal. These reserves presently (July
2009) have all together 54 individuals. So the animals in the Bandia and Fathala reserves
in Senegal are the only animals from the western sub-species held in semi-captivity in the
world!
3.5.7 Senegal
The Society for Protection of Environment and Wildlife (SPEFS) in cooperation with
Direction of National Parks of Senegal and Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague
conducts the conservation program of the Western giant eland (Taurotragus derbianus
derbianus) in Senegal. The herd captured in Niokolo Koba NP in 2000 consisted of 9
individuals - 3 sub-adult females, 5 adult females and 1 sub-adult male. Unfortunately 3
adult females died in quarantine camp just after the transport, one of them with her new
born calf. The original breeding herd of the Western giant eland was established in the
Bandia Reserve in 2000 and consisted of only 6 founders - one male and five females.
Two females were adult and three females and the male sub-adult at the time.
First, the animals were placed into the point of quarantine (30 x 15 m) and they were
released in the special enclosure (25 ha) separated from other species in the rest of the
Reserve in August 2000. Later, the enclosure was extended to 31 ha 50 ha, 70 ha and 250
ha in 2002, 2004, 2006, 2007 respectively. The basic herd was divided in 2006. The
second herd was placed in 70 ha separated enclosure in Bandia Reserve and in 2008 a
third herd was created in Fathala reserve and placed to separated enclosure of 75 ha.
The fourth breeding herd was created in 2009 also in Bandia Reserve. The herd of 13
males was created in the Fathala reserve separately from the breeding herd.
34
Page 35 of 81
CONFIDENTIAL
Derbianus Breeders
The population of semi-captive Western giant eland in Bandia and Fathala reserves
comprised 54 individuals in June 2009. Its structure consisted of 4 breeding herds (3 in
Bandia reserve, one in Fathala reserve) and a bachelor herd.
The careful genetic management of the breeding herds are being considered as being
fundamental as it is the unique breeding of rare animals (see the project activities).
Breeding the Western giant eland in the Bandia and Fathala reserves is fundamental for
the conservation of the species in Senegal and West Africa.
3.5.8 Zoological gardens
The Eastern giant eland is bred in captivity in the United States of America and in the
Republic of South Africa. In the US, the White Oak Conservation Center (Yulee) has the
longest and best breeding record for the Eastern giant eland anywhere in captivity. They
currently hold 19 animals with four births in 2008 and 1 in 2009 (Shurter, pers.com., ISIS
2009). According to ISIS (2009) the US institutions keeping Eastern giant eland are: San
Diego Wildlife Park, Cincinnati, Houston, Los Angeles, Metro-zoo, San Francisco. The
Eastern giant eland is also found in Johannesburg in the Republic of South Africa although
there are no breeding bulls available and only 4 females. So the total number of individuals
in captivity is 53 individuals.
4.
UBHEJANE GAME - VEGETATION & CARRYING CAPACITY
In its past natural state the land-unit comprise only one National Veldtype from the Central
Bushveld Bioregion of the Savanna Biome namely SVcb12 Central Sandy Bushveld
(Terms of Reference 2.3 & 2.4).
35
Page 36 of 81
CONFIDENTIAL
Derbianus Breeders
36
Page 37 of 81
CONFIDENTIAL
Derbianus Breeders
37
Page 38 of 81
CONFIDENTIAL
Derbianus Breeders
Sandrivier alluvial woodland savanna
38
Page 39 of 81
4.1
CONFIDENTIAL
Derbianus Breeders
VELD TYPE: SVcb12 Central Sandy Bushveld
39
Page 40 of 81
CONFIDENTIAL
Derbianus Breeders
40
Page 41 of 81
CONFIDENTIAL
Derbianus Breeders
The Central Sandy Bushveld (see vegetation map Terms of Reference 2.4), lies on sandy
and sandy-loam soils and forms several habitat variations. The land has a general grazing
capacity of 8 ha/LSU and a browsing capacity of 10 ha/BU. Serious bush encroachment is
a problem in several areas and are being addressed by mechanical and chemical
treatment in combination. Once cleared, these patches need to be established with dryland natural pastures: a mixture of Digitaria eriantha, Cenchrus cilliaris, Panicum
coloratum and Chloris gyana.
Some plant species recorded at Ubhejane Game (veld inspection 21 Feb. 2013):
Trees and shrubs (Browse):
Acacia erubescens, A. robusta, A. tortilis, A. karoo, A. mellifera, A. hebeclada, A caffra, A.
ataxacantha, A. burkei, A erioloba, Boscia foetida, Carissa bispinosa, Combretum
imberbe, C. hereroense, C apiculatum, C molle, C zeyheri, Celtis africana, Cussonia
paniculata, Dichrostachys cinerea, Dombeya rotundifolia, Euclea crispa, E. undulata,
Ehretia rigida, Flueggea virosa, Grewia flavescens, G. bicolor, G. flava, G monticola, G.
occidentalis, Commiphora mollis, Maytenus heterophylla, Olea europaea, Peltophorum
africanum, Rhus leptodictya, R. lancea, R. engleri, R. Pyroides, Strychnos pungens,
Terminalia sericea, T. prunioides, Ximenia americana, Ziziphus mucronata.
Grasses:
Aristida sp, Brachiaria sp, Cynodon dactylon, Digitaria eriantha, Eragrostis lehmanniana,
E. pallens, E. regidior, Cymbopogon plurinodis, Heteropogon contortus, Hyperthelia
dissoluta, Hyparrhenia hirta, Panicum maximum, Paspalum sp, Pogonarthria squarrosa,
Rhynchelytrum repens, Setaria sp, Sorghum bicolor, Sporobulus fimbriatus, Themeda
triandra, Urochloa mosambicensis
41
Page 42 of 81
4.2
CONFIDENTIAL
Derbianus Breeders
Habitat Suitability
TABLE 1: Suitability of the Habitats at Ubhejane for different animal species
Suitability of Habitats
Animal Species
Natural
Optimal
Marginal
Introduction
Occurring
Blesbok Damaliscus pygargus phillipsi
Blue Wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus taurinus
Buffalo Syncerus caffer caffer
Bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus sylvaticus
Bushpig Potamachoerus larvatus nyasa
Common Duiker Sylvicapra grimmia caffra
Common Reedbuck Redunca arundinum arundinum
Eland Cape Tragelaphus oryx
Eland Lord Derby Tragelaphus derbianus gigas
Gemsbok Oryx gazella gazella
Giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis giraffa
Grey Rhebuck Pelea capreolus
Impala Aepyceros melampus melampus
Klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus
Kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros
Mountain Reedbuck Redunca fulvorufula
Nyala Tragelaphus angasii
Plains Zebra Equus quagga antiquorum
Red hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus
Roan Antelope Hippotragus equinus equinus
Sable Antelope Hippotragus niger niger
Springbok Antidorcas marsupialis
Steenbok Raphicerus campestris campestris
Tsessebe Damaliscus lunatus
Warthog Phacochoerus africanus africanus
Waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus ellipsyprymnus
White Rhinoceros Ceratotherium simum simum
Ostrich Struthio camelus
4.3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sporadic
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sporadic
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sporadic
X
X
Sporadic
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Carrying Capacity
The total land area available for game production measures 675 ha with a total status quo
vegetative carrying capacity of 84 LSUs and 67 BUs (Table 2). The intensive game
breeding system will also be supplemented with high energy supplements. The veld
enforcement strategy of planted natural pastures on degraded and bush cleared open
areas will increase the grazing capacity by 20% to a total of 101 LSUs.
42
Page 43 of 81
CONFIDENTIAL
Derbianus Breeders
TABLE 2: Animal stocking capacity of the land in large stock (LSU) and browse
units (BU) (Colour coding correspond with the map in Figure 2)
Camp System
Eland Free Roaming
Breeding Camp
Eland SC1
Eland SC2
Eland SC3
Eland SC4
Eland SC5
Eland SC6
Eland SC7
Buffalo Camp
Sable Camp 1
Sable Camp 2
De Larey
Nyala Camp
Black Impala
Baby Bull Camp
TOTAL
5.
5.1
Size
Natural Carrying Capacity
Vegetative LSUs
Vegetative BUs
417 ha
52,1
42
10 ha
6 ha
5 ha
4 ha
5 ha
6 ha
7 ha
45 ha
56 ha
50 ha
20 ha
8 ha
20 ha
12 ha
675 ha
1,3
0,8
0,6
0,5
0,6
0,8
0,9
5,6
7
6,3
2,5
1
2,5
1,5
84
1
0,6
0,5
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
4,5
5,6
5
2
0,8
2
1,2
67
MANAGEMENT STRATEGY – Ubhejane Game
Fencing & Camps Infrastructure:
5.1.1 The entire land-unit is boundary fenced with a standard 2,4 m high game proof
fence. The eastern boundary is double fenced with a 10 m corridor in-between.
5.1.2 The internal fences for the intensive breeding camps differ in structure. Where the
same animal species are kept in adjacent camps, double fences with 100 m
corridors exist. Some fences are electrified at both sides and with trip wires at
ground level as well as a strain on top of the fence.
5.1.3 The entire boundary of the free roaming eland breeding camp still needs to be
double fenced at 10 m apart.
43
Page 44 of 81
CONFIDENTIAL
Derbianus Breeders
Eastern Boundary fence
Internal breeding camp fences (in process of being erected)
The quarantine camps for the eland are under construction and need to be divided by
double fenced corridors of at least 10 m wide to prevent eland bulls from fighting neighbor
bulls.
44
Page 45 of 81
CONFIDENTIAL
Derbianus Breeders
Earth dams water supply
Three earth dams within the free roaming eland breeding camp serves as natural drinking
holes.
Additional drinking troughs
Built drinking troughs enclosed by a kraal built from thorn tree branches, and a single
entrance equipped with a tick-off applicator for the control of external parasites.
45
Page 46 of 81
CONFIDENTIAL
Derbianus Breeders
5.1.4 The land-unit is planned for, and divided into different animal production systems
(Table 2):
FIGURE 1:
Game Production Systems at Ubhejane Game

Sable System A 3 camp breeding system for sable antelope, 126 ha total area.

Buffalo System A 45 ha breeding camp and a 12 ha camp for surplus bulls.

Impala Camp A 20 ha breeding camp for black impala.

Nyala Camp An 8 ha breeding camp for nyala which acts as a corridor between
the sable camps.

Lord Derby eland System:
 A 7 camp system for quarantine and handling of Lord Derby eland, 43 ha.
 A 417 ha free roaming breeding camp for Lord Derby eland.
46
Page 47 of 81
5.2
CONFIDENTIAL
Derbianus Breeders
Development Strategy:
The main business of Ubhejane Game has been the breeding of sable antelope and
disease free buffalo. Due to the success of this breeding it has been decided to establish
a separate business unit, which is a 30% black owned entity, Derbianus Game Breeders
which will focus on the breeding of Lord Derby eland Tragelaphus derbianus gigas.
The Ranch is divided into an intensive breeding system for sable, buffalo, nyala, impala
and Lord Derby eland:
5.2.1 The sable, buffalo, nyala and impala breeding system is already established and
producing.
5.2.2 Negotiations with the Cameroon Ministry of Livestock, Fisheries and Animal
Industries for the translocation of Lord Derby eland to South Africa.
5.2.3 Approval and specifications from CITIES, IUCN and OIE for inter-continental
translocation of Lord Derby eland.
5.2.4 Administrative processes gaining approval from South African Governmental
authorities for the importation and introduction of Lord Derby eland.
5.2.5 Bush clearing operation in the area of the erection of efficient quarantine camps for
the holding and handling of Lord Derby eland.
5.2.6 Building and erecting of adequate quarantine camps for the holding and handling of
Lord Derby eland.
5.2.7 Facilitation of logistics for the inter-continental, international translocation of the
authorized Lord Derby eland.
5.2.8 A total number of 80-110 Lord Derby eland to be captured from three different Parks
(Bouba Ndjida NP, Benoue NP and Faro Reserve) in the Northern Province of
Cameroon in February 2014. This is specifically done in the dry season before the
start of the annual rainy season. The capture operation cannot be performed during
the wet rainy conditions of Cameroon and the time frame within which a capture can
be undertaken is extremely limited.
5.2.9 Quarantine procedure of 45 days (March and April 2014) in Cameroon and related
veterinary and disease analysis and testing. During holding in quarantine the
animals will be fed dried Lucerne and a special pre-mixed wildlife pellet
manufactured by Driehoek Voere, South Africa.
5.2.10 Translocation operation end of April or beginning of May 2014.
47
Page 48 of 81
CONFIDENTIAL
Derbianus Breeders
5.2.11 Quarantine procedure of two months (May and June) in South Africa at Ubhejane
Game quarantine camps and related veterinary and disease analysis and testing.
During holding in quarantine the animals will be fed dried Lucerne and the same
special pre-mixed wildlife pellet manufactured by Driehoek Voere, South Africa.
5.2.12 The animals will be held in the quarantine camps for a further extended period until
after the first spring rains. During this holding the ratio of dried Lucerne and the
special pre-mixed wildlife pellet will gradually be reduced and alternated with pre-cut
natural fodder (grass and browse) from the free roaming breeding camp at
Ubhejane Game.
5.2.13 The Lord Derby eland will be released into the free roaming breeding camp system
at Ubhejane Game after the first spring rains in October 2014. This will give the
animals sufficient time to adapt to the local environmental conditions before the
onset of the next winter season at Ubhejane Game.
5.3
Lord Derby Eland breeding:
5.3.1 A breeding herd of 80 top genetic quality Lord Derby eland selected from three
different populations in Cameroon, translocated and introduced to Derbianus
Breeders at Ubhejane Game.
5.3.2 That is a stocking load of 41LSUs and 97 BUs.
5.3.3 The natural vegetative carrying capacity of the free roaming breeding camp is 52
LSUs and 42 BUs.
5.3.4 That means an overstocking of 55% of the natural carrying capacity of the land
(79% grazing stocking and 231% browsing stocking = 155% total stocking)
48
Page 49 of 81
CONFIDENTIAL
Derbianus Breeders
5.3.5 Supplementary concentrated feeding by Driehoek Voere need to be provided year
round, in order to sustain natural ecological veld condition and to sustain healthy
animal performance and production.
5.3.6 Each animal will be individually micro-chipped and ear-tagged for identification.
5.3.7 Each animal will be fully DNA analyzed and registered on a national data base by
Wildlife WS2 Stud Services
5.3.8 Surplus bred animals will be captured and moved to the quarantine holding camps
for controlled/regulated selling to pre-selected wildlife owners only, in order to
establish a mosaic of additional viable Lord Derby eland populations.
5.3.9 The driving force of the Lord Derby eland project is to propagate genetic sound
diversity and genome purity within the species Tragelaphus derbianus gigas, and to
limit augmented genetic depression. Future cross breeding between more than one
augmented satellite populations hosted in different habitats and regions on different
game ranches will enforce genetic fitness and the survival of this endangered
species.
5.3.10 The animals will be continuously intensively monitored by qualified wildlife
veterinarians and specially treated and handled.
5.3.11 All Lord Derby eland bred from this project will be registered and all pre-selected
owners monitored and regulated under a strict code of conduct to prevent cross
breeding with any other eland subspecies. For this purpose all owners will be
registered members of and bound by the code of ethics and conduct of
DERBIANUS GAME BREEDERS.
6.
QUARANTINE
Western Lord Derby eland in
quarantine in Senegal.
49
Page 50 of 81
CONFIDENTIAL
Derbianus Breeders
i.
Derbianus Game Breeders has drafted a comprehensive Lord Derby Eland Veterinary
Test Protocol (Annexure F), based on the sanitary measures recommended by the
World Organization for Animal Health, formerly known as the Office International des
Epizooties (hereinafter referred to as the OIE) as determined in the Terrestrial Animal
Health Code 2012 and the Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial
Animals 2012. After approval of the project by LEDET and DEA a comprehensive
formal risk analysis will be conducted under the supervision of a specialist veterinary
surgeon in compliance with the Terrestrial Animal Health Code 2012.
ii.
If consideration is given to the Lord Derby Eland Veterinary Test Protocol which will be
applied stringently the risk of the introduction of any animal disease is negligible.
iii.
Comprehensive planning has been done in order to successfully execute the project
ranging from obtaining the necessary import permits and authorizations from the MEC
for Economic Development, Environment and Tourism, the Minister of Environmental
Affairs and the Department of Agriculture to the export of capture equipment, attending
to the capture and enforcing appropriate quarantine facilities in Cameroon and South
Africa which will secure a disease free herd of Lord Derby Eland which can be
successfully bred with substantial benefits for South Africa.
iv.
The only potential risk in the introduction of Lord Derby Eland into the Republic relates
to the possibility of the spread of animal diseases. Bearing in mind that Derbianus
Game Breeders at Ubhejane Game has existing specialist breeding camps of disease
free buffalo (from the most sought after blood line in the country, Thaba Tholo) and
sable antelope (from the Gravelotte/Benchmark and Thaba Tholo blood lines) this is
obviously not a risk that could be taken under any circumstances.
v.
Health testing will be conducted for inter alia Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Tuberculosis
testing for infections with Mycobacterium bovis, Brucellosis, Rabies, Contagious Bovine
Pleuro Pneumonia, Rift Valley Fever, Peste Des Petits Ruminants and Theileriosis
etcetera.
vi.
The Terrestrial Animal Health Code 2012 determines that the presence of disease or
infection in imported animals in a quarantine station does not affect the animal health
status of the country or zone. Considering the extensive testing that will be undertaken
during the First Quarantine Period in Cameroon the likelihood of introduction of any
animal disease is extremely limited. If for whatever reason a disease is not detected
during the First Quarantine Period, or if an animal is somehow infected since the
disease is still in incubation whilst leaving Cameroon, the disease will certainly be
detected during the Second Quarantine Period in South Africa. Should a disease be
detected during the Second Quarantine Period it will still not affect the animal health
trading status of the country and it cannot possibly have any negative consequences
for the Red Meat Industry.
vii.
Eland are mixed feeders in the same category as the nyala Tragelaphus angasii,
impala Aepyceros melampus and elephant Loxodonta Africana. These species
50
Page 51 of 81
CONFIDENTIAL
Derbianus Breeders
compete with the browsers such as the greater kudu, black rhinoceros and giraffe.
Studies in Zimbabwe have shown that 6% to 7% of the feeding time of the eland was
spent on grazing. The daily intake of food in captivity was 13.8 kg of lucerne and 2.6 kg
of antelope cubes, or 5% of the live body mass. Such an intake of food is high, and it
can be assumed that between 1% and 2% of the food is wasted during feeding. Care
must be taken to provide enough feeding troughs to prevent the dominant animals from
eating most of the concentrates because this can lead to acidosis and death. The
Lucerne can be placed in large rubber containers that are 10 metres apart.
viii.
Standards for quarantine facilities for game of Derbianus Game Breeders had been set
and described in detail in Annexture H.
6.1
First Quarantine -Cameroon:
6.1.1 During the First Quarantine Period the testing will be undertaken by the Laboratoire
National Veterinaire in Garoua which is an OIE approved laboratory. All serology
sampling etcetera will be done under the supervision of the state veterinary services in
Cameroon in order to ensure the absolute integrity of all testing. Should the
Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry require the testing will be conducted
with samples taken during the quarantine period in Cameroon at Onderstepoort.
6.1.2 The Lanavet Laboratory in Garoua is OIE certified to undertake the following testing:
Disease
Diagnostic Tests
African swine fever
Anthrax
Avian infections bronchitis
Antigen (Ag) detection ELISA
Pathogenic agent isolation on culture
Antibody detection ELISA
Haemagglutination (HA) test
Haemagglutination inhibition tes (HIT)
Rose bengal test (RBT)
Tuberculin test
Complement fixation test (CFT)
Rose Bengal test (RBT)
Antigen (Ag) detection ELISA
Complement fixation test (CFT)
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
Agar-gel immunodiffusion (AGID)
Competitive ELISA (c-ELISA)
Haemagglutination inhibition test (HIT)
Reverse transcription – polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)
Agar-gel immunodiffusion (AGID)
Competive ELISA (c-ELISA)
Bovine brucellosis
Bovine tuberculosis
Brucellosis
(Brucella abortus)
Contagious bov.
pleuropneumonia
Foot and mouth disease
Fowl cholera
Haemorrhagic septicaemia
Highly path. avian influenza
Newcastle disease
51
Page 52 of 81
CONFIDENTIAL
Peste des petits ruminants
Rabies
Rinderpest
Salmonellosis S.abortusovis)
Sheep pox and goat pox
Derbianus Breeders
Haemagglutination inhibition test (HIT)
Polymerase chain reaction
Seroneutralization test (SNT)
Indirect fluorescent antibody (FIA) test
Indirect ELISA
Pathogen isolation on cell culture
Pathogen agent isolation on culture
Indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test
Virus isolation
6.1.3 Once captured the Lord Derby Eland will be kept in a specially constructed quarantine
facility for a period of at least 45 days where the animals will be acclimatized and
adapted to specialist game food (specialist breeding muesli) produced in South Africa.
This food which is used in the specialist breeding of game will be exported to Cameroon
together with all the capture equipment. During this First Quarantine Period extensive
veterinary testing will be undertaken, all at the cost of the Applicant, to ensure that no
transferable animal disease is present in any of the Lord Derby Eland. The Lord Derby
Eland Veterinary Test Protocol, as dealt with herein before will form the basis for all
testing to be conducted.
6.1.4 Once properly acclimatized to the specialist game feed and subject to the animals being
in good condition and certified to be disease free the animals will be loaded into game
capture trucks and trailers and will be transported to the International Airport at Garoua.
The animals will then be translocated in the trucks and trailers as air cargo by an
Antonov 124 with the capacity to load 120 tons of cargo directly to Polokwane Airport,
Limpopo Province, South Africa. Specific arrangements will be made with customs and
excise and the National Department of Agriculture, Directorate Animal Health to utilize,
as an exception Polokwane Airport as a port of entry. This will be done in the interest of
ensuring the least possible time for the translocation of the animals. The flight will
endure approximately 5 hours 30 minutes. From there the animals will be taken to the
specialist breeding farm of Derbianus Game Breeders at Portion 21,
Rhenosterhoekspruit, Bela-Bela, Limpopo, South Africa where they will be kept in
stringent quarantine conditions. Once cleared after the Second Quarantine Period of 4
to 6 weeks by the State Veterinary services, Department of Agriculture and the relevant
Provincial authorities of the Department of Conservation Limpopo Province the animals
will be released into an enclosed farm where specialist breeding of these animals will be
conducted. It may however be necessary to maintain the Lord Derby eland in the
quarantine facilities until after the first summer rains in which event the animals will be
fully maintained on the necessary additional feeding.
6.1.5 No capture equipment whatsoever is available in Cameroon and all equipment to be
utilized in this operation will be exported by shipping it in containers from the ports of
Walvis Bay, Namibia and Durban, South Africa to the port of Douala Cameroon. From
there it will be transported by road to the Northern Region either to Faro and/or Bouba
Ndjida where the capture will be undertaken.
52
Page 53 of 81
CONFIDENTIAL
Derbianus Breeders
6.1.6 The equipment to be exported will include 4 large specially adapted game
transportation trucks with double axel trailers. The truck & trailer combinations each,
have the capacity to load approximately 20 to 30 Lord Derby Eland depending on the
size of the animals.
6.1.7 Furthermore substantial numbers of capture canvas, nets, cabling, wires etcetera will be
exported inside the game trailers which will be utilized to erect a massive mass capture
boma with an exterior perimeter of at least 2 000 meter.
6.1.8 An appropriate helicopter properly equipped for game capture purposes will also be
exported temporarily.
6.1.9 Two specialist game capture veterinary surgeons will be involved throughout the entire
capture and will export their own specialist equipment including 2 immobilizing dart
applicators and a variety of veterinary medicine including sedatives and tranquilizers.
6.1.10 Containers with specialist breeding muesli food for the Lord Derby Eland will be
exported and utilized to acclimatize and adapt them to during the holding period.
6.1.11 Although some specialist capture personnel will be taken to Cameroon for purposes of
the capture from South Africa, a number of local community members from Cameroon
will be employed to assist in the capture operation.
6.1.12 Extensive training will be undertaken in the week prior to the capture operation of such
local community members which will enable them to successfully assist in the proper
capture procedures.
6.1.13 Such local community members will obviously be properly remunerated in accordance
with an agreement to be reached with them on a local level.
6.1.14 The local community will be involved to a large extent to ensure that they directly gain
the benefits of the work and labour that they will provide.
6.1.15 The training of local community members will include advising them on the importance
of the conservation of this very special species of eland.
6.1.16 Immediately after capture the animals will be separated and split into smaller groups of
approximately 5 to 8 animals to be kept in holding pens in a specially erected
quarantine facility compliant with veterinary requirements in close proximity to where the
capture will be undertaken in the same national park.
6.1.17 Here the animals will be fed with the specialist breeding muesli brought from South
Africa and water will be provided in each holding pen in special water containers. If and
when necessary additional sedation will be provided to animals.
6.1.18 During this phase, known as the First Quarantine Period extensive veterinary testing will
be undertaken under the direct supervision of a Specialist Wildlife Vet as well as an
independent State Veterinary Surgeon of Cameroon in order to ensure that the animals
will be free of relevant biological agents such as bacteria, viruses, helminthes, protozoa,
ecto-parasites and invader plant seeds.
6.1.19 All adult and mature bulls captured will be kept in holding pens individually.
53
Page 54 of 81
CONFIDENTIAL
Derbianus Breeders
6.1.20 All animals will be very carefully monitored on a daily basis for a period of at least 45
days allowing them to fully acclimatize to the specialist breeding muesli and for the
veterinary testing to be undertaken. It is anticipated that these animals will calm down
substantially as it is a known fact that, of all antelope, eland is the most easy to tame.
In South Africa the Ezemvelo Nature Conservation of KwaZulu-Natal Province for
instance, routinely adapts all their Rhino’s captured for a period of 4 to 6 weeks prior to
their annual auction in specially constructed holding pens. Experience has shown over
many years that the animals do tend to adapt within such a period of time and that once
boma trained the animals won’t further challenge the physical restraints.
6.1.21 The veterinary surgeons involved in the project will attend to the care of the animals and
comprehensive tests will be undertaken, under the specific supervision of relevant
officials of the Department of Agriculture of Cameroon to determine the disease status.
Only once it has been determined that the animals are Foot and Mouth Disease free as
well as free of any other animal diseases will it be possible to proceed with
translocation, bearing in mind that they will still be held in quarantine once imported into
South Africa. No risks of the spreading of any animal or other disease will be
entertained whatsoever.
6.2
Second Quarantine - Ubhejane Game, South Africa
6.2.1 All serology sampling etcetera undertaken during the Second Quarantine Period in
South Africa will be done under the supervision of the local state veterinary
services.
6.2.2 Eland are highly susceptible to rinderpest, and tick-borne disease such as
heartwater inhibits the relocation of eland to such areas. In areas with high tick
infestations the reproductive organs of a bull and the udder of a cow can be
damaged to the extent that reproduction is impaired. Ticks will also damage the
ears of an eland.
6.2.3 Tick applicators such as the Duncan, Tick-off and the Gielie Dipbak applicators can
be used very effectively for the administration of acaricides. To deworm eland,
Ivomec powder can be mixed with commercial antelope cubes to the prescription of
a veterinarian.
6.2.4 The Lord Derby Eland will be released into the specially constructed quarantine
camps system with appropriate electrified fencing. The quarantine camps system
has a 10m sterile boundary where no other animals whatsoever can possibly come
into contact with them.
6.2.5 Strict quarantine protocol will be applied under the direct supervision of the State
Veterinary services (at the cost of the Applicant) during this Second Quarantine
Period.
54
Page 55 of 81
CONFIDENTIAL
Derbianus Breeders
6.2.6 Subject to the Provincial Authorities and the State Veterinary approval the Lord
Derby Eland will be kept while properly fed and maintained on the specialist
breeding muesli in the quarantine camps for a period between 4 to 6 weeks in order
to attend to any and all further testing procedures in terms of the protocol.
6.2.7 Management of these animals in the quarantine camps will be relatively easy since
the animals will undoubtedly have adapted substantially to being held in relatively
small enclosure, by that stage.
55
Page 56 of 81
FIGURE 2:
CONFIDENTIAL
Derbianus Breeders
Outlay of quarantine camps at Ubhejane Game (under construction),
refer to Annexture H for full details.
56
Page 57 of 81
CONFIDENTIAL
Derbianus Breeders
The land area of Quarantine Camp SC 5, in an L-shape surrounding the staff quarters in
the centre front of the photograph
Bush clearing and fence construction clearings in camps SC 1, 3 & 4
57
Page 58 of 81
CONFIDENTIAL
7.
Derbianus Breeders
TRANSLOCATION
7.1
The application and the capture process will all be done under the leadership and
management of Dr AD De Swardt who has been involved in the wildlife and game
industry for in excess of 15 years and in particular in the specialist breeding of rare
game including Sable Antelope (Hippotragus niger niger) and disease free buffalo
(Syncerus caffer).
7.2
The Applicant has conducted extensive studies into the viability and possibility to
capture and relocate Lord Derby Eland from Central Africa to South Africa.
7.3
In order to investigate the possibility of such a capture and translocation, an
extensive reconnaissance was undertaken by the Applicant in the Cameroon during
August 2012 visiting Yaounde, Garoua, Benoue and the Faro National Parks.
Further visits were undertaken in September 2012, October/November 2012 and
January 2013 and the Applicant has secured the official authorisation from the
Ministry of Forestry and Wildlife from the Republic of Cameroon. From this
investigation it was determined that sufficient numbers of Lord Derby Eland are
available in both the Bouba Ndjida as well as the Faro National Parks to capture
and to translocate in excess of 100 Lord Derby Eland without negatively affecting
58
Page 59 of 81
CONFIDENTIAL
Derbianus Breeders
the available Eland in Cameroon whatsoever. Currently the only income generated
in this regard in Cameroon relates to the hunting of large trophy bulls. It is
anticipated that in order to establish a good breeding herd approximately 2/3 of the
animals captured will be female and only 1/3 will be male. Furthermore it will be the
preference to capture younger animals which will adapt easier. Probably no more
than approximately 6 relatively large bulls will be captured. The existing Cameroon
hunting concessions will thus not be negatively influenced in any manner
whatsoever, also as the capture will be undertaken within the National Parks which
is excluded from the hunting consessions. The capture operation is however likely
to create substantial financial and other benefits for Cameroon, including the
erection of appropriate quarantine facilities at the cost of the Applicant in the
National Park where the capture will be undertaken.
7.4
It is the intention to capture between 80 and 110 Lord Derby Eland in either the
Faro National Park or the Bouba Ndjida National Park by means of a game capture
operation utilizing both mass capture, guiding the animals into a temporary capture
boma by helicopter, as well as chemical immobilization by darting certain individual
animals.
7.5
As soon as the animals are properly adapted to the specialist breeding muesli and
all veterinary testing have been properly completed (an anticipated time period of at
least 45 days) the process for translocation to South Africa can commence.
7.6
Prior to the finalization of the translocation the Applicant will attend to payment of
the agreed capture tax to Cameroon upon issuing of an invoice by Cameroon for
the number of Lord Derby Eland to be translocated to South Africa and upon
payment of the agreed capture tax the risk and ownership in the Lord Derby Eland
will transfer to the Applicant.
7.7
The animals will be loaded into the specially manufactured game trailers in
compartments which will hold 4 to 5 animals each.
7.8
Mature bulls will at all times be separated and transported alone in a compartment.
7.9
The trailers have proper rubber matting installed which prevents the animals from
slipping and falling over. The trailers will also be laden with Lucerne which will
provide feeding and comfortable bedding en-route.
7.10 The trucks will then depart in convey, to be escorted under military supervision
together with all required documentation and permits to the International Airport at
Garoua where the game trailers will be loaded directly into the chartered aircraft
being an Antonov 124-100 from Volga Depnr in the Ukraine.
7.11 A direct flight from Garoua International Airport will be undertaken to Polokwane
International Airport in the Limpopo Province, South Africa which will last
approximately 5 hours 30 minutes.
59
Page 60 of 81
CONFIDENTIAL
Derbianus Breeders
7.12 In the meantime the remaining capture team will proceed to break down the
temporary constructed bomas and holding pens and all equipment will be placed in
containers to be transported by truck back to the port of Douala for shipping back to
South Africa. The quarantine facility will be left intact.
7.13 Local transporters from Cameroon will be utilized to assist with this transportation of
containers and equipment.
7.14 While being undisturbed in the game trailers the Lord Derby Eland will then be
transported by road directly to the breeding farm for release into the quarantine
area.
7.15 The animals will at all times be under the direct supervision of the Applicant as well
as the accompanying veterinary surgeons both during the capture and holding
period as well as the flight from Garoua, Cameroon to Polokwane, South Africa.
8.
BREEDING & MANAGEMENT
8.1
The project will serve as an excellent example in the agriculture and food security
partnerships in the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme
(CAADP) in NEPAD. CAADP was established with the purpose to improve and
promote agriculture across Africa.
CAADP brings together key players at
continental, regional and national levels to improve coordination, share knowledge
of successes and failures and to promote joint and separate efforts to achieve the
CAADP goals. There can be no doubt that South Africa, as the world leader in
wildlife breeding, can play a pivotal role in setting standards and providing examples
to the African community of the success created through the sustainable use of
wildlife with very substantial conservation benefits. The wildlife industry has
experienced tremendous growth over the past 20 years and is now, for the first
time, being recognized as a proper agricultural activity. A project of this nature will
play an important role in expanding agricultural development and will provide
valuable opportunity for extremely necessary agricultural and conservation research
to be conducted.
8.2
Once approved by the relevant authorities the quarantine area will be opened up
and the herd will be released into a specially constructed free roaming breeding
camp of 417 ha (terms of reference 2.9 and Figure 1) with appropriate electric
fencing and natural feeding and watering areas (see par. 4 and 5.1 above).
8.3
Ongoing monitoring will take place and supplementary feeding of the specialist
breeding muesli will be available to the animals at 4 different feeding points.
60
Page 61 of 81
CONFIDENTIAL
Derbianus Breeders
8.4
There will be no other large antelope in the free roaming Lord Derby Eland breeding
camp which will be reserved exclusively for the breeding of the Lord Derby Eland.
A capture was undertaken during September 2012 removing all existing eland and
other large antelope from the free roaming breeding camp.
8.5
Each newborn calf will be captured, micro-chipped, ear-tagged, DNA tested and
registered to a databank, the Wildlife WS2 Stud Services.
8.6
On site at Ubhejane Game is a 5 Star Lodge available to Derbianus Game Breeders
with hosting facilities for visitors and officials to, participating in, and regulating the
Lord Derby Eland Project
The Applicant Dr. A.D. de Swart piloting and landing a Jet Ranger Mark III helicopter at the
hanger on site (next to the lodge) at Ubhejane Game during an ecological evaluation
survey. A helicopter of this nature will be permanently available to the management of the
game of Derbianus Game Breeders at Ubhejane Game.
61
Page 62 of 81
CONFIDENTIAL
9.
Derbianus Breeders
GENETIC PURITY & FITNESS
9.1
Genetic purity and fitness is the most controversial wildlife issue lately. The reason
is two-fold: A) the effects of genetic purity and its impacts in relation to biodiversity
and in relation to the actions and protocol of the Biodiversity Convention of 1992,
and B) the implications of genetic purity and fitness within the commercial wildlife
industry.
9.2
Many countries that signed the Biodiversity Convention Bill have re-written the
Convention to own policies as did South Africa with the NEMBA policy.
9.3
South African authorities have shown its practice to isolate and specially protect
small satellite groups of animals of the same species or subspecies but with
potentially different genome identities. Scientists are currently in debate and
arguing the validation (or not) of such practice.
9.4
A variety of scientific literature and debate is on the table indicating the negative
effect of creating genetic bottle-necks with small isolations that will eventually result
in the die-off and extinction of the isolated populations.
9.5
The more an individual animal species are divided geographically into small subunits, and not allowed to cross-breed between them (the process of Augmented
Genetic Depression), the sooner the risk that the entire species will become extinct
with progressing global environmental change as a consequence of both human
development and global climate change.
9.6
Augmented Genetic Depression is the inhibiting of natural genetic variation to
manifest and enforce the genetic fitness of the species to survive the continuous
evolution and dynamic changes of environmental parameters.
9.7
The numbers of black rhino Diceros bicornis in Africa declined dramatically during
the last century due primarily to poaching and latterly habitat transformation and
fragmentation and as such, significant concerns exist with regard to the long-term
population viability and the management of these fragmented populations, Karsten
et al. (2010). Low levels of differentiation among ssp. minor populations across the
KZN Province were found; this result was not unexpected given the history of
establishments and translocations between reserves. In fact, it is argued that the
translocations conducted by Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife have contributed to the
acceptable levels of heterozygosity and minimal inbreeding which characterize the
majority of protected areas in the province. Although the overall genetic diversity in
D. b. minor is lower than that present in both Diceros bicornis bicornis and Diceros
bicornis michaeli, it is not considered that it is any cause for concern at this stage as
it still falls within the range reported for other large mammals across Africa.
62
Page 63 of 81
CONFIDENTIAL
Derbianus Breeders
9.8
A similar study with similar results was found for isolated blue wildebeest
populations in KwaZulu-Natal by Antoinette Kotze, Pretoria National Zoological
Gardens.
9.9
“Transfer of native individuals among local populations may, however, be required
for minimizing the likelihood of inbreeding depression developing in small captive
populations” Grobler J.P. et al, 2005, An exploratory analysis of geographic genetic
variation in southern African nyala Tragelaphus angasii, Mammalian Biology
Zeitschrift fur Saugetierkunde, 70(5)291-299
9.10 Competitive Exclusion Principle or Gause’s Principle, M. Begon, J.L. Harper & C.R.
Townsend (1988):
“It can be stated as follows: if two competing species coexist in a stable
environment, then they do so as a result of niche differentiation, i.e.
differentiation of their realized niches.
If, however, there is no such
differentiation, or if it is precluded by the habitat, then one competing species
will eliminate or exclude the other. Thus exclusion occurs when the realized
niche of the superior competitor completely fills those parts of the inferior
competitor’s fundamental niche which the habitat provides … However, there
can be a very real methodological problem in positively establishing the
pertinence of the Competitive Exclusion Principle in any particular situation.
…until such differentiation is observed and shown to ameliorate the effects of
inter-specific competition, it must remain no more than a supposition. Thus
when two competitors coexist, it is often difficult to establish positively that
there is niche differentiation, and it is impossible to prove the absence of it.
… In short, inter-specific competition is a process that is often associated
with a particular pattern (niche differentiation); but the pattern can arise
through other processes, and the process need not lead to the pattern.
“The RAU Island population, on the other hand, clearly indicates that a
serious decline in numbers in a founder population (containing a fraction of
the total gene diversity) may also pose a major restrain on genetic diversity
(in this case, a reduction from 3.96% to 1.3%). … The high retained gene
diversity of the Pietersburg impala population bodes well for other small
game populations, as it demonstrates that variability can be retained in a
small population if sound genetic management is practised. … Nevertheless,
the results obtained strongly suggest that isolation of sable populations also
resulted in reduced heterozygosity levels.
11.1
The above citations prove the need to interchange and inter translocate
individuals of the same animal species between geographical isolated
populations and groups and sub-groups (genomes) regularly to prevent gradual
genetic depression.
63
Page 64 of 81
11.2
CONFIDENTIAL
Derbianus Breeders
It is thus crucial to Derbianus Game Breeders to establish more than one Lord
Derby Breeding herd at different geographic venues and to develop genetic
variation in the species and to regularly interchange breeding animals between
the venues to enforce and sustain genetic fitness. Genetic fitness and proper
genetic diversity as well as the total prevention of any cross-breeding with other
eland sub-species is one of the primary objectives as allowing any in-breeding
or cross-breeding would jeopardise the entire project.
10.
BIODIVERSITY
10.1 The South African Wildlife Industry has also contributed immensely in the
conservation of wildlife such as the following examples:

In the 1950’s Bontebok was hunted to the extent to where only
approximately 19 animals survived. Through the wildlife industry the
number of these animals has now been increased to approximately 3 500.

Black Wildebeest was hunted to the extent to where only approximately 34
animals in a single herd survived. Through the wildlife industry the
number of these animals has now been increased to approximately
22 000.

Cape Mountain Zebra was hunted to the extent to where only
number of these animals has now been increased to approximately 1 100.

The Rhino population was hunted to the extent to where only
number of these animals has now been increased to approximately
20 000.
10.2 Had it not been for the incredible efforts of the Wildlife Industry there can be no
doubt that none of the abovementioned species would have been present in the
biological diversity of South Africa.
10.3 Biodiversity conservation, including protecting the gene pool of endangered plant
and animal species is a significant world problem that does not always get the
attention that it deserves. Protecting bio-diversity conservation is extremely
important, in particular in the developing countries of Africa as it is directly related to
the sustainable use of our natural resources generating significant income through
tourism, professional and recreational hunting and eco-tourism. In a study in Kenia
during 2003, it was determined that as much as two thirds of the total GDP was
derived as income from tourism.
64
Page 65 of 81
CONFIDENTIAL
Derbianus Breeders
10.4 South Africa has agreed to and signed the International Convention on Biodiversity
held in Rio de Janero in the 1992 (Government Gazette no. 18163). The motive
behind the Convention is the protection and enrichment of Global Biodiversity.
10.5 South Africa’s Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA) re-wrote the convention,
applying own terms and applications to fit own needs and perceptions, thereafter
named as the NEMBA policy.
10.6 NEMBA has diverted from the original terms and definitions and meanings of the
Convention. Most important is the diversion from the meaning of Biodiversity.
10.7 The Convention describes biodiversity as any living organism able to live from a
certain geographic described portion of land. NEMBA has changed this perception
of meaning to only living organisms that occurred naturally, at a pre-decided given
timeslot as depicted by DEA, in a certain area or on a certain portion of geographic
described land. The Convention therefore included domesticated and exotic
animals as biodiversity, whereas NEMBA, in contradiction, exclude any form of
domesticated animal and exotic animals.
10.8 NEMBA, by intention of its policy undermine agricultural and non-endemic animal
production and business on land, whereas the Convention clearly states human
managed animal production should not be jeopardized by any enforced biodiversity
incentives applied by the undersigned members of the Convention. Hereto the
Convention allows in principle the inter-habitat and inter-zone translocation of living
organisms, provided that such translocations do not pose threats to the
deterioration of existing global and/or total biodiversity of any land or ecosystem.
10.9 Adding a new introduction, of any living organism, to an existing ecosystem is a
direct enrichment of biodiversity in terms of the Convention, although NEMBA
oppose any such doing.
10.10 There can be no doubt that Africa has the richest large mammalian fauna in the
world with more than 70 antelope species. Africa is the world leader in the number
and concentration of ungulates and has the greatest gene pool of these animals in
the world. They form an important part of the original African eco-systems, are
modest in grazing and browsing and are more resistant to deceases than domestic
livestock. Game is historically an important part of human nutrition.
10.11 The most magnificent of Africa’s antelope species is under threat. This
project aims to ensure that a significant breeding herd be established in
South Africa, the country that is the world leader in the sustainable use of
wildlife and game.
65
Page 66 of 81
CONFIDENTIAL
Derbianus Breeders
10.12 TRAGELAPHUS DERBIANUS DERBIANUS
The Western Lord Derby Eland used to appear in Senegal, Gambia, Nieu Guinnea,
Sierra Leonne, Ivory Coast, Togo and Ghana.
This antelope is now critically endangered with indications that there are only
approximately 100 to 170 of them in Senegal. In spite of the extreme pressure on
this animal it has not been listed on CITES Appendices yet and the only antelope in
a similar state that has been listed on CITES Appendice I is the Giant Sable of
Angola (Hippotragus niger variani).
10.13 TRAGELAPHUS DERBIANUS GIGAS
The Eastern Lord Derby Eland used to appear in Cameroon, CAR, DRC, Nigeria,
Chad, Sudan and Uganda.
The Eastern Lord Derby Eland is now only found in Cameroon and the CAR.
In an extremely unfortunate incident during February / March 2012 poachers from
Chad massacred up to 300 elephant in the Bouba Ndjida National Park and the
park has been closed for investigations ever since. It is a known fact that poaching
of the magnificent Lord Derby Eland is a serious threat to the future of Lord Derby in
this National Park.
It is also a known fact that the Lord Derby Eland in the Faro National Park is
threatened with poaching from the western border with Nigeria.
10.14 Considering the extremely well developed nature of the wildlife and game industry
of South Africa and the relatively hot conditions in the Limpopo Province it makes
the ideal area where proper and sustainable breeding of this magnificent animal can
be undertaken. There can be no doubt that a project of this nature will undoubtedly
contribute in the preservation of one of the most magnificent antelope of all times.
10.15 Inter-species specific competition – where two or more populations of different
species that inhabits the same geographic environment, compete with each other
for limited same natural resources and niche separation. Citations from M. Begon,
J.L. Harper & C.R. Townsend, (1988):
“…competing species may either exclude one another from particular
habitats so that they do not coexist…, or may coexist, perhaps by utilizing the
habitat in slightly different ways…
66
Page 67 of 81
CONFIDENTIAL
Derbianus Breeders
The introduction of an exotic species does not necessarily pose a danger or
threat of risk to the local biodiversity of any habitat or environment. A
negative result of competition first has to be proved by the well-known LotkaVolterra Model of Ecology, a logistic model for the testing of interspecies
specific competition. Also applicable is the Competitive Exclusion Principle
or Gause’s Principle:
“It can be stated as follows: if two competing species coexist in a stable
environment, then they do so as a result of niche differentiation, i.e.
differentiation of their realized niches.
If, however, there is no such
differentiation, or if it is precluded by the habitat, then one competing species
will eliminate or exclude the other. Thus exclusion occurs when the realized
niche of the superior competitor completely fills those parts of the inferior
competitor’s fundamental niche which the habitat provides … However, there
can be a very real methodological problem in positively establishing the
pertinence of the Competitive Exclusion Principle in any particular situation.
…until such differentiation is observed and shown to ameliorate the effects of
inter-specific competition, it must remain no more than a supposition. Thus
when two competitors coexist, it is often difficult to establish positively that
there is niche differentiation, and it is impossible to prove the absence of it.
… In short, inter-specific competition is a process that is often associated
with a particular pattern (niche differentiation); but the pattern can arise
through other processes, and the process need not lead to the pattern.
10.16 The poor infrastructure in Cameroon does not manifest to an effective management
and protection of the Lord Derby Eland inhabiting its National Parks. The following
pictures highlight some of the concern:
The state and condition of these signposts of the most important governmental
departments governing the protection of the endangered Lord Derby Eland is a clear
indication of poor and questionable abilities of Cameroon authorities to govern effectively
against wildlife poaching and exploitation.
67
Page 68 of 81
CONFIDENTIAL
Derbianus Breeders
Lack of logistics, transport, roads and infrastructure hinders Park officials and staff to
operate efficiently in combating poaching and managing wildlife such as the endangered
Lord Derby Eland
No roads, no bridges to enter large areas of Faro Reserve; Park officials and staff and
visitors to cross the Faro River by canoe to enter the Reserve, thus very poor
management ability.
68
Page 69 of 81
CONFIDENTIAL
Derbianus Breeders
Increasing population growth of 2 million subsistence farmers bordering on to the National
Parks and Reserves, and having poor local infrastructure rapidly increase the rate of
poaching of wildlife in the Parks, including the threatened Lord Derby Eland.
10.17 Cameroon livestock growth rate during the last two decades was 2,5%. This heard
increase will continue to degrade rangeland resources leading, if nothing is done, to
a decrease in livestock population and meat production for a population expected to
reach 25 million by the year 2020 (Pama, 2008). Smallholders using simple
techniques account for more than two-thirds of all agricultural production.
Subsistence food crops are mainly grown in the north, adjacent to and competing
with the boundaries of the three national game parks in question, inhabiting the last
surviving populations of Eastern Lord Derby Eland (Pama, 2008). The supply of
animal products has been declining over the past decade, while the demand has
been increasing, as a result of increases in population and urbanization. The
massive and fraudulent importation of meat coupled with the Structural Adjustment
Program, which saw a massive devaluation of CFA currency, almost destroyed the
country’s livestock production system, greatly increasing the pressure of exploitation
and poaching of plains wildlife, including the Eastern Lord Derby Eland.
69
Page 70 of 81
CONFIDENTIAL
Derbianus Breeders
10.18 Livestock find their fodder in the natural grasslands and savannas. The herders’
way of life is closely related to the possibility of their livestock finding enough forage.
Various grazing controls have been suggested but none has been implemented and
problems are increasing.
The ever increasing number of subsistence farmers (already in excess of 2 million) in the
Northern Province of Cameroon where the three parks of Benoue, Bouba Ndjida and Faro
is located; an ever increasing poaching onslaught on wildlife and the endangered Lord
Derby Eland.
70
Page 71 of 81
CONFIDENTIAL
Derbianus Breeders
Subsistence livestock and crop farming in the surrounding areas of the Parks.
10.19 Distribution of crop farming activities surrounding the Parks
71
Page 72 of 81
CONFIDENTIAL
Derbianus Breeders
10.20 Distribution of livestock farming activities surrounding the Parks
72
Page 73 of 81
CONFIDENTIAL
Derbianus Breeders
Subsistence fisheries in the northern province of Cameroon
10.21 Hunting concessions in a zone bordering the National Parks is yet another threat to
the existence of the endangered Lord Derby Eland. The Parks are not game fenced
and the wildlife and Lord Derby Eland moves freely from the Parks into and out of the
hunting concession zones.
73
Page 74 of 81
CONFIDENTIAL
Derbianus Breeders
11.
IUCN
11.1
Total population numbers are at present estimated at 11,500 (compared to 15,000
in 2010) and decreasing (IUCN 2012). In 2010 the population numbers were still
perceived to have been stable. Only viable populations left at present is in Central
African Republic and Cameroon where human population densities are low, but
rapidly inclining. Eastern Giant Eland are one of the most sought after antelope
trophies and sustainable safari hunting does help to limit the rate of decline of
populations in some areas.
11.2
The Lord Derby Eland has been declared Vulnerable already in 1990 (IUCN 1990).
11.3
The latest listing in 2012 lists the western Lord Derby Eland Tragelaphus
derbianus derbianus as Critically Endangered and the Eastern Lord Derby Eland
T.d. gigas as Near Threatened (IUCN 2012).
11.4 Derbianus Game Breeders has already officially consulted with the IUCN.
12.
CITES
12.1
It is important to note that the Lord Derby Eland is not listed on Appendices I, II
and III of CITES. In this regard the newest CITES Appendices valid from 25
September 2012. No CITES permits are therefore applicable or required.
12.2
Very little proper research has been done relating to Lord Derby Eland and the
Applicant has already made arrangements with the Centre for Wildlife Studies,
University of Pretoria to utilize the opportunity both during the initial capture,
quarantine and translocation phase as well as the subsequent release to allow a
student attending to post-graduation qualifications to conduct the necessary
scientific research. There can be no doubt that proper scientific research of this
nature will be very valuable and could also be shared with Cameroon through the
CAADP project in NEPAD as discussed hereunder.
12.3
It is a known fact that there are only 4 Lord Derby Eland being held in zoos under
zoo permits in South Africa for many years but that no sustainable breeding of
Lord Derby Eland is being undertaken as no bulls are available for breeding with
these females.
74
Page 75 of 81
12.4
CONFIDENTIAL
In South Africa specialist breeding of both the common Cape Eland (Tragelaphus
oryx) as well as the Livingstone Eland (Tragelaphus livingstonii) is very
successfully undertaken. The Lord Derby Eland is not a CITES Classified Antelope
and there is currently no limitation on the selling, hunting and/or capture of it but it
is a given fact that their numbers are declining. There can be no doubt that it
would be a great conservation and environmental benefit to this exceptional Eland
species if an appropriate breeding herd can be established outside Central Africa.
13.
13.1
Derbianus Breeders
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Ecological comparison between Cameroon Parks and Ubhejane Game, South
Africa:
Climate
Average min temp.
Average max temp.
Annual rainfall
Precipitation
Altitude
Topography
Soils
Veldtype
Biome
Plant species
Ubhejane Game
Cameroon Parks
Sub-tropical
Tropical
3°C
16°C
29°C
38°C
560 – 600 mm
900 – 1 100 mm
October to March
April to October
1 116 – 1 170 m
350 – 500 m
Flat valley catchment
Undulated valley basin
Sandy, alluvial silt
Volcanic ash, alluvial silt
Mixed deciduous savanna
Mixed deciduous savanna
Savanna woodland
Moist woodland
Sub-tropical dry woodland
Tree savanna
An overlap of several of the same browse and grass species
occurring both in the Parks in Cameroon as well as on
Ubhejane Game in South Africa.
13.2
More than sufficient space is available to successfully breed this open forest
savannah antelope which both browses from foliage and branches (in particular on
various Combretum species) as well as grazes on a variety of grasses. The Lord
Derby Eland is simply a sub-species of the Eland and due to the significant
numbers of Eland occurring naturally in South Africa there is no doubt that the Lord
Derby Eland will easily acclimatize and adapt to feeding in South Africa subject to
supplementary feed being provided, at least during the first year of acclimatization.
13.3
Cameroon Authorities and CITES have given in principle approval for the project of
inter-continental translocation and extensive breeding of Eastern Lord Derby Eland
by Derbianus Game Breeders at Ubhejane Game at Portion 21 of
Rhenosterhoekspruit. South Africa.
75
Page 76 of 81
CONFIDENTIAL
Derbianus Breeders
13.4
Comprehensive research and planning has already been put in place to ascertain
and ensure the success of the project.
13.5
The Veterinary Testing Protocol planned insures full proof protection against any
disease transportation.
13.6
A supreme regulatory and registration protocol of control of genetic purity and
fitness has been planned for.
13.7
The project as planned does not pose any potential risk to local natural biodiversity
in South Africa.
13.8
The entire project as planned for contributes enormously to the sustaining and
improvement of International Biodiversity, with regards to the protection of
threatened and endangered species.
13.9
All necessary needs and means has been planned for to ascertain healthy
performance and adaptation of the Lord Derby Eland in the new environment of
Derbianus Game Breeders in South Africa.
13.10 The environmental comparisons and similarities of habitat, landscape and
vegetation is sufficient to result in a smooth and healthy relocation of the Lord
Derby Eland.
13.11 The logistics and global planning and facilitation of the project is of supreme
standard and above all conventional norms of planning.
13.12 No sound ecological grounds exist why this project should not be authorized. On
the contrary, this project carries potential of showing leadership in the positive
pathway to the protection and enrichment of Global Biodiversity by nongovernmental entities and the private sector. Projects and incentives of such nature
should be greatly propagated by all governmental authorities.
13.13 Individuals like Dr. AD de Swardt from the private sector should be greatly thanked
for their initiatives and participation in projects of such nature. This is how the Black
wildebeest, Cape mountain zebra, Bontebok and Cheetah have been preserved
from extinction as well; by initial action by private individuals with a special sense of
value for our natural heritage and biodiversity – not only South Africa, but also the
greater Africa.
76
Page 77 of 81
CONFIDENTIAL
14.
14.1
Derbianus Breeders
BIBLIOGRAPHY & CV
Selected Bibliography
AKAKPO A.J., AL OGOUMRABE N.,BAKOU S., BADA-ALAMBEDJI R., NDIAYE S., 2004 : Essai
d elevage de léland de Derby (Taurotragus derbianus derbianus) á la Réserve de faunede
Bandia:: prélude á une opération de sauvegarde de cette espéce au Sénegal. Rev.Afr. Santé
et Prod Anim 2: 257 – 261.
AL OGOUMRABE, N., 2002: Les aires protégées au Sénégal: étude du cas de la Réserve de
faune de Bandia: adaptation des animaux sauvages introduits et aspect socio-économique.
Thèse UCAD EISMV Dakar, N°7, 193 pp.
ANSELL, WFH, 1972. Part 2, 15 Family Artiodactyla. In: J. Meester and H. W. Setzer (eds), The
Mammals of Africa: An Identification Manual, pp. 1-84. Smithsonian Institution Press,
Washington, DC, USA.
ANTELOPE SPECIALIST GROUP 1996: Tragelaphus derbianus. In: IUCN 2007. 2007 IUCN Red
List of Threatened Species. . Downloaded on 08 June 2008.
ANTONÍNOVÁ M., HEJCMANOVÁ P., VÁHALA J., MOJŽÍŠOVÁ L., AKAKPO A.J.B.,VERNER
P.H., 2006: Immobilization and transport of Western giant eland (Taurotragus derbianus
derbianus) from the Bandia reserve to the Fathala reserve in Senegal. Gazella 33: 75 - 98.
ANTONÍNOVÁ M., HEJCMANOVÁ P., KOLÁČKOVÁ K., VERNER P.H.,(Eds.), 2008: African
Studbook. Western giant eland, Taurotragus derbianus derbianus (Gray, 1847), 1. edition,
Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 91 pp., ISBN 978-80-213-1863-2.
BERGER, LR, & BRINK J, 19 , An atlas of southern African mammalian fossil bearing sites – late
Miocene to late Pleistocene.
BOTHMA, JDUP, 2008. Game ranch management, 5th edition. Van Schaik, Pretoria.
BOTHMA, JDUP & VAN ROOYEN N, 2005. Intensive wildlife production in southern Africa. Van
Schaik, Pretoria.
BRO-JORGENSEN, J., 1997: The ecology and behaviour of the Giant Eland (Tragelaphus
derbianus,Gray 1847) in the wild. Master‘s thesis, University of Copenhagen, 106 pp.
(Unpublished).
CAMARA, A., 1990: Gambia. In: EAST, R.: Antilopes. Global survey and regional action plans, Pt
3:West and Central Africa, IUCN Gland.
CARRUTHERS, VC. 2000. The wildlife of southern Africa. Struik, Cape Town.
CHARDONNET, P., 1999: Survol écologique de 3 zones du sud-ouest du Mali en vue du
dénombrement des elands de Derby et des autres grands mammifères, Rapport final. IUCN
Mali,DNCN, 24 pp. (Unpublished report).
CHARDONNET, P., BOULET, H., GRAZIANI, P., MBANGUI, M., ABDOULAYE, A., CITINO, S.,
OLLIVETCOURTOIS, F., BOITANI, L., 2004: First successful ground immobilization and
collaring of wild free-ranging Eastern Giant Eland (Tragelaphus derbianus gigas) in their
natural habitat, Central African Republic. (on-line)
CHARDONNET, P., LIMOGES, B., 1990: Guinea-Bissau.- In: EAST, R.: Antilopes. Global survey
and regional action plans, Pt 3: West and Central Africa, IUCN Gland.
COE, MJ & SKINNER, JD, 1993. Connections, disjunctions and endemism in the eastern and
southern African mammal faunas. Trans. R. Soc. S. Afr. 48:233-256.
DARROZE, S, 2004: Derby eland (Taurotragus derbianus derbianus) presence confirmed in Mali
and Guinea. Programme AGIR Report (Guinea-Mali). Gnusletter IUCN (in press).
DORST, J., DANDELOT, P., 1970: A field guide to the larger mammals of Africa. Collins, Collins,
London, 287 pp.
DU PLESSIS, SF, 1969. The past and present geographical distribution of the Perrisodactyla and
Artiodactyla in Southern Africa. M.Sc. thesis, University of Pretoria.
EAST, R, 1990. Antelopes. Global Survey and Regional Action Plans. Part 3. West and Central
Africa. IUCN/SSC Antelope Specialist Group. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. 171 pp.
77
Page 78 of 81
CONFIDENTIAL
Derbianus Breeders
EAST, R., 1998: African Antilope Database 1998. IUCN/SSC Antelope Specialist Group Report,
Gland, Suisse, 434 pp.
EBEDES, H, REILLY, B, V HOVEN W & PENTZHORN B, 2002. Sustainable utilization Conservation in practise. Proc. 5th International Wildlife Ranching Symposium. South African
Game Ranchers Organization.
ESTES, RD, 1991. The behaviour guide to African mammals including hoofed mammals,
carnivores, primates. University of California Press, California.
FLOWER, W.H., LYDEKKER, R., 1891: An introduction to the study of mammals living and extinct.
Adam and Charles Blafl, London.
FURSTENBURG, D, 2002. Game production optimization within a new era: The essence, the
principles and the pendulum to financial success. pp 146-154. In: Sustainable utilization Conservation in practise. Eds. H. Ebedes, B. Reilly, W. v Hoven & B. Pentzhorn. Proc. 5 th
International Wildlife Ranching Symposium.
FURSTENBURG, D, 2009. Animal Species. In: Wildlife Ranching.Com. Eds. C. Alberts & A.
Alberts. www.wildliferanching.com
FURSTENBURG, D & BESTER, J. 2007. The Eland. SA Game & Hunt 13(5)
FURSTENBURG, D. 2007. Die Buffel. SA Game & Hunt 13(6)
FURSTENBURG, D. 2009. Fokus op die Rooibok. SA Hunter 02025:40-43.
FURSTENBURG, D & BESTER, J. 2010. Focus on the Buffalo. SA Hunter 05040:46-49.
FURSTENBURG, D & BESTER, J. 2011. Focus on the Sable Antelope. SA Hunter 03050:
FURSTENBURG, D & BESTER, J. 2011. Focus on the Nyala. SA Hunter 05052:
GRAY, J.E., 1847: Description of a new species of antelope from West Africa.- The Annals and
Magazine of Natural History, 2 (20): 286.
HÁJEK, I., VERNER, P.H., 2000: Aerial census of big game in Niokolo-National Park and Falemé
Region in Eastern Senegal. Proceedings of 3rd All Africa Conference on Animal Production,
Alexandria, 5-9 November 2000.
HEJCMANOVÁ-NEŽERKOVÁ P., HEJCMAN M., 2006 : A canonical correspondence analysis
(CCA) of the vegetation-environment relationships in Sudanese savannah, Senegal. Soth
African J. Botany 72 : 256-262
HERRINGA, A.C., 1990: Mali. In: EAST, R.: Antelopes. Global survey and regional action plans, Pt
3: West and Central Africa, IUCN Gland.
HILTON-BARBER, B & BERGER, LR. 2004. Cradle of Humankind. Struik Publishers, Cape Town.
ISIS 2008: International Species Information System (on-line), [cit. 8.6.2008], URL: Update 21-052004.
IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group 2008. Tragelaphus derbianus ssp. gigas. In: IUCN 2012.
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded
on 23 March 2013.
IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. www.iucnredlist.org.
IUCN 2007: 2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. (on-line). Downloaded on 08 June 2008.
IUCN, 1996: IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN/SSC, Gland, Switzerland.
KARSTEN,M, JANSEN VAN VUUREN, B, GOODMAN, P & BARNAUD, A, 2011. The history and
management of black rhino in KwaZulu-Natal: a population genetic approach to assess the
past and guide the future. Animal Conservation 14:363–370.
KINGDON, J, 1989. East African Mammals; An atlas of evolution in Africa – Bovids, Vol 111D,
University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
KINGDON, J, 1997. The Kingdon Field Guide to African Mammals. Princeton University Press,
Princeton.
LEROUX, M., 1983: Le climat de l’Afrique Tropicale. The climat of Tropical Africa.- Editions
Champion, Paris.UNSO vegetation map. Natural Resources research 20. UNESCO, Paris.
LYDEKKER, R., 1893: Horns and hoofs or Chapters on hoofed animals. Horace Cox, London.
LYDEKKER, R., 1914: Catalogue of ungulate mammals in the British Museum (Natural History).
Vol. Artiodactyla, Order of the Trustees of the British Museum, London.
MATHEE, C.A., DAVIS, S.K. 2001: Molecular Insights into the Evolution of the Family Bovidae: A
Nuclear DNA Perspektive. Mol. Biol. Evol. 18(7): 1220-1230.
78
Page 79 of 81
CONFIDENTIAL
Derbianus Breeders
MATTHEE C. A., ROBINSON TJ. 1999: Cytochrome b Phylogeny of the Family Bovidae:
Resolution within the Alcelaphini, Antilopini, Neotragini and Tragelaphini. In: Molecular
Phylogenetics and Evolution 1999;12(1):31-46.
MILLS, G & HES. L. 1997. The Complete Book of Southern African Mammals. p. 274: Struik
Publishers.
NEŽERKOVÁ P., HÁJEK I., 2000 : Wildlife in National Park Niokolo-Koba (Senegal) and its
ecological background , with special regard to diet of Giant eland..Agricultura Trop. et
Subtrop., Univ.Agricult.Praga, Vol.33: 44-51.
NEŽERKOVÁ P., ANTONÍNOVÁ M., KOTRBA R., HEJCMAN M., VERNER P.H., 2004 : The
conservation Pragramme of the Western giant eland (Tragelaphus derbianus derbianus) in
Senegal. Game and Wildlife Science, Vol.21 (4): 811-814.
NEŽERKOVÁ P., ANTONÍNOVÁ M., KOTRBA R., HEJCMAN M., VERNER P.H., 2004 : The
conservation Pragramme of the Western giant eland (Tragelaphus derbianus derbianus) in
Senegal. Czech Aid Development Project, Gazella 31:87-182, Zoo Praha.
NOWAK, RM, 1991. Walker's Mammals of the World 5th edn. The Johns Hopkins University Press,
Baltimore.
NOWAK, RM, 1999. Walker's Mammals of the World 6th edn. Johns Hopkins University Press,
Baltimore.
PAMA, ET, 2008.
Country pasture/forage resource profiles, Cameroon. Pp42.
http://www.fao.org/ag/AGPC/doc/Counprof/cameroon/cameroon.htm#3clinmate
ROOSEVELT, T., HELLER, E., 1914: Life-histories of African game animals. Vol. II, Charles
Scribner’s Sons, New York.
ROTH, H.H., HOPPE-DOMINIK, B., 1990: Ivory Coast.- In: EAST, R.: Antilopes. Global survey and
regional action plans, Pt 3: West and Central Africa, IUCN Gland.
ROWE-ROWE, D. T. 1994. The ungulates of Natal. Natal Parks Board, Pietermaritzburg, South
Africa.
RUGGIERO, R.,1990: Lord Derby‘s eland.- Swara, East African Wildlife Soc., Vol 13, N°6: 10–13.
SKEAD, CJ, 1987. Historical Mammal incidence in the Cape, Vol 1 & 2, Government Printer, Cape
Town.
SKINNER, JD & CHIMBA, CT, 2005. The Mammals of the Southern African Subregion, 3rd edn.
Cambridge University Press.
SMITHERS, RHN. 1968. A check list and atlas of the mammals of Botswana. The Trustees of The
National Museums of Rhodesia, Salisbury, Rhodesia.
SMITHERS, RHN, 1983. The Mammals of the Southern African Subregion, 1st edn. University of
Pretoria, CTP Book Printers, Cape Town.
SOURNIA, G., DUPUY, A., 1990: Senegal. In: EAST, R.: Antilopes. Global survey and regional
action plans, Pt 3: West and Central Africa, IUCN Gland.
SOURNIA, G., EAST, R., LY, M., 1990: Guinea.- In: EAST, R.: Antilopes. Global survey and
regional action plans, Pt 3: West and Central Africa, IUCN Gland.
SPINAGE, C.A. 1986: The natural history of antelopes. Croom Helm, London. Stainthorpe.
TELEKI, G., DAVIES, A.G., OATES, J.F., 1990: Sierra Leone. In: EAST, R.: Antilopes. Global
survey and regional action plans, Pt 3: West and Central Africa, IUCN Gland.
UNGULATES OF THE WORLD, 2008. http://www.ultimateungulate.com
Ward, R, 2006. Rowland Ward’s Records of Big Game, 27th edn. Rowland Ward Publications.
WILSON, DE & REEDER, DM, 1993. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and
Geographic Reference. 2nd edn., Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington.
79
Page 80 of 81
14.2
CONFIDENTIAL
Derbianus Breeders
Curriculum Vitae - D Furstenburg:
Academic:
 B.Sc. Zoology & Botany, Pta., 1983.
 B.Sc. Hons. Wildlife Management, Pta., 1984. Dissertation: The feeding
Ecology of the impala; Savanna Ecosystem Programme, CSIR., 103pp.
 M.Sc. Wildlife Management, Pta., 1991. Thesis: The influence of condensed
tannin on the feeding ecology of the giraffe, 380pp.
 Ph.D. Still in progress. Thesis: The influence of environmental and animal factors in sustaining
production in semi-arid vegetation. 576pp.
Awards:
 Junior Captain Scott Memorial Medal (1992) – Awarded from the National Academy of Science, Art &
Culture – The most outstanding M.Sc. thesis from any South African University, 1991-1992.
 ARC-RFI Directors Awards (1994 & 1997) for outstanding scientific performance.
 Plume Award (2001) – from the East Cape Game Management Association – for Excellence in Wildlife
Journalism.
 World Association on Animal Production (2008) – Awarded 2nd best contribution at the 10th World
Congress on Animal Production (title: Global climatic change & animal production; A factorial review.).
Affiliations:
 South African Wildlife Management Association (since 1984)
 East Cape Game Management Association (since 1992)
 Grassland Society of Southern Africa (since 1990)
 South African Institute of Ecologists & Environmental Scientists (since 1991)
Experience:
 2 years -- developing management strategies for SA Defense Force nature reserves - Corbadraai
(Pietersburg), Vhembe (Limpopo), Riemvasmaak (Augrabies).
 1 year – research member of the 10yr Savanna Ecosystem Program of the CSIR at Nylsvley.
 3 years -- scientist in the Kruger National Park
 1 year -- scientist at the Eugéne Marais Chair of Wildlife Management, Pretoria University.
 13 years – wildlife scientist for the ARC, based in the Eastern Cape.
 9 years – senior wildlife scientist for the ARC, based in Pretoria.
 Professional wildlife and game production consultant, since 1996.
 Lecturer in Game Management: Grootfontein Agricultural College (2000-2007).
 Lecturer in Game Science: Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, PE, since 2003.
 Lecturer in Wildlife Insurance Constraints: ONE Commercial Holdings, Jhb., since 2010.
 601 hours helicopter, 87 hours fixed wing and 8 hours micro-light game censussing.
 181 scientific and semi-popular publications.
 104 platform presentations (Congresses, Symposiums, Workshops, Farmers days, Radio & TV talks).
 14 international congress presentations.
 106 unpublished (consultancy) reports.
 Professional wildlife insurance risk expert and assessor: ONE Wildlife, since 2010.
Total professional experience in wildlife ecology and game management = 32 years.
80
Page 81 of 81
CONFIDENTIAL
Derbianus Breeders
Field of Expertise: 1) Ecosystem dynamics;
2) Eco-production optimization principles
3) Plant animal interactions;
4) Animal population dynamics;
5) Aerial game census;
6) Carrying capacity assessments
7) Animal science;
8) Game & Wildlife management
9) Game production systems; 10) Global climate change
11) Habitat morphology;
12) Evolution & animal development
13) Game ranch business management
14) Wildlife insurance risk expert
15) Lecturing, training and education
___________________oo0oo_________________
81

Ecological Scoping Report

Transcription

Similar documents

Commercial ARE Puppy Breeders NOT Mills

First annual Ironstone Derby

American Heroes Saltwater Challenge

RCD Insert -Regency

PDF Brochure - Redstone Investments

PDF version - Petaluma Post

Cast all your on God because he cares for you. Cast all your on God